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1
Gorczyca, Wojciech. Flow cytometry in neoplastic hematology: Morphologic-immunophenotypic correlation. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006.
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2
Lewis, S. M. Bench aids for the morphological diagnosis of anaemia. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.
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3
Pocket atlas of haematology: Morphological diagnosis for the clinician. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1985.
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4
Pocket atlas of hematology: Morphological diagnosis for the clinician. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1985.
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5
M, Altmannsberger, and Seifert Gerhard 1921-, eds. Morphological tumor markers: General aspects and diagnostic relevance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.
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6
Seifert, Gerhard. Morphological Tumor Markers: General Aspects and Diagnostic Relevance (Current Topics in Pathology). Springer, 1988.
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7
Herder, W. W. de. Functional and Morphological Imaging of the Endocrine System. Springer, 2000.
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8
Cardim, Nuno, Denis Pellerin, and Filipa Xavier Valente. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0042.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common inherited heart disease caused by genetic mutations in cardiac sarcomeric proteins. Although most patients are asymptomatic and many remain undiagnosed, the clinical presentation and natural history include sudden cardiac death, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. Echocardiography plays an essential role in the diagnosis, serial monitoring, prognostic stratification, and family screening. Advances in Doppler myocardial imaging and deformation analysis have improved preclinical diagnosis as well as the differential diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Finally, echocardiography is closely involved in patient selection and in intraoperative guidance and monitoring of septal reduction procedures. This chapter describes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, role of echocardiography, morphological features, differential diagnosis, diagnostic criteria in first-degree relatives, echo guidance for the treatment of symptomatic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and follow-up and monitoring of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Roberts, Ian S. D., Philip Mason, and Agnes B. Fogo. The renal biopsy. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0018.
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This chapter describes the indications for renal biopsy, the procedure, processing of the specimen and the diagnostic method applied by the nephropathologist, and illustrates the spectrum of pathologies seen. The terminology used in renal pathology is explained and illustrated. Diagnostic algorithms are presented. More detailed descriptions of the various pathologies, and in particular the rarer entities, are provided in specific chapters. The focus will be on native renal diseases. The renal biopsy is an invasive procedure associated with a risk of serious complications. The decision to perform a biopsy is based on a careful risk: benefit assessment. The final diagnosis is usually derived from combining clinical and histological data; it is therefore essential that the nephrologist includes all relevant information on the pathology request form. Discussion of the biopsy findings at a multidisciplinary meeting is an important part of the diagnostic and management decision-making process. The essential starting point for histological diagnosis is to define the morphological abnormality at light microscopy, the ‘pattern of disease’. In only a minority of cases will this be sufficient to provide a firm diagnosis; more frequently the morphology provides the basis for formulating a differential diagnosis. Supplemental information from immunohistology and electron microscopy, in addition to clinical, biochemical, and serological data, are used to reach a precise diagnosis. In addition to diagnosis, the renal biopsy may provide prognostic information and be used to guide therapy. For inflammatory renal diseases in particular, the biopsy report will include measures of disease activity and chronicity. In some instances the diagnosis may already be clear, and the biopsy is performed for grading and staging purposes or to assist in decisions about treatment.
10
Kapural, Leonardo. Lumbar Disc Procedures: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0023.
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Discogenic lumbar pain is a frequent cause of prolonged disability. Currently, there are few effective minimally invasive therapeutic options to treat diseased discs and provide a long-term pain relief. Intradiscal biacuplasty improves functional capacity and affords pain relief in properly selected patients. Provocative discography is a relatively invasive intradiscal technique that has been used as a diagnostic tool to help to detect painful discs and associated morphological changes. One of the effective therapeutic approaches to control discogenic pain is to use an ablative radiofrequency intradiscal procedure, like biacuplasty. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) is currently in limited use. Serious complications of intradiscal procedures are rather rare.
11
Herder, W. W. Functional and Morphological Imaging of the Endocrine System. Springer, 2012.
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12
World Health Organization (WHO). Bench AIDS for the Morphological Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaemia. World Health Organization, 2001.
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13
Rosenhek, Raphael, Robert Feneck, and Fabio Guarracino. Aortic valve disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0014.
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Echocardiography is the gold standard for the assessment of patients with aortic valve (AoV) disease. It allows a detailed morphological assessment of the AoV and thereby makes determination of the aetiology possible. In general, the quantification of aortic stenosis is based on the measurement of transaortic jet velocities and the calculation of AoV area, thus combining a flow-dependent and a flow-independent variable. In the setting of low-flow low-gradient AS, dobutamine echocardiography is of particular diagnostic and prognostic importance. The quantification of aortic regurgitation is based on qualitative and quantitative parameters. Awareness of potential pitfalls is fundamental. Haemodynamic consequences of AoV disease on left ventricular size, hypertrophy, and function as well as potentially coexisting valve lesions can be assessed simultaneously. In patients with AoV disease, predictors of outcome and indications for surgery are substantially defined by echocardiography.
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Grassi, Walter, Tadashi Okano, and Emilio Filippucci. Ultrasound in osteoarthritis and crystal-related arthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0017.
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Ultrasonography (US) is a safe and cheap imaging technique which in experienced hands allows for a multiplanar and multisite high-resolution assessment of both morphological and structural features of bone, cartilage, and intra- or periarticular soft tissues. This chapter describes the main applications of US in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and crystal-related arthropathies. Imaging plays a key role for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up in patients with OA. Although conventional radiography is still the gold standard imaging technique in daily clinical practice, US has been revealed to be capable of detecting a wide spectrum of otherwise undetectable details, including cartilage damage, joint effusion, synovial hypertrophy, osteophyte formation, and meniscal protrusion. Crystal visualization by US has the potential to change the diagnostic approach in patients with suspicion of crystal-related arthropathies. The double-contour sign, due to urate crystal deposits on the chondrosynovial interface of the hyaline cartilage, is a highly specific finding for gout as well as the hyperechoic spots within the hyaline cartilage for calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. The potential applications of US in the management of patients with OA and crystal-related arthropathies are not only limited to diagnosis and monitoring. Finally, US guidance allows the real-time visualization of the needle moving through different tissues and reaching the target to aspirate and/or inject. The correct placement of the tip of the needle plays a key role in improving efficacy and reducing side effects of the injection.
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Baumgartner, Helmut, Stefan Orwat, Elif Sade, and Javier Bermejo. Heart valve disease (aortic valve disease): aortic stenosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0032.
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Echocardiography has become the gold standard for the assessment of patients with aortic stenosis (AS). It allows morphological assessment of the aortic valve and provides information on the aetiology of the disease. The quantification of AS includes primarily the measurement of transaortic jet velocities and gradients as well as the calculation of the valve area, thus combining flow-dependent and relatively flow-independent variables. Awareness of potential pitfalls is fundamental when assessing these variables. Haemodynamic consequences of AS on left ventricular (LV) size, wall thickness, and function as well as associated valve lesions and estimates of pulmonary artery pressure are required for the comprehensive evaluation of the disease. In the setting of classical low-flow–low-gradient AS with reduced LV systolic function, low-dose dobutamine echocardiography is of particular diagnostic and prognostic importance. The entity of severe low-flow–low-gradient AS in the presence of preserved LV function remains a particular diagnostic challenge. For accurate differentiation from pseudo-severe AS or misclassified moderate AS, an integrated approach including additional variables such as the extent of valve calcification by computed tomography may be required. In addition to the assessment of AS aetiology and quantification of its severity, echocardiography can provide predictors of outcome that may have a major impact on the decision for intervention.
16
Harald, M. D. Theml. Pocket Atlas of Hematology: Morphological Diagnosis for the Clinician (Thieme flexibook). Thieme Medical Publishers, 1986.
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17
Poplack, Shana. The bare facts of borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses the problem of classifying formally ambiguous bare forms. It illustrates with analysis of three typologically distinct language pairs involving isolating recipients (Wolof, Fongbe, and Igbo) that feature virtually no overt morphology on the noun, obviating the morphological criterion for loanword integration. Here the appeal is to the syntax of nouns and noun phrases, focusing on their variable distribution across different types of modification structure. This expands and systematizes the comparisons of chapters 4 and 5 by considering in greater detail not just the rates of occurrence of a diagnostic but also its variable structure. Regardless of language pair, the overwhelming majority of lone donor-language nouns display quantitative parallels to their relevant recipient-language counterparts in ways far too specific to be random. At the same time, they pattern differently from nouns in unmixed donor-language contexts. This reveals that the donor-language nouns have been borrowed and integrated into different recipients.
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Buechel, Ronny R., and Aju P. Pazhenkottil. Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging. Edited by Philipp Kaufmann. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0121.
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The core principle of hybrid imaging is based on the fact that it provides information beyond that achievable with either data set alone. This is attained through the combination and fusion of two datasets by which both modalities synergistically contribute to image information. Hybrid imaging is, thus, more powerful than the sum of its parts, yielding improved sensitivity and specificity. While datasets for integration may be obtained by a variety of imaging modalities, its merits are intuitively best exploited when combining anatomical and functional imaging, particularly in the setting of evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) as this combination allows a comprehensive assessment with regard to presence or absence of coronary atherosclerosis, the extent and severity of coronary plaques, and the haemodynamic relevance of stenosis. In clinical practice, the combination of CT coronary angiography (CCTA) with myocardial perfusion studies obtained by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and by positron emission tomography (PET) has been well established. Recent literature also reports on the feasibility of combining CCTA with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, recent advances in CCTA and SPECT imaging have led to a substantial reduction of radiation exposure, now allowing for comprehensive morphological and functional diagnostic work-up by cardiac hybrid SPECT/CCTA imaging at low radiation dose exposures ranging below 5 mSv.
19
Gamete and Embryo Selection: Genomics, Metabolomics and Morphological Assessment. Springer, 2014.
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20
McMaster, Carol, and Robert Jackson. Morphological Diagnosis of Skin Disease: A Study of the Living Gross Pathology of the Skin. Manticore Publishers, 1998.
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21
Anderson, R. H., and S. Brecker. Echo-Morphologic Correlates: The Adult Heart (Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease) (Echnocardiographic Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000.
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22
Echo-Morphologic Correlates: The Normal Heart (Series on Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease). World Scientific Publishing Company, 1998.
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23
Paelinck, Bernard, Aleksandar Lazarević, and Pedro Gutierrez Fajardo. Pericardial disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0049.
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Echocardiography is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pericardial disease. It is a portable technique allowing morphological and functional multimodality (M-mode, two-dimensional, Doppler, and tissue Doppler) imaging of pericardial disease. In addition, echocardiography is essential for differential diagnosis (pericardial effusion vs pleural effusion, constrictive pericarditis vs restrictive cardiomyopathy) and allows bedside guiding of pericardiocentesis. This chapter describes normal pericardial anatomy and reviews echocardiographic features of different pericardial diseases and their pathophysiology, including pericarditis, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial cyst, and congenital absence of pericardium.
24
Eyre, Janet. Neurodevelopmental disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0189.
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Remarkable advances in the neurosciences, particularly in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, metabolism, and nutrition, have greatly advanced our understanding of how the brain develops and responds to environmental influences. Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from perturbation of these normal developmental processes, by insults from heterogeneous aetiological factors. These factors trigger a sequence of molecular, biochemical, and morphological alterations of the brain, resulting in a morphologically and/ or functionally abnormal brain. Rapidly advancing understanding of basic neurodevelopmental processes has direct relevance to understanding human neurodevelopmental disorders, providing insights into pathogenic mechanisms and revealing new pathways that can be exploited in diagnosis and treatment. Conversely the identification of the molecular bases of several neurodevelopmental disorders has also provided invaluable insights into the mechanisms of normal brain development. Technical advances have also improved methods for identifying brain regions involved in developmental disorders, for tracing connections between parts of the brain, for visualizing individual neurons in living brain preparations, for recording the activities of neurons, and for studying the activity of single-ion channels and the receptors for various neurotransmitters. During the past 10 years the genetic basis of an ever increasing number of neurodevelopmental disorders has been discovered and has led to better understanding of the neurobiological basis of even common disorders such as global developmental delay, cerebral palsy, and autism. Current research should reveal their underlying molecular biology and eventually the possibility of targeted chemotherapy and the prevention of many neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Lopez-Beltran, Antonio, Rodolfo Montironi, and Liang Cheng. Pathology of renal cancer and other tumours affecting the kidney. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0085.
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In the past 50 years, classification systems for renal neoplasms have become increasingly complex as distinctive morphologic patterns in renal neoplasms have been recognized and correlated with clinical findings. In addition to classic histopatology, more sophisticated diagnostic tools, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and molecular diagnostic techniques have greatly influenced distinctions between various types of renal neoplasms. The current World Health Organization classification of renal neoplasms encompasses nearly 50 distinctive renal neoplasms categorized as malignant or benign tumours. These categories have been expanded during recent years to incorporate newer histotypes, thus suggesting that the next revision of this classification will incorporate some recently recognized entities. In this chapter, we examine clinicopathologic and genetic features of the renal tumours most often seen in clinical practice.
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Poplack, Shana. Confirmation through replication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0007.
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This chapter reviews a series of replications of the studies reported in previous chapters on eight typologically distinct language pairs, making use of a wide array of phonological, morphological, and syntactic diagnostics (e.g., vowel harmony, word order, case-marking, adjectival expression, nominal determination patterns, verb incorporation strategies). Wherever a conflict site between donor and recipient languages could be determined, lone items were systematically shown to behave like the latter, often to the point of assuming the fine details of its variable quantitative conditioning. Results confirm that the integration process and its outcome—grammatical identity of donor-language items with recipient-language counterparts—are universal.
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Flachskampf, Frank A., Mauro Pepi, and Silvia Gianstefani. Transoesophageal echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0006.
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Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is a standard echocardiographic technique which uses the oesophagus and upper stomach as echo windows on the heart and thoracic vessels via an endoscopic probe. It is indicated when transthoracic echocardiography is unable or unlikely to answer the clinical question. Typical indications where TOE has a proven superiority include diagnosis of left atrial thrombi, especially in the appendage, morphological evaluation of atrial septal defect, infective endocarditis, mitral valve disease, aortic and prosthetic valves, aortic diseases, and intraoperative monitoring of cardiac surgery or interventions. Indications, technique, typical views, and information to obtain in specific scenarios are presented.
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Apple, Sophia K., and Lawrence W. Bassett. Proliferative Lesions and Breast Cancer Histopathology. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0004.
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Breast in situ lesions and invasive carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors comprising many different morphological and biological subtypes. The majority of invasive breast cancers thought to arise in the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU). As multidisciplinary diagnosis and detection of early breast carcinomas is the gold standard, an understanding of histopathology in correlation with radiologic findings is critical. This chapter reviews the histopathology of high-risk proliferative lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive breast carcinoma. Tumor progression and some of the frequently seen invasive breast cancer subtypes are described. Histopathology of other malignancies arising from mesenchymal origin, including phyllodes tumor, is also described.
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Wang, Lilian. Amorphous/Indistinct Calcifications (Group). Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0039.
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Amorphous calcifications are calcifications that are sufficiently small and/or hazy that a more specific morphological classification cannot be made. Historically, such calcifications were referred to as “indistinct” calcifications. The likelihood of malignancy and the management of amorphous calcifications largely depend on their distribution. This chapter, appearing in the section on calcifications, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnosis with radiology–pathology correlation, and management recommendations for amorphous/indistinct calcifications in a group. Topics discussed include spot magnification views for characterization, role of distribution in BI-RADS assessment, and pathological entities, including fibrocystic change, milk of calcium, atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
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Ramaswamy, Vijay, Jason T. Huse, and Yasmin Khakoo. Pediatric Brain Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0140.
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Cerebellar astrocytoma of childhood most commonly refers to cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma, a World health Organization (WHO) Grade I tumor. However, on occasion cerebellar astrocytomas may demonstrate more aggressive histology including fibrillary astrocytomas, pilomyxoid astrocytomas, and rarely malignant lesions. In the near future, the diagnosis of cerebellar astrocytomas will be simplified by molecular analysis for BRAF fusions rather than a purely morphological approach. The emergence of next-generation sequencing can be expected to identify single nucleotide variations and further expand our understanding of both pilocytic astrocytomas as well as rare variants that occur in the cerebellum. Therapies targeting BRAF (B-raf protooncogene) are currently in clinical trial for adult malignancies and will eventually reach the pediatric population, allowing a targeted approach to recurrent and surgically inaccessible cases of pilocytic astrocytomas.
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Wang, Lilian. Amorphous/Indistinct Calcifications (Regional/Diffuse). Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0040.
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Amorphous calcifications are calcifications that are sufficiently small and/or hazy that a more specific morphological classification cannot be made. Historically, such calcifications were referred to as “indistinct” calcifications. The likelihood of malignancy and the management of amorphous calcifications largely depend on their distribution. The majority of amorphous calcifications are benign, most often due to fibrocystic change (60%). Sclerosing adenosis commonly occurs in perimenopausal women and is associated with a 1.5–2.1x relative risk for development of breast cancer. This chapter, appearing in the section on calcifications, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations for amorphous/indistinct calcifications in a regional or diffuse distribution. Topics discussed include influence of distribution on risk of malignancy and pathological entities, including sclerosing adenosis.
32
Bobaljik, Jonathan David, and Heidi Harley. Suppletion is local. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0007.
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Bobaljik (2012) proposes that the insertion of suppletive vocabulary items can be sensitive to features within the same maximal projection, but not across a maximal projection boundary. Among heads (X0 nodes), this condition restricts suppletion to synthetic formations and excludes suppletion in analogous analytic formations. In Hiaki, however, the number of a subject DP can trigger verbal suppletion in certain intransitive verbs. The verbs in question, however, can be shown by language-internal diagnostics to be unaccusative. Suppletion, then, is in fact triggered by an element within the maximal projection of the suppleting verb. The analysis supports the position that internal arguments are base-generated as sisters to their selecting verb (Kratzer 1996; Marantz 1997; Harley 2014). Further, we see that the locality condition does not distinguish between word-internal and word-external triggers of suppletion, but is rather a condition of structural locality, showing that morphological structure is, in a fundamental way, syntactic.
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Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0000.
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Abstract This volume compiles and updates information on invasive plant-parasitic nematodes and their looming threat in different countries. It offers a global perspective on invasive nematodes by presenting 17 chapters with information on more than 100 nematodes and their potential threat in different countries. Each nematode entry includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode(s) and its vector, if any; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as sampling, isolation/detection and identification with morphological and molecular characterization. The aim of the book is to provide basic and advanced knowledge on invasive nematodes with a global perspective, and it targets practitioners, professionals, scientists, researchers, students and government officials working on plant quarantine and biosecurity with regard to plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Evangelista, Arturo, Eduardo Bossone, and Alain Nchimi. Diseases of the aorta. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0053.
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Echocardiography plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of aortic diseases. Evaluation of the aorta is a routine part of the standard echocardiographic examination. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) permits adequate assessment of several aortic segments, particularly the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) overcomes the limitations of TTE in thoracic aorta assessment. TTE and TOE should be used in a complementary manner. Echocardiography is useful for assessing aorta size, biophysical properties, and atherosclerotic involvement of the thoracic aorta. TTE appears to suffice for aortic root assessment. TOE is the gold standard in thoracic aorta assessment. It provides excellent morphological information on aortic dissection and is superior to TTE in the diagnosis of intramural haematomas and aortic ulcers. TTE may be used as the initial modality in the emergency setting. Intimal flap in proximal ascending aorta, pericardial effusion/tamponade, and left ventricular function can be easily visualized by TTE. However, a negative TTE does not rule out aortic dissection and other imaging techniques must be considered. TOE should define entry tear location, mechanisms and severity of aortic regurgitation, and true lumen compression. In addition, echocardiography is essential in selecting and monitoring surgical and endovascular treatment and in detecting possible complications. Although other imaging techniques have a greater field of view and may yield complementary information, echocardiography is portable, rapid, accurate and cost-effective in the diagnosis and follow-up of most aortic diseases.
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Ladds, Philip. Pathology of Australian Native Wildlife. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097933.
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Pathology of Australian Native Wildlife brings together in one volume available information on the pathology of Australian native vertebrate wildlife, excluding fish. It provides rapid access to documented information on diseases in Australian wildlife, domiciled either in Australia or overseas.
The book comprises 45 chapters, each detailing pathological changes caused by specific pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths and ectoparasites, and other injurious agents and conditions such as toxins and neoplasia affecting terrestrial and marine mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Although the aim is to describe morphological (gross and microscopic) changes, the author also indicates history and clinical signs, thus providing guidance as to which lesions should be specifically searched for, and what ancillary testing might be needed to confirm a diagnosis.
Illustrated throughout with colour photographs, this will be the essential reference for veterinary pathologists and clinicians, as well as wildlife researchers, zoos, wildlife parks, environmentalists, conservationists and students.
Awarded a 2010 Whitley Certificate of Commendation for Zoological Resource.
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D’Andrea, Antonello, André La Gerche, and Christine Selton-Suty. Systemic disease and other conditions: athlete’s heart. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0055.
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The term ‘athlete’s heart’ refers to the structural, functional, and electrical adaptations that occur as a result of habitual exercise training. It is characterized by an increase of the internal chamber dimensions and wall thickness of both atria and ventricles. The athlete’s right ventricle also undergoes structural, functional, and electrical remodelling as a result of intense exercise training. Some research suggests that the haemodynamic stress of intense exercise is greater for the right heart and, as a result, right heart remodelling is slightly more profound when compared with the left heart. Echocardiography is the primary tool for the assessment of morphological and functional features of athlete’s heart and facilitates differentiation between physiological and pathological LV hypertrophy. Doppler myocardial and strain imaging can give additional information to the standard indices of global systolic and diastolic function and in selected cases cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may help in the diagnosis of specific myocardial diseases among athletes such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
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Weiß, Helmut. The Wackernagel complex and pronoun raising. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0008.
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In many Indo-European languages, pronouns (and other clitic-like elements) tend to appear in second position or near it. This phenomenon was first described by Jakob Wackernagel, after whom the position is named the Wackernagel position (WP). This chapter describes the emergence of the WP in German where it is the third position following SpecCP and C. Since subject clitics in the WP interact phonologically and morphologically with verbs and complementizers in C, three additional syntactic features (double agreement, complementizer agreement, partial pro-drop) are associated with the WP in German (forming the so-called Wackernagel complex). The chapter surveys the evidence for the existence of the WP in OHG and, to a lesser extent, in MHG, using the additional features as diagnostics. It also contains a new explanation of how complementizer agreement could have emerged.
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Pedro, Mónica M., and N. Cardim. Vascular imaging. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0027.
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The use of vascular ultrasonography (alone or combined with newer techniques like angio-magnetic resonance or angio-computed tomography) is an essential tool for the diagnosis and the assessment of vascular diseases. It is also useful for the follow-up after surgical or endovascular interventions (avoiding the need to use angiography in any therapeutic decision in most cases). The integration of two-dimensional echocardiography, colour flow imaging and spectral Doppler makes the morphological and functional assessment of vascular disease possible in almost every territory.For a long time, vascular ultrasonography was exclusively performed by non-cardiologists. Nowadays, in modern echo laboratories, vascular echography is frequently performed by cardiologists, often in cooperation with vascular surgeons and radiologists.In this chapter, we review the essential concepts of the use of vascular ultrasound imaging in the study of the territories that are most commonly evaluated: ◆ Cerebrovascular circulation. ◆ Abdominal circulation. ◆ Lower limb circulation (arterial and venous disease).In each of these sections, we describe the technical details of the ultrasonic examination, the normal recordings, the abnormal findings of specific diseases/syndromes affecting each territory, and the postoperative/post-interventional evaluation and follow-up.
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Charnavel, Isabelle. Locality and Logophoricity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902100.001.0001.
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Anaphors such as English herself, French elle-même, and Mandarin ziji are usually claimed to obey locality requirements stated by Condition A of Binding Theory. But we observe that in various languages, the same anaphors can be exempt from these locality requirements under certain conditions. The goal of this book is to describe and explain this widespread dual behavior of anaphors on the basis of French, English, Mandarin, Korean, and Icelandic. First, several strategies are proposed for distinguishing between the two possible behaviors of anaphors. Plain instances of anaphors require local and exhaustive binding, as well as sloppy readings in ellipsis. Exempt instances of anaphors, however, only require a logophorical interpretation, that is, to occur in phrases expressing the first-personal, mental perspective of their antecedent. Second, a new theory of exempt anaphora is proposed, which consists in deriving all properties distinguishing exempt from plain anaphors to one: the presence of a silent, syntactically represented logophoric operator introducing a local, perspectival binder for superficially exempt anaphors. This hypothesis parsimoniously reduces exempt to plain anaphors obeying Condition A, thus directly accounting for the cross-linguistically widespread morphological identity of plain and exempt anaphors. Under this proposal, the reason why exempt anaphors appear to escape locality requirements is that their binder is implicit, and their mandatory logophoric interpretation derives from the nature of this binder. Finally, several diagnostics are provided for testing the hypothesis that so-called long-distance anaphors can be analyzed just like exempt instances of anaphors.