Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Morphologická variabilita'

L’étude de la complexité de l’anatomie du cerveau humain nécessite la caractérisation des paramètres multimodaux et multi-échelle obtenus par des techniques de neuroimagerie récentes. Pour ce travail de thèse nous avons tiré profit d’un logiciel automatique actuel d’analyse surfacique d’images cérébrales afin d’extraire les phénotypes structuraux du cortex cérébral humain, c’est-à-dire l’épaisseur corticale, l’aire de la surface, la profondeur sulcale, la courbure et le contenu en myéline intracorticale. L’objectif principal de ce travail a été de caractériser des variables structurales multimodales sur une large base de données de plus de 450 adultes sains âgés de 18 à 57 ans (base de données BIL&amp;GIN) dans le but de décrire la variabilité interindividuelle de l’organisation structurale du cerveau et notamment la recherche de marqueurs de la maturation cérébrale et de la latéralisation. Nous avons tout d’abord pris l’exemple du gyrus de Heschl, support anatomique du cortex auditif primaire, qui possède une grande variabilité en lien avec l’existence de différents profils de duplication du gyrus couplée à de fortes différences interhémisphériques. Nous avons montré qu’une duplication partielle ou complète du gyrus de Heschl était associée à des modifications locorégionales d’épaisseur corticale, d’aire de la surface et de myéline localisée postérieurement à ce gyrus et dans le planum temporale, ces deux régions étant impliquées dans le traitement du langage. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons recherché les modifications structurales du cortex associées à la maturation tardive (entre 18 et 30 ans) et à l’atrophie corticale liée au vieillissement. Nous avons montré que l’établissement d’un index de maturation basé sur l’intégration de l’épaisseur corticale et de la myéline intracorticale améliorait la discrimination entre les 2 profils de modifications de la substance grise pendant ces deux périodes de la vie. Finalement, nous avons caractérisé les asymétries corticales en utilisant un recalage surfacique des hémisphères qui s’affranchit des différences de morphologie sulcale et de position entre les deux hémisphères. Nous avons mis en évidence des régions pour lesquelles les asymétries d’épaisseur et de surface étaient concordantes (asymétrie gauche ou droite pour les deux variables anatomiques) et des régions pour lesquelles les asymétries étaient opposées (gauche pour l’une des variables et droite pour l’autre). Environ 20% des régions qui montraient une asymétrie d’épaisseur et d’aire présentaient des corrélations négatives entre ces variables. Il est frappant de constater que les deux régions ayant les asymétries les plus fortes, le planum temporale et le sillon temporal supérieur, ont des corrélations positives entre leurs asymétries d’épaisseur et d’aire. Le planum temporale possède une asymétrie gauche à la fois pour l’épaisseur et l’aire alors que le sillon temporal supérieur a une asymétrie droite pour les deux variables. Cette étude démontre qu’il existe des corrélations entre les asymétries d’épaisseur et d’aire qui sont caractéristiques de l’organisation du cortex. Ces régions sont des sites clé pour lesquels il reste maintenant à étudier la pertinence en tant que marqueurs de la latéralisation cérébrale et leurs corrélats fonctionnels<br>Studying the complexity of the human brain anatomy requires the characterization of multimodal and multiscale features obtained by recent in vivo neuroimaging techniques. In the present thesis, we benefited from up to date automated surface-based brain image analysis software to extract structural phenotypes of the human cerebral cortex, namely the cortical thickness, the surface area, the sulcal depth, the curvature and the intracortical myelin content. The principal aim of this work was to characterize multimodal structural variables on a large database of 450 healthy adults aged from 18 to 57 years (the BIL&amp;GIN database) in order to describe the inter-individual variability of brain structural organization and notably the research of candidate markers for brain maturation and lateralization. We first took the example of the Heschl’s gyrus hosting the primary auditory cortex and having high variability due to the presence of different pattern of gyrus duplication coupled with strong interhemispheric differences. We showed that the partial or complete duplication of the Heschl’s gyrus was associated to loco-regional modifications in terms of cortical thickness, surface area and myelin located posteriorly to this gyrus and in the planum temporale, this two regions being implied in language processing. In a second study, we investigated the cortical structural modifications associated to late maturation (between 18 and 30 years) and cortical atrophy linked to aging. We revealed that the computation of a maturation index based on an integration of cortical thickness and intracortical myelin improved the discrimination of two different patterns of grey matter changes during these different stages of life. Finally, we characterized cortical asymmetries using a specific hemisphere surface matching which removed differences in sulcal morphology and position between both hemispheres. We highlighted regions where thickness and surface area asymmetries were concordant (leftward or rightward asymmetry for both anatomical variables) and regions of opposite asymmetries (leftward for one and rightward for the other). About 20% of regions that showed cortical thickness and surface area asymmetries presented negative correlation between these variables. It is striking that the two regions with the strongest anatomical asymmetries; the planum temporale and the superior temporal sulcus had rather positive asymmetry correlations. The planum temporale presented a leftward asymmetry of both cortical thickness and area while the superior temporal sulcus showed a right asymmetry of the two variables. This study demonstrated that there were correlations between thickness and surface area asymmetries, characteristics of the cortex organization. These areas are key sites for which it now remains to study the anatomical relevance as markers of brain lateralization and its functional correlates

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68).<br>Patients who have had an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at a relatively high risk of having subsequent adverse cardiac events. Several electrocardiographic (ECG) measures such as heart rate variability, heart rate turbulence, deceleration capacity, T-wave altemans, and morphologic variability have been used to identify patients at an increased risk of recurrent myocardial infarctions and cardiovascular death. In this work, we develop a new ECG-based measure for patient risk stratification called weighted morphologic variability. This measure is based on assessment of beat-to-beat changes in the morphology of consecutive beats. Weighted morphologic variability identifies patients who are at more than four-fold risk for cardiovascular death, which is an improvement in ECG-based risk stratification. The body of this work suggests that prognosticating patients based on electrocardiographic measures is an effective way of identifying those at risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.<br>by Joyatee Mudra Sarker.<br>M.Eng.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Among the most representative families of the world flora, the Legumonosae (Fabaceae) is one of most expressive her the capacity in fixing nitrogen in the soil and its releasing for the agroecosystems, presence in many agricultural systems, aggressive characteristic of seed dispersion, and by the considerable forage potential. The present work aimed to characterize accessions of the native legume Jureminha, collected in different ecological- geographic regions of Sergipe state, using morphological reproductive descriptors. Two-hundred and twelve accessions of Desmanthus were cultivated the Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros Experimental Station in Nossa Senhora das Dores, SE. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with 2 replications and 3 representative plants per plot, spaced by 2x2 m from each other. The characters of fertilization percentage (Ft), flowering after pruning (Flo), pods per flower (Vi), pod length (CpV), pod width (LgV), seeds per pod (SV), locus per pod (LoV), weight of 100 seeds (PS) were evaluated. Analysis of variance was processed by the GENES statistical program (Cruz, 2001), estimating for each characteristic the average genetic inheritance (h2 m), the experimental variation (CVe%) and genetic (CVg%) coefficients, and the correlation between such coefficients. Grouping multivariate techniques by the method of Tocher Optimization and Hierarchic Closest Neighbor and the Plane Distance Projections, utilizing the Mahalanobis generalized distance as the dissimilarity measurements were also applied. Significant genetic variability for the characters VI. PS, CpV, and LoV were found between the studied accessions, indicating a genetic potential to be used in breeding programs. Largest genetic inheritance were found for the CpV and LoV characters with respectively 59.59% and 50.61%. Such characters also showed the highest degree of correspondence between the genetic value and phenotypic value with respectively 0.72 % and 0,859 %. The SV and LoV characters had the greatest contribution for the divergence with respectively 37.20% and 14.39% of the variation. Seven divergent groups were formed. There was concluded that there are not a large genetic divergence among the accessions considering the majority of the accessions composed the first group and two groups were composed by four accessions and three groups were composed by two accessions each one, and one group by only one accessions.<br>Entre as famílias mais representativas da flora no mundo, a Leguminosae (Fabaceae) é uma das mais expressivas, pela fixação de nitrogênio no solo e seu repasse ao agroecossistema, presença em vários sistemas agrícolas, pela sua agressividade na dispersão de sementes, além de possuir relevante potencial forrageiro. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar através de descritores morfológicos reprodutivos acessos de jureminha, leguminosa nativa, coletadas em várias regiões ecogeográficas do Estado de Sergipe. Foram implantados 212 acessos no Campo Experimental em Nossa Senhora das Dores, SE, pertencente a Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com duas repetições e três plantas úteis por parcela, separadas entre si e entre linha por 2 m, além de uma linha de bordadura externa em cada bloco. Os caracteres avaliados foram percentual de fertilização (Ft), florescimento após o corte (Flo), número de vagens por inflorescência (VI), comprimento de vagem (CpV), largura de vagem (LgV), número de sementes por vagem (SV), número de locos por vagem (LoV) e peso de 100 sementes (PS). A análise de variância foi realizada utilizando o programa GENES, Cruz (2001), o qual estimou para cada característica, a herdabilidade média (h2 m), os coeficientes de variação experimental (CVe%) e genético (CVg%) e a relação entre esses coeficientes. Foram realizadas também, técnicas multivariadas de agrupamento pelo método de Otimização de Tocher e Hieráquico do Vizinho Mais Próximo e a Projeção das Distâncias no Plano, utilizando-se a distancia generalizada de Mahalanobis (D²) como medida de dissimilaridade. Existe variabilidade genética significativa entre os acessos avaliados, para os caracteres VI, PS, CpV e LoV, indicando como um potencial genético a ser explorado em programas de melhoramento. Sendo os caracteres CpV e LoV os que apresentaram maiores herdabilidades, 59,59% e 50,61%, e os maiores graus de correspondência entre o valor genético e o valor fenotípico 0,72% e 0,86%, respectivamente. Já os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a divergência foram SV com 37,20% da variação, seguido por LoV com 14,39%. No entanto, houve formação de sete grupos divergentes, concluindo-se que a divergência genética entre os acessos não é grande, pois o primeiro grupo formado englobou a maioria dos acessos, dois grupos foram formados por quatro acessos, três grupos com dois acessos e um grupo com apenas um acesso.

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第17636号<br>農博第1998号<br>新制||農||1011(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H25||N4757(農学部図書室)<br>30402<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 太田 誠一, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 大澤 晃<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

Prema novijim istraživanjima, kompleks Carassius auratusčini najmanje pet vrsta roda&nbsp; Carassius: Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius langsdorfii, Carassius cuvieri i Carassius gibelio. Vrste ovog roda su morfolo&scaron;ki veoma slične i nemoguće ih je razlikovati na osnovu uobičajenih morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera, te su ranije&nbsp; sve determinisane kao Carassius auratus gibelio ili Carassius gibelio. Jedina vrsta koja se značajnije razlikuje je Carassius carassius.&nbsp; Smara se da su vrste ovog kompleksa unesene u Evropu iz Azije u 17. veku.Najveći broj predstavnika kompleksa C. auratus je na teritoriji Evrope proteklih pedesetak godina determinisan je kao vrsta Carassius gibelio(C. auratus gibelio) (Bloch, 1783) (srebrni kara&scaron; ili babu&scaron;ka). S obzirom da su pripadnici ovog kompleksa registrovani u većini vodotokova Evrope, smatraju se najuspe&scaron;nijom invazivnom grupom slatkovodnih riba. Zbog svojih biolo&scaron;kih odlika (brz rast, različiti vidovi razmnožavanja, izuzetna otpornost na nepovoljne uslove) ove vrste veoma brzo postaju kompetitivne autohtonoj ihtiofauni za hranu i stani&scaron;te i neretko imaju izuzetno negativan uticaj na celokupan ekosistem koji nasele.U ovoj disertaciji prvi put je izvr&scaron;ena identifikacija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti primenom specifičnih genetičkih markera (dela sekvence cytb gena). Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrije ispitivana je morfolo&scaron;ka varijabilnost različitih morfolo&scaron;kih celina (celo telo, kosti glavenog skeleta, cleithrum-a i krlju&scaron;ti) jedinki unutar kompleksa Carassius auratusizmeđu različitih lokaliteta sa različitim ekolo&scaron;kim uslovima (prisustvo predatora i protok), dok je primenom savremenih statističkih i matematičkih metoda (multi-modelne analize) analizirana dinamika rasta recentnih, kao i ranoinvazivnih populacija.Metaanalizom dostupnih podataka utvrđena je veoma &scaron;iroka zastupljenost populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus na teritoriji Srbije. Beležene populacije su uglavnom pokazivale srednju do visoku zastupljenost (20-40%) u ukupnoj ihtiofauni uz uočljivo povećanje brojnosti u funkciji vremena. Na nekim lokalitetima se u nekoliko uzastopnih studija registruju veoma brojne popu-lacije vrsta ovog kompleksa (40-100% u ukupnom ulovu).Za potrebe molekularno- taksonomskih analiza i analiza morfolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti recentnih populacija uzorkovano je 280 jedinki u periodu 2012 &ndash; 2014.godine sa 14 različitih lokaliteta u&nbsp;Vojvodini i peripanonskoj oblasti. Sve jedinke u uzorku su prvo fotografisane za potrebe analiza linearne i geometrijske morfometrije, uzet je uzorak repnog peraja za dalje genetičke analize, a nakon toga su izvr&scaron;ena sva neophodna merenja&nbsp;&nbsp; morfometrijskih i merističkih karaktera radi ana-lize varijabilnosti među&nbsp; populacijama. Populaciono-genetičkim analizama sekvenci dela cytb gena utvrđeno je da su sve ispitivane jedinke pripadale vrsti Carassius gibelio I. Zbog biolo&scaron;kog stanja uzoraka, determinacija je bila moguća za samo 52 jedinki sa 11 lokaliteta te se ne bi smela isključiti mogućnost postojanja jo&scaron; nekih vrsta kompleksa C. auratus, kao &scaron;to su C. auratus i C. langsdorfi koje su prema navodima drugih autora beležene na teritorijama susednih zemalja.Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrijske analize ustanovljena je izražena fenoti-pska varijabilnost u obliku tela i odabranih&nbsp; elemenata skeletnog sistema između riba sa različitih lokaliteta. Utvrđeno je odsustvo polnog dimorfizma. Najveću varijabilnost od svih morfolo&scaron;kih parametara pokazala je vrednost za visinu tela, i veličinu glave, dok su kod kostiju najvi&scaron;e varirale vrednosti za os pharyngii na kojoj su ždrelni zubi - dentes pharyngii.Prisustvo predatora i protok vode na ispitivanim lokalitetima su ispoljili uticaj na morfolo&scaron;ku varijabilnost riba. Prisustvo predatora je uslovilo pojavu karakterističnog fenotipa riba sa visokim telom koje omogućava lak&scaron;e izbegavanje predatora.Za analizu mofolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti ranih invazivnih populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus kori&scaron;ćeni su podaci za 524 jedinke (prilikom izlova determinisane kao C. auratus gibelio) sa tri lokaliteta u Vojvodini iz perioda 1983 &ndash; 1985. godine. Lokaliteti su izabrani prema različitom načinu invazije vrsta kompleksa C. auratus. Analizama linearne morfometije i modela rasta ut-vrđeno je da su se lokaliteti na kojima su bile&nbsp; zastupljene namerne antropogene introdukcije nepoznatog porekla odlikovali mnogo većom morfolo&scaron;kom varijabilno&scaron;ću od lokaliteta u koje su jedinke dospele prirodnim putevima invazije izvećih vodotokova.Analizama životne istorije i dinamike rasta na 395 jedinki vrsta kompleksa C. auratus (pri-likom uzorkovanja determinisanih kao C. gibelio) kao invazivne grupe riba i 429 jedinki bodorke kao predstavnika autohtone ihtiofaune u periodu između 1991. i 1999. godine na akumulacijama Međuvr&scaron;je i Gruža utvrđene su razlike između različitih tipova stani&scaron;ta. Nezavisno od vrste, utvrđeno je da jedinke koje žive u sporim i plitkim stani&scaron;tima su krupnije i dostižu veće asimptotske dužine od individua koje nastanjuju brže i uže vodotokove.Ovaj rad je među prvim koji primenjuje multi-modelnu analizu u modelovanju rasta slat-kovodnih riba. Rezultati su pokazali da se ova metoda može implementirati i na&nbsp; invazivne vrste riba kako bi se bolje procenio njihov uticaj na autohtonu faunu i&nbsp; eventualno razvile uspe&scaron;nije strategije upravljanja i kontrole njihovih populacija.<br>According to recent researches,<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex includes at least five <em>Carassius</em> species: <em>Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius</em> langsdorfii, <em>Carassius cuvieri</em> and<em> Carassius gibelio</em>. These species are morphologically very similar and it is impossible to differentiate them on the basis of common morphological&nbsp; characters, so they all used to be classified as<em> Carassius auratus gibelio</em> or <em>Carassi</em>us <em>gibelio</em>. The only species that is significantly different is Carassius carassius. It is believed that the species of this complex were brought to Europe from Asia in the 17th&nbsp;&nbsp; century.Over the last fifty years most of the members of C. auratus complex in Europe were classified as Carassius gibelio (<em>C. auratus gibelio</em>) (Bloch, 1783) (Silver carp or Gibel carp). Since the members of this complex have been registered in most European watercourses, they are considered to be the most successful invasive group of freshwater fish. Thanks to their biological characteristics (fast growth, different types of reproduction, remarkable resistance to unfavourable conditions) these species quickly become competitive to indigenous ichthyofauna in respect of food and habitat and they often have very negative impact on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.This dissertation identifies the species that belong to the<em> </em>Carassius auratus complex in /Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region using specific genetic markers (ctyb gene sequence). Using linear and geometric morphometrics, we examined morphological variability of different morphological parts (whole body, skull bones, cleithrum and scales) of the members of<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex, in different localities with different ecological conditions (presence of predators and water flow). Modern statistics&nbsp; and mathematical methods (multi-model analysis) were used in the analysis&nbsp; of growth dynamics of both recent and early invasive populations.Meta-analyses of the available data have shown that there is a wide population of C. auratuscomplex species&nbsp; in Serbia. The examined populations showed medium to high occurrence (20- 40%) in the entire ichthyofauna, with evident growth over time. A few consecutive studies have registered very large populations of the species of this complex in several localities (40-100% of total catch).For the purpose of molecular-taxonomic analyses and the analysis of morphological variability of recent populations, we used a sample of&nbsp; 280&nbsp; units taken in 14 different localities in Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region in the period from 2012 to 2014. All the units in the sample were first photographed for the purpose of linear and geometric morphometrics, samples of tail fins were taken for further genetic analysis, and then all the necessary evaluations of morphometric and meristic characters were made, as well as the analysis of variability among populations.Population genetic analysis with the application of a genetic marker (cytb gene) has shownthat all the examined units belong to<em> Carassius gibelio</em> species. Due to the biological state of the samples, the determination was possible for only 52 units from 11 localities, so it not impossible that some other species of C. auratus complex such as C. auratus and C. langsdorficould also be found in this region as they have been registered on the territories of the neighbouring countries, as reported by some authors.Linear and geometric morphometric analysis has shown significant phenotype&nbsp; variability in body shape and selected elements of the skeletal system. It has also proved the absence of sexual dimorphism and showed that locality had a major impact on the variability.The largest variability was recorded in terms of body height and head size, while the most variable values with the bones were those referring to os pharyngii with pharyngeal teeth.Morphological variability of fish also depended on the presence of predators and the water flow in the examined localities. The presence of predators causes a characteristic phenotype of fish with tall body which enables them to avoid predators more easily.In the analysis of morphological variability of early invasive populations of the species of C. auratus complex we used data for 524 units (classified as C. auratusgibelio during the catch) from three localities in Vojvodina in the period from 1983 to 1985. The localities were chosen according to different ways of invasion of the species of C. auratus complex. Linear morphometrics and growth model analyses have shown that the localities with deliberate anthropogenic introduction of unknown origin were characterized with greater variability than the localities populated by natural invasion from larger watercourses.The analyses of life history and growth dynamics in 395 members of the species of C. auratuscomplex (classified as C. gibelio during the sampling) as an invasive group of fish, and 429 units of the roach as the representative of the indigenous ichthyofauna in the artificial lakes of Međuvr&scaron;je and Gruža in the period from 1991 to 1999, have established differences among different types of habitats. Regardless of species, the fish that live in slow and shallow habitats are larger and they reach greater asymptotic length than those living in faster and narrower watercourses.This study is among the first ones to apply multi-model analyses in modeling freshwater fish growth. The results have shown that this method can be implemented in studying invasive fish species in order to make a better estimation of their influence on indigenous fauna and possibly develop more successful&nbsp; strategies of managing and controlling their populations.

The identification of Palaeolithic symbolic material culture has often been taken as an indication of cognitive complexity, which limits interpretations to rare, late and localised events. This thesis develops an alternative method of interpretation through an empirical and psychologically supported chain of inference which avoids these limitations. It tests a hypothesis which predicts that material culture produced by varying methods of social learning will differ in their range of relative morphological variability due to varying levels of copy error. For Palaeolithic assemblages, high levels of standardisation might only be possible with the high fidelity transmission involved in complex social learning methods which utilise theory of mind (the ability to think about thoughts). Theory of mind, in turn, is highly correlated to linguistic ability; as both these abilities are gradient, using theory of mind as a proxy for language ability means Palaeolithic communities can be attributed with not just a binary presence or absence of language, but semantic and syntactic abilities which correlate with stages of theory of mind acquisition in modern humans. This thesis presents a knapping experiment where participants replicate model handaxes in different simulated social learning environments. Results show that different levels of morphological variation in the tools they produce support that high fidelity social learning methods produce a lower range of morphological variability. Results suggest that the origins of language lie somewhere before the origins of Acheulean technology, and that teaching and grammatical language were in the behavioural repertoires of Middle Palaeolithic hominins.

O estudo de 135 acessos de batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam), do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa-CNPH, constituída com materiais oriundos de todas as regiões brasileiras, materiais do CIP-Peru e materiais dos Estados Unidos, Japão e Peru, com marcadores microssatélites e descritores morfoagronômicos, permitiu obter informações sobre a diversidade genética e a distribuição desta diversidade dentro e entre regiões geográficas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética destes 135 acessos de batata-doce, a partir de oito locos de microssatélites, de 21 descritores morfológicos, que totalizaram 124 caracteres diferentes entre parte aérea e raiz tuberosa, e de caracteres agronômicos através da porcentagem de matéria seca, porcentagem de umidade e produtividade por planta. Podemos ressaltar que mesmo com o elevado número de acessos (135) e o elevado número de caracteres morfológicos (97) para a parte aérea avaliados neste trabalho, houve a expressão de 77% e dos (69) caracteres morfológicos da raiz, houve a expressão de 80% desses caracteres. A ausência de 23% e 20% dos caracteres avaliados para parte aérea e raiz, respectivamente, pode ser decorrente da sua não ocorrência no material avaliado, e em parte pela dificuldade de identificá-los na planta, por ser subjetivo ou qualitativo, uma vez que o resultado varia com o avaliador, principalmente para as características relacionadas à cor e forma. O grau de similaridade morfológica foi de 0,13 a 0,83, e o grau de similaridade molecular foi de 0,23 a 1,0 obtidos pelo coeficiente de Jaccard (J). Conclui-se que os materiais da Coleção do Banco de Germoplasma do CIP-Peru e dos demais países (Estados Unidos, Japão e Peru) não são geneticamente distintos dos materiais do Brasil, ou seja, não foram agrupados separadamente. Existe alta variabilidade entre os materiais estudados, que se verifica pelo coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard para ambos os dados moleculares e morfológicos. Para ambos os marcadores, morfológicos e moleculares, a maior parte da variação ocorre dentro das regiões.<br>The study of 135 accessions of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam), from the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa-CNPH, constituted by materials from all Brazilian regions, from CIP-Peru and from the United States, Japan and Peru, with microsatellite markers and morphoagronomic descriptors, provided information about the genetic diversity and distribution of this diversity within and among geographic regions. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 135 accessions of sweet potato with eight microsatellite loci, 21 morphological descriptors, which totaled 124 different characters among the aerial vegetative and tuberous roots traits, and agronomic characters such as the dry matter percentage, moisture percentage and plant yield. We emphasize that even with the high number of accessions (135) and the large number of morphological characters (97) among to aerial vegetative traits assessed in this study, 77% of these traits were expressed and of the tuberous roots (69) morphological traits, 80% of these were expressed. The absence of 23% and 20% of the characters evaluated for aerial vegetative and tuberous roots traits, respectively, may be due to their non-occurrence in the material evaluated, and in part by the difficulty of their identification in the plants, considering that due to the fact of being subjective or qualitative, the results vary with the evaluator, especially for the characteristics related to color and shape. The degree of morphological similarity varied from 0.13 to 0.83, and the degree of molecular similarity varied from 0.23 to 1.0, both obtained by the Jaccards coefficient. It is concluded that the materials from the Germplasm Bank of CIP-Peru and other countries (United States, Japan and Peru) are not genetically distinct from the materials from Brazil, or were not grouped separately. There is high variability among the studied materials, verified by the Jaccards similarity coefficient for both molecular and morphological data. Also, for both markers, morphological and molecular, most of the variation occurs within regions.

Ciljevi&nbsp; istraživanje&nbsp; ove&nbsp; doktorske&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; bili&nbsp; su&nbsp; određivanje makroskopskih&nbsp; i&nbsp; mikroskopskih&nbsp; karakteristika&nbsp; plodonosnih&nbsp; tela analiziranih vrsta roda <em>Marasmius, Gymnopus </em>i <em>Mycetinis i</em> njhove varijabilnosti&nbsp; između&nbsp; populacija,&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; klimatskih faktora&nbsp; na&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; karaktera,&nbsp; određivanje brojnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; rasprostranjenja&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; na&nbsp; odabranim&nbsp; lokalitetima&nbsp; u okviru&nbsp; Nacionalnih parkova Srbije i Crne Gore&nbsp; (Kopaonik, Stara planina,&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; gora)&nbsp; koristeći&nbsp; ISSR&nbsp; metodu,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i određivanje osnovnih populaciono-genetičkih parametara i analizafilogenetskih odnosa u okviru roda <em>Marasmius</em>. Kod vrste&nbsp;<em> M. alliaceus</em>&nbsp; utvrđeno je da se na osnovu morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; sa&nbsp; Stare&nbsp; planine&nbsp; delimično&nbsp; izdvaja,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; je kod&nbsp; populacije&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; gora&nbsp; uočena&nbsp; najveća&nbsp; heterogenost&nbsp; u ispitivanim&nbsp; karakterima.&nbsp; Kod&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; <em>G. androsaceus</em>&nbsp; uočeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da nema jasnog izdvajanja populacija, odnosno ispitivane populacije su pokazale heterogenost u ispitivanim morfolo&scaron;kim karakterima. Uočena&nbsp; je&nbsp; statistički&nbsp; značajna&nbsp; (p&nbsp; &lt;&nbsp; 0.05)&nbsp; korelacija&nbsp; između morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera i faktora sredine kod obe analizirane vrst<em>e M. alliaceus</em> i <em>G</em>. <em>androsaceus.</em> Određivanjem&nbsp; broja&nbsp; i&nbsp; veličine&nbsp; geneta&nbsp; ISSR&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; u populacijama&nbsp; vrsta<em>&nbsp; M.&nbsp; alliaceus,&nbsp; M.&nbsp; rotula&nbsp; i&nbsp; G.&nbsp; androsaceus</em> utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; ove&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; formiraju&nbsp; relativno&nbsp; male&nbsp; genete&nbsp; (od nekoliko desetina centimetara do 15m) koji se nalaze u relativnoj blizini jedni od drugih (nekoliko metara). Određivanjem&nbsp; parametara&nbsp; molekularnog&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; (AMOVA, Fst) kod populacija vrsta&nbsp;<em> M. alliaceus&nbsp; i&nbsp; G. androsaceus</em> utvrđeno je&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; populacije&nbsp; obe&nbsp; ispitivane&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; genetičkidiferencirane (Fst vrednosti veće od 0.25) odnosno da postoji mali protok gena između njih.Filogenetska analiza ITS + LSU i ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sekvenci u ovom&nbsp; radu,&nbsp; podržava&nbsp; trenutno&nbsp; prihvaćeno&nbsp; grupisanje&nbsp; Evropskih vrsta&nbsp; roda&nbsp; <em>Marasmius</em>&nbsp; u&nbsp; sekcije&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; makro-&nbsp; i mikromorfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; karaktera.&nbsp; Međutim,&nbsp; dobijeni&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; ne podržavaju&nbsp; u&nbsp; potpunosti&nbsp; grupisanje&nbsp; nižih&nbsp; infrageneričkih kategorija (podsekcija i serija). Takođe, podsekcijska klasifikacija evropskih&nbsp; Marasmius&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; analiziranih&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; radu&nbsp; ne predstavlja monofiletske linije.<br>The&nbsp; goals&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; thesis&nbsp; were&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fruit bodies of the&nbsp; genus&nbsp; Marasmius,&nbsp; Gymnopus&nbsp; and&nbsp; Mycetinis&nbsp; and&nbsp; their variability&nbsp; among&nbsp; populations,&nbsp; determining&nbsp; the&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of climatic factors on the morphological variability&nbsp; of&nbsp; fruit bodies,determining&nbsp; the&nbsp; number&nbsp; and&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; at selected&nbsp; sites&nbsp; within&nbsp; the&nbsp; National&nbsp; Parks&nbsp; of&nbsp; Serbia&nbsp; and Montenegro&nbsp; (Kopaonik,&nbsp; Stara&nbsp; Planina,&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; Gora)&nbsp; using the ISSR method, as well as determining basic population -genetic parameters&nbsp; and&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of&nbsp; phylogenetic&nbsp; relations&nbsp; within&nbsp; the genus Marasmius.For&nbsp; the&nbsp; species&nbsp; M.&nbsp; alliaceus,&nbsp; it&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; determined&nbsp; that&nbsp; the population&nbsp; of&nbsp; Stara&nbsp; planina&nbsp; is&nbsp; partially&nbsp; isolated,&nbsp; while&nbsp; the population&nbsp; of&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; gora&nbsp; has&nbsp; the&nbsp; highest&nbsp; heterogeneity&nbsp; in the&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; characters.&nbsp; For&nbsp; the&nbsp; species&nbsp; G.androsaceus&nbsp; it was noticed that there was no clear&nbsp; segregation&nbsp; of populations,&nbsp;&nbsp; thus&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; populations&nbsp; showed heterogeneity in the examined morphological characters. A&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; (p&lt;0.05)&nbsp; correlation&nbsp; between morphological&nbsp; and&nbsp; environmental&nbsp; factors&nbsp; in&nbsp; both&nbsp; analyzed species M. alliaceus and G. androsaceus was observed. Determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; number&nbsp; and&nbsp; size&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; genets&nbsp; by&nbsp; ISSR method in populations of species&nbsp; M. alliaceus,&nbsp; M. rotula and&nbsp; G.androsaceus,&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; these&nbsp; species&nbsp; form&nbsp; relatively&nbsp; small genes&nbsp; (from&nbsp; few&nbsp; centimeters&nbsp; to&nbsp; 15&nbsp; meters)&nbsp; located&nbsp; in&nbsp; relative proximity to each other (several meters ). By determining molecular diversity parameters (AMOVA, Fst) in populations&nbsp; of&nbsp; species&nbsp; M.&nbsp; alliaceus&nbsp; and&nbsp; G.&nbsp; androsaceus&nbsp; it&nbsp; has been found that the populations of both investigated species are significantly&nbsp; genetically&nbsp; differentiated&nbsp; (Fst&nbsp; values&nbsp; greater&nbsp; than 0.25), ie there is a small flow of gene between them. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS + LSU and ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sequence&nbsp; datasets&nbsp; supports&nbsp; the&nbsp; currently&nbsp; accepted, morphologicaly based&nbsp; groupings of sections of European species of genus&nbsp; Marasmius.&nbsp; However, the results obtained&nbsp; in this study do&nbsp; not&nbsp; fully&nbsp; support&nbsp; the&nbsp; grouping&nbsp; of&nbsp; lower&nbsp; infra-generic categories&nbsp; (subsections&nbsp; and&nbsp; series).&nbsp; Also,&nbsp; the&nbsp; subsection classification of the European Marasmius species analyzed in this paper does not represent monophyletic lineages.

<em>Prospero&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp;</em> kompleks&nbsp; je&nbsp; taksonomski&nbsp; najintrigantniji&nbsp; član&nbsp; roda&nbsp; <em>Prospero,</em>&nbsp; sa&nbsp; centrom rasprostranjenja u Mediteranu. Kompleks se rasprostire i na obalama Atlantskog okeana u Francuskoj, sve do južnih&nbsp; delova Velike&nbsp; Britanije, zatim&nbsp; na Balkanskom poluostrvu, u Panonskoj&nbsp; niziji, sve&nbsp; do Krima, Kavkaza&nbsp; i&nbsp; delova&nbsp; Irana&nbsp; na&nbsp; istoku.&nbsp; Areal&nbsp; kompleksa&nbsp; se&nbsp; preklapa&nbsp; sa&nbsp; arealima&nbsp; ostale&nbsp; dve&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; roda&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; uzapadnom Mediteranu sa <em>P. obtusifolium</em>, a u istočnim delovima Mediterana sa&nbsp;<em> P. hanburyi. </em>Za razliku od <em>P. obtusifolium&nbsp; i&nbsp; P. hanburyi,&nbsp; P. autumnale</em>&nbsp; kompleks se odlikuje visokom kariolo&scaron;kom varijabilno&scaron;ću.Razlikuju se četiri osnovna broja hromozoma&nbsp; x&nbsp; = 5, 6, 7 i četiri različita tipa genoma (A, B⁵, B ⁶ i B⁷ )&nbsp; i diploidna&nbsp; citotipa&nbsp; (AA,&nbsp; B ⁵B⁵,&nbsp; B ⁶B⁶i&nbsp; B ⁷B ⁷ )&nbsp; koja&nbsp; se&nbsp; razlikuju&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovni&nbsp; broj&nbsp; hromozoma, veličinu&nbsp; i&nbsp; morfologiju&nbsp; hromozoma.&nbsp; Genom&nbsp; B ⁵ ima&nbsp; x&nbsp; =&nbsp; 5,&nbsp; B⁶ x&nbsp; =&nbsp; 6,&nbsp; a&nbsp; genomi&nbsp; A&nbsp; i&nbsp; B⁷x&nbsp; =&nbsp; 7. Najrasprostranjeniji&nbsp; genom&nbsp; je&nbsp; B ⁷ ,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; je&nbsp; zabeležen&nbsp; u&nbsp; celom&nbsp; arealu&nbsp; kompleksa,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; je&nbsp; A&nbsp; zastupljen&nbsp; u zapadnom Mediteranu, B⁵ u Libiji, a B ⁶je endemičan za Krit. U okviru B ⁷ genoma se, dalje, razlikuju dve linije nastale kao posledica duplikacija 5S rDNK lokusa, pri čemu linija I ima jedan lokus, a kod linije II taj&nbsp; lokus&nbsp; je&nbsp; duplikovan.&nbsp; Osim&nbsp; diploidnih&nbsp; citotipova,&nbsp; poznato&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; nekoliko&nbsp; ploidnih&nbsp; nivoa,&nbsp; od&nbsp; kojih&nbsp; su najučestaliji&nbsp; tetraploidi&nbsp; (2n=4x=28)&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploidi&nbsp; (2n=6x=42).&nbsp; Za&nbsp; <em>P.&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp;</em> kompleks&nbsp; je karakteristična varijabilnost u veličini genoma između različitih citotipova i unutar pojedinih citotipova. Genomsko restrukturiranje, koje je imalo najveću ulogu u evoluciji i diverzifikaciji kompleksa, nije imalo velikog uticaja na&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ku varijabilnost, te je&nbsp; iz tog razloga kompleks&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ki skoro uniforman. Ipak karakteri kao &scaron;to su: boja tunike lukovice, visina biljke, oblik i dimenzije lista, broj cvetova u cvasti i boja cvetova pokazuju izvesnu varijabilnost. Taksonomske nejasnoće nastaju zbog opisanih desetak vrsta između kojih ne postoje jasne morfolo&scaron;ke razlike i kod kojih je prisutno preklapanje vrednosti karaktera.Kako&nbsp; je&nbsp; do&nbsp; sada&nbsp; kompleks&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; bio&nbsp; predmet&nbsp; kariolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; istraživanja,&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; su&nbsp; izostale&nbsp; detaljne analize morfolo&scaron;ke i/ili anatomske varijabilnosti, uzorkovan je biljni materijal sa 37 lokaliteta na području Panonske nizije i Balkanskog poluostrva sa ciljem utvrđivanja morfolo&scaron;ke, anatomske, kao i kariolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti. Određivan&nbsp; je broj hromozoma, nivoi ploidije&nbsp; i veličina genoma. Primenom univarijantne statističke&nbsp; metode,&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; i&nbsp; anatomskih&nbsp; karaktera,&nbsp; a&nbsp; upotrebom multivarijantne&nbsp; statističke&nbsp; metode&nbsp; su&nbsp; testirane&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; između&nbsp; unapred&nbsp; definisanih&nbsp; grupa,&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su&nbsp; se odnosile na populacije i ploidne nivoe. Korespodentnom analizom su analizirani kvalitativni morfolo&scaron;ki i anatomski&nbsp; karakteri.&nbsp; Ukupno&nbsp; je&nbsp; analizirano&nbsp; 65&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; (33&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ka&nbsp; i&nbsp; 32&nbsp; ana tomska).&nbsp; Rezultati kariolo&scaron;ke&nbsp; analize&nbsp; se&nbsp; potvrdili&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; kompleksa&nbsp; na&nbsp; istraživanom&nbsp; području.&nbsp; Detektovana&nbsp; su&nbsp; tri ploidna&nbsp; nivoa&nbsp; (diploidi,&nbsp; tetraploidi&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploidi),&nbsp; a&nbsp; potvrđena&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; u&nbsp; veličini&nbsp; genoma. Poređenjem monoploidne veličine genoma između tri ploidna nivoa je detektovano smanjivanje veličine genoma&nbsp; sa&nbsp; povećanjem&nbsp; nivoa&nbsp; ploidije.&nbsp; U&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; koeficijent&nbsp; varijabilnosti,&nbsp; konstatovano&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; se većina&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; nalazi&nbsp; u&nbsp; zoni&nbsp; umerene&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; (22),&nbsp; a&nbsp; samo&nbsp; pet&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; je visokovarijabilno.&nbsp; Anatomski&nbsp; karakteri&nbsp; su&nbsp; raspoređeni&nbsp; u&nbsp; četiri&nbsp; kategorije&nbsp; (niskovarijabilni, umerenovarijabilni, visokovarijabilni i veoma visokovarijabilni), pri čemu većina karaktera (20) pripada umerenovarijabilnoj&nbsp; kategoriji. Četiri&nbsp; kvalitativna&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ka (oblik lukovice, boja tunike, boja cveta i oblik&nbsp; plodnika)&nbsp; i&nbsp; sedam&nbsp; kvalitativnih&nbsp; anatomskih&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; (oblik&nbsp; poprečnog&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; lista,&nbsp; oblik&nbsp; ćelija epidermisa na licu i&nbsp; naličju,&nbsp; oblik ćelija palisadnog tkiva na licu&nbsp; i&nbsp; naličju, prisustvo papila&nbsp; i&nbsp; kristala u ćelijama&nbsp; parenhima)&nbsp; su&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; varijabilnost.&nbsp; U&nbsp; korespodentnoj&nbsp; analizi,&nbsp; zasnovanoj&nbsp; na&nbsp; kvalitativnim morfolo&scaron;kim&nbsp; karakterima,&nbsp; izdvojile&nbsp; su&nbsp; se&nbsp; tri&nbsp; grupe.&nbsp; Za&nbsp; prvu&nbsp; grupu&nbsp; su&nbsp; bili&nbsp; zajedničke&nbsp; &scaron;irokojajaste&nbsp; i uzanojajaste&nbsp; lukovice&nbsp; sa&nbsp; ružičastom&nbsp; tunikom,&nbsp; jedinkama&nbsp; u&nbsp; drugoj&nbsp; grupi&nbsp; su&nbsp; bili&nbsp; svojstveni&nbsp; jajasti&nbsp; i uzanojajasti plodnici i lukovice sa braon tunikom, dok su za treću grupu bili karakteristični &scaron;irokojajasti plodnici, loptaste i pljosnate lukovice. U odnosu na kvalitativne anatomske karaktere najvi&scaron; e se izdvojila jedna&nbsp; grupa&nbsp; za&nbsp; koju&nbsp; su&nbsp; bile&nbsp; karakteristične&nbsp; gusto&nbsp; raspoređene&nbsp; papile&nbsp; i&nbsp; prisustvo&nbsp; četvorougaonih&nbsp; i okruglastih epidermalnih ćelija na abaksijalnoj strani lista. Rezultati multivarijantnih analiza, zasnovanih na&nbsp; populacijama&nbsp; kao&nbsp; unapred&nbsp; definisanim&nbsp; grupama&nbsp; i&nbsp; kvantitivnim&nbsp; karakterima,&nbsp; ukazali&nbsp; su&nbsp; na&nbsp; složenu varijabilnost&nbsp; uzorka&nbsp; i&nbsp; izostanak&nbsp; jasne&nbsp; separacije&nbsp; grupa.&nbsp; Naznake&nbsp; razdvajanja&nbsp; grupa&nbsp; su&nbsp; bile&nbsp; uočljive&nbsp; u analizi&nbsp; morfo-anatomske&nbsp; matrice.&nbsp; Izdvojili&nbsp; su&nbsp; se&nbsp; sledeći&nbsp; karakteri:&nbsp; visina&nbsp; stabla,&nbsp; dužina&nbsp; cvasti,&nbsp; broj cvetova,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; poprečnog&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; lista,&nbsp; ukupna&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva&nbsp; i&nbsp; ukupna&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina sunđerastog tkiva. Najjasnija razdvajanja su uočena u analizama gde su ploidni nivoi predstavljali&nbsp; a priori definisane&nbsp; grupe,&nbsp; naročito&nbsp; u&nbsp; kombinaciji&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; i&nbsp; anatomskih&nbsp; karaktera.&nbsp; Karakteri&nbsp; sa diskriminacionim&nbsp; potencijalom&nbsp; između&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; koje&nbsp; pripadaju&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; ploidnim&nbsp; nivoima&nbsp; jesu:&nbsp; brojcvetova,&nbsp; &scaron;irina&nbsp; listića&nbsp; perigona&nbsp; unutra&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga&nbsp; i&nbsp; filamenta&nbsp; spolja&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; poprečnog preseka&nbsp; lista,&nbsp; ukupna&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; visina&nbsp; i&nbsp; &scaron;irina&nbsp; ćelija palisadnog tkiva i udeo epidermisa. Od sva tri ploidna nivoa, najvi&scaron;e izdvojene su bile diploidne jedinke, koje&nbsp; se&nbsp; od&nbsp; tetraploida&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploida&nbsp; mogu&nbsp; razlikovati&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu:&nbsp; dužina&nbsp; filamenata&nbsp; spolja&scaron;njeg&nbsp; i unutra&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga&nbsp; cveta,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ine&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; visine&nbsp; i&nbsp; &scaron;irine&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i ukupne&nbsp; povr&scaron;ine&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva.&nbsp; Tetraploidi&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaplodi&nbsp; se&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; međusobno&nbsp; razlikuju&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu karaktera u regionu cveta: prečnik otvorenog perigona, dužine listića perigona spolja&scaron;njeg kruga cveta i &scaron;irine filamenta spolja&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga cveta.&nbsp; Uočene razlike&nbsp; između tri analizirana ploidna&nbsp; nivoa (diploidi, tetraploidi&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploidi),&nbsp; u&nbsp; taksonomskom&nbsp; smislu&nbsp; se&nbsp; mogu&nbsp; tumačiti&nbsp; pre&nbsp; kao&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; od&nbsp; infraspecijskih kategorija, a ne kao kategorija koja bi odgovarala vrsti.<br>Prospero autumnale&nbsp; complex is the most taxonomically intricate member of the genus&nbsp; Prospero&nbsp; with the centre of distribution on the Mediterranean Basin, westwards to&nbsp; the Atlantic coast in France as far north&nbsp; as&nbsp; Great&nbsp; Britain,&nbsp; northwards&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; Pannonian&nbsp; Basin&nbsp; and&nbsp; Crimea,&nbsp; and&nbsp; eastwards&nbsp; to&nbsp; Iran.&nbsp; The distribution area of the complex overlaps with distribution areas of the other two species of the genusProspero-P.&nbsp; obtusifolium&nbsp; is&nbsp; present&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; western&nbsp; parts&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; Mediterranean,&nbsp; while&nbsp; P.&nbsp; hanburyi&nbsp; is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike&nbsp; P. obtusifolium and P. hanburyi, P. autumnale complexis characterized by extraordinary karyological&nbsp; cariation. It encompasses&nbsp;&nbsp; four distinct genomes (A, B&nbsp; 5 , B 6 , B 7 ) and four distinct diploid cytotypes (AA, B 5 B 5 , B 6 B 6 , B 7 B 7 ), each with a unique combination ofbasic chromosome&nbsp; number (x&nbsp; = 5, 6, 7).&nbsp; An additional difference is related to&nbsp; chromosome&nbsp; size and morphology. The B 5 genome&nbsp; has&nbsp; x&nbsp; = 5, B 6 x&nbsp; = 6, and A and B 7x&nbsp; = 7 basic chromosome numbers. The B 7 genome&nbsp; is&nbsp; present&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; whole&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; area&nbsp; of&nbsp; P.&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp; complex,&nbsp; while&nbsp; genome&nbsp; A&nbsp; is distributed in the western Mediterranean, B 5 is restricted to Libya, and B 6 is endemic to&nbsp; Crete. Within diploids and tetraploids&nbsp; of&nbsp; B 7 genome, two&nbsp; lineages&nbsp; occur as a consequence&nbsp; of&nbsp; duplication&nbsp; of the 5S rDNA locus. Type I (lineage) has a single locus, while in type II (lineage) 5S rDNA locus is duplicated. Besides diploid cytotypes, the polyploids cytotypes are also known. The most common polyploids are tetra- (2n=4x=28) and hexaploids (2n=6x=42). Variability in the genome size within, as well as between cytotypes, is also characterized for the complex. Genomic restructuring, which played the b iggest role in evolution&nbsp; and&nbsp; diversification&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; P.&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp; complex,&nbsp; did&nbsp; not&nbsp; have&nbsp; a&nbsp; major&nbsp; impact&nbsp; on morphological&nbsp; variability.&nbsp; Only&nbsp; slight&nbsp; variation&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; detected&nbsp; in&nbsp; plant,&nbsp; tepal&nbsp; and&nbsp; filament&nbsp; size, flower&nbsp; and&nbsp; seed&nbsp; color,&nbsp; shape&nbsp; and&nbsp; size&nbsp; of&nbsp; leaves&nbsp; a nd&nbsp; color&nbsp; of&nbsp; bulbs.&nbsp; Taxonomic&nbsp; ambiguities&nbsp; areadditionally&nbsp; caused&nbsp; by&nbsp; description&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; new&nbsp; ten&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; complex.&nbsp;&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; differences between those species are unclear, with overlapping values of the most morphological traits. Until now, P. autumnale&nbsp; complex was mostly karyologicaly investigated, without detail analyses of morphological and/or&nbsp;&nbsp; anatomical&nbsp; variability.&nbsp; The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; present&nbsp; study&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp; investigate&nbsp; karyological, morphological and anatomical variability on individuals collected on 37 localities across the Pannonian Basin and&nbsp; Balkan Peninsula. Basic chromosome&nbsp; number, ploidy&nbsp; levels, as well as&nbsp; genome size&nbsp; were determined. The variability of morphological and anatomical characters was examined using univariate statistical&nbsp; methods.&nbsp; Differences&nbsp; between&nbsp; predefined&nbsp; groups&nbsp; (populations&nbsp; and&nbsp; ploidy&nbsp;&nbsp; levels)&nbsp; were investigated&nbsp; using&nbsp; multivariate&nbsp; statistics&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; attempts&nbsp; to&nbsp; identify&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; and&nbsp; anatomical characters&nbsp; with&nbsp; discriminatory&nbsp; potential.&nbsp; For&nbsp; analysing&nbsp; qualitative&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; and&nbsp; anatomical characters, correspondence analysis was conducted. In total 65 traits were analyzed (33&nbsp; morphological and&nbsp; 32&nbsp; anatomical).&nbsp; The&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; karyological&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; confirmed&nbsp; the&nbsp; high&nbsp; variation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; P. autumnale&nbsp; complex&nbsp; in the study area. Three&nbsp; ploidy&nbsp; levels (diploids, tetraploids and&nbsp; hexaploids)&nbsp; were detected,&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; genome&nbsp; size&nbsp; variation&nbsp; was&nbsp; confirmed.&nbsp; Genome&nbsp; downsizing&nbsp; was&nbsp; observed&nbsp; by comparing&nbsp; monoploid&nbsp; genome&nbsp; sizes&nbsp; between&nbsp; three&nbsp; ploidy&nbsp; levels.&nbsp; According&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; oefficient&nbsp; ofc variation,&nbsp; most&nbsp; morphological characters show&nbsp; moderate&nbsp; variation (22). Only&nbsp; five traits showed&nbsp; high variation.&nbsp; Anatomical&nbsp; characters&nbsp; were&nbsp; classified&nbsp; into&nbsp; four&nbsp; categories&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; coefficient&nbsp; of variation (with low, moderate, high and very high variation), but the&nbsp; most traits (20) showed moderatevariation. Variation in qualitative morphological (bulb shape and color, flower color and ovary shape) and seven&nbsp; qualitative anatomical characters (leaf cross-sectional area shape, shape&nbsp; of the adaxial and abaxial&nbsp; epidermal&nbsp; cells,&nbsp; shape&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; adaxial&nbsp; and&nbsp; abaxial&nbsp; palisade&nbsp; cells,&nbsp; presence&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; papillae&nbsp; and crystals&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; parenchyma&nbsp; cells)&nbsp; were&nbsp; recorded.&nbsp; Three&nbsp; groups&nbsp; of&nbsp; populations,&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; result&nbsp; of&nbsp; the correspondence&nbsp; analysis,&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; qualitative&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; characters,&nbsp; were&nbsp; formed.&nbsp; Populations&nbsp; of the first group showed common characteristics such as broadly and narrowly ovate shaped bulbs with pink&nbsp; outer&nbsp; tunic.&nbsp; The&nbsp; second&nbsp; group&nbsp; was&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; by&nbsp; bulbs&nbsp; with&nbsp; brown&nbsp; outer&nbsp; tunic,&nbsp; ovate&nbsp; and narrowly ovate ovary, while the third group had broadly ovate ovaries, globose and flattened bulbs. In relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; qualitative&nbsp; anatomical&nbsp; characters,&nbsp; only&nbsp; one&nbsp; group&nbsp; was&nbsp; the&nbsp; most&nbsp; distinguished&nbsp; and&nbsp; was characterized by densely distributed papillae, squared and rounded shape of abaxial epidermal cells. The results&nbsp; of&nbsp; multivariate&nbsp; analyses&nbsp; of&nbsp; quantitative&nbsp; traits,&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; populations&nbsp; as&nbsp; presumptive&nbsp; groups, revealed&nbsp; similar&nbsp; patterns&nbsp; without&nbsp; structuring&nbsp; and&nbsp; with&nbsp; no&nbsp; specific&nbsp; groupings.&nbsp; The&nbsp; tendency&nbsp; toward&nbsp; a separation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; populations&nbsp; was&nbsp; noticeable&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; combined&nbsp; morpho-anatomical characters. The highest correlation with the canonical axes showed: stem height, inflorescence length,number of flowers, leaf cross-sectional area, palisade and spongy tissue area. The clearest separationsbetween groups were observed with ploidy levels as presumptive groups. Morpho-anatomical traits with discriminatory potential among ploidy levels were: number of flowers, inner tepal width, outer filament width, leaf cross-sectional area, palisade tissue area, the cross-sectional area of palisade cells, height and width&nbsp; of palisade cells and&nbsp; epidermis percentage. The&nbsp; most&nbsp; distinct&nbsp; group among three ploidy&nbsp; levels were diploids and could be distinguished from tetra-&nbsp; and hexaploids by outer and inner&nbsp; filament width, the&nbsp; cross-sectional area&nbsp; of palisade cells, the&nbsp; width of palisade cells, the&nbsp; height&nbsp; of palisade cells and palisade tissue area. Tetra-&nbsp; and&nbsp; hexaploids&nbsp; differed&nbsp; mostly&nbsp; in floral characters: open flower diameter, outer tepal length and outer filament width. For taxonomic purposes, the level of overlap indicates that the ploidy levels could be regarded as showing intraspecific variation.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world, and the main cause of the mortality is cardiovascular complications. Such diabetic cardiovascular complications include coronary heart disease, cardiac autonomic neuropathy and ventricular dysfunction. Furthermore, DM is associated with electrolyte disturbances such as those involving potassium, calcium and magnesium (Mg2+). Among these electrolyte disturbances hypomagnesemia is common in diabetes and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Recent evidence has shown that Mg2+ supplementation can prevent cardiac autonomic dysfunction and improve ventricular compliance in acute DM. However, the underlying mechanisms of Mg2+ action and Mg2+ effects in chronic DM are unknown. Therefore, the present study explored the effects of Mg2+ administration and its possible mechanisms of action in chronic streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) once with either STZ (50 mg/Kg body weight) or the STZ vehicle (citrate buffer). The rats were then injected i.p once daily with either magnesium sulphate (MgSO4; 270 mg/Kg body weight) or the MgSO4 vehicle (normal saline) for 28 consecutive days. Blood glucose and body weight were measured throughout the period of the study. On day 28 of the experiments, in-vivo heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured to assess cardiac autonomic function using tail pulse plethysmography. Orthostatic stress was induced by tilting the animals from flat position to 70° head-up position. Ex-vivo hemodynamic and electrocardiograph (ECG) measurements were performed on a Langendorff perfusion system. Histological studies of ventricular tissue were performed using haematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Western blot analyses of the cardiac autonomic presynaptic marker (synaptophysin) and of the mitochondrial marker of oxidative stress (ATP5A) were performed on right atrial tissue. Plasma Mg2+ concentration was measured using automated photometric assays. Results: STZ treatment significantly increased the blood glucose level and decreased the body weight, and these STZ effects were not prevented by Mg2+ treatment. Diabetes decreased the root mean square differences of successive normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD) and increased the low frequency (LF) /high frequency (HF) power ratio, which are both indicative of abnormal HRV. These diabetes effects on HRV parameters were significantly prevented by Mg2+ treatments (P < 0.05, STZ+Mg vs. STZ). DM also reduced both the heart rate and orthostatic stress-induced tachycardia, and these effects were reversed by Mg2+ treatment (P < 0.05, STZ+Mg vs. STZ). DM also decreased the left ventricular (LV) developed pressure and the maximal rate of LV pressure increase (+dP/dt), and these diabetic effects were prevented by Mg2+ treatment (P < 0.05, STZ+Mg vs. STZ). DM also decreased the maximal rate of LV pressure decline (-dP/dt) and the rate pressure product, but these parameters were not improved by Mg2+ treatment. DM and Mg2+ treatment did not affect the ECG waveforms and the coronary flow rate in all groups. Histologically, there were no differences in ventricular cardiomyocyte width or in the extent of interstitial fibrosis in all groups. Western blot analysis qualitatively showed a decrease in the expression of synaptophysin in DM that was prevented by Mg2+ treatment. Neither DM nor Mg2+ treatment altered ATP5A expression. The plasma Mg2+ concentration was not altered by DM or Mg2+ treatment. Conclusion: This study showed that Mg2+ treatment prevented cardiac autonomic dysfunction and improved hemodynamic function impairment in chronic DM. Based on the expression of synaptophysin, the mechanism through which Mg2+ improved cardiac autonomic function could involve the prevention of synaptic degradation in diabetes. The effects of Mg2+ on hemodynamic impairment in diabetes seemed to be unrelated to the Mg2+ effects on the cardiac histological structure or on the changes in coronary perfusion. Moreover, the overall effects of Mg2+ in diabetes were independent of its effects on the blood glucose level or the alteration of plasma Mg2+ level. Thus, Mg2+ treatment may have long-lasting therapeutic effects on ventricular dysfunction and cardiac autonomic impairment in chronic diabetes, but further studies are needed to explore the precise underlying mechanisms.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T11:28:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 raqueldeseixasrezende.pdf: 1394382 bytes, checksum: bf1923478b50668b3b083c79a58d651d (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-01T11:35:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 raqueldeseixasrezende.pdf: 1394382 bytes, checksum: bf1923478b50668b3b083c79a58d651d (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T11:35:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raqueldeseixasrezende.pdf: 1394382 bytes, checksum: bf1923478b50668b3b083c79a58d651d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22<br>Existem evidências da relação entre morfologia da concha e pressões ambientais. Entretanto, não se sabe, se os mecanismos responsáveis por essa variabilidade da forma da concha seriam decorrentes de uma plasticidade fenotípica, determinação genética ou até mesmo efeito materno. Alguns estudos, abordam apenas os aspectos da concha, desconsiderando a relação entre a morfologia da concha, proteção contra dessecação e reprodução. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve dois grandes objetivos: o primeiro, verificar se a existência de dois padrões morfológicos (conchas abauladas e conchas alongadas) observados para espécie Leptinaria unilamellata a existência de um antagonismo entre proteção contra dessecação e sucesso reprodutivo. E a segunda pergunta seria: qual o papel da plasticidade fenotípica em relação a esses dois padrões? Para investigar a resposta, foi realizado um estudo morfométrico comparativo entre duas populações em gerações sucessivas de laboratório e quantificado o número de filhotes produzidos por cada indivíduo do primeiro evento reprodutivo em cada geração. Para verificar o efeito da dessecação sobre a morfologia da concha ao longo das gerações sucessivas, os moluscos foram submetidos as duas condições de tratamentos. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam a hipótese de que as variáveis morfométricas que influenciam a forma da volta corporal e a dimensão da abertura da concha influenciam o sucesso reprodutivo da espécie. Foi observado também que as variáveis morfométricas entre as duas populações se tornaram menos evidentes ao longo das gerações sucessivas de laboratório, evidenciando uma resposta adaptativa rápida de Leptinaria unilamellata, decorrente do efeito materno. A maior produção de filhotes foi observada para população de Chácara em todas as gerações, onde a forma abaulada, determina a presença de volta corporal e aberturas maiores, permitindo uma expansão do oviduto. Os resultados evidenciam também que moluscos com conchas mais alongadas e aberturas menores não investem em filhotes maiores.<br>There is evidence of the relation between shell morphology and environmental pressures. However, it is not known whether the mechanisms responsible for the shell shape variability results from phenotypic plasticity, genetic determination or even to maternal effect. Some studies address just shell aspects and disregard the relation among shell morphology, protection against desiccation and reproduction. Thus, the present study has two main aims. The first aim is to investigate whether the existence of two morphological patterns (rotund shells and elongate shells) found in Leptinaria unilamellata the antagonism between protection against desiccation and reproductive success. The second one is to find the answer to the following question: what is the role played by phenotypic plasticity in these two patterns? A morphometric study comparing two populations derived from successive laboratory generations was performed to find such answer. In addition, the number of progenies produced by each individual born in the first reproductive event in each generation was quantified. The mollusks were subjected to two treatment conditions to investigate the effect of desiccation on shell morphology over successive generations. The results of the present study confirmed the hypothesis that the morphometric variables influencing the body whorls’ shape and the shell opening size have also influenced the species’ reproductive success. The morphometric variables between the two populations became less evident throughout the successive laboratory generations, thus showing the fast-adaptive response of Leptinaria unilamellata resulting from the maternal effect. The highest progeny production was found in the population of Chácara in all generations, wherein the rotund shape determined the presence of body whorls and larger openings, which enabled oviduct expansion. The results have also shown that mollusks presenting more elongated shells and smaller openings do not invest in large progenies.

O gênero Dioscorea é o mais amplo da família Dioscoreaceae, apresentando cerca de 600 espécies distribuídas, sobretudo, nos trópicos, com grande importância na alimentação, principalmente na África Ocidental, na Sudeste Asiático, no Caríbe e em alguns países da América do Sul. No Brasil, algumas espécies de inhame (Dioscorea spp.), juntamente com a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), têm uma profunda importância na agricultura de subsistência, sendo utilizadas basicamente como fonte de carboidrato para alimentação humana. Pouco se conhece sobre a diversidade e estrutura genética dessas espécies, como evoluíram nos últimos anos, sobretudo pela escassez de avaliações moleculares. O presente estudo tem como objetivos: (i) apresentar dados sócio-econômicos e etnobotânicos relativos aos diferentes agricultores que cultivam a espécie; (ii) isolar primers de microssatélites usando uma biblioteca genômica enriquecida e testar sua amplificação entre outras espécies de Dioscorea; (iii) analisar a relação genética entre 73 variedades locais e 17 acessos comerciais de inhame coletados em cinco diferentes regiões do Brasil (Sul, Sudeste, Nordeste, Norte e Centro-oeste) usando um conjunto de 12 microssatélites. Túberas de inhame foram coletadas em 28 municípios proveniente de cinco regiões onde a espécie é comumente cultivada, bem como em mercados locais e feiras de vários estados do Brasil. Outros acessos foram obtidos dos bancos de germoplasma ex situ pertencentes a ESALQ/USP, IAC e FCA/UNESP. Uma análise descritiva de diferentes agricultores foi realizada, indicando distintos perfis entre as regiões analisadas. Um amplo espectro de nomes populares foi registrado com diferenças entre regiões. As entrevistas com os agricultores revelaram que a espécie tem perdido sua importância em algumas áreas tradicionais/locais. O isolamento de marcadores microssatélites polimórficos resultou na detecção de 14 locos de microssatélites (SSR). Destes, dez foram selecionados para caracterizar 80 acessos de D. alata. O conteúdo de informação polimórfica foi de 0,39 a 0,78 e o poder de descriminação foi de 0,15 a 0,91. Seis destes marcadores mostraram transferibilidade entre as espécies D. bulbifera, D. cayenensis-D. rotundata e D. trifida. Em um estudo de diversidade morfológica e molecular, 12 pares de microssatélites polimórficos (nove desenvolvidos neste estudo e três obtidos da literatura) foram usados para gerar perfis de DNA de cada acesso da espécie e quatro perfis morfológicos foram analisados. A caracterização morfológica mostrou considerável diversidade e nenhum agrupamento específico foi observado entre as regiões. As análises moleculares de D. alata mostraram alta diversidade intra-específica nos acessos locais de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Contudo, a estrutura populacional entre as regiões coletadas foi relativamente baixa. Somente acessos da região Centro-Oeste apresentaram um aparente agrupamento regional, resultado quase similar foi observado nos acessos do nordeste. Estes resultados mostram uma mistura de acessos em todas as regiões coletadas, na qual é consistente com a falta de correlação entre as distâncias geográficas e genéticas, sugerindo que as túberas de inhame têm se movido extensivamente pelo fluxo humano. A diversidade genética encontrada pode ser explicada pelo resultado de um contínuo intercâmbio de variedades através do território brasileiro. O desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares SSR em D. alata e análises de genética populacional são essenciais para o avanço de pesquisas nesta espécie. A geração de informação é de grande importância para a identificação, exploração racional e conservação da variabilidade genética da espécie, tanto da forma in situ e/ou ex situ.<br>The genus Dioscorea is the largest in the Dioscoreaceae family, featuring approximately 600 species distributed mainly in the tropics, with high importance as food supply in West Africa, Asia southeast, the Caribbean and a few countries in South America. In Brazil, some species of yam (Dioscorea spp.) together with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), have a profound importance in subsistence agriculture, being used primarily as a source of carbohydrate for human feeding. Little is known about the genetic diversity and structure of these species, and also how it evolved in recent centuries, particularly because of the scarcity of molecular evaluations. The present study is intended to: (i) present socio-economic and ethnobotanical data on the different agriculturists that cultivated the species; (ii) isolate microsatellite primers using an enriched genomic library technique and test for cross amplifications in other species of Dioscorea; (iii) analyse the genetic relationships among 73 local acessions and 17 commercial accessions of water yam collected in five different regions in Brazil (South, Southeast, Northeast, Central-West and North) using a set of 12 microsatellite. Tubers of D. alata were collected in 28 municipalities from this five regioesn where the species is commonly cultivated, as well as on local markets and fairs from several states across Brazil. Other accessions were obtained from the ex situ germplasm collections belonging to ESALQ/USP, IAC and FCA/UNESP. A descriptive analysis of different farmers was performed, indicating unequal profiles between the screened regions. A wide range of vernacular names were registered with differences between regions. The interviews eith the agriculturist revealed that the species are losing their importance in some traditional/local areas. The isolation of codominant polymorphic microsatellite markers resulted in the detection of 14 short tandem repeat (SSR) loci, and ten were selected to characterize 80 D. alata accessions. The polymorphism information content varied from 0.39 to 0.78 and the power discrimination ranged from 0.15 to 0.91. Six of the markers showed transferability between the species D. bulbifera, D. cayenensis-D. rotundata and D. trifida. In a morphological and molecular diversity study, 12 polymorphic microsatellite primers were used to generate DNA profiles for each accession of the species and four morphological traits were analyzed. The morphological characterization showed considerable diversity and no specific clustering was observed between regions. The molecular analyses of D. alata showed a high intraspecific diversity in local varieties from different regions in Brazil. However, population structuring between sampling regions was rather low. Only the accessions from the Central-Western region showed an apparent regional clustering, almoust similar were observed with northeast acessions. These results show an admixture of accessions in all sampling regions, which is further consistent with the lack of a correlation between geographic and genetic distances, suggesting that water yam tubers have moved extensively by human fluxes. The genetic diversity found can be explained by the result of a continuous exchange of varieties through the Brazilian distribution range. The development of molecular SSR markers for D. alata and genetic population analysis is essential for the ongoing research on this species. The generated information is of great importance for the identification, rational exploitation and conservation of the genetic variability of this species, in a in situ and/or ex situ way.

The aurochs (Bos primigenius) was an important animal to humans, during prehistory when it was widely hunted, and in some areas also during historical periods. It is generally agreed to be the wild ancestor of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and therefore an in-depth knowledge of this animal is key to research exploring human-cattle interactions, and the origins and spread of cattle domestication. Domestic cattle are smaller than their wild ancestors, but there is also a degree of overlap between the two species, which means that distinguishing them can be problematic. However, previous analyses of aurochs morphology have generally been patchy, and do not provide a picture of aurochs variation across Europe according to environment, climate and geography. We also do not have a good chronological overview for any specific area of Europe. As a consequence, zooarchaeologists often refer to comparative biometrical data from geographical areas and time periods which may not be suitable for identifying remains from their study area. This thesis provides the widest ranging review of aurochs material in Europe to date, bringing together aurochs bone and tooth biometrical information from a number of European geographical areas and time periods, in order to gain a better understanding of the morphological variation of this animal, and provide a data resource which can be used in future for more geographically and temporally relevant identifications. A number of patterns of body size and shape variation were identified including a south-north cline in body size during the Pleistocene and Early Holocene, and hints of a west-east cline during later periods. An increase in the body size of the aurochs during the Chalcolithic period in Iberia is particularly intriguing as it fits with similar patterns previously identified for other animals. A general slendering of certain postcranial bones over time has also been identified; this begins during the Pleistocene and therefore cannot be solely linked with domestication. Possible interpretations of these findings, and others, are discussed.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-09-20T11:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rebeca Rocha Cardoso.pdf: 3507705 bytes, checksum: 7b8fdfe5d7395b5f99a73f29bccf1d05 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T11:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rebeca Rocha Cardoso.pdf: 3507705 bytes, checksum: 7b8fdfe5d7395b5f99a73f29bccf1d05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Red rice belongs to the same species of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) and was introduced in Brazil in the seventeenth century, when it became widely consumed in the country. In Brazil, the central zone of semi-arid northeastern region stands out as producer and consumer. This particular rice, rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins B1, differs from the traditional white rice, among other things, the kernel color, shape and composition, as well as longer cycle, pubescence and low productivity, the latter being aggravated by low selection due to limited cultivation. Morphological characterization and agronomic varieties of red rice and used in existing germplasm collections and seed banks is an important tool to be used in future breeding programs. Thus, as the goal of breeding is to rescue, preserve and generate genetic variability for crop areas is important to have knowledge of the characters of cultivated varieties from morphological and agronomic. Based on this importance, the present study was to characterize six varieties of red rice (Vermelho, Cáqui, MNA PB 0405, MNA PB 0728, MNA RN 0802 e MNA RN 0803) through morphological and agronomic, to obtain information to assist in the selection of rice varieties Red-promising and better use of available germplasm. There was green leaf color, pubescence average limbo aurícolas of pale green, ligules colorless, erect flag leaf, straw-yellow color in the glumes, lemma and palea hairy, absence of awns and easy shattering, tall and panicle averages in all varieties, straw color of palea and lemma and apiculus grain, caryopsis red and half-elongated grains in most varieties. The varieties MNA PB 0728, MNA RN 0802 and Cáqui belong to the class of long grain, MNA PB 0405 to medium grain, while the varieties Vermelho and MNA RN 0803 to the class of mixed grains. The seeds of all varieties have translucent and chalky endosperm. The varieties MNA PB 0405, MNA RN 0802 and MNA RN 0803 were the varieties with high germination percentage. Only varietie MNA RN 0803 show germination above the minimum limits allowed.<br>O arroz-vermelho pertence à mesma espécie do arroz tradicional (Oryza sativa L.) e foi introduzido no Brasil no século XVII, quando passou a ser bastante consumido no país. No Brasil, a zona central do semiárido nordestino se destaca como região produtora e consumidora. Este arroz especial, rico em proteínas, sais minerais e vitaminas B1, se diferencia do arroz branco tradicional, entre outros aspectos, pela coloração dos grãos, forma e composição, além do ciclo mais longo, pubescência e baixa produtividade, agravada pela baixa seleção devido ao cultivo limitado. A caracterização morfológica e agronômica de variedades de arroz-vermelho utilizadas e existentes em coleções de germoplasma e bancos de sementes é uma ferramenta importante para ser usada em futuros programas de melhoramento genético. Assim, como o objetivo do melhoramento genético é resgatar, preservar e gerar variabilidade genética para as áreas de cultivo é importante que se tenha conhecimento dos caracteres das variedades cultivadas, a partir de caracterização morfológica e agronômica. Com base nesta importância, o presente trabalho foi realizado visando caracterizar seis variedades de arroz-vermelho (Vermelho, Cáqui, MNA PB 0405, MNA PB 0728, MNA RN 0802 e MNA RN 0803) através de descritores morfológicos e agronômicos e qualidade fisiológica de sementes, visando obter informações que auxiliem na seleção de variedades de arroz-vermelho promissoras e na melhor utilização do germoplasma disponível. Verificou-se cor da folha verde, pubescência média do limbo, aurícolas de cor verde-clara, lígulas incolores, folha bandeira de postura ereta, cor amarelo-palha nas glumelas, lema e pálea pilosa, ausência de aristas e fácil degrane, porte alto e panículas médias em todas as variedades, cor palha da lema e pálea e do apículo do grão, cor vermelha da cariopse e grãos meio-alongados na maioria das variedades. As variedades MNA PB 0728, MNA RN 0802 e Cáqui pertencem à classe de grãos longos, MNA PB 0405 a de grãos médios, enquanto as variedades Vermelho e MNA RN 0803 à classe de grãos misturados. As sementes de todas as variedades estudadas possuem endosperma translúcido e farináceo. As variedades MNA PB 0405, MNA RN 0802 e MNA 0803 foram as variedades com maiores porcentagens de germinação. Apenas a variedade MNA RN 0803 apresentou germinação acima dos limites mínimos permitidos.

O estudo de Leguminosae Mimosoideae é parte do projeto Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e apresenta chaves de identifcação, ilustrações, comentários sobre distribuição geográfca e fenologia para os gêneros e espécies dessa região. o trabalho de campo e estudos de coleções de herbários indicam que Mimosoideae é representada na área por 57 espécies, pertencentes a 13 gêneros: Abarema (2 spp.), Albizia (1 sp.), Anadenanthera (1 sp.), Calliandra (6 spp.), Enterolobium (1 sp.), Inga (6 spp.), Leucochloron (1 sp.), Mimosa (25 spp.), Piptadenia (3 spp.), Plathymenia (1 sp.), Pseudopiptadenia (2 spp.), Senegalia (4 spp.) e Stryphnodendron (3 spp.). Mimosa macedoana é uma das espécies encontradas nos campos rupestres da região, cujas exsicatas permitem distinguir dois morfotipos pelo tamanho das partes vegetativas. Para averiguar se esta distinção ocorre em ambiente natural, duas populações da espécie foram submetidas a estudo morfométrico com uso de métodos de estatística multivariada (LC, PCa e DF). os resultados evidenciaram que as populações analisadas são morfologicamente distintas e que características fisiográfcas dos aforamentos rochosos onde se situam as populações podem infuenciar a variação morfológica.<br>The study of Leguminosae Mimosoideae is part of the project Flora of Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil, which aims to provide identifcation keys, illustrations, comments on geographic distribution and phenology to genera and species from this region. Field and herbaria studies indicate that Mimosoideae is represented in the area by 57 species belonging to 13 genera: Abarema (2 spp.), Albizia (1 sp.), Anadenanthera (1 sp.), Calliandra (6 spp.), Enterolobium (1 sp.), Inga (6 spp.), Leucochloron (1 sp.), Mimosa (25 spp.), Piptadenia (3 spp.), Plathymenia (1 sp.), Pseudopiptadenia (2 spp.), Senegalia (4 spp.) and Stryphnodendron (3 spp.). Te exsicattae of Mimosa macedoana, one of the species occurring at the rocky felds of the region, show two morphotipes distinguished by the size of their vegetative parts. aiming to investigate whether this distinction also happens in the natural environment, two populations of the species were submitted to a morphometrical analysis using multivariate statistical methods (LC, PCa & DF). results showed that the populations are morphologicaly distinct, and that physiographic caracteristics of the rocky outcrops where the populations grow may infuence the morphological variation.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T13:25:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE 2013 - CLAUDETE CLARICE MISTURA.pdf: 1301201 bytes, checksum: 9fd5c6211a9d758b88134b60bd5a7d81 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T18:48:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE 2013 - CLAUDETE CLARICE MISTURA.pdf: 1301201 bytes, checksum: 9fd5c6211a9d758b88134b60bd5a7d81 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T18:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE 2013 - CLAUDETE CLARICE MISTURA.pdf: 1301201 bytes, checksum: 9fd5c6211a9d758b88134b60bd5a7d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-02<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick é uma das 266 espécies de palmeiras que ocorrem no Brasil. Produz frutos que são utilizados na alimentação, tanto in natura como processados (na forma de geleias, sorvetes, sucos e licores). Apresentam elevado potencial energético, devido aos óleos existentes nas sementes. As folhas da planta, ricas em fibras, são usadas no artesanato para a confecção de objetos decorativos e utilitários. Contudo, as populações naturais sofrem intensa ação antrópica, principalmente em consequência do uso das terras para a agricultura e a expansão urbana. Além disso, mesmo em algumas áreas remanescentes, a pressão de pastoreio do gado restringe de modo expressivo a regeneração, restando somente indivíduos adultos. Com o objetivo geral de contribuir para o conhecimento relacionado aos recursos genéticos de B. odorata no Bioma Pampa, foram desenvolvidas atividades de campo na Fazenda São Miguel (Tapes, RS), análises morfológicas análises moleculares nos laboratórios de Recursos Genéticos e de Biologia Molecular da Embrapa Clima Temperado (Pelotas, RS), sistematização dos descritores morfológicos mínimos no Bioversity International (Roma/Maccarese, Itália). Os resultados são apresentados em quatro artigos. No primeiro artigo, com o objetivo de avaliar a transposição de marcadores microssatélites desenvolvidos para o genoma de coco em butiá, foram testados 50 pares de primers desenvolvidos para coco em 30 indivíduos de butiá coletados em três áreas distintas em uma população natural. Dos 50 pares de primers avaliados, 28 amplificaram, sendo que oito deles apresentaram bandas inespecíficas e não foram considerados na análise estatística. A transferibilidade dos primers testados foi de 40%, indicando que esses marcadores microssatélites desenvolvidos para o genoma de coco podem ser utilizados com sucesso para análises genéticas em butiá. No segundo artigo, com objetivo de avaliar a estrutura genética de uma população natural de B. odorata, foram avaliados 303 indivíduos, utilizando 20 pares de primers SSR. Foi constatada grande variabilidade genética, com maior variação molecular entre os indivíduos dentro de cada área do que entre aqueles de áreas distintas. A heterozigosidade observada, menor do que a esperada, indica a ocorrência de endogamia. As plantas da terceira área avaliada apresentam estruturação genética, devido à ação de fluxo gênico e/ou de deriva genética. O terceiro artigo discute a variabilidade de B.odorata com base em comparações entre o conhecimento científico e o conhecimento popular. Foram elencados como descritores morfológicos importantes para a caracterização do germoplasma as seguintes características: hábito das folhas, circunferência do caule, cor da folha, cor das flores masculinas, número de cachos por planta, cor do fruto maduro, formato do fruto, presença de fibras na polpa, diâmetro do fruto, época de floração e frutificação. Por sua vez, os agricultores costumam usar um menor número de características para distinguir as plantas: tamanho do fruto, número de cachos por planta, presença de fibras na polpa, sabor e cor dos frutos. Os resultados obtidos no terceiro artigo foram utilizados para a elaboração do quarto artigo, que consiste na lista dos descritores morfológicos mínimos para a caracterização do germoplasma de B. odorata.<br>Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick is one of 266 palm species that occur in Brazil. The plants produces fruits that are used for food, both fresh and processed (as jellies, ice creams, juices and liqueurs). It has high potential as energy source due to the oils cointained in the seeds. The leaves are rich in fibers, and are used in the crafting of decorative and utilitarian objects. However, natural populations suffer intense human activity, mainly as a result of land use for agriculture and urban expansion. Moreover, even in certain areas remaining, pressure by grazing cattle has restricted the regeneration, leaving only adult plants. With the aim of contributing to the knowledge related to genetic resources of B. odorata in Pampa Biome, field activities were developed at São Miguel Farm (Tapes, RS), morphological and molecular analyzes were done in Genetic Resources and Molecular Biology labs of Embrapa Temperate Agriculture (Pelotas, RS), and a morphological descriptors minimum list was developed at Bioversity International (Rome / Maccarese, Italy). The results are presented in four articles. The first article aimed to evaluate the implementation of microsatellite markers developed for coconut in the butiá. A total of 50 primer pairs in 30 individuals of butiá collected in three separate areas were tested in a natural population. Among 50 primer pairs evaluated, 28 amplified, and eight of them showed unspecific bands and were not considered in the statistical analysis. The transferability of primers tested was 40%, indicating that these microsatellite markers developed for the coconut genome can be successfully used for genetic analysis in pindo palm. The objective of the second article was to evaluate the genetic structure of a natural population of B. odorata. We evaluated 303 plants using 20 pairs of SSR primers. High genetic variability was observed, with higher molecular variation among individuals within each area than among those from different areas. The observed heterozygosity was lower than expected, indicating the occurrence of inbreeding. The third area of plants have genetic structure due to the action of gene flow and / or genetic drift. The third article discusses the variability of B. odorata based on comparisons between scientific and popular. As morphological descriptors important for the characterization of germplasm were the following characteristics: habit of the leaves, stem circumference, leaf color, color of male flowers, number of bunches per plant, mature fruit color, fruit shape, presence of fibers in the pulp, fruit diameter, flowering and fruiting time. In turn, farmers use usually a lower number of traits to distinguish different plants: fruit size, number of bunches per plant, presence of fibers in the pulp, flavor and color of the fruit. The results presented in the third article were used for the preparation of the fourth article, which is the minimum list of morphological descriptors for the characterization of germplasm of B. odorata.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-22T14:47:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Ferreira do Nascimento.pdf: 1352737 bytes, checksum: c5530d45410a097eff05898b4612b59f (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T14:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Ferreira do Nascimento.pdf: 1352737 bytes, checksum: c5530d45410a097eff05898b4612b59f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-12<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>Rice is the primary food source in many developing countries in the world, primarily for those located in Asian. The Oryza genus has 24 species, but only two are cultivated: O. glaberrima Steud. in the West of Africa and O. sativa L. in all part of the world. Those species are naturally hydrophytes, however the evolutionary process they become adapted for many different ecosystems as lowland and upland. The breeding method used in the last decades increased the narrowing genetic base and the vulnerability of rice cultivation for plagues and diseases. However, it is necessary to use divergent genitors for development of new cultivars. In this context, the characterization of germplasm accesses from bank and collection could bring facilities in order to use them in breeding programs. The aim of this work was characterizer 146 accesses of upland rice Japanese by morphoagronomical traits in order to bring information that could bring facilities for chose genitors in rice breeding programs. In this case, the morphologic mark could give important information about genetic resource by simple, efficient and cheap way. There were studied 14 qualitative traits and 16 quantitative in a randomized blocks design experiment withthee replicates. For the 14 quantitative traits only two were not polymorphic and there was significative difference (P<0.05) for all 16 quantitative traits. The genetic variance was highest than environmental one and the heritability was higher than 80% for the evaluated characters. The genetic variation coefficient varied from 1.81 to 39.58 for different characteristics and b index was highest than 1 for all characters. The results showed that the rice access of UFRPE germplasm collection have great genetic variability and high potential for use in rice breeding programs.<br>O arroz é fonte primária de alimento em muitos países em desenvolvimento, principalmente naqueles situados no continente asiático. O gênero Oryza tem 24 espécies, mas apenas duas são cultivadas: a O. glaberrima Steud., cultivada no Oeste da África e da Ásia e O. sativa L., cultivada em todo mundo. Estas espécies são naturalmente hidrófilas,entretanto, o processo evolutivo tem levado sua adaptação às mais variadas condições ambientais, abrangendo desde ecossistemas de várzeas até ecossistemas de terras altas. Os métodos de melhoramento empregados nas últimas décadas têm ocasionado o estreitamento da base genética e conseqüente vulnerabilidade da cultura do arroz a pragas e doenças. Portanto, é necessário priorizar a utilização de parentais divergentes para o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. Neste contexto, a caracterização de acessos disponíveis nos bancos e coleções de germoplasma pode viabilizar a melhor utilização dos mesmos em programas de melhoramento genético. Para tanto, a utilização de marcadores morfológicos disponibiliza informações à cerca dos recursos genéticos de maneira simples, eficiente e de baixo custo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar 146 acessos japoneses de arroz de terras altas mantidos na Coleção de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), com base em caracteres morfoagronômicos, visando disponibilizar informações necessárias que poderão facilitar à escolha de genitores nos programas de melhoramento genético do arroz. Foram estudados 14 caracteres qualitativos e 16 quantitativos em um experimento delineado em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Em relação aos 14 caracteres qualitativos avaliados, apenas dois não foram polimórficos e houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre os acessos para todos os 16 caracteres quantitativos. A variância genética foi superior a ambiental e os coeficientes de herdabilidade média foram altos, superior a 80% para as variáveis analisadas. O coeficiente de variação genética variou de 1,81 a 39,58 dependendo da característica e o índice b foi superior a um para todos os caracteres. Os resultados mostraram que os acessos de arroz mantidos na Coleção de Germoplasma da UFRPE apresentam alta variabilidade genética e grande potencialidade para serem utilizados como fonte de genes em programas de melhoramento genético.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-22T14:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Walma Nogueira Ramos Guimaraes.pdf: 1356016 bytes, checksum: 2e17b7c52a1d154c9fad108c417c905f (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T14:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Walma Nogueira Ramos Guimaraes.pdf: 1356016 bytes, checksum: 2e17b7c52a1d154c9fad108c417c905f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-22<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Twenty-two lima-beans accessions, which compound the Germoplasm Collection of the Agronomy Department of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), coming from the States of Ceará, Paraíba and Pernambuco, Brazil, were characterized by their morphological and molecular characteristics (RAPD – Random Amplified Polimorphiysm of DNA). In morphological analysis twenty-four characteristics and in the molecular one were used, seventy-six locis RAPD (polymorphic and morphologic). At the first phase was carried out molecular analyses of twenty-two accessions to assess the genetic variability among them, and then, fourteen of these were morphologically and moleculary characterized. The analysis of sample showed the formation of two main groups and four subgroups. We noticed high genetic variability among the twenty-two accessions. The genetically closer genotypes were FA-01 and FA-02, coming from Ceará, with 85.4% similarity, and the less similar were FA-07 and FA-20, coming from Ceará and Pernambuco, respectively, with 35.9% similarity. Related to the morphological characterization of the fourteen accessions, noticed the genotype FA-13 stood out from the others by presenting higher values of seed weight, number of seeds per pod, length and width of pod, while the FA-16 presented lower values of weight ofone hundred seeds, seeds very small, lower number of pod per plant, lower length of pod and lower production.<br>Os acessos de feijão-fava que compõe a Coleção de Germoplasma do Departamento de Agronomia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) oriundos dos Estados do Ceará, Paraíba e Pernambuco, foram caracterizados quanto às características morfológicas e moleculares (RAPDRandom Amplified Polimorphiysm of DNA). Na análise foram utilizados vinte e oito características morfológicas e setenta e seis locos RAPD (polimórficos e monomórficos). Na primeira etapa foi realizada a análise molecular de vinte e dois acessos para avaliar a variabilidade genética entre eles. Quatorze destes acessos foram caracterizados morfológica e molecularmente. A análise de agrupamento mostrou a formação de dois grupos principais e quatro subgrupos, constatou-se elevada variabilidade genética entre os vinte e dois acessos. Os genótipos mais próximos geneticamente foram FA-01 e FA-02, provenientes do Ceará, com grau de similaridade de 85,4% e os mais distantes foram FA-07 e FA-20, provenientes do Ceará e Pernambuco, respectivamente, com grau de similaridade de 35,9%.Quanto à caracterização morfológica dos quatorze acessos, observou-se que o genótipo FA-13 se destacou dos demais por apresentar maiores valores no peso das sementes, no número de sementes por vagem, no comprimento e largura da vagem, enquanto o genótipo FA-16 apresentou menores valores de peso de cem sementes, sementes muito pequenas, menor número de vagem por planta, menor comprimento de vagem e menor produção de semente por planta.

Pentadesma butyracea Sabine est l’une des quatre espèces du genre Pentadesma endémique de l’Afrique. Elle est distribuée de la Sierra Léone au Gabon dans deux grands types d’habitats :les forêts denses humides discontinues du domaine guinéo-congolais (Haute- et Basse-Guinée) et le domaine soudanien du couloir sec du Dahomey (assimilé à une barrière à l’échange de gènes et d’espèces entre les deux blocs guinéo-congolais). Dans ce dernier, l’espèce se retrouve dans des galeries forestières et occupe une place capitale dans le développement socio-économique des communautés locales en raison des multiples biens et services que procurent ses produits (alimentation, médecine et pharmacopée traditionnelle, etc.). Cependant, des pressions d’origines multiples, telles que le ramassage des graines pour fabriquer du beurre, la fragmentation de l’habitat et sa destruction en faveur du maraîchage, les pratiques culturales inadaptées, les incendies, font peser de lourdes menaces sur l’espèce.<p>Le but de ce travail est d’acquérir les connaissances requises pour la conservation et la gestion durable des ressources génétiques de l’espèce. Trois objectifs ont été définis :(i) étudier la phylogéographie de l’espèce, (ii) étudier sa variabilité morphologique et génétique au Bénin et (iii) caractériser sa biologie de reproduction. En amont de ces travaux, nous avons développé onze marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires chez P. butyracea (chapitre 2). Ils ont été utilisés pour l’étude de la phylogéographie et la diversité génétique de P. butyracea (chapitres 3 et 5), ainsi que pour étudier la dépression de consanguinité et les paramètres de son système de reproduction (chapitre 7).<p>La caractérisation de la répartition spatiale des lignées génétiques de régions intergéniques de l’ADN chloroplastique et de l’ADN ribosomal (ITS) a détecté deux lignées génétiques allopatriques entre le Haut et le Bas-Guinéen, indiquant une forte différenciation génétique et un signal phylogéographique. L’analyse des microsatellites détecte trois pools géniques correspondant aux trois régions étudiées (Haute Guinée, Dahomey Gap et Basse Guinée). La diversité génétique est faible dans le Dahomey Gap, modérée dans le Haut-Guinéen et élevée dans le Bas-Guinéen. Ces résultats indiquent une séparation très ancienne des populations d’Afrique centrale et d’Afrique de l’ouest, alors que celles du Dahomey Gap pourraient résulter des forêts denses humides de l’Afrique de l’ouest lors de la période Holocène humide africaine. Dans ce couloir sec, les populations ont subi une forte dérive génétique, potentiellement due à des évènements de fondation. Au Bénin, deux groupes éco-morphologiques ont été détectés suivant un gradient nord-sud, contrastant avec deux pools géniques présentant une distribution est-ouest. <p>P. butyracea est une espèce auto-compatible majoritairement allogame. La corrélation de paternité est plus élevée aux niveaux intra-fruit vs. inter-fruits, et au sein d’une population de petite taille vs. de grande taille. Les principaux pollinisateurs au Bénin sont deux oiseaux (Cyanomitra verticalis, Cinnyris coccinigastrus) et trois abeilles (Apis mellifera, Meliponula togoensis, Hypotrigona sp.). La productivité totale en fruits augmente en fonction de l’âge de l’arbre et varie en fonction de l’année, atteignant un pic pour les arbres ayant un diamètre de 60-80 cm. Les graines sont récalcitrantes et ont une teneur en eau de 42.5 ± 2.9 %. <p>L’analyse des paramètres de reproduction et de diversité génétique, associés aux facteurs écogéographiques, nous a permis de proposer un échantillon de neuf populations représentatives de la diversité à l’échelle du Bénin, dans la perspective d’une conservation in situ. Le succès de celle-ci dépendra des efforts conjugués des communautés locales, de la recherche forestière et de la définition d’un cadre législatif par le politique pour la protection des habitats. La conservation ex situ est envisagée sous forme d’un verger rassemblant diverses origines, présentant l’intérêt supplémentaire de permettre d’étudier les contributions de la diversité génétique et de la plasticité phénotypique à la variation phénotypique. / Pentadesma butyracea Sabine is one of the four species of the endemic genus Pentadesma in Africa. The species is distributed from Sierra Leone to Gabon in two major types of habitats: the discontinuous and dense Guineo-Congolian rainforests (Upper and Lower Guinea) and the Sudanian domain of the dry corridor of Dahomey (considered as a barrier to the exchange of genes and species between Upper and Lower Guinea). In the latter, the species is found in gallery forests and plays a vital role in the socio-economic livelihood of local communities due to the various resources and services that provide its products (food, medicine and traditional, etc.). However, pressure from many sources including the collection of seeds to make butter, habitat fragmentation and its destruction for market gardening, inadequate agricultural practices, fires, are serious threats to the species.<p>The aim of this work was to acquire appropriate knowledge for the conservation and sustainable management of genetic resources of the species. Three objectives were defined (i) study the phylogeography of the species; (ii) evaluate its morphological and genetic variability in Benin; and (iii) characterize its reproductive biology. In a preliminary work, eleven nuclear microsatellite markers of P. butyracea were developed (Chapter 2). They were used for the study of phylogeography and genetic diversity of P. butyracea (chapters 3 and 5), and to study the inbreeding depression and parameters of its breeding system (Chapter 7).<p>The characterization of the genetic lineages and their spatial distribution using intergenic regions from chloroplast DNA and ribosomal DNA (ITS) region detected two allopatric genetic lineages between Upper and Lower Guinea, indicating a high genetic differentiation and a phylogeographic signal. Microsatellite markers allowed us to detect three genepools matching with the three studied regions (Upper Guinea, Dahomey-Gap and Lower Guinea). Genetic diversity was low in the Dahomey Gap, moderate in Upper Guinea and high in Lower Guinea. These results indicate an ancient separation of populations from Central and West Africa, while those from Dahomey Gap could originate West African rainforests (Upper Guinea) during the African humid Holocene period. In this dry corridor, populations experienced high genetic drift, possibly due to founding events. In Benin, two eco-morphological groups were detected following a north-south gradient, contrasting with two gene pools presenting an east-west distribution.<p>Pentadesma butyracea is a self-compatible, mainly allogamous species. The correlation of paternity was higher within-fruit vs. among-fruits, and in population of small size vs. large size. The main pollinators in Benin are two birds (Cyanomitra verticalis, Cinnyris coccinigastrus) and three bees (Apis mellifera, Meliponula togoensis, Hypotrigona sp.). Total productivity in fruit increases with tree age and varies yearly, reaching a peak for trees of 60-80 cm of diameter class. Seeds are recalcitrant (i.e. they cannot be conserved at low temperature), having a water content of 42.5 ± 2.9% at maturity.<p>The analysis of reproduction and genetics parameters, associated with eco-geographic factors, enabled us to select nine populations representative of the diversity in Benin, from the perspective of in situ conservation. The success of the latter will depend on combined efforts of local communities, forest research and an adequate legislative framework for the protection of habitats. Ex situ conservation is envisaged as an orchard assembling various origins, and would have the additional advantage of allowing to study the contribution of genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity to phenotypic variation.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’imagerie multi-spectrale multi-temporelle requiert la mise en place d’outils d’analyses adaptés aux données multi-valuées. Les missions Chandra et Athena en astrophysique sont des exemples parlants des défis passés et à venir dans le traitement des données multi-spectrales. Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer des modèles d’analyse de données astrophysiques en rayons X et des algorithmes permettant d’extraire les informations utiles pour l’astrophysicien. Il s’agit d’introduire une extension des techniques de séparation de composantes dans le but, d’une part, d’avoir des modèles mathématiques capables de décrire des données multi-valuées contaminées par du bruit de Poisson, et d’autre part, d’estimer les variabilités spectrales très répandues dans les jeux de données astrophysiques en hautes énergies. Les outils numériques développés au cours de cette thèse sont appliqués aux données du télescope Chandra<br>The rapid increase of multispectral-multitemporal imagers in various application fields requires new data analysis tools particularly suitable for multivalued data. In high-energy astronomy, missions such as Chandra or Fermi are telling examples of signal processing challenges past or to come. This thesis is aimed at proposing new models to analyze X-ray astrophysical data and introducing efficient algorithms to retrieve meaningful information from these data. More specifically, the goal of this thesis is to extend component separation techniques in order to propose models that faithfully describe measurements contaminated with shot noise and that fully account for spectral variabilities ubiquitous in high-energy astrophysical images. The numerical tools developed in this thesis will be applied to X-ray Chandra telescope data

The complex Gymnadenia conopsea s.l. represents a very problematic group in terms of taxonomy, showing a wide morphological, phenological, genetical and cytogenetical variability. The aggregate G. conopsea encompasses a range of taxa, two of which, G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. s.s. and G. densiflora (Wahlenb.) A. Dietr., have been acknowledged as beeing a species level. Individual taxa cannot be safely distinguished on the basis of morphological characteristics in all cases. Recently, there has been a lot of discussion concerning the taxonomical value of taxons within the G. conopsea complex. The complex is represented by a variety of cytotypes, while the major tetraploid cytotypes represent the above mentioned G. conopsea and G. densiflora taxa, that are easily distinguishable by means of flow cytometry. The taxonomical classification of minority cytotypes is not clear. For these reasons, to be able to obtain more detailed information, an application of different approaches from the field of morphology, cytogenetics and molecular genetics is suitable when evaluating the populations. In this thesis, morphological characteristics, AFLP and an analysis of microsatellites along with a measurement of ploid level using FCM have been used for evaluation. On the basis of evaluating a multidimensional cluster analysis and a dendrogram created by the UPGMA method combining these data, a specific dissimilarity of the G. densiflora and G. conopsea taxon has been confirmed. Based on the comparative analysis of microsatellite loci and overlapping morphometric characteristics of tetraploid and octoploid G. conopsea cytotype it can be assumed that the octoploid cytotype is a separate chromosomal aberration of tetraploid plants.

Morphological diversity of 61 Anabaena populations of 13 morphospecies was described under the field conditions of Czech fishponds and reservoirs. Polyphasic approach was then applied in classification of 45 clonal strains isolated from those populations. Detailed morphological analyses were performed and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained for 33 of the strains, and secondary metabolite production was evaluated in 20 strains. Plasticity of morphological characteristics under varied conditions of light, temperature, nitrogen and phosphorus was studied in selected strains, as well as their temperature and light growth requirements. The results were then discussed with respect to the delimitation of single Anabaena morphospecies. A new genus Sphaerospermum was defined for the morphospecies Anabaena kisseleviana, A. reniformis and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides, whose phenotypic and genotypic features differed considerably from all other Anabaena morphospecies. Unique information was provided on the occurrence and distribution of A. reniformis and Aph. aphanizomenoides in the Czech Republic.

A traditional species concept of diatoms is based on morphological characters of their siliceous boxes. A multidisciplinary approach to defining species of diatoms has revealed the hidden diversity within the traditionally defined species. But the newly recognized species are morphological variable and indistinguishable by the naked eye. Recent studies showed that different morphotypes show different ecological preferences. This master thesis focuses on the morphology of natural populations of the diatom species complex Frustulia rhomboides which contains both the traditional and the cryptic species, and it engages how the morphology reflects the effects of environmental conditions. Landmark methods of geometric morphometrics were used in order to analyze the morphological variability of diatom frustules of this species complex within various peat bog habitats in the Czech Republic. Selected environmental parameters were measured and the species composition of diatom communities present in the samples was investigated. These data were used to analyze the relationship between the environmental conditions and the cell shape variability within the complex. The analysis revealed the main trends of morphological variability related to different environmental conditions. Two morphotypes characteristic...

This dissertation explores case and verbal agreement in Icelandic. Case and agreement generally pattern together, but there are exceptional instances in which case and agreement come apart. In Icelandic, verbs agree with Nominative DPs. However, in some constructions, agreement with a Nominative is optional. In the standard account of case and agreement (Chomsky 2000), both types of features are determined simultaneously via the same syntactic operation. The standard theory, therefore, predicts that case and agreement should pattern the same way, and that neither should be optional. Moreover, based on fieldwork conducted at the University of Iceland, I present data that has not heretofore been reported. I argue that the likelihood of agreement depends on the type of construction. My research builds on other work which addresses optionality in Icelandic agreement (e.g. Sigurðsson and Holmberg 2008). This dissertation makes a substantial contribution to the literature on Icelandic agreement in that the rate of agreement across various types of constructions has not been examined. I illustrate that this type of optionality is not only robust, but also systematic. This dissertation contributes to the larger literature on case and agreement in several important ways. First, I argue for a departure from the standard proposal that case and agreement are established via the same syntactic operation. I propose that it is possible for the probe which assigns case to be in a relationship with a DP, even though the probe which establishes agreement is not in a relationship with that DP. Second, I provide empirical support for Multiple Agree. I argue that the survey findings reported in this dissertation provide evidence that a probe can enter into a relationship with more than one goal. Third, I provide empirical evidence for the optionality of Multiple Agree. I argue that agreement is optional only in constructions in which there is an item intervening between T and the Nominative, and Multiple Agree is, thereby, required in order for an agreement relationship to be established.

Complex Campanula rotundifolia agg. is rich in endemic species, especially in the high- elevated mountain ranges. Extreme climatic conditions in the subalpine habitats can lead to a convergence in plant's morphology between plants isolated in different mountain ranges. Because of the lack of morphological differentiation, it is very difficult to reconstruct the evolutionary history of bellflowers C. scheuchzeri from the Alps, C. bohemica from the Krkonoše Mountains and C. tatrae from the Western Carpathians. A similarity in morphology and the same ploidy level can suggest vicariance from a large area of an ancestor species. However, regarding the continuous morphological variation, the high-altitudinal endemics could have originated by local adaptation from originally low-land species. DNA-ploidy level and genome size were detected by flow cytometry. Taxonomically important characters were found using multivariate morphometric analysis. The phenotypic plasticity of the taxon C. tatrae was tested by a cultivation experiment. Genetic structure of the studied species was revealed using molecular marker - microsatellites (7 variable primers). Studied taxa were tetraploids, but some possessed different genome size. The morphological differentiation was mainly due to characters like calyx lobes length...

Polyploidisation plays a major role in plant evolution. It can also cause taxonomic complexities as morphological differences are often blurred in higher ploidy levels. One of the taxonomically-intrigued groups of Central Europe is C. rotundifolia agg. Three ploidy- heterogeneous species are traditionally recognized in the Czech Republic: C. gentilis (2x, 4x), C. rotundifolia (2x, 4x) and C. moravica (4x, 6x). The thesis examines karyological and phenotypic variation of C. moravica, in the centre of its distribution (the Czech Republic and Slovakia). With the aid of modern biosystematics tools (DNA flow cytometry, multivariate morphometrics), marked discrepancies were revealed between published data and actual cytotype distribution pattern and morphological variation. In contrast to literature records, cytotype distribution in C. moravica is largely parapatric, with hexaploids occurring in Pannonian basin and tetraploids in Central and Eastern Slovakia. The type population of presumed tetraploids turned out to be hexaploid. The coexistence of one majority (4x) and six minority cytotypes (2x, 3x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 9x) was found in one population in central Slovakia and represent the most salient case of ploidy coexistence ever reported. Multivariate morphometrics showed that species identification on the...

Genetic variability in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco) in British Columbia was assessed both by analyzing molecular genetic markers at the population level and by evaluation of quantitative traits in parent trees. Genetic variability in the natural populations of Douglas-fir in B.C. selected from three geographic regions (coastal, transitional, and interior) was assessed by analyzing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) for chloroplast (cpDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) DNA, and random amplified DNA fingerprinting (RADF) markers for the nuclear genome. Genetic diversity and the degree of population differentiation for cpDNA and mtDNA were estimated at 3-hierarchical levels. Among the three regions, highest diversity of cpDNA was observed in the transition populations, although it was not significantly different from the other two regions. In mtDNA, more polymorphism with no significant difference was observed in interior populations than coastal and transition populations. Haplotype frequencies were found to be better parameters for genetic diversity estimates than allelic frequencies with organellar DNA. Nuclear genomes of populations in two geographic regions, coastal and interior, were evaluated using RADF markers. Allelic frequencies were calculated at each locus and used to estimate genetic diversity and the degree of population differentiation. Higher levels of within population genetic diversity were obtained than have been reported in studies using allozyme markers. With all three genomes, higher genetic diversities within populations than among populations were observed in all three regions. Several combined evolutionary forces are likely to be responsible for the current genetic make-up of B.C. Douglas-fir populations. Quantitative traits were evaluated in 100 families of 17-year old coastal Douglas-fir progenies in progeny tests at three locations, including Caycuse, Courtenay, and Gold River. The progeny tests used a systematic single tree plot-design and included four Abstract family types -- full-sib, half-sib from clone bank (C), half-sib from original plus tree (P) and control. Full-sib and half-sib (C) families had higher survival percentages and faster growth rates than half-sib (P) and control families. However, lower wood densities were observed in full-sib and in half-sib (C) families. Individual tree narrow sense heritability estimates in growth traits (0.116-0.234) for half-sib (C) and half-sib (P) families were comparable whereas heritability estimates in full-sib families ranged from 0.068 to 0.102 for growth traits. Moderately high heritabilities in wood density were observed in full-sib (0.256) and in half-sib (C) (0.494) families and lower heritability estimates were observed in half-sib (P) (0.189). Genetic gains were estimated for height, diameter, and volume at different selection intensities. About 18-30% gain for volume was obtained when selection was made at 10% of the best parents in each family type. Age-age correlations when carried out for height growth, it was determined that field performance at years 5-6 could predict relative height growth at 17 years. However, when assessed over several age classes regression of Log [e subscript] of age ratio (LAR) estimates for predicting relative height growth suggested very low correlation (r²=0.148) and this may not be promising in future selection.

Tese de mestrado em Biologia Humana e Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2015<br>As carraças são artrópodes, da classe Arachnida, ectoparasitas obrigatórios e apresentam grande relevância médica e veterinária, devido à sua acção hematófaga e à sua capacidade de transmitir vários patogéneos, nomeadamente vírus, protozoários, helmintes e fungos. São consideradas o segundo vector mais importante na transmissão de agentes causadores de doenças humanas a seguir aos mosquitos, sendo responsáveis por mais de 100000 casos de doença humana em todo o mundo. De igual modo são, os vectores mais importantes em termos de transmissão de patógenios causadores de doença a animais domésticos e silvestres, e consequentemente responsáveis por grandes danos económicos. Dentro das várias espécies de ixodídeos existentes, o género Rhipicephalus da família Ixodidae é o que tem maior distribuição mundial, sendo simultaneamente um dos mais controversos, pela grande semelhança interespecífica evidenciada pelas espécies que agrupa. As espécies envolvidas, caracterizam-se ainda pela capacidade de parasitar uma grande diversidade de hospedeiros vertebrados e pela sua eficácia como vectores de diversos agentes patogénicos. Uma das questões dentro deste género está relacionada com a distinção de duas espécies nomeadamente R. sanguineus e R. turanicus que, devido a ausência de características morfológicas, permitam a sua distinção óbvia. Em particular, as carraças da espécie R. sanguineus constituem um risco para a saúde pública, uma vez que são responsáveis pela transmissão de uma grande diversidade de agentes patogénicos causadores de doenças a cães e humanos. As doenças mais graves em cães são a babesiose, causadas por Babesia canis e a erliquiose monocítica, causada por Erlichia canis. No que diz respeito aos humanos a doença mais grave é a febre botonosa ou escaro-nodular, transmitida pela bactéria Rickettsia conorri. Esta ultima é uma doença de declaração obrigatória em Portugal, apresentando uma taxa de incidência de 9,8/105 habitantes, uma das mais elevadas da Europa. Esta incidência deve-se ao facto de Portugal exibir condições ecológicas como vegetação adequada, grande variedade de hospedeiros e condições climáticas que propiciam a adaptação de carraças e dos agentes patogénicos por elas transmitidas. Acredita-se ainda que as alterações climáticas, que se têm verificado e que se irão intensificar nas próximas décadas, deverão contribuir para o agravamento desta situação, pois o aumento da temperatura média favorece a proliferação destes vectores. Portugal não é indiferente às questões taxonómicas existentes no género Rhipicephalus, em particular à distinção das espécies R. sanguineus e R. turanicus. Estudos conduzidos anteriormente indicavam a existência destas 2 espécies em Portugal mencionando que R. sanguineus se encontrava associado ao cão e que R. turanicus se encontrava associado a ruminantes. No entanto, estudos posteriores relevaram que estas duas espécies são morfologicamente idênticas e não distinguíveis do ponto de vista genético, em Portugal. Uma vez que estas duas espécies poderão estar associadas a capacidades patogénicas e vectoriais distintas e considerando, que Portugal possui características eco-ambientais que favorecem a manutenção e a proliferação de carraças e dos agentes patogénicos por elas transmitidas, é relevante em termos de saúde pública, a compreensão desta questão e conseguir caracterizar as populações portuguesas de R. sanguineus sensu lato. Sendo as espécies do género Rhipicephalus extremamente difíceis de identificar morfologicamente, devido à elevada variabilidade intraespecífica, os estudos morfológicos devem ser acompanhados de estudos moleculares, de modo a promover reconstruções taxonómicas mais consistentes e é neste contexto que este estudo surge. Assim, foi o principal objectivo desta dissertação avaliar e caracterizar morfologicamente através do estudo estatístico de variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas, o que levaram à formação de clusters qualitativos, quantitativos e morfológicos A partir destes clusters foi possível avaliar as diferenças que os caracterizavam e quais as variáveis que mais contribuíam para a sua distinção. Outro objectivo foi inferir se a variabilidade morfológica correspondia também a variabilidade genética. Para esse objetivo, vários espécimes representantes dos clusters formados foram selecionados para um estudo genético recorrendo os marcadores moleculares (12S e 16S). Os resultados obtidos revelaram a presença de uma grande variabilidade morfológica, formando 8 clusters morfológicos nos machos, e 5 nas fêmeas, os quais apresentam várias diferenças entre si, especialmente em termos das placas espiraculares nos machos e da abertura genital nas fêmeas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo vieram ainda confirmar que as placas espiraculares nos machos e a abertura genital nas fêmeas são, de facto, as estruturas mais adequadas para diferenciar R. sanguineus de R. turanicus. Uma vez que se verifica que os machos R. turanicus possuem espiráculos mais largos e curtos e os machos de R. sanguineus, apresentam espiráculos mais finos e longos; as fêmeas de R. sanguineus apresentam aberturas genitais em forma de U aberto, com os escleritos bem afastados entre si, as fêmeas de R. turanicus apresentam abertura genital em forma de U fechado com os escleritos próximos um do outro, como havia sido previamente descrito na literatura. Os resultados moleculares revelaram a existência de variabilidade intraespecífica mas não suficientemente elevada para justificar a classificação em 2 espécies distintas. Foi ainda possível concluir que todos os haplotipos obtidos neste estudo se encontram inseridos no grupo R. sanguineus T2, e são genética e filogeneticamente distintos dos outros 3 grupos filogénicos previamente descritos (R. sanguineus T1, R. sanguineus sensu lato and R. turanicus). Os resultados suportam ainda a hipótese apresentada em estudos anteriores, que existem diferenças genéticas consideráveis entre a linhagem norte associada a clima tropical, e a linhagem sul associada a clima mais moderado. É ainda digno de destaque que alguns haplotipos obtidos com o marcador 16S, quando analisados filogenicamente surgem agrupados num ramo isolado, formando um de mini-clade, sugerindo que está a ser observado é muito provavelmente o início de um processo de especiação. No entanto, estes estudos deverão prosseguir no sentido da maior clarificação desta problemática.<br>Ticks are arthropods with medical and veterinary importance. In particular R. sanguineus constitutes a risk to public health, being responsible for the transmission of several pathogens, namely Ricketsia conorii, the etiologic agent of Mediterranean spotted fever. This tick is very frequent in Portugal that currently presents one of the highest rates of incidence of tick borne diseases in Europe. Ticks belonging to genus Rhipicephalus are extremely difficult to identify morphologically, due to the high level intraspecific variability. Ticks from the R. sanguineus group are associated with controversy, once the species identification and distinction are sometimes difficult due to their morphological similarities specialy between R. sanguineus and R. turanicus, which is a particularly challenging task. Portugal is not indifferent to the taxonomic issues between this two species, since the results obtained in previous studies differ, and there is much disagreement around their taxonomic classification. In order to promote more consistent taxonomic reconstructions, morphological studies should be applied together with biological and molecular approaches. It is in this context that this study appears, once it combined a morphological study, in which several quantitative and qualitative variables were considered and studied through a-statistic analysis and simultaneously a rigorous morphological analysis was conducted on several specimens of Portuguese Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A representative sample from each clusters obtained were selected for a genetic study using 12S and 16S molecular marker. Results revealed the presence of great morphological variability in the Portuguese populations of R. sanguineus and also the existence of some interesting genetic variability. Although not enough to justify the classification as different species. However phylogenetic analysis highlight the grouping in separate tree branches, suggesting the possibility of the beginning of a speciation.

碩士<br>東海大學<br>生命科學系<br>103<br>The fiddler crab Uca formosensis is an endemic species of Taiwan. More than a decade ago, large populations were reported in the wetlands of Tzenwen estuary, Shankang, and Shianshan mudflats. However, due to the decrease in natural habitat for human use, the population of U. formosensis gradually decreased. Until recently, there is a growing consensus to protect its habitat. However, studies on U. formosensis were mostly descriptive, focusing on the morphology, the foraging and social behavior, and the habitats. There is no report on the population genetic analysis of U. formosensis, except two studies using allozyme analysis in 1984 and 1999. These two early allozyme reported that U. formosensis has variations in the shapes of major chela. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether there is a correlation between morphological variations in the major chela and the genetic structure in the population of U. formosensis. The goal of my study was to understand population genetic structure of U. formosensis from new molecular evidences. Thus far, I have collected 200 samples from four wetland habitats located along the west coast of Taiwan. I examined the genetic variability of U. formosensis through TE-AFLP with the aim to identify the genetic diversity of U. formosensis populations. Using the information on the genetic variations, I investigated the relationship between the morphology of the major chela and the genetic information. The result of relationship between morphology of the major chela and the genetic distance did not differ significantly. The genetic result indicated that the population of U. formosensis had high gene flow value between Sainsi and Mailiao, but the degree of gene flow between Sainsi and the other two populations (Siangshan, Chiku) is relatively low. And the gene diversity of Sainsi population (Hj= 0.083) was also lower than those of the three populations. U. formosensis have 99% genetic variation within population. The results of either population structure or PCoA analyses did not differ significantly among populations. In summary, with the high genetic variation and gene flow, there is still a chance to recover the population of U. formosensis if there is a better plan for habitat restoration.

Presence and range of phenotypic plasticity in the Agrostis stolonifera polyploid complex (Poaceae) was studied in the territory of the Czech Republic. Plants were cultivated under different experimental conditions. Stomatal size of different Agrostis stolonifera cytotypes was measured. Flow cytometry was applied for genome size estimation. Ploidy levels were determined for more than 150 samples of Agrostis stolonifera as well as several specimens of Agrostis canina, A. capillaris, A. gigantea, A. rupestris and A. vinealis. Absolute DNA content was estimated in all studied species. Isozyme analysis was used to test the possibility of the hybrid origin of pentaploid individuals of Agrostis stolonifera species.

Morphological plasticity of brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea L.) was examined. South bohemian populations of subsp. jacea were compared to plasticity in larger area. The plasticity of local population overlaps with both subspecies. The correlation between abiotical factors and determination characteristics were found. Molecular survey using ISSR method shows no difference between subspecies. The final resolution of subspecies existence will be questioned in following study.

The thesis deals with phenotypic, ploidy and genetic variation of two Campanula species occurring in the Krkonoše Mts., namely the endemic C. bohemica and widespread C. rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia. For comparative purposes subspecies sudetica of the latter species was also included. The main aim was to get insight into population structure and assess the threat of interspecific hybridization to the survival of the endemic bluebell. Flow cytometry, distance-based morphometrics and molecular analysis were used to address these questions. Three distinct groups of fluorescence intensities were revealed by flow cytometry, corresponding to DNA diploids, tetraploids and pentaploids. While diploids morphologically matched the nominate subspecies of C. rotundifolia, tetraploids corresponded either to C. rotundifolia subsp. sudetica or C. bohemica. Most populations from the Krkonoše Mts. were uniform although a sympatric growth of diploids and tetraploids was encountered in 12 populations. Only two pentaploids individuals, most likely of hybrid origin, were found, which indicated that interspecific hybridization is much less common than previously assumed. The two tetraploid taxa were distinguished by molecular markers. A combination of flow cytometry and molecular analyses thus allowed reliable...