Relevant bibliographies by topics / Morphological variation

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Morphological variation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Morphological variation"

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van Hinsberg, A. "Morphological variation in." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10, no. 5 (1997): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000360050049.

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JIA, Lin, Yun-Dong SHI, Hong YU, and Shu-Ying LI. "Morphological Variation inCymbidium tortisepalum." Plant Science Journal 31, no. 1 (2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1142.2013.10093.

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Sterling, Tracy M., Leigh W. Murray, and Yanglin Hou. "Morphological variation amongGutierrezia sarothraepopulations." Weed Science 48, no. 3 (May 2000): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0356:mvagsp]2.0.co;2.

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Davis, Jerrold I., and Amy Jean Gilmartin. "Morphological Variation and Speciation." Systematic Botany 10, no. 4 (October 1985): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419135.

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Fábregas, Antonio, and Ángel J. Gallego. "Morphological variation in Spanish." Lingua 151 (November 2014): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2014.09.007.

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van de Weijer, Jeroen, and Tetsuo Nishihara. "Morphological variation in Japanese." Lingua 120, no. 10 (October 2010): 2319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.03.025.

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Nielsen, Ruth. "Morphological variation ofStromatella monostromatica." Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 42, no. 3-4 (September 1988): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02365619.

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Costa, H. S., D. M. Westcot, D. E. Ullman, R. Rosell, J. K. Brown, and M. W. Johnson. "Morphological variation inBemisia endosymbionts." Protoplasma 189, no. 3-4 (September 1995): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01280174.

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Chaudhari, Milind, and Asif Hasan. "Distal Aortopulmonary Window: A Morphological Variation." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 17, no. 4 (August 2009): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492309345214.

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L. Anbumani, T. N. Pavazhakkurinji, and A. Thamaraiselvi. "MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON VARIATION OF EXTERNAL SURFACE OF LIVER." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 8, no. 2.2 (May 5, 2020): 7481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2020.140.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Morphological variation"

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Sundberg, Nilas. "Quantifying Dental Morphological Variation in Lamniform Sharks." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234749.

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Long, Gillian Mary. "Morphological and physiological variation in Brachypodium sylvaticum." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254511.

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Dytham, Calvin. "Morphological and biochemical variation in rough periwinkles." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277326.

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Owen, Joseph Thomas David. "Morphological variation in wild and domestic suids." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6950/.

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Pigs occupy a special place in the human psyche. They are kept both as stock domesticates, like cattle and sheep, and they are treated as companions and aids, like cats and dogs. There are currently nearly two billion (c.1,984,607,000) domesticated pigs in the world kept as stock animals bred for slaughter (Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), 2012). Keeping pigs as pets has become increasingly popular in western society in recent years and commensalism with pigs is a long-held tradition in Island South East Asia (McDonald-Brown, 2009). Pigs are a key economic resource; however, they are also an animal that inspires strong emotions of attachment or revulsion; seen as loyal, intelligent, courageous and resourceful or unclean, licentious, gluttonous and ignorant (Albarella et al., 2007, Phillips, 2007). As such pigs and pig products are extensively referenced in classical literature and modern pop culture; examples include George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Circe, a minor Greek goddess who transforms Odysseus’ men into pigs when they feast at her table in Homer’s Odyssey; the warthog Pumba from the movie The Lion King, Miss Piggy from The Muppets and Spiderpig in the Simpsons; pigs continued popularity is a testament to their enduring importance. As a result of this unique dual positions of pet and produce, pigs have been intensively studied both as domestic and wild animals. The earliest studies of domestic pigs, their form and origins, come from Charles Darwin (1868) and Ludwig Rutimeyer (1860, 1864), whilst the first scientific description of wild Sus was by Karl Linnaeus (1740, 1758). Here I continue the investigation of the pig, particularly the evolution of wild and domestic pigs, through a geometric morphometric analysis of cranial form. Whist the original concept of this study was derived from a grant concerned with the spread of domestic pigs across Europe at the beginning of the Neolithic, this thesis encompasses wider studies. By applying geometric morphometrics to questions of suid evolution and variability and domestication, we can effect a deeper understanding of how pigs colonised Africa, how suid morphology is affected by climate and geography, that wild and domestic pig cranial morphologies are distinct enough to discriminate between. These have implications for evolutionary studies of the suid family, explaining apparent incongruence between morphological studies and genetics. There are significant implications for archaeological studies, especially those concerned with identifying the origins of domestication where inadequacies in the traditional methodology can be overcome through the application of geometric morphometrics. We also test and reject the traditional hypothesis of heterochrony as the causal mechanism for the development of the domestic morphotype. Methodologies to test this have recently been developed for geometric morphometrics (Mitteroecker et al., 2005), but had not been applied to stock domesticates before. What is seen in suid ontogeny is not explained by the traditional language of heterochrony, nor are domestic pigs paedomorphic wild pigs. This leaves the cause of morphological changes observed during domestication unexplained, which should be a focus of future work.
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Fulginiti, Laura Carr, and Laura Carr Fulginiti. "Discontinuous morphological variation at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186490.

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Cranial and post-cranial non-metric variants are used to examine 664 individuals from the Grasshopper Pueblo skeletal series. The pueblo was inhabited from the 12th to the 14th century A.D. A variety of statistical analyses are utilized to examine patterns of morphological variation which can be used to assess whether biological differences can be demonstrated on the basis of non-metric trait frequencies. All traits are examined for frequency of occurrence, and trait frequencies are then tested to determine if they vary by side of the body, sex, age, type of cranial deformation or association with one another. A series of skeletons are re-tested in order to test intra- and inter-observer reliability. A refined list of traits developed from these analyses is then used to examine trait frequency distributions among the three major room blocks at the site. The full battery of traits used in this study are found to be free of the effects of side of the body, sex, type of cranial deformation and associations with one another, but are affected slightly by age. Intra- and inter-rater reliability are low for this sample and battery of traits. The conclusion is that individuals from the Pueblo do not aggregate into groups which are distinguishable on the basis of non-metric traits.
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Hornsby, Angela D. "Molecular and morphological variation in Neotoma cinerea." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1467751.

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Wilson, Yvette. "Evolutionary relationships and morphological variation between Antirrhinum species." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11591.

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Camp, Jessica Amber. "Morphological variation and disparity in Lystrosaurus (Therapsida: Dicynodontia)." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/650.

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The dicynodont genus Lystrosaurus, a relative of the Kannemeyerids, is one of few terrestrial vertebrate genera which can be found on both sides of the Permian-Triassic (P-T) boundary (Botha and Smith, 2006); indeed, a single species, Lystrosaurus curvatus, is known from both periods. In the Permian, Lystrosaurus was of average abundance relative to other genera. Shortly following the P-T extinction, it drastically increased in abundance until it dominated the faunas it was present in (Botha and Smith, 2006). To date, Lystrosaurus fossils have been found in South Africa, India, Antarctica, China, and Russia (Grine et al., 2006). Abundance, survivorship, and expansive geographic presence give Lystrosaurus extreme potential as a model organism for multiple questions involving ideas such as extinction survivorship, biogeography, and ecology; however, Lystrosaurus has been subject to the practice of an extreme version of "splitter" taxonomy in the past. Here I quantify Lystrosaurus morphology using geometric morphometrics. Chinese Lystrosaurus taxonomy has not been analyzed in light of this. My results show that they are different from Gondwanan Lystrosaurus and represent at least one if not two unique species.
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Trader, Brian Wayne. "Molecular and Morphological Investigation of Astilbe." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28145.

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Astilbe (Saxifragaceae) is a genus of herbaceous perennials widely cultivated for their ornamental value. The genus is considered taxonomically complex because of its geographic distribution, variation within species, and the lack of adequate morphological characters to delineate taxa. To date, an inclusive investigation of the genus has not been conducted. This study was undertaken to (a) develop a well-resolved phylogeny of the genus Astilbe using an expanded morphological data set and sequences from the plastid gene matK, (b) use single nucleotide polymorphisms to determine the lineages of cultivated varieties, and (c) successfully culture Astilbe in vitro and evaluate potential somaclonal variation of resulting Astilbe microshoots. Phylogenetic trees generated from a morphological character matrix of 28 character states divided Astilbe into three distinct clades. Relationships were well resolved among the taxa, though only a few branches had greater than 50% bootstrap support. There is evidence from the phylogeny that some described species may actually represent variation within populations of species. From our analysis I propose an Astilbe genus with 13 to 15 species and offer a key for distinguishing species and varieties. There was little matK sequence variation among taxa of Astilbe. Phylogeny of Astilbe generated from the maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of matK sequences resulted in a polytomy of seven Astilbe species, with relationships within the genus poorly resolved. A second phylogeny of 21 taxa of Astilbe was more informative, aligning cultivated varieties near species from which they were derived. The matK sequence variation for Astilbe taxa was aligned to reveal DNA polymorphisms. Closely related taxa retained polymorphisms at the same sites within the gene sequence. These polymorphic sites could potentially be utilized to confirm the lineage of popular cultivated Astilbe varieties. Propagation of Astilbe seedlings in tissue culture gave rise to various numbers of microshoots from each of 15 seedlings. Multivariate and cluster analysis of morphological characters from 138 plants derived from 15 seedlings revealed potential somaclonal variants. These variants were characterized by one or more of the following traits: dwarf habit, dark green leaves (high chlorophyll content), increased flowering, or larger plant size. Somaclonal variants with desirable phenotypes may be valuable for cultivar development.
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Gilkison, Victoria A. "Transcriptomic Insights into the Morphological Variation Present in Bromeliaceae." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1495.

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The Bromeliaceae family utilizes a wide range of adaptations to inhabit a variety of environments including dry ones. Many attribute the large adaptive radiation of Bromeliaceae throughout the Neotropics to three main features: absorptive trichomes, tank reservoirs, and CAM photosynthesis. Based on leaf morphology and arrangement, root type, and nutrient acquisition, Pittendrigh (1948) conservatively separated bromeliads into four main classes. These four main classes are designated Type I bromeliads, Type II bromeliads, Type III bromeliads and Type IV bromeliads. We used RNA-sequencing of leaf mRNA to investigate similarities and differences in gene expression which can be related back to the four distinct leaf morphologies in the Bromeliaceae family. We found several transcripts relating to the presence of a tank and absorptive trichomes. In addition, we found evidence of varying forms of carbohydrate synthesis for carbon storage during CAM photosynthesis. Lastly, transcriptomics differences indicate different drought survival strategies, with the most extreme differences occurring between Aechmea nudicaulis and Tillandsia gardneri. This study identified transcripts related to the morphological gradient and highlighted how each ecological type has a particular set of adaptations and strategies for survive in a particular regime.
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Books on the topic "Morphological variation"

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Dammel, Antje, and Oliver Schallert, eds. Morphological Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.207.

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Callaham, Robert Z. Pinus ponderosa: Geographic races and subspecies based on morphological variation. Albany, CA: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2013.

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VanderWerf, Eric A. Ecogeographic patterns of morphological variation in Elepaios (Chasiempis Spp): Bergmann's, Allen's, and Gloger's rules in a microcosm. Washington, D.C: American Ornithologists' Union, 2012.

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Museum, Royal Ontario. Morphological variation in the painted spiny pocket mouse, Liomys pictus (family Heteromyidae), from Colima and southern Jalisco, Mexico. Toronto, Ont: Royal Ontario Museum, 1989.

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Hageman, Steven J. Effects of nonnormality on studies of morphological variation of a rhabdomesine bryozoan, Streblotrypa (Streblascopora) prisca (Gabb and Horn). Lawrence, Kan: University of Kansas, 1993.

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Stinson, Chris M. Morphological variations in cyclic Arctic microtines. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 1995.

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Emerson, Sharon B. Covergence and morphological constraint in frogs: Variation in postcranial morphology : a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.

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Emerson, Sharon B. Convergence and morphological constraint in frogs: Variation in postcranial morphology ; a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.

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Baily, Brian. Analysis of beach mapping techniques: And their application to the investigation of the spatial and temporal variations in the morphological behaviour of the shingle beaches of southern central England. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2001.

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Osborne, Richard H., and Frances V. De George. Genetic Basis of Morphological Variation. Harvard University Press, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Morphological variation"

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Maglara, Maria. "Morphological reduction in Aromanian." In Studies in Language Variation, 145–56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.5.12mag.

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Al-Essa, Aziza. "Phonological and morphological variation." In The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Sociolinguistics, 151–68. New York, NY : Routledge, [2019] | Series: Routledge language handbooks: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315722450-11.

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Edmondson, W. T., and Arni H. Litt. "Morphological variation in Kellicottia longispina." In Rotifer Symposium V, 109–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0465-1_13.

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Alberair, Asaad, and Mark Sanderson. "Morphological Variation of Arabic Queries." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 468–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11735106_43.

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Hippisley, Andrew. "Paradigmatic realignment and morphological change." In Variation and Change in Morphology, 107–28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.310.06hip.

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Kálmán, László, Péter Rebrus, and Miklós Törkenczy. "Possible and impossible variation in Hungarian." In Current Issues in Morphological Theory, 23–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.322.02kal.

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Heap, David. "Morphological complexity and Spanish object clitic variation." In Romance Phonology and Variation, 55–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.217.07hea.

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Rácz, Péter, and Péter Rebrus. "Variation in the possessive allomorphy of Hungarian." In Current Issues in Morphological Theory, 51–64. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.322.03rac.

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Anshen, F., and Mark Aronoff. "Morphological productivity word frequency, and the Oxford English Dictionary." In Language Change and Variation, 197. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.52.11ans.

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Cerrón-Palomino, Alvaro. "Morphological adjectival intensifier variation in Lima, Peru." In Hispanic Linguistics at the Crossroads, 231–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.4.12cer.

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Conference papers on the topic "Morphological variation"

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McNamee, Paul, Charles Nicholas, and James Mayfield. "Addressing morphological variation in alphabetic languages." In the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1571957.

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Sclafani, Judith, Curtis R. Congreve, and Mark Patzkowsky. "BIOGEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY OF STROPHOMENIDA (BRACHIOPODA)." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-359306.

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Eisenhauer, Daniel, and Mark Webster. "INTRASPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN LOWER CAMBRIAN DORYPYGID TRILOBITES." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-368091.

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Burcovschi, Ion, Ion Gisca, and Aliona Cucereavii. "The variation of some morphological indices of the sunflower." In XIth International Congress of Geneticists and Breeders from the Republic of Moldova. Scientific Association of Geneticists and Breeders of the Republic of Moldova, Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Moldova State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/cga11.2021.055.

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Webster, James, Jeremy Cornolo, Marine Menut, and Katerina Kollias. "Analysis of Morphological Variation of the Knee for Brace Development." In 4th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Long Beach CA, USA, 19-20 November 2013. Ascona, Switzerland: Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15221/13.335.

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Zhao, Chen, Jianwu Dang, Yuguang Wang, Jianguo Wei, and Kiyoshi Honda. "Individual variation of morphological and acoustic effects of the nasal tract." In 2013 IEEE China Summit and International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (ChinaSIP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chinasip.2013.6625356.

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Eccles, Jackson, Sydney Orman, Lian C. Anderson, Haley Vantoorenburg, Jennifer E. Bauer, and Sarah Sheffield. "EXAMINING MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AS A RESULT OF ENCRUSTATION ON PARASPIRIFER BRACHIOPODS." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382171.

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Suripto, Bambang Agus, and Harits Surakhman. "Morphological variation of branjangan birds (Mirafra javanica Horsfield, 1821) traded in Java." In TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: FROM BASIC TO APPLIED RESEARCH: Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Biological Science. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4953480.

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Molchanov, Vladimir, and Anna Popova. "VARIATIONS OF ACORN MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE VORONEZH REGION." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_50-55.

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The acorn morphometric analysis was carried out. Acorns of Quercus robur collected in populations of the Shilovo, Krasnolesnyy, BSSC «Maklok», Shipov forest. The indicators of acorn were weight, in g., acorn length and width, in cm. The widest limits of variation in weight, length, and diameter are observed in acorns from the experimental territory «Shipov forest»: from 0.55 to 10.43 g, from 1.52 to 4.7 cm, and from 0.86 to 2.31 cm, respectively. The smallest differences between the maximum and minimum weight (from 1.53 to 5.48 g) and the diameter (from 1.1 to 1.69 cm) are observed in the experimental territory «Krasnolesny», and the minimum variation in length was observed in acorns from the experimental territory of «Shilovo» from 2.29 to 3.36 cm.
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Nor, Nor Aina Mohd, Nadras Othman, and Hanafi Ismail. "Mechanical & morphological properties of attapulgite/NR composites: Effect of mixing time variation." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 23RD SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY MALAYSIA (SCMSM 2014). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4919186.

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Reports on the topic "Morphological variation"

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Callaham, Robert Z. Pinus ponderosa: geographic races and subspecies based on morphological variation. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-rp-265.

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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.
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Glazer, Itamar, Randy Gaugler, Daniel Segal, Parwinder Grewal, Yitzhak Spiegel, and Senthamizh Selvan. Genetic Enhancement of Environmental Stability and Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7695833.bard.

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The overall obejctive of the research project was to enhance the intrinsic biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes through genetic manipulation. We have chosen heat and desiccation tolerance as prime traits to be enhanced in order to increase the overall efficacy of these nematodes against insect pests under harsh conditions. Initially, we used mutagenesis and selection approaches to enhance these traits. In the mutagenesis experiments several morphological mutants of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 were isolated and characterized phenotypically and genetically. Infective juveniles of H. bacteriophora HP88 were subjected to heat and desiccation selection regimes for several generations. Small increase was recorded, after 4 and 6 rearing cycles for both traits. However, in both selection regimes a significant deterioration in the reproductive capability of the nematodes was observed. In a screen of new nematode populations, from arid regions in Israel, a heat tolerant (IS5 strain) and desiccation tolerant (IS6 strain) were isolated. Both strains were taxonomically identified and their beneficial characteristics (environmental tolerance, insecticidal virulence and reproduction) were determined. We further investigated the stability of the enhanced heat tolerance trait in, and the storage capacity of, the newly discovered IS5 strain. Genetic studies demonstrated that the heat tolerance of the IS5 strain is genetically based and is dominant. The trait for heat tolerance was transferred from the IS5 strain to the HP88 strain of H. bacteriophora. The transfer was accomplished by allowing the heat tolerant strain (IS5) to mate with the commercial strain (HP88). The hybrid nature of the progeny was confirmed using a recessive marker mutant of the HP88 strain (H-dpy-2). We have used (RAPD-PCR) to compare genetic variation in the IS5 and the HP88 strains of H. baceriophora. The results indicated that genetic variation in the HP88 was significantly less than in the IS5 strain which was recently isolated from the field. The new IS5 strain may be used as an effective biological control agent in warm environments. In addition, IS5 can be used as a genetic source for cross-hybridization with other H. bacteriophora strains.
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4

Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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5

Freeman, Stanley, and Daniel Legard. Epidemiology and Etiology of Colletotrichum Species Causing Strawberry Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7695845.bard.

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Diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. are one of the most important limitations on international strawberry production, affecting all vegetative and fruiting parts of the plant. From 1995 to 1997, C. acutatum infections reached epidemic levels in Israeli strawberry nurseries, causing extensive loss of transplants in fruit-bearing fields and additional reductions in yield. Although C. acutatum also occurs on strawberry in Florida, recent crown rot epidemics have been primarily caused by C. gloeosporioides. Little is known about the basic epidemiology of these important diseases on strawberry. The source of initial inoculum for epidemics in Israel, Florida (other US states including California) and the rest of the world is not well understood. Subspecies relationships between Colletotrichum isolates that cause the different diseases on strawberry (i.e. attack different tissues) are also not well understood. Objectives of this proposal were to detennine the potential of infested soil, strawberry debris and other hosts as sources of primary inoculum for strawberry diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. in Israel and Florida. In addition, traditional (ie. morphological characteristics, benomyl sensitivity, vegetative compatibility grouping) and DNA based methods were used to investigate the etiology of these diseases in order to resolve epidemiologically important subspecies variation. In Israel it was found that C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum infecting strawberry could remain viable in sterilized soil for up to one year and in methyl-bromide fumigated soil for up to 4 months; inoculum in mummified fruit remained viable for at least 5 months under field conditions whereas that in infected crowns was not recovered. Therefore, the contribution of these inocula to disease epidemics should be considered. The host range and specificity of C. acutatum from strawberry was examined on pepper, eggplant, tomato, bean and strawberry under greenhouse conditions. The fungus was recovered from all plant species over a three-month period but caused disease symptoms only on strawberry. C. acutatum was also isolated from healthy looking, asymptomatic plants of the weed species, Vicia and Conyza, growing in infected strawberry fruiting fields. Isolates of C. acutatum originating from strawberry and anemone infected both plant species in artificial inoculations. The habitation of a large number of plant species including weeds by C. acutatum suggests that although it causes disease only on strawberry and anemone in Israel, these plants may serve as a potential inoculum source for strawberry infection and pennit survival of the pathogen between seasons. In Florida, isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from diseased strawberry fruit and crowns were evaluated to detennine their etiology and the genetic diversity of the pathogens. Only C. acutatum was recovered from fruit and C. gloeosporioides were the main species recovered from crowns. These isolates were evaluated at 40 putative genetic loci using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic analysis of RAPD markers revealed that the level of linkage disequilibrium among polymorphic loci in C. gloeosporioides suggested that they were a sexually reproducing population. Under field conditions in Florida, it was detennined that C. gloeosporioides in buried crowns survived
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6

Brodie, Katherine, Ian Conery, Nicholas Cohn, Nicholas Spore, and Margaret Palmsten. Spatial variability of coastal foredune evolution, part A : timescales of months to years. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41322.

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Coastal foredunes are topographically high features that can reduce vulnerability to storm-related flooding hazards. While the dominant aeolian, hydrodynamic, and ecological processes leading to dune growth and erosion are fairly well-understood, predictive capabilities of spatial variations in dune evolution on management and engineering timescales (days to years) remain relatively poor. In this work, monthly high-resolution terrestrial lidar scans were used to quantify topographic and vegetation changes over a 2.5 year period along a micro-tidal intermediate beach and dune. Three-dimensional topographic changes to the coastal landscape were used to investigate the relative importance of environmental, ecological, and morphological factors in controlling spatial and temporal variability in foredune growth patterns at two 50 m alongshore stretches of coast. Despite being separated by only 700 m in the alongshore, the two sites evolved differently over the study period. The northern dune retreated landward and lost volume, whereas the southern dune prograded and vertically accreted. The largest differences in dune response between the two sections of dunes occurred during the fall storm season, when each of the systems’ geomorphic and ecological properties modulated dune growth patterns. These findings highlight the complex eco-morphodynamic feedback controlling dune dynamics across a range of spatial scales.
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