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Journal articles on the topic 'Morphological trade-off'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Liu, Siqi, Jianwei Yan, and Haitao Liu. "The complexity trade-off between morphological richness and word order freedom in Romance languages: A quantitative perspective." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 141, no. 2 (2025): 323–49. https://doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2025-0032.

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Abstract The complexity trade-off hypothesis suggests a balance between different linguistic features across human languages. This study investigates this hypothesis by quantitatively examining the evolution from Latin to Modern Romance languages. We focus on the trade-off between morphological richness and word order freedom, providing insights into their dynamic interrelations during linguistic evolution. Our analysis demonstrates that morphological richness and word order freedom are distributed along a continuum, with Latin exhibiting higher morphological complexity and freer word order an

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Roskilly, Beth, Eric Keeling, Sharon Hood, Arnaud Giuggiola, and Anna Sala. "Conflicting functional effects of xylem pit structure relate to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 30 (2019): 15282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900734116.

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Consistent with a ubiquitous life history trade-off, trees exhibit a negative relationship between growth and longevity both among and within species. However, the mechanistic basis of this life history trade-off is not well understood. In addition to resource allocation conflicts among multiple traits, functional conflicts arising from individual morphological traits may also contribute to life history trade-offs. We hypothesized that conflicting functional effects of xylem structural traits contribute to the growth-longevity trade-off in trees. We tested this hypothesis by examining the exte

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Ramón, Noelia, and Rosa Rabadán. "The Spanish subjunctive mood and its English correspondences." Comparing Crosslinguistic Complexity 24, no. 1 (2024): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.00034.ram.

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Abstract Corpus-based contrastive studies have successfully addressed the empirical study of crosslinguistic similarities and differences and may also contribute to understanding complexity across languages. This paper aims at (dis)proving whether the Spanish subjunctive mood shows greater complexity than its English correspondences as translations or sources of the Spanish subjunctive forms. It also explores a trade-off between language levels, i.e., whether higher morphological complexity is linked to syntactic and lexical complexity. The data come from a bidirectional English-Spanish corpus

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Cornuau, Jérémie H., Dirk S. Schmeller, Romain Pigeault, and Adeline Loyau. "Resistance of morphological and behavioral sexual traits of the palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide treatment." Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 1 (2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002928.

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Infectious diseases are considered as a significant factor in the global decline of amphibians. In some vertebrates, the assessment of the individual sexual traits can be useful for assessment of their health status and immunocompetence due to trade-off between them and investment in the immune system. Our aim here was to determine whether the trade-off between the expression of sexual morphological and behavioral traits and investment in the immune system is present in an urodele, the Palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus). The groups of males were injected by solutions of proinflammatory agen

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Corse, Emmanuel, Caroline Costedoat, Nicolas Pech, Rémi Chappaz, Jonathan Grey, and André Gilles. "Trade-off between morphological convergence and opportunistic diet behavior in fish hybrid zone." Frontiers in Zoology 6, no. 1 (2009): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-6-26.

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6

Chan, Ching. "Progress in Salicylic Acid-Dependent Signaling for Growth–Defense Trade-Off." Cells 11, no. 19 (2022): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11192985.

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One grand challenge for studying plant biotic and abiotic stress responses is to optimize plant growth and plasticity under variable environmental constraints, which in the long run benefits agricultural production. However, efforts in promoting plant immunity are often accompanied by compromised morphological “syndromes” such as growth retardation, sterility, and reduced yield. Such a trade-off is dictated by complex signaling driven by secondary messengers and phytohormones. Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known phytohormone essential for basal immunity and systemic acquired resistance. Intere

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Cotterell, Ryan, Christo Kirov, Mans Hulden, and Jason Eisner. "On the Complexity and Typology of Inflectional Morphological Systems." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 7 (November 2019): 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00271.

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We quantify the linguistic complexity of different languages’ morphological systems. We verify that there is a statistically significant empirical trade-off between paradigm size and irregularity: A language’s inflectional paradigms may be either large in size or highly irregular, but never both. We define a new measure of paradigm irregularity based on the conditional entropy of the surface realization of a paradigm— how hard it is to jointly predict all the word forms in a paradigm from the lemma. We estimate irregularity by training a predictive model. Our measurements are taken on large mo

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Zamora-Camacho, Francisco Javier. "Morphological Correlates of Locomotion in the Aquatic and the Terrestrial Phases of Pleurodeles waltl Newts from Southwestern Iberia." Diversity 15, no. 2 (2023): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020188.

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Animals capable of moving in different environments might face conflicting selection on morphology, thus posing trade-offs on the relationships between morphology and locomotor performance in each of these environments. Moreover, given the distinct ecological roles of the sexes, these relationships can be sexually dimorphic. In this article, I studied the relationships between morphological traits and locomotor performance in male and female semiaquatic Pleurodeles waltl newts in their aquatic and their terrestrial stages. Morphology was sexually dimorphic: males have proportionally longer lim

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Schwab, Daniel B., and Armin P. Moczek. "Resource allocation during ontogeny is influenced by genetic, developmental and ecological factors in the horned beetle, Onthophagus taurus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1793 (2014): 20141625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1625.

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Resource allocation trade-offs arise when developing organs are in competition for a limited pool of resources to sustain growth and differentiation. Such competition may constrain the maximal size to which structures can grow and may force a situation in which the evolutionary elaboration of one structure may only be possible at the expense of another. However, recent studies have called into question both the consistency and evolutionary importance of resource allocation trade-offs. This study focuses on a well-described trade-off between the horns and eyes of Onthophagus beetles and assesse

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Siddiqui, Junaid Ali, Xuting Zou, Qian Liu, Hui Zhang, Xiaolan Lin, and Xiaolei Huang. "Functional Morphology and Defensive Behavior in a Social Aphid." Insects 10, no. 6 (2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060163.

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Social aphids produce different morphs, which are genetically identical but morphologically different. Each morph performs a different duty in its community. Social aphids usually produce morphologically distinct soldiers to protect their colonies. The social aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola produces sterile first instar soldiers with specialized body parts and unique defensive behaviors, such as hind leg waving. By using this species as a research model, this study tested the assumption that the functional morphological basis of defensive behaviors of soldiers is related to specialized body part

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Durrant, Kate L., Tom Reader, and Matthew R. E. Symonds. "Pre- and post-copulatory traits working in concert: sexual dichromatism in passerines is associated with sperm morphology." Biology Letters 16, no. 1 (2020): 20190568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0568.

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Passerine birds produce costly traits under intense sexual selection, including elaborate sexually dichromatic plumage and sperm morphologies, to compete for fertilizations. Plumage and sperm traits vary markedly among species, but it is unknown if this reflects a trade-off between pre- and post-copulatory investment under strong sexual selection producing negative trait covariance, or variation in the strength of sexual selection among species producing positive covariance. Using phylogenetic regression, we analysed datasets describing plumage and sperm morphological traits for 278 passerine

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JANSEN, C., H. M. STEEG, and H. KROON. "Investigating a trade-off in root morphological responses to a heterogeneous nutrient supply and to flooding." Functional Ecology 19, no. 6 (2005): 952–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01049.x.

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Martorell, Carlos, Ernesto Vega, and Exequiel Ezcurra. "Morphological consequences of the trade-off between growth and reproduction in a columnar cactus (Lophocereus schottii)." Plant Ecology 183, no. 1 (2005): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-005-9011-5.

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Seebacher, Frank, Mike M. Webster, Rob S. James, Jason Tallis, and Ashley J. W. Ward. "Morphological differences between habitats are associated with physiological and behavioural trade-offs in stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus )." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 6 (2016): 160316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160316.

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Local specialization can be advantageous for individuals and may increase the resilience of the species to environmental change. However, there may be trade-offs between morphological responses and physiological performance and behaviour. Our aim was to test whether habitat-specific morphology of stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) interacts with physiological performance and behaviour at different salinities. We rejected the hypothesis that deeper body shape of fish from habitats with high predation pressure led to decreases in locomotor performance. However, there was a trade-off between

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Zhang, Han, Yahui Lan, Chenyang Jiang, et al. "Leaf Traits Explain the Growth Variation and Nitrogen Response of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis and Dalbergia odorifera in Mixed Culture." Plants 13, no. 7 (2024): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13070988.

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Mixed cultivation with legumes may alleviate the nitrogen (N) limitation of monoculture Eucalyptus. However, how leaf functional traits respond to N in mixed cultivation with legumes and how they affect tree growth are unclear. Thus, this study investigated the response of leaf functional traits of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis (E. urophylla × E. grandis) and Dalbergia odorifera (D. odorifera) to mixed culture and N application, as well as the regulatory pathways of key traits on seedling growth. In this study, a pot-controlled experiment was set up, and seedling growth indicators,

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Wiper, Mallory L., Sarah J. Lehnert, Daniel D. Heath, and Dennis M. Higgs. "Neutral genetic variation in adult Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) affects brain-to-body trade-off and brain laterality." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 12 (2017): 170989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170989.

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Low levels of heterozygosity can have detrimental effects on life history and growth characteristics of organisms but more subtle effects such as those on trade-offs of expensive tissues and morphological laterality, especially of the brain, have not been explicitly tested. The objective of the current study was to investigate how estimated differences in heterozygosity may potentially affect brain-to-body trade-offs and to explore how these heterozygosity differences may affect differential brain growth, focusing on directional asymmetry in adult Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) us

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Andrade, Eleonora Alvarenga, Mário Eduardo Avelar Barbosa, and Guilherme Ramos Demetrio. "Density-dependent morphological plasticity and trade-offs among vegetative traits in Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)." Acta Amazonica 43, no. 4 (2013): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672013000400007.

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Density-dependent responses are an important component of the organism life-history, and the resource allocation theory is a central concept to the life-history theory. When resource allocation varies due to environmental changes, a plant may change its morphology or physiology to cope with the new conditions, a process known as phenotypic plasticity. Our study aimed to evaluate how plant density affects Eichhornia crassipes allocation patterns. A total of 214 individuals in high and low density were collected. The density effect was observed in all plant traits examined including biomass accu

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Toraman, Cagri, Eyup Halit Yilmaz, Furkan Şahi̇nuç, and Oguzhan Ozcelik. "Impact of Tokenization on Language Models: An Analysis for Turkish." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 22, no. 4 (2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3578707.

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Tokenization is an important text preprocessing step to prepare input tokens for deep language models. WordPiece and BPE are de facto methods employed by important models, such as BERT and GPT. However, the impact of tokenization can be different for morphologically rich languages, such as Turkic languages, in which many words can be generated by adding prefixes and suffixes. We compare five tokenizers at different granularity levels, that is, their outputs vary from the smallest pieces of characters to the surface form of words, including a Morphological-level tokenizer. We train these tokeni

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Noshita, Koji, Takahiro Asami, and Takao Ubukata. "Functional constraints on coiling geometry and aperture inclination in gastropods." Paleobiology 38, no. 2 (2012): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10060.1.

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We studied the morphological diversity of gastropod shell forms from the viewpoint of theoretical morphology, emphasizing the relationships of shell form to postural stability and the available space for soft body, which we assessed in terms of the moment of force and soft-tissue ratio calculations, respectively. The results of computer simulations suggest a functional trade-off between postural stability and available space for soft body: a compact shell possessing a low spire and small umbilicus exhibits high postural stability, whereas a less overlapped shell form with a high spire and larg

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Itto-Nakama, Kaori, Shun Watanabe, Naoko Kondo, et al. "AI-based forecasting of ethanol fermentation using yeast morphological data." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 86, no. 1 (2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab188.

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ABSTRACT Several industries require getting information of products as soon as possible during fermentation. However, the trade-off between sensing speed and data quantity presents challenges for forecasting fermentation product yields. In this study, we tried to develop AI models to forecast ethanol yields in yeast fermentation cultures, using cell morphological data. Our platform involves the quick acquisition of yeast morphological images using a nonstaining protocol, extraction of high-dimensional morphological data using image processing software, and forecasting of ethanol yields via sup

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Alcalá, Raúl E., and César A. Domínguez. "Biología de las plantas carnívoras: aspectos ecológicos y evolutivos." Botanical Sciences, no. 60 (May 2, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1519.

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Carnivorous plants have the ability for attracting, catching, digesting and assimilating preys, through morphological and physiological specializations of theirs leaves. In this work we review some poorly studied aspects regarding the ecology of carnivorous plants, as well as, the selective pressures that have shaped the characteristic attributes of these plants. In particular, we emphasize those aspects related with the mechanisms of prey attraction, the selective value of capture, the existence of a trade-off between capture and pollination evolution, and the role of selective constraints on

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G, Trilok, N. Gnanasekaran, and Moghtada Mobedi. "Various Trade-Off Scenarios in Thermo-Hydrodynamic Performance of Metal Foams Due to Variations in Their Thickness and Structural Conditions." Energies 14, no. 24 (2021): 8343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248343.

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The long standing issue of increased heat transfer, always accompanied by increased pressure drop using metal foams, is addressed in the present work. Heat transfer and pressure drop, both of various magnitudes, can be observed in respect to various flow and heat transfer influencing aspects of considered metal foams. In this regard, for the first time, orderly varying pore density (characterized by visible pores per inch, i.e., PPI) and porosity (characterized by ratio of void volume to total volume) along with varied thickness are considered to comprehensively analyze variation in the trade-

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Oravec, T. J., and T. E. Reimchen. "Divergent reproductive life histories in Haida Gwaii stickleback (Gasterosteus spp.)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 1 (2013): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0175.

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To assess intraspecific variability in fecundity of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) as a test of life-history trade-offs, we quantified egg traits, morphological characters, and habitat variables in 43 allopatric and morphologically diverse populations from Haida Gwaii off the west coast of Canada. Mean mature egg size and total egg count (12 eggs per female and 8 gravid females per locality) were both positively and significantly correlated with standard length (SL) of the fish (r = 0.58 and 0.84, respectively). Egg size was ∼10% larger in freshwater localities than i

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Senay, C., S. Harvey-Lavoie, C. J. Macnaughton, G. Bourque, and D. Boisclair. "Morphological differentiation in northern pike (Esox lucius): the influence of environmental conditions and sex on body shape." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 6 (2017): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0159.

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Morphological differentiation may allow individuals to cope with prevailing environmental conditions. Morphological differentiation in fish characterized by sagittiform shape and ambush predator behaviour, such as northern pike (Esox lucius L., 1758), has rarely been addressed. Morphological differentiation was assessed in two rivers exhibiting contrasting flow regimes: a hydropeaking river characterized by large and frequent fluctuations in flow rates and an unregulated river. An increase in northern pike movement rate was observed in the hydropeaking river. Therefore, morphological features

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Li, Linxin, Jing Liang, Yunlong Tian, et al. "Effects of Slope Position on Morphological, Anatomical, and Chemical Traits of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Fine Roots." Forests 15, no. 7 (2024): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15071081.

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Fine root traits and their relationships reflect the ecological trade-off strategies of plants in resource investment and are important for understanding the life strategies and growth of plants in response to changes in the environment. We used 16-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb. Hook.) plantations with different slope positions as the research object to explore the morphological, anatomical, and chemical properties of fine roots and their relationships. With increasing root order levels, the morphological, anatomical, and chemical traits of the fine roots of Chinese fir at

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Berry, Kate A., Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez, Cristina P. Vintimilla-Palacios, and Christofer J. Clemente. "Morphological and performance modifications in the world’s only marine lizard, the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 1 (2021): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab002.

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Abstract The Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the world’s only extant marine lizard, may have had one of the most unique and challenging transitions to aquatic life. Curiously, previous studies have identified relatively few physiological adaptations in the marine iguana; however, little is known about the extent of morphological specialization and performance trade-offs associated with the marine environment. By examining the morphology and locomotory performance of the marine iguana in comparison to their closely related mainland ancestors, the black spiny-tailed iguana (Ct

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MORAND, S., and C. D. M. MÜLLER-GRAF. "Muscles or testes? Comparative evidence for sexual competition among dioecious blood parasites (Schistosomatidae) of vertebrates." Parasitology 120, no. 1 (2000): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005235.

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Schistosomes, which live as parasitic adults in the blood vessels of mammals, birds and crocodiles, are unique among trematodes because they have separate sexes. Several studies have shown that the sex ratio is often biased towards males. Sexual dimorphism can be very important in several genera (Schistosoma, Heterobilharzia, Schistosomatium), as larger males grip smaller females in a gynecophoric canal. But not all schistomatid species have developed a gynecophoric canal. It is also striking that the number of testes varies widely, from a small number of testes reported (2–7) to a very high n

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Sarmiento-Lezcano, Airam N., María Couret, Antoni Lombarte, et al. "Stranding of Mesopelagic Fishes in the Canary Islands." Animals 12, no. 24 (2022): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243465.

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Most mesopelagic fishes perform large diel vertical migrations from the deep-sea zone to the surface. Although there is a trade-off between a higher food availability at the upper layers and an energy cost and predation risk, incursion towards the surface also implies a transport by currents, where the fish are exposed to a stranding risk on the coast. Here, we reported the first documented stranding of mesopelagic fishes along the southeast shore of Gran Canaria Island. Our study hypothesized that (1) the influence of the Canary Current, (2) the dominant incidence of the Trade Winds during su

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Håkansson, Jonas, Lasse Jakobsen, Anders Hedenström, and L. Christoffer Johansson. "Body lift, drag and power are relatively higher in large-eared than in small-eared bat species." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 135 (2017): 20170455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0455.

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Bats navigate the dark using echolocation. Echolocation is enhanced by external ears, but external ears increase the projected frontal area and reduce the streamlining of the animal. External ears are thus expected to compromise flight efficiency, but research suggests that very large ears may mitigate the cost by producing aerodynamic lift. Here we compare quantitative aerodynamic measures of flight efficiency of two bat species, one large-eared ( Plecotus auritus ) and one small-eared ( Glossophaga soricina ), flying freely in a wind tunnel. We find that the body drag of both species is high

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Jones, Andrew, and Martin Burd. "Vegetative and reproductive variation among unisexual and hermaphroditic individuals of Wurmbea dioica (Colchicaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 5 (2001): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01008.

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Hermaphroditism may constrain the effects of sex-specific selection on life history and reproductive traits. Wurmbea dioica in south-eastern Australia has populations with male, female and hermaphroditic plants, allowing an intraspecific comparison from which inferences may be made about the nature of evolutionary specialisation for each sexual function. We found that pistillate plants of W. dioica in a population in central Victoria were larger than male plants, but that males produced more and larger flowers. When comparing whole-plant means, males did not differ from hermaphrodites in polle

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Pléh, Csaba, Kornél Németh, Dániel Varga, Judit Fazekas, and Klára Várhelyi. "Entropy measures and predictive recognition as mirrored in gating and lexical decision over multimorphemic Hungarian noun forms." Psihologija 46, no. 4 (2013): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1304397p.

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Our paper is an attempt to indicate the relevance of information theoretical accounts to understand word recognition and morphological processing in Hungarian, along with other studies using more traditional predictors like linear position and morphological composition. The first two experiments were gating studies. The effect of the decision points was only evident in frequent words. The correct recognition means for the recognition points differ from the means for one-before-recognition points, indicating that the recognition point follows a sudden drop of the entropy value. This shows how e

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Wang, Beilei, Shuangchen Li, Heng Zhang, et al. "Sparse-Laplace hybrid graph manifold method for fluorescence molecular tomography." Physics in Medicine & Biology 69, no. 21 (2024): 215009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ad84b8.

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Abstract Objective. Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) holds promise for early tumor detection by mapping fluorescent agents in three dimensions non-invasively with low cost. However, since ill-posedness and ill-condition due to strong scattering effects in biotissues and limited measurable data, current FMT reconstruction is still up against unsatisfactory accuracy, including location prediction and morphological preservation. Approach. To strike the above challenges, we propose a novel Sparse-Laplace hybrid graph manifold (SLHGM) model. This model integrates a hybrid Laplace norm-based

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Wang, Li, Xueyan Zhao, Guoyu Liu, Qing Wang, Fangyuan Wang, and Yan Li. "Changes in Leaf Functional Traits with Leaf Age for Coexisting Woody Species in Temperature Forest of Northern China." Forests 15, no. 10 (2024): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15101803.

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Leaf-trait variation has traditionally been focused on both within and among species along environmental gradients, while leaf age has received less attention. By measuring leaf morphological, stomatal, and stoichiometric traits of 40 coexisting woody species in temperate forest in northern China, we analyzed their variation pattern and the correlations among different plant life forms and leaf age. We found that leaf age has significant effects on leaf functional traits. The young leaves of both shrub and tree species revealed a lower stoma density (SD) and a higher stoma length (SL), stoma w

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Hakansson, Jonas, Lasse Jakobsen, Anders Hedenstrom, and L. Christoffer Johansson. "Body lift, drag and power are relatively higher in large-eared than in small-eared bat species." JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE 14, no. 135 (2017): 20170455. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13537259.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bats navigate the dark using echolocation. Echolocation is enhanced by external ears, but external ears increase the projected frontal area and reduce the streamlining of the animal. External ears are thus expected to compromise flight efficiency, but research suggests that very large ears may mitigate the cost by producing aerodynamic lift. Here we compare quantitative aerodynamic measures of flight efficiency of two bat species, one large-eared (Plecotus auritus) and one small-eared (Glossophaga soricina), flying freely in a wind tunnel. We

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Hakansson, Jonas, Lasse Jakobsen, Anders Hedenstrom, and L. Christoffer Johansson. "Body lift, drag and power are relatively higher in large-eared than in small-eared bat species." JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE 14, no. 135 (2017): 20170455. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13537259.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bats navigate the dark using echolocation. Echolocation is enhanced by external ears, but external ears increase the projected frontal area and reduce the streamlining of the animal. External ears are thus expected to compromise flight efficiency, but research suggests that very large ears may mitigate the cost by producing aerodynamic lift. Here we compare quantitative aerodynamic measures of flight efficiency of two bat species, one large-eared (Plecotus auritus) and one small-eared (Glossophaga soricina), flying freely in a wind tunnel. We

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Zhou, Jie, Qingyan Zhang, Haifeng Sun, Chuan Jin, Ji Zhou, and Junbo Liu. "Frequency-Decoupled Dual-Stage Inverse Lithography Optimization via Hierarchical Sampling and Morphological Enhancement." Micromachines 16, no. 5 (2025): 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16050515.

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Inverse lithography technology (ILT) plays a pivotal role in advanced semiconductor manufacturing because it enables pixel-level mask modifications, significantly enhances pattern fidelity, and expands process windows. However, traditional gradient-based ILT methods often struggle with the trade-off between imaging fidelity and mask manufacturability due to coupled optimization objectives. We propose a frequency-separated dual-stage optimization framework (FD-ILT) that strategically decouples these conflicting objectives by exploiting the inherent low-pass characteristics of lithographic syste

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Pos, Kelsie M., Stacy C. Farina, Matthew A. Kolmann, and Nicholas J. Gidmark. "Pharyngeal Jaws Converge by Similar Means, Not to Similar Ends, When Minnows (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae) Adapt to New Dietary Niches." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 2 (2019): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz090.

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Abstract Convergent evolution is at the forefront of many form-function studies. There are many examples of multiple independent lineages evolving a similar morphology in response to similar functional demands, providing a framework for testing hypotheses of form-function evolution. However, there are numerous clades with underappreciated convergence, in which there is a perceived homogeneity in morphology. In these groups, it can be difficult to investigate causal relationships of form and function (e.g., diet influencing the evolution of jaw morphology) without the ability to disentangle phy

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Maiullari, Daniela, Marjolein Pijpers-van Esch, and Arjan Van Timmeren. "A Quantitative Morphological Method for Mapping Local Climate Types." Urban Planning 6, no. 3 (2021): 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4223.

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Morphological characteristics of cities significantly influence urban heat island intensities and thermal responses to heat waves. Form attributes such as density, compactness, and vegetation cover are commonly used to analyse the impact of urban morphology on overheating processes. However, the use of abstract large-scale classifications hinders a full understanding of the thermal trade-off between single buildings and their immediate surrounding microclimate. Without analytical tools able to capture the complexity of cities with a high resolution, the microspatial dimension of urban climate

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Santana, Sharlene E., Seth D. Dobson, and Rui Diogo. "Plain faces are more expressive: comparative study of facial colour, mobility and musculature in primates." Biology Letters 10, no. 5 (2014): 20140275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0275.

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Facial colour patterns and facial expressions are among the most important phenotypic traits that primates use during social interactions. While colour patterns provide information about the sender's identity, expressions can communicate its behavioural intentions. Extrinsic factors, including social group size, have shaped the evolution of facial coloration and mobility, but intrinsic relationships and trade-offs likely operate in their evolution as well. We hypothesize that complex facial colour patterning could reduce how salient facial expressions appear to a receiver, and thus species wit

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KONDYLATOS, GERASIMOS, KONSTANTINOS KALAENTZIS, EIRINI GRATSIA, et al. "Halimeda incrassata (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in Rhodes, Greece, Eastern Mediterranean." Mediterranean Marine Science 24, no. 3 (2023): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.35435.

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The first record of the tropical green seaweed Halimeda incrassata (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is presented, based on several thalli found in the stomach of a silver-cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus), collected off Plimmiri beach, Rhodes, Greece. Species identification was based on morphological and molecular identification using the tufA gene as a molecular marker. The finding comes 10 years after a report on the species in Mallorca (Western Mediterranean Sea), where H. incrassata has spread rapidly. The pathway of its introduction in the Eastern basi

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Liang, Tao, Lu Zhou, Wenfeng He, Lirong Xiao, and Lei Shi. "Variations in the reproductive strategies of three populations of Phrynocephalus helioscopus in China." PeerJ 6 (October 24, 2018): e5705. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5705.

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Background Egg size and clutch size are key life history traits. During the breeding period, it is possible for females to increase their reproductive output either by increasing the number of eggs if the optimal egg size (OES) is maintained, or by increasing the allocation of energy to each egg. However, the strategies adopted are often influenced by animals’ morphology and environment. Methods Here, we examined variation in female morphological and reproductive traits, tested for trade-offs between egg size and clutch size, and evaluated the relationship between egg size and female morpholog

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Qadir, Danial, Humbul Suleman, and Faizan Ahmad. "Effect of Mixing Technique on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Blended Membranes for Gas Separation." Gases 3, no. 4 (2023): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gases3040009.

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Polymer blending has attracted considerable attention because of its ability to overcome the permeability–selectivity trade-off in gas separation applications. In this study, polysulfone (PSU)-modified cellulose acetate (CA) membranes were prepared using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) using a dry–wet phase inversion technique. The membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the chemical changes on th

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Hu, Dong, Guanghui Lv, Yadong Qie, Hengfang Wang, Fang Yang, and Lamei Jiang. "Response of Morphological Characters and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron to Water and Salt Stress." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010388.

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In arid desert areas, Haloxylon ammodendron plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of desert oases. However, there are few studies on the physiological characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron under an environmental gradient. Here, we studied the changes in the morphological and photosynthetic characteristics and their correlations in Haloxylon ammodendron in the four habitats of the Ebinur Lake wetland. Our results show that in high-water and high-salt habitats, photosynthesis is affected by “stomata restriction,” while in other habitats, photosynthesis is mainly affect

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Ma, Xiaofei, Nannan Shen, Yanhui He, et al. "Real-Time Lightweight Morphological Detection for Chinese Mitten Crab Origin Tracing." Applied Sciences 15, no. 13 (2025): 7468. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137468.

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During the cultivation and circulation of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), the difficulty in tracing geographic origin leads to quality uncertainty and market disorder. To address this challenge, this study proposes a two-stage origin traceability framework that integrates a lightweight object detector and a high-precision classifier. In the first stage, an improved YOLOv10n-based model is designed by incorporating omni-dimensional dynamic convolution, a SlimNeck structure, and a Lightweight Shared Convolutional Detection head, which effectively enhances the detection accuracy of crab

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Moreno-Rueda, Gregorio, Abelardo Requena-Blanco, Francisco J. Zamora-Camacho, Mar Comas, and Guillem Pascual. "Morphological determinants of jumping performance in the Iberian green frog." Current Zoology 66, no. 4 (2019): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz062.

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Abstract Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size

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Carneiro, Lucas De Oliveira, Breno Mellado, Marcelo Rodrigues Nogueira, Ariovaldo Pereira Da Cruz‐Neto, and Leandro Rabello Monteiro. "Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics." Integrative Zoology 18, no. 5 (2023): 876–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472494.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Studies on functional performance are important to understand the processes responsible for the evolution of diversity. Morphological trait variation within species influences the energetic cost of locomotion and impacts life history traits, with ecological and evolutionary consequences. This study examined wing morphology correlates of flight performance measured by energetic expenditure in the Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. In the flight experiments, nature caught bats (59 females, 57 males) were allowed to fly for 3 min in

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Carneiro, Lucas De Oliveira, Breno Mellado, Marcelo Rodrigues Nogueira, Ariovaldo Pereira Da Cruz‐Neto, and Leandro Rabello Monteiro. "Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics." Integrative Zoology 18, no. 5 (2023): 876–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472494.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Studies on functional performance are important to understand the processes responsible for the evolution of diversity. Morphological trait variation within species influences the energetic cost of locomotion and impacts life history traits, with ecological and evolutionary consequences. This study examined wing morphology correlates of flight performance measured by energetic expenditure in the Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. In the flight experiments, nature caught bats (59 females, 57 males) were allowed to fly for 3 min in

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Carneiro, Lucas De Oliveira, Breno Mellado, Marcelo Rodrigues Nogueira, Ariovaldo Pereira Da Cruz‐Neto, and Leandro Rabello Monteiro. "Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics." Integrative Zoology 18, no. 5 (2023): 876–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472494.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Studies on functional performance are important to understand the processes responsible for the evolution of diversity. Morphological trait variation within species influences the energetic cost of locomotion and impacts life history traits, with ecological and evolutionary consequences. This study examined wing morphology correlates of flight performance measured by energetic expenditure in the Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. In the flight experiments, nature caught bats (59 females, 57 males) were allowed to fly for 3 min in

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49

Carneiro, Lucas De Oliveira, Breno Mellado, Marcelo Rodrigues Nogueira, Ariovaldo Pereira Da Cruz‐Neto, and Leandro Rabello Monteiro. "Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics." Integrative Zoology 18, no. 5 (2023): 876–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472494.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Studies on functional performance are important to understand the processes responsible for the evolution of diversity. Morphological trait variation within species influences the energetic cost of locomotion and impacts life history traits, with ecological and evolutionary consequences. This study examined wing morphology correlates of flight performance measured by energetic expenditure in the Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. In the flight experiments, nature caught bats (59 females, 57 males) were allowed to fly for 3 min in

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50

Carneiro, Lucas De Oliveira, Breno Mellado, Marcelo Rodrigues Nogueira, Ariovaldo Pereira Da Cruz‐Neto, and Leandro Rabello Monteiro. "Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics." Integrative Zoology 18, no. 5 (2023): 876–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472494.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Studies on functional performance are important to understand the processes responsible for the evolution of diversity. Morphological trait variation within species influences the energetic cost of locomotion and impacts life history traits, with ecological and evolutionary consequences. This study examined wing morphology correlates of flight performance measured by energetic expenditure in the Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. In the flight experiments, nature caught bats (59 females, 57 males) were allowed to fly for 3 min in

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