Books: 'Morphological variation'

1

Dammel, Antje, and Oliver Schallert, eds. Morphological Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.207.

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2

Callaham, Robert Z. Pinus ponderosa: Geographic races and subspecies based on morphological variation. Albany, CA: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2013.

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3

VanderWerf, Eric A. Ecogeographic patterns of morphological variation in Elepaios (Chasiempis Spp): Bergmann's, Allen's, and Gloger's rules in a microcosm. Washington, D.C: American Ornithologists' Union, 2012.

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4

Museum, Royal Ontario. Morphological variation in the painted spiny pocket mouse, Liomys pictus (family Heteromyidae), from Colima and southern Jalisco, Mexico. Toronto, Ont: Royal Ontario Museum, 1989.

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5

Hageman, Steven J. Effects of nonnormality on studies of morphological variation of a rhabdomesine bryozoan, Streblotrypa (Streblascopora) prisca (Gabb and Horn). Lawrence, Kan: University of Kansas, 1993.

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6

Stinson, Chris M. Morphological variations in cyclic Arctic microtines. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 1995.

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7

Emerson, Sharon B. Covergence and morphological constraint in frogs: Variation in postcranial morphology : a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.

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8

Emerson, Sharon B. Convergence and morphological constraint in frogs: Variation in postcranial morphology ; a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.

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9

Baily, Brian. Analysis of beach mapping techniques: And their application to the investigation of the spatial and temporal variations in the morphological behaviour of the shingle beaches of southern central England. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2001.

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10

Osborne, Richard H., and Frances V. De George. Genetic Basis of Morphological Variation. Harvard University Press, 2014.

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11

Dammel, Antje, and Oliver Schallert. Morphological Variation: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2019.

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12

Brown, Brett Patrick. Morphological and reproductive variation in "Ipomoea hederifolia". L.. 1986.

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13

Florin, Ann-Britt. Bottlenecks and Blowflies Speciation, Reproduction & Morphological Variation in Lucilia. Uppsala Universitet, 2001.

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14

Ross, Patricia Dianne. Morphological variation and phylogeny of Palaearctic hamsters (Rodentia, Cricetinae). 1992.

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15

Bledsoe, Karen E. Morphological and cytological variation in Trillium albidum Freeman (Liliaceae). 1993.

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16

Genetic and Morphological Variation in Tropical and Temperate Plant Species. MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03936-757-3.

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17

Emerson, Sharon B. Convergence and Morphological Constraint in Frogs: Variation in Postcranial Morphology. Field Museum of Natural, 1988.

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18

Worchuck, Jennifer. Species diversity and morphological variation in Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidea) along an urban gradient. 2001.

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19

Osborne, Richard H., and Frances V. De George. Genetic Basis of Morphological Variation: An Evaluation and Application of the Twin Study Method. Harvard University Press, 2013.

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20

Ritland, Carol Elizabeth. Molecular and morphological variation in the Mimulus guttatus species complex (scrophulariaceae). 1994.

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21

Wolff, Sharon Lee. Morphological and genetic variation in "Salicornia europaea" agg. in northeastern North America. 1985.

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22

Hasnain, Hashim. Is there a relationship between morphological variation and genetic variation of enzyme and blood group loci in humanpopulations? 1991.

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23

DeBrosse, Gregory A. Intraspecific variability in selected morphological characteristics of megalopae among congeneric species of Cancer crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura). 1988.

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24

Carlson, Jack R. A study of morphological variation within Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Lo ve (Poaceae: Triticeae). 1986.

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25

Kusmenoglu, Ismail. Ascochyta blight of chickpea: Inheritance and relationship to seed size, morphological traits and isozyme variation. 1990.

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26

Wood, Lynda S. Morphological variation in the vertebral column of indigenous peoples of the Arctic and American Northwest. UMI Dissertation Services, 1997.

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27

Audring, Jenny, and Francesca Masini, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Morphological Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668984.001.0001.

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Morphology, the science of words, is a complex theoretical landscape, where a multitude of frameworks, each with their own tenets and formalism, compete for the explanation of linguistic facts. The Oxford Handbook of Morphological Theory is a comprehensive guide through this jungle of morphological theories. It provides a rich and up-to-date overview of theoretical frameworks, from Structuralism to Optimality Theory and from Minimalism to Construction Morphology. In the core part of the handbook (Part II), each theory is introduced by a practitioner, who guides the reader through its principles and technicalities, its advantages and disadvantages. All chapters are written to be accessible, authoritative, and critical. Cross-references reveal agreements and disagreements among frameworks, and a rich body of references encourages further reading. As well as introducing individual theories, the volume speaks to the bigger picture. Part I identifies time-honoured issues in word-formation and inflection that have set the theoretical scene. Part III connects morphological theory to other fields of linguistics. These include typology and creole linguistics, diachronic change and synchronic variation, first and second language acquisition, psycho-/neurolinguistics, computational linguistics, and sign language theory. Each of these fields informs and challenges morphological theory in particular ways. By linking specialist data and insights from the various subfields, the volume fosters the dialogue among sub-disciplines that is much needed for a graceful integration of linguistic thinking.

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28

Sabatakakis, Vassilios. Aspects of Morphological and Stylistic Variation of the Verb in Erotokritos (Studia Graeca Et Latina Lundensia). Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2004.

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29

Wolfe, Sam, and Martin Maiden, eds. Variation and Change in Gallo-Romance Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840176.001.0001.

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This book offers a wide-ranging array of case studies on variation and change in Gallo-Romance grammar. Both standard and non-standard Gallo-Romance data have the potential to be of enormous value to studies of morphosyntactic variation and change, yet, as the volume demonstrates, non-standard and comparative Gallo-Romance data has often been lacking in both synchronic and diachronic studies. The introduction sets out the conceptual background to the volume. There follow chapters by leading scholars on a variety of topics in the domains of sentence structure, the verb complex, and word structure. The empirical foundation of the volume is exceptionally rich, drawing on standard and non-standard data from French, Occitan, Francoprovençal, Picard, Wallon, and Norman. This diversity is also reflected in the theoretical and conceptual approaches adopted, which span traditional philology, sociolinguistics, formal morphological and syntactic theory, semantics, and discourse-pragmatics. The volume will thus be an indispensable tool for French and (Gallo-)Romance linguistics as well as for readers interested in grammatical theory, sociolinguistics, and historical linguistics.

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30

Arnett, Joseph L. A systematic interpretation of patterns of morphological and phenolic variation in Silene suksdorfii Robins. and Silene parryi (Wats.) Hitchc. & Mag. 1989.

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31

Carrier, Tyler J., Adam M. Reitzel, and Andreas Heyland, eds. Section 2 Summary—Functional Morphology and Ecology of Larval Forms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0010.

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Larvae are intermediate life history stages between embryos and juvenile and/or reproductive stages, but this characteristic is about the only feature that unites the incredible diversity of larval forms. The majority of larval forms evolved in the sea and exhibit tremendous morphological, physiological, and molecular variation, many of which are potential adaptations to match form and function in the context of the aquatic environment. The three chapters in this section review how larvae from different taxonomic groups sort through and ingest exogenous nutrients and how environmental variation elicits morphological variation....

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32

Arkadiev, Peter, and Francesco Gardani, eds. The Complexities of Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861287.001.0001.

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The volume deals with the multifaceted nature of morphological complexity understood as a composite rather than unitary phenomenon as it shows an amazing degree of crosslinguistic variation. It features an Introduction by the editors that critically discusses some of the foundational assumptions informing contemporary views on morphological complexity, eleven chapters authored by an excellent set of contributors, and a concluding chapter by Östen Dahl that reviews various approaches to morphological complexity addressed in the preceding contributions and focuses on the minimum description length approach. The central eleven chapters approach morphological complexity from different perspectives, including the language-particular, the crosslinguistic, and the acquisitional one, and offer insights into issues such as the quantification of morphological complexity, its syntagmatic vs. paradigmatic aspects, diachronic developments including the emergence and acquisition of complexity, and the relations between morphological complexity and socioecological parameters of language. The empirical evidence includes data from both better-known languages such as Russian, and lesser-known and underdescribed languages from Africa, Australia, and the Americas, as well as experimental data drawn from iterated artificial language learning.

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33

Bremer, Jaime R. Alvarado. Assessment of morphological and genetic variation of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus): evolutionary implications of allometric growth and of the patterns of nucleotide substitution in the mitochondrial genome. 1994.

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34

Castellani, Claudia, and Marianne Wootton. Crustacea: Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0021.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the Crustacea, one of the most abundant and diverse components of the plankton. Within a single net-haul, the vast diversity within this group, coupled with the large number of species and the morphological similarity both between species and between developmental stages, can often pose a significant identification challenge even to experienced taxonomists. Although all Crustacea originally share a common body plan, their morphology can differ quite markedly due to different degrees of expression of body segmentation patterns and as a result of the loss or morphological modifications of paired appendages. There is also considerable variation between groups in the structure and function of the appendages on different body regions.

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35

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Changes in Quantitative Traits Over Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0001.

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Quantitative traits—be they morphological or physiological characters, aspects of behavior, or genome-level features such as the amount of RNA or protein expression for a specific gene—usually show considerable variation within and among populations. This chapter provides a historical overview of the study of such traits and their connections with traditional and molecular population genetics, applied breeding, and evolutionary theory.

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36

Minelli, Alessandro. Evolvability and Its Evolvability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0007.

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No universally accepted notion of evolvability is available, focus being alternatively put onto either genetic or phenotypic change. The heuristic power of this concept is best found when considering the intricacies of the genotype→phenotype map, which is not necessarily predictable, expression of variation depending on the structure of gene networks and especially on the modularity and robustness of developmental systems. We can hardly ignore evolvability whenever studying the role of cryptic variation in evolution, the often pervious boundary between phenotypic plasticity and the expression of a genetic polymorphism, the major phenotypic leaps that the mechanisms of development can produce based on point mutations, or the morphological stasis that reveals how robust a developmental process can be in front of genetic change. Evolvability is subject itself to evolution, but it is still uncertain to what extent there is positive selection for enhanced evolvability, or for evolvability biased in a specific direction.

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37

Collin, Rachel, and Amy Moran, eds. Evolutionary Transitions in Mode of Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0004.

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In the large body of literature on ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying transitions between planktotrophy and lecithotrophy, the focus has typically covered long evolutionary timescales; that is, evolution of complex larval traits is generally discussed in the context of phylogenetic patterns detectable at the level of families, classes, or phyla. An analytical approach incorporating comparative phylogenetics is increasingly used to address these long-view questions. Here, we discuss what has been learned from taking a comparative phylogenetic approach and the limitations of this approach. We propose that approaches based on a closer view—that is, analyses that focus on genetic, morphological, and functional variation among individuals, populations, or closely related congeners—have greater potential to answer questions about mechanisms underlying the loss and regain of major complex characters such as feeding larvae.

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38

Butt, Miriam, and Ashwini Deo. Developments into and Out of Ergativity: Indo-Aryan Diachrony. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.22.

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This chapter takes a close look at ergativity in Indo-Aryan, the only language family for which we have a continuous attested record for over three thousand years. Old Indo-Aryan did not have an over ergative case whereas many of the New Indo-Aryan languages do. It tracks the diachronic trajectory of a result-stative construction from Old Indo-Aryan to its reanalysis as an ergative construction in Middle Indo-Aryan and explore the variation found in further developments in New Indo-Aryan languages, wherein several languages lose aspects of the ergative system, or innovate morphological material to reinforce the structural pattern. We discuss the relationship of ergativity to various structural and semantic factors that have been adduced in the literature. This includes agreement patterns, possessors, aspect, evidentiality and various lexical semantic factors.

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39

Mazzolai, Barbara. Growth and tropism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0009.

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Plants or plant parts, such as roots or leaves, have the capacity of moving by growing in response to external stimuli with high plasticity and morphological adaptation to the environment. This chapter analyses some plant features and how they have been translated in artificial devices and control. A new generation of ICT hardware and software technologies inspired from plants is described, which includes an artificial root-like prototype that moves in soil imitating the sloughing mechanism of cells at the root apex level; as well as innovative osmotic-based actuators that generate movement imitating turgor variation in the plant cells. As future directions, new technologies expected from the study of plants concern energy-efficient actuation systems, chemical and physical microsensors, sensor fusion techniques, kinematics models, and distributed, adaptive control in networked structures with local information and communication capabilities.

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40

Bavin, Edith. The Acquisition of Ergativity: An Overview. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.25.

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The chapter illustrates variation associated with ergative alignment and properties of ergative languages that might impact on acquisition of the system. Language input, the social context and developmental patterns are also discussed, as are criteria for determining when a system has been acquired. Examples provided represent different language families and geographic areas. Also included are more detailed examples: for Kaluli, which has a split ergative system, dependent on word order and pragmatic factors; for Arctic Quebec Inuktitut which employs detransitivisation processes to change the role of the arguments of bivalent verbs; and for Warlpiri which has frequent ellipsis of core arguments, so reducing the frequency of ergative marking in the input. The data illustrate that split morphological systems and variable use of ergative marking do not seem to be problematic overall. By the age of 2.5 or 3 years, children show knowledge of the system.

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41

Burkette, Allison. Incorporating American English into the History of English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611040.003.0023.

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This chapter provides some suggestions for the inclusion of the history of American English into the larger context of the History of the English Language (HEL). By touching on themes found throughout within the external and internal history of English, for example, language contact and specific morphological and phonological processes, respectively, one can include lessons on American English and its varieties as an extension of the History of English, demonstrating to students that language “evolution” is an ongoing process and that variation within the language is a natural result of historical, linguistic, and social forces. This chapter begins with a (brief) general narrative of the development of American English and then offers a series of possible themes that could be incorporated into a HEL class for special focus, along with assignments and/or additional resources that encourage students to engage with the focus topics more deeply.

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42

Polis, Stéphane. The Scribal Repertoire of Amennakhte Son of Ipuy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0005.

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This chapter investigates linguistic variation in the texts written by the Deir el-Medina scribe Amennakhte son of Ipuy in New Kingdom Egypt (Twentieth Dynasty; c. 1150 BCE). After a discussion of the challenge posed by the identification of scribes and authors in this sociocultural setting, I provide an overview of the corpus of texts that can tentatively be linked to this individual and justify the selection that has been made for the present study. The core of this paper is then devoted to a multidimensional analysis of Amennakhte’s linguistic registers. By combining the results of this section with a description of Amennakhte’s scribal habits—both at the graphemo-morphological and constructional levels—I test the possibility of using ‘idiolectal’ features to identify the scribe (or the author) of other texts stemming from the community of Deir el-Medina and closely related to Amennakhte.

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43

Lyman, R. Lee. Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871156.001.0001.

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Documentation, analysis, and explanation of culture change have long been goals of archaeology. The earliest archaeological spindle graphs appeared in the 1880s and 1890s, but had no influence on subsequent archaeologists. Line graphs showing change in frequencies of specimens in each of several artifact types were used in the 1910s and 1920s. Seriograms or straight-sided spindles diagraming interpretations of culture change were published in the 1930s, but were seldom subsequently mimicked. Spindle graphs of centered and stacked columns of bars, each column representing a distinct artifact type, each bar the empirically documented relative frequency of specimens in an assemblage, were developed in the 1940s, became popular in the 1950s and 1960s, and are often used to illustrate culture change in textbooks published during the twentieth century. Graphs facilitate visual thinking, different graph types suggest different ontologies and theories of change, and particular techniques of parsing temporally continuous morphological variation of artifacts into types influence graph form. Line graphs, bar graphs, spindle diagrams, and phylogenetic trees of artifacts and cultures indicate archaeologists often mixed elements of Darwinian variational evolutionary change with elements of Midas-touch-like transformational change. Today there is minimal discussion of graph theory or graph grammar in both introductory archaeology textbooks and advanced texts, and elements of the two theories of evolution are often mixed. Culture has changed, and despite archaeology’s unique access to the totality of humankind’s cultural past, there is minimal discussion on graph theory, construction, and decipherment in the archaeological literature.

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44

Nielsen, Claus, ed. Origin and Diversity of Marine Larvae. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0001.

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The origin of larvae has been much discussed, but the most plausible theory is the “terminal addition theory,” which proposes that the larvae originated when a benthic stage was added to the ancestral holoplanktonic life cycle, with the planktonic stage retained as the larva. Marine larvae show an astonishing morphological and ecological variation. Planktotrophic larvae are found in many smaller or larger lineages, and characteristic types—such as the trochophore of many annelids and molluscs, the cyphonautes of some bryozoans, the actinotrocha of most phoronids, the pluteus larvae of most echinoderms, and the tornaria of some enteropneusts—are familiar members of the plankton. These larvae show different types of ciliary filter feeding: trochophores have downstream-collecting, cyphonautes and actinotrocha have ciliary-sieving, and pluteus and actiunotrocha have upstream-collecting feeding. Crustacean larvae show a variety of feeding mechanisms. Lecithotrophic larvae are found in all phyla. A panorama of marine larvae is presented.

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45

Carrier, Tyler J., Adam M. Reitzel, and Andreas Heyland, eds. Section 1 Summary—Evolutionary Origins and Transitions in Developmental Mode. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0006.

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Abiotic variables and biotic interactions can act on variation in life history traits, ultimately leading to divergence in reproductive mode. Marine invertebrates have a remarkable diversity in such strategies, sometimes even between closely related species. It is this natural diversity that lends itself to employing a powerful comparative approach, both for particular morphological characteristics as well as molecular signatures from developmental genes. For example, complex life histories, where a larval stage is interposed between the embryo and juvenile, likely represent the product of numerous selection pressures, historical and current, that have shaped the diversity of larval stages in extant marine species. In fact, the very question about “what is a larva?” has to be addressed, as it is so intimately connected to bentho-planktonic life cycle and metamorphosis. Furthermore, novel larval types have evolved in particular lineages and larvae have been secondarily lost in others. This in itself creates an interesting and exciting playground to test evolutionary developmental hypotheses....

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46

Schifano, Norma. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 summarizes the main contributions of the book, as well as topics for future research. From an empirical point of view, the book has shown that four distinct macro-typologies of verb movement can be identified which can be predicted on the basis of independent morphological properties of the languages under investigation, thus casting new light on the long-debated issue of the interplay between ‘rich’ morphology and verb movement. From a methodological point of view, the volume has shown the importance of formulating analyses which are not language-specific but have a wider empirical basis. From a theoretical perspective, it has underlined the advantages of using a hybrid minimalist-cartographic framework. Questions for future research include whether it is possible to extend and adapt the present approach to other language families, such as Germanic, and investigating whether the proposed approach makes the correct predictions once diachronic variation too is taken into account.

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47

Loporcaro, Michele. Grammatical gender in Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0003.

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The most widespread type of gender system is exemplified with Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, French, Italian, and Sardinian data. These languages all have parallel binary systems, with the masculine selected by default (e.g. for gender resolution, non-agreement, or—in most cases—agreement with non-nominal controllers). While dialect variation is covered in the following chapters, here a flavour thereof is conveyed by introducing binary convergent systems, which represent a further development (due to sound change merging agreement targets in the plural) of the mainstream binary system. The chapter then reviews semantic and formal assignment rules. Romance gender systems are never entirely semantic, but they always have a semantic nucleus: names of male/female human beings and sex-differentiable animals are assigned masculine and feminine via semantic rule in all Romance languages. These differ widely in the extent to which formal (morphological and phonological) rules are at work, and in how these look.

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48

Bjorkman, Bronwyn M., and Daniel Currie Hall, eds. Contrast and Representations in Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817925.001.0001.

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Syntactic contrasts, the systems of grammatical oppositions that exist within individual languages, are typically formally encoded in terms of features. The nature of syntactic contrast is tied to a fundamental question in generative syntactic theory: What is universal in syntax (and in language more generally), and what is variable? This volume explores the dual role of features, on the one hand defining a set of paradigmatic contrasts, and other the other hand acting as the building blocks of syntactic structures and the drivers of syntactic operations. In both roles, features are increasingly seen as the locus of parametric variation. The identification of parameters with features has opened up new possibilities for exploring connections between the morphological system of a language and its syntax, and suggests a new role for featural contrast in syntactic theory. The papers collected here represent a diversity of topics, perspectives, and concerns, but are united by an interest in morphosyntactic representations, and in the formal encoding of syntactic contrasts.

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49

Reintges, Chris H., and Sonia Cyrino. Analyticization and the syntax of the synthetic residue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0010.

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Current understanding of syntactic variation and change relies on the notion of parameters of varying magnitude (micro- and macroparameters). This chapter focuses on the flipside of parameter change, namely the retention and survival of synthetic morphological structure in a context of widespread analyticization. The global effects of synthetic-to-analytic drift are examined in two diachronic scenarios: one in which the process has almost, though not entirely been completed (Coptic Egyptian), and another one in which the process is still under way (Brazilian Portuguese). Coptic has gone very far in abandoning its former synthetic features and thus exhibits a high degree of analyticity. In Brazilian Portuguese, the analyticization process is an advanced state, with synthetically inflected tenses exhibiting a decreasing productivity and gradually being replaced by the corresponding auxiliary verb constructions in the spoken language. The restriction on verb movement is a side effect of ongoing analyticization that affects language’s word order.

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50

Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Fish diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0001.

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Fish diversity is considered in terms of variety of their morphological, taxonomic, habitat and population attributes. Fish, with over 30, 000 current species, represent the largest group of vertebrates. The complexity of classification of a group of this size and antiquity, together with recognition of additional species, demands continuous ongoing revision. The impact of the recent fundamental changes in fish classification in 2016 is discussed. Life in water involves adaptations to widely different habitats which can result in physiological morphological and life-style variations which are reviewed.

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Books on the topic 'Morphological variation'

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