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Austin, J., M. D. ford, A. Rouse, and E. Hanna. "Intoxication intra-vaginale aigue associée au misoprostol et mort foetale." Journal of Emergency Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 1997): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(97)86476-1.
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Laurichesse, H., J. P. Romaszko, M. Bonnard, D. Lemery, and P. Dechelotte. "Infection grave à Chlamydia compliquée d'une mort foetale in utero." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 25, no. 10 (October 1995): 1018–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80322-1.
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BENCHAKROUNE, Khadija, Mounir MOUKIT, Jaouad KOUACH, and Driss MOUSSAOUI. "Sickle cell disease SC in pregnancy: a case report." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmscr.2019.6114.
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La drépanocytose SC constitue le second des syndromes drépanocytaires majeurs. La grossesse chez cette catégorie de la population est associée à une morbi-mortalité materno-foetale élevée. Nous présentons un cas de grossesse chez une femme drépanocytaire hétérozygote composite SC compliquée de pré-éclampsie sévère avec mort foetale in utero et décès maternel dans un tableau de syndrome thoracique aigu. L’évolution fatale montre parfaitement le caractère gravissime de cette pathologie et l'importance d'une prise en charge multidisciplinaire.
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Musa, M. T., and M. T. A. Shigidi. "La brucellose chez les dromadaires en zones d’élevage intensif au Soudan. Implications dans l’avortement et l’infection précoce." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9799.
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Des examens bactériologiques et sérologiques ont été menés sur 3 413 dromadaires provenant de différentes régions du Soudan, où se trouvaient des élevages intensifs de bovins, de moutons et de chèvres, afin de détecter la présence de la brucellose. Parmi les dromadaires, 3 275 ont appartenu à 110 troupeaux, 35 ont été élevés individuellement ou avec du bétail et 103 avaient été abattus à l'abattoir de Nyala. L'infection a été présente dans 50 (45,5 p. 100) des 110 troupeaux, avec des taux de prévalence qui ont varié de 1,4 à 89,5 p. 100; elle a également été présente chez 72 (7,3 p. 100) des 993 mâles et chez 196 (8,1 p. 100) des 2 420 femelles. Soixante-quinze pour cent des dromadaires positifs ont été des adultes de plus de 4 ans d'âge et les 25 p. 100 restants ont été des jeunes de 6 mois à 4 ans. Les taux d'avortement associés à la maladie chez les troupeaux infectés ont varié de 3,1 à 72,7 p. 100 entre les régions. Les autres conditions liées à la maladie ont été la rétention du placenta, la mort foetale et la momification, le retard de l'âge de la monte et l'infertilité. Il n'a pas été mis en évidence que la brucellose était à l'origine d'hygromas et de cas d'orchite. La maladie a paru plus atténuée chez les dromadaires que chez le bétail. Les anticorps de Brucella abortus ont varié de 31 à 1 969 UI/mI (2/20 à 2/1280) chez les dromadaires infectés. L'ajout de lait de bovin négatif pour la brucellose au lait de dromadaire a rendu plus précise l'épreuve d'agglutination en anneau du lait. Les dromadaires mâles utilisés pour la reproduction ont été négatifs pour la brucellose, montrant ainsi qu'ils n'ont pas joué de rôle dans la transmission de la maladie. Des recommandations pour la lutte contre la brucellose sont proposées.
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Veeramachaneni, D. N. Rao, and Gary R. Klinefelter. "Phthalate-induced pathology in the foetal testis involves more than decreased testosterone production." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 4 (April 2014): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0441.
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Foetal exposure to phthalates is known to adversely impact male reproductive development and function. Developmental anomalies of reproductive tract have been attributed to impaired testosterone synthesis. However, species differences in the ability to produce testosterone have been noted; e.g., following foetal exposure, abnormal clustering of Leydig cells or decreased production of testosterone that is manifested in rats does not occur in mice or humans. Nonetheless, other facets of testicular dysgenesis occur in both rats and mice as well as in some other species tested. We recently published a comprehensive evaluation of the foetal rat testis proteome, following in utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which revealed changes in individual proteins that are known to be factors in cellular differentiation and migration or related to the capacity of the foetal Leydig cell to produce testosterone and fit a pathway network in which each is regulated directly or indirectly by oestradiol. Plasma oestradiol indeed was found to be elevated approximately twofold in 19-day-old DEHP-exposed foetal male rats. In this brief review, we discuss our new findings vis-à-vis ‘oestrogen hypothesis’ as a cause for testicular dysgenesis syndrome.
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. "1147 Kabinet Moet Wet Foetaal Weefsel Aanpassen." Zorg en Financiering 7, no. 8 (August 2008): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03097382.
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C., Manju Madhavan. "Adrenal glands in normal and anomalous foetuses – a comparative study." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, no. 02 (April 2017): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700736.
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Abstract Background and aim: Foetal adrenal gland is an important factor which determines neonatal survival. Adrenal hypoplasia can result in respiratory distress and neonatal death. Due to many reasons, incidence of congenital anomalies is increasing but scientific advancement makes most of them correctable. So we found it important to assess the foetal adrenal glands in various congenital anomalies. Materials and methods: 72 human foetuses [stillborn and aborted] of 12-40 weeks of gestational age were autopsied to find out the presence of congenital anomalies, and their adrenal glands were collected for analysis. Autopsies were done in the Department of Pathology, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. Morphological and histological examinations of the glands were done in The Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College Thiruvananthapuram. Out of 72 foetuses, 33 were normal and 39 were having various congenital anomalies. Statistical analysis of data was done using ANOVA table, graphs and bar diagrams. Result: Gross adrenal hypoplasia was noted in Cystic hygroma, Anencephaly and Erythroblastosis foetalis. Microscopically, miniature types of adrenal glands were found in Cystic hygroma and in Anencephaly. Morphological variations like disc shaped adrenal glands were noted in Omphalocoele and Renal agenesis. Adrenal hypoplasia was a constant feature in Cystic hygroma and became more evident with increasing gestational age. The observations were statistically significant. Conclusion: Adrenal hypoplasia is frequently associated with congenital anomalies especially cystic hygroma and may increase neonatal morbidity and mortality in such cases.
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Saha, Mukti Rani, Nahid Yasmin, Afzalunnessa Chowdhury, Shahrin Ahmed, Kamrunnahar Sweety, and Madhurma Saha. "Outcome of Primigravida with high foetal head at term or onset of labour." Journal of Dhaka Medical College 26, no. 2 (November 18, 2018): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v26i2.38827.
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Objective: To determine the causes of high foetal head and their relative frequencies in primigravidae presenting at term and to determine the proportion of these patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section or vaginal delivery. Design: A descriptive study.Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at Mugda Medical College Hospital from March 2017 to June 2017.Materials and Methods: A total of 50 primigravidae patients presenting at term and having a single pregnancy were randomly selected. On the basis of history, Physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography, patients having a high foetal head were recognized and their causes documented.Results: Out of 50 primigravidae, with high foetal head there was foetal malpresentation 17(34%), Cephalopelvic disproportion 13(26%) , Foetal distress 12(24%). Lower segment caesarian section was the management of choice in more than half of the patients with high foetal head.Conclusions: Foetal malpresentation & Cephalopelvic disproportion were the major cause of high foetal head in this study and lower segment Caesarean section was the mode of delivery in more than half of the patients with high foetal head.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 26, No.2, October, 2017, Page 122-125
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Naik, Aruna, Susheela Khoiwal, Nisha Sharma, and Priya Aarthy. "Clinical significance of ultrasonic placental grading during third trimester in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and its correlation with fetal outcome in tertiary care centre." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20213443.
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Background: Hypertension is one of the common complications in pregnancy and contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to study placental grading by grading by ultrasonography in pregnancy complicated with hypertension and normotensive gravidas. To compare the foetal outcome regarding placental grading and its correlation pattern of placental grade distribution, type of delivery, foetal distress, birth asphyxia, foetal maturity, perinatal morbidity and mortality.Methods: The present study was conducted for a period of 12 months, which included 200 patients who attended OPD at PDRMC, Udaipur. Inclusion criteria was hypertensive pregnant women with BP >140/90 mmHg. Exclusion criteria was Pregnancy associated with other medical disorders, twin gestation, renal and cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.Results: 100 pregnant women with preeclampsia as study group. The most common age group in study group is 22-23 Years. The grade III placenta was found early third trimester in study group. Caesarean delivery was more common mode of delivery in grade III placenta. In foetal outcome small for gestational age was more among the grade III placenta. Foetal distress, birth asphyxia, perinatal mortality, morbidity more among the grade III placenta among the study group.Conclusions: Foetal complications were significantly more in study group compared to control group. Ultrasound placental grade III was statistically significant in correlating with foetal complications like foetal distress, birth asphyxia, perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Turkmen, Sahruh, Simona Johansson, and Marju Dahmoun. "Foetal Macrosomia and Foetal-Maternal Outcomes at Birth." Journal of Pregnancy 2018 (August 8, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4790136.
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To investigate how macrosomia affects foetal-maternal birth outcomes, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnant women who gave birth at gestational age ≥37+0 weeks. The patients were divided into three groups according to birth weight: “macrosomia” group, ≥4500 g, n=285; “upper-normal” group, 3500–4499 g, n=593; and “normal” group, 2500–3499 g, n=495. Foetal-maternal and delivery outcomes were compared among the three groups after adjustment for confounders. Caesarean section was more frequent in the macrosomia group than in upper-normal and normal groups. The duration of labour (p < 0.05) and postpartum care at the hospital (p < 0.001) were the highest in the macrosomia group. Increased birth weight was associated with higher risks of shoulder dystocia (p < 0.001), increased bleeding volume (p < 0.001), and perineal tear (p < 0.05). The Apgar score at 5 minutes (p < 0.05), arterial cord pH (p < 0.001), and partial pressure of O2 (p < 0.05) were lower, while the arterial cord partial pressure of CO2 was higher (p < 0.001), in the macrosomia group. Macrosomia has potentially serious impacts for neonate and mother as a result of a complicated and occasionally traumatic delivery.
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Gandhi, Garima, and Kavita Chandnani. "Association between clinical diagnosis of foetal distress with umbilical artery acidaemia at birth in women undergoing caesarean section for foetal distress." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20192437.
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Background: The risks of maternal morbidity and mortality associated with a caesarean section may not be reasonably justified by the degree of neonatal compromise at birth associated with caesarean section done for clinically diagnosed foetal distress. The aim was to study the association of clinical diagnosis of non-reassuring foetal status with umbilical artery acidaemia at birth in women undergoing caesarean section for foetal distress and to evaluate outcomes in neonates born by caesarean section performed for foetal distress.Methods: Prospective observational study of all the women undergoing emergency caesarean section for foetal distress at a tertiary care teaching facility over 2 months. Criteria for diagnosis of foetal distress were thick meconium stained liquor only or foetal heart rate abnormality with or without meconium stained liquor. Testing for pH was done on arterial blood drawn from umbilical cord at the time of birth. Acidaemia was defined as cord blood pH less than 7.2. Severe acidaemia was defined as cord blood pH less than 7.0.Results: Cord blood pH was analysed in 110 caesareans done for foetal distress. Incidence of neonatal acidaemia at birth in study population was 53.6%.Conclusions: Much lower incidence of actual acidaemia and low Apgar scores in neonates born by caesarean section done for clinical diagnosis of foetal distress than previously reported indicate the need for more stringent criteria and more objective tests for diagnosis of foetal distress.
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Mellander, Mats, and Helena Gardiner. "Foetal therapy, what works? An overview." Cardiology in the Young 24, S2 (August 28, 2014): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951114001231.
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AbstractThe update course in foetal cardiology held by the Fetal Working Group of the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology in Istanbul in May 2012 included a session on foetal cardiac therapy. In the introductory overview to this symposium, we critically examine the level of evidence supporting or refuting proposed foetal cardiac therapies including transplacental treatment of foetal tachyarrhythmias, steroid treatment in foetal atrioventricular block, and foetal aortic valvuloplasty. In summary, the evidence for the efficiency and safety of currently available foetal cardiac therapies is low, with no therapy based on a randomised controlled trial. Transplacental treatment of foetal tachycardia is generally accepted as effective and safe, based on extensive and widespread clinical experience; however, there is no consensus on which drugs are the most effective in different electrophysiological situations. Randomised studies may be able to resolve this, but this is complicated because tachyarrhythmias are relatively rare conditions, the foetus is not accessible for direct treatment, and it is the healthy mother who accepts treatment she does not need on behalf of her foetus. The indications for steroid treatment in foetal atrioventricular block and for foetal valvuloplasty are even more controversial. Although randomised trials would be desirable, the practical issues of recruiting sufficient sample sizes and controlling for variation in practice across multiple sites is not to be underestimated. Multicentre registries, analysed free of bias, may be an alternative way to improve the evidence base of foetal cardiac therapy.
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Leakey, J. E. A., R. Hume, and B. Burchell. "Development of multiple activities of UDP-glucuronyltransferase in human liver." Biochemical Journal 243, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 859–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2430859.
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UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities towards eight substrates were assayed in samples of foetal, term and adult human liver. Activities towards bilirubin, androsterone, testosterone, 1-naphthol, 4-nitrophenol and 2-aminophenol were present in foetal and term liver samples at less than 14% of adult values, whereas activity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine was present in foetal and term liver at 109 and 121% of adult values respectively. Thus a ‘foetal’ form of UDP-glucuronyltransferase may exist in human liver that is more restricted in substrate specificity than are those of the rat or rhesus monkey.
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BERNER, NANCY J., and ROLF L. INGERMANN. "Molecular Basis of the Difference in Oxygen Affinity Between Maternal and Foetal Red Blood Cells in the Viviparous Garter Snake Thamnophis Elegans." Journal of Experimental Biology 140, no. 1 (November 1, 1988): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140.1.437.
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Molecular mechanisms that may explain why oxygen affinity is higher in foetal than in maternal red blood cells were studied in the viviparous garter snake, Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard). Foetal and adult haemoglobins were structurally indistinguishable, as demonstrated by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulphate PAGE, low pH/urea PAGE, and gel filtration column chromatography. Oxygen-binding studies of haemoglobin in the absence of organic phosphates showed that adult and foetal haemoglobins had relatively high affinities for oxygen, low Bohr coefficients, and Hill coefficients of about 4.0 at pH7.0. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) lowered the oxygen affinity of the haemoglobins from about 3.6 to 9.6mmHg (lmmHg=133.3 Pa) at pH6.8. Maternal red cells contained more nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) (primarily ATP) than did foetal cells by about 0.9molNTP mol−1 haemoglobin tetramer. No 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was detected in the cells. Combined levels of magnesium and calcium were comparable in maternal and foetal red cells. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) in foetal red cells were about 79% of maternal values. There were no significant differences in maternal and foetal methaemoglobin levels. It appears that a difference in maternal and foetal red cell organic phosphate concentrations, and possibly MCHC values, rather than a difference in haemoglobin structures, explain why oxygen affinity is higher in foetal than in maternal red blood cells in T. elegans.
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Yakubu, A. "IMPACT OF ULTRASOUND AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON MATERNAL FOETAL ATTACHMENT IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Radiography and Radiation Sciences 35, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48153/jrrs/2021/kmwk7679.
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Background: Maternal foetal attachment is manifested in behaviours that demonstrate care and commitment to the foetus. Ultrasound decreases maternal anxiety and confers psychological benefits following a reassuring sonogram. Maternal-foetal attachment is affected by many socio-demographic factors which include maternal age, occupation, educational level, race, marriage duration, ethnicity, Religion, income status, pregnancy planning, and identification of the foetal gender Aim: This study was aimed at assessing the effect of ultrasound and sociodemographic factors on maternal foetal attachment during pregnancy. Method: A prospective study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. A convenient sampling method was employed and included 404 pregnant women aged 18-45 years old in their 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The data were collected using a maternal foetal attachment scale questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out at a p-value < 0.05. Result: The score of the maternal foetal attachment scale was greater with post ultrasound than the pre ultrasound. There was a statistically significant difference between the pre and post ultrasound maternal foetal attachment scale (p=0.000). A statistically significant difference was observed in the maternal foetal attachment across the different ethnic groups (p=0.000), planned and unplanned pregnancy (p=0.000). Conclusion: This study revealed that ultrasound scan has an influence on maternal foetal attachment, planned pregnancy. Hausa, Bandawa and Jenjo were found to be more attached to their foetuses.
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Strzelecka, Iwona, Maria Respondek-Liberska, Maciej Słodki, Katarzyna Zych-Krekora, and Bettina Cuneo. "Review Paper. Transplacental Digoxin Treatment In Prenatal Cardiac Problems In Singleton Pregnancies - Meta Analysis (Based On Literature: 1992–2015)." Prenatal Cardiology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcard-2016-0009.
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Abstract Based on fourteen case reports from various centres from 1992-2015 and three original studies in 2006-2011, 122 fetuses were subjected to analysis. In these reports, transplacental digoxin treatment was administered to different cardiac anomalies such as SVT , Ebstein’s anomaly, critical AS , absent pulmonary valve syndrome, complete heart block, in foetuses with aneurysm/diverticulum of LV, in tricuspid atresia or dysplasia, rhabdomyoma, pulmonary atresia, HLHS with fibroelastosis, in TTTS and in extracardiac anomalies such as atriovenous malformation or sacrococcygeal teratoma. There was no statistical difference to suggest (Chi-square test) that digoxin was more efficient to control fetal arrhythmias than fetal congestive heart failure in nonarrhythmic patients. Conclusions: Foetal cardiac insufficiency may appear due to different reasons (in normal heart anatomy or in heart defects, in normal sinus rhythm or due to foetal arrhythmias: tachycardias or severe bradycardia) and may be a cause of intrauterine demise. So far, we do not have strong evidence that digoxin treatment may prevent foetal death or prematurity. More research is needed to ascertain if the prolonging of pregnancy resulted from digoxin treatment or if improvement in foetal circulatory insufficiency was influenced by spontaneous regression of foetal cardiac symptoms.
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Kehl, Sven, Christel Weiss, Ulf Dammer, Sebastian Berlit, Thomas Große-Steffen, Florian Faschingbauer, Marc Sütterlin, Matthias Beckmann, and Michael Schneider. "Induction of Labour in Growth Restricted and Small for Gestational Age Foetuses – A Historical Cohort Study." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 79, no. 04 (April 2019): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0834-8199.
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Abstract Purpose Induction of labour for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) foetus or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is common, but data are limited. The aim of this study was therefore to compare labour induction for SGA/IUGR with cases of normal foetal growth above the 10th percentile. Material and Methods This historical multicentre cohort study included singleton pregnancies at term. Labour induction for SGA/IUGR (IUGR group) was compared with cases of foetal growth above the 10th percentile (control group). Primary outcome measure was caesarean section rate. Results The caesarean section rate was not different between the 2 groups (27.0 vs. 26.2%, p = 0.9154). In the IUGR group, abnormal CTG was more common (30.8 vs. 21.9%, p = 0.0214), and foetal blood analysis was done more often (2.5 vs. 0.5%, p = 0.0261). There were more postpartum transfers to the NICU in the IUGR group (40.0 vs. 12.8%, p < 0.0001), too. Conclusion Induction of labour for foetal growth restriction was not associated with an increased rate of caesarean section.
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Hepper, Peter G. "Foetal Learning: Implications for Psychiatry?" British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 3 (September 1989): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.3.289.
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“The history of man for the nine months preceeding his birth would, probably, be far more interesting and contain events of greater moment than for all the three score and ten years that follow it.” Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1885)
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Laurberg, Peter, Claire Bournaud, Jesper Karmisholt, and Jacques Orgiazzi. "Management of Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnancy: focus on both maternal and foetal thyroid function, and caution against surgical thyroidectomy in pregnancy." European Journal of Endocrinology 160, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-08-0663.
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Graves' disease is a common autoimmune disorder in women in fertile ages. The hyperthyroidism is causedby generation of TSH-receptor activating antibodies. In pregnancy both the antibodies and the antithyroid medication given to the mother pass the placenta and affect the foetal thyroid gland. Thyroid function should be controlled not only in the mother with Graves' hyperthyroidism but also in her foetus.The review includes two cases illustrating some of the problems in managing Graves' disease in pregnancy.Major threats to optimal foetal thyroid function are inadequate or over aggressive antithyroid drug therapy of the mother. It should be taken into account that antithyroid drugs tend to block the foetal thyroid function more effectively than the maternal thyroid function, and that levothyroxin (l-T4) given to the mother will have only a limited effect in the foetus.Surgical thyroidectomy of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism does not lead to immediate remission of the autoimmune abnormality, and the combination thyroidectomy+withdrawal of antithyroid medication+l-T4 replacement of the mother involves a high risk of foetal hyperthyroidism.ConclusionAntithyroid drug therapy of pregnant women with Graves' hyperthyroidism should be balanced to control both maternal and foetal thyroid function. Surgical thyroidectomy of a pregnant woman with active disease may lead to isolated foetal hyperthyroidism.
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N., Janani, Vimala D., and Gayathri N. "Prospective study on sonographic measurement of umbilical cord thickness, foetal fat layer, interventricular septal thickness as predictors of macrosomia in fetus of women with gestational diabetes mellitus." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 5 (April 28, 2018): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181945.
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Background: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the Prediction of foetal macrosomia based on sonographic measurements of foetal fat layer, Interventricular septal thickness and umbilical cord thickness in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at term.Methods: After assessment of inclusion and exclusion criteria 100 antenatal women of gestational age more than 37 weeks selected for study in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda variyar medical college and hospital, Salem. Participants underwent a third trimester scan and three extra measurements i.e. Umbilical cord thickness, Interventricular septal thickness and foetal fat layer are measured in addition to the normal examination.Results: In present study umbilical cord thickness had good sensitivity and negative predictive value. Hence, if umbilical cord thickness is less than 90th centile the chance of macrosomia is less, the cut off of foetal fat layer ≥5 mm as predictor of macrosomia had sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity of 86.4% and cut off of Interventricular septal thickness ≥3.9mm as a predictor of macrosomia had sensitivity of 84.2%, specificity of 64.2%, negative predictive value of 95.9%. Thus, interventricular septal thickness and foetal fat layer is a reliable predictor of macrosomia.Conclusions: From this study authors concluded that Umbilical cord thickness, foetal fat layer and Interventricular septal thickness are good predictors of foetal macrosomia. In the assessment of risk of macrosomia in addition to the ultrasonographic measurements the clinical risk factors must be considered.
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Guthenberg, C., M. Warholm, A. Rane, and B. Mannervik. "Two distinct forms of glutathione transferase from human foetal liver. Purification and comparison with isoenzymes isolated from adult liver and placenta." Biochemical Journal 235, no. 3 (May 1, 1986): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2350741.
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Isoelectric focusing of a cytosol fraction from human foetal liver revealed the existence of an acidic and a basic isoenzyme of GSH transferase. The acidic and basic forms of GSH transferase were purified in good yield by use of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose followed by affinity chromatography on S-hexyl-GSH coupled to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. The content of the acidic and the basic isoenzymes of GSH transferase together was calculated to constitute 1-2% of the soluble proteins in the hepatic cytoplasm. Physical, catalytic and immunological analyses of the acidic and the basic isoenzymes from foetal liver demonstrated unambiguously that the two forms are different structures with distinct properties. On the other hand, the results show clearly extensive similarities between the foetal acidic transferase and transferase pi from human placenta as well as between the foetal basic form and the basic isoenzymes isolated from adult liver. An exception is that both foetal enzymes seem to be considerably more efficient in catalysing the conjugation of GSH with styrene 7,8-epoxide than the corresponding adult forms of GSH transferase.
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Riedl, Maik, Peter van Leeuwen, Alexander Suhrbier, Hagen Malberg, Dietrich Grönemeyer, Jürgen Kurths, and Niels Wessel. "Testing foetal–maternal heart rate synchronization via model-based analyses." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1892 (February 27, 2009): 1407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0277.
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The investigation of foetal reaction to internal and external conditions and stimuli is an important tool in the characterization of the developing neural integration of the foetus. An interesting example of this is the study of the interrelationship between the foetal and the maternal heart rate. Recent studies have shown a certain likelihood of occasional heart rate synchronization between mother and foetus. In the case of respiratory-induced heart rate changes, the comparison with maternal surrogates suggests that the evidence for detected synchronization is largely statistical and does not result from physiological interaction. Rather, they simply reflect a stochastic, temporary stability of two independent oscillators with time-variant frequencies. We reanalysed three datasets from that study for a more local consideration. Epochs of assumed synchronization associated with short-term regulation of the foetal heart rate were selected and compared with synchronization resulting from white noise instead of the foetal signal. Using data-driven modelling analysis, it was possible to identify the consistent influence of the heartbeat duration of maternal beats preceding the foetal beats during epochs of synchronization. These maternal beats occurred approximately one maternal respiratory cycle prior to the affected foetal beat. A similar effect could not be found in the epochs without synchronization. Simulations based on the fitted models led to a higher likelihood of synchronization in the data segments with assumed foetal–maternal interaction than in the segment without such assumed interaction. We conclude that the data-driven model-based analysis can be a useful tool for the identification of synchronization.
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Watanabe, Yuki, Kayo Osawa, Itsuko Sato, Sota Iwatani, Ruri Kono, Ikuyo Hayakawa, Nobuhide Hayashi, Kazumoto Iijima, Jun Saegusa, and Ichiro Morioka. "Foetal haemoglobin concentration at postmenstrual age is unaffected by gestational age at birth." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 55, no. 3 (July 20, 2017): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563217721253.
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Background Our aim was to determine whether the postnatal age or postmenstrual age is a more appropriate criterion for evaluating foetal haemoglobin concentrations. Methods Blood samples ( n = 1095) were obtained from 394 infants and were divided into two groups based on gestational age at birth: <37 weeks ( n = 491) and ≥37 weeks ( n = 604). (1) Foetal haemoglobin concentrations divided by one month at age after birth were compared between the groups. (2) Foetal haemoglobin concentrations divided into ≤9 months from last menstruation and one month thereafter were compared between the groups. Results In samples from infants ≥37 weeks’ gestational age at birth, the median foetal haemoglobin concentrations were 69.5%, 21.4% and 3.6% at 0–1 month, 2–3 months and ≥5 months after birth, respectively. The median foetal haemoglobin concentrations in infants <37 weeks’ gestational age at birth were 75.5%, 62.7% and 5.1% at 0–1 month, 2–3 months and ≥5 months after birth, respectively. The median foetal haemoglobin concentrations in infants <37 weeks’ gestational age at birth were significantly higher than that in infants ≥37 weeks’ gestational age at birth at all postnatal age points. (2) There was no significant difference between the groups at all age points after nine months of postmenstrual age: 72.5 and 75.3% at 9–10 months, 25.1 and 26.6% at 11–12 months and 5.5 and 4.6% at >13 months after last menstruation in infants ≥37 and <37 weeks’ gestational age at birth, respectively. Conclusions Evaluation of foetal haemoglobin concentrations at postmenstrual age is unaffected by gestational age at birth.
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Patel, Soha, and Judette M. Louis. "Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Pregnancy – More Questions than Answers." European Endocrinology 9, no. 2 (2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ee.2013.09.02.121.
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The role of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in pregnancy is not well studied, but an increasing body of literature appears to indicate that there may be adverse maternal and foetal health effects of the disease. OSA is associated with a twofold risk of pre-eclampsia. The small size of the existing investigations still leave unanswered questions about the consequences of OSA as it relates to some other clinically relevant outcomes such as eclampsia, stillbirth and maternal mortality. A consistent body of literature has emerged demonstrating an increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes associated with OSA. However, among pregnant women, the association appears to be related to short sleep duration. Well-designed and adequately powered studies are needed to further delineate the role of OSA and sleep duration on pregnancy outcome and the mechanisms of those effects.
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Gardiner, Helena M. "Foetal cardiac function: assessing new technologies." Cardiology in the Young 24, S2 (September 30, 2014): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951114001401.
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AbstractAssessment of foetal cardiac function is more challenging than in the adult, in whom emerging technologies are tested. The postnatal cardio-respiratory interaction is replaced by the cardio-placental circulation and impedance of the brain, and distal vascular beds play an important role in modulating flow to enable its redistribution in the foetal body. Prenatal specialists, comprising obstetricians and cardiologists, have tested a variety of traditional methodologies, as well as non-Doppler offline ultrasound methods in the foetus. This article reviews the development of techniques, outlines their use, and draws attention to pitfalls in adapting technologies validated in the adult heart to the small, fast beating, remote, and largely ungated foetal heart.
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Cousins, Wendy, and Karen Wells. "“One More for My Baby”: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome and its Implications for Social Workers." Child Care in Practice 11, no. 3 (July 2005): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13575270500151953.
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Overfield, and Pei, Joyce, and Lun Karen Lim. "Quantification of Foetal Cells In Foetal Maternal Haemorrhage (FMH): Comparison of 3 Methods." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4406.4406.
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Abstract Abstract 4406 Methods of quantification of foetal red cell in maternal blood samples are important to ensure the correct administration of prophylactic anti-D to prevent sensitisation of the mother which may result in haemolytic disease of the newborn and foetus in subsequent pregnancies. We aimed to assess the accuracy of 3 methods: a gel card technique using anti-D and 2 acid-elution techniques, foetal cell detection kit (FCD, Inverclyde Biologicals Lanarkshire, Scotland) and a kit from Clin-Tech Limited (Guildford, England) based on the Kleihauer-Betke foetal stain technique (KBT), to quantifiy foetal red cells in maternal samples. The sensitivity of the gel method was also assessed. A total of 63 maternal blood samples and 30 man-made control blood samples were analysed, with only 57 maternal samples confirmed to be Rh D negative. Rh D positive samples were excluded. All samples were run concurrently with the 3 methods, according to manufacturers’ instructions. Mann Whitney test was used to compare the results. The gel technique was recorded in terms of grading of agglutination while the acid-elution kits were recorded by degree of FMH (mL). Column agglutination was also used to assess sensitivity. Results showed only 3 maternal samples were positive for FMH using the acid-elution method but not the gel technique. Statistically there was no significant difference between the techniques (Mann-Whitney test). Sensitivity of the gel method showed that it has the ability to detected FMH of more than 3mL whilst the 2 kits were able to detect FMH of 1mL. The study showed that gel technique required little skill to perform but it was not considered suitable for accurate quantification of FMH and consequently for the correct administration of prophylactic anti-D. The foetal cell detection kit (Inverclyde Biologicals) showed a similar ability to detect and quantify FMH when compared to the Kleihauer –Betke kit (Clin-Tech) with better overall staining intensity. The Kleihauer-Betke test from Clin-Tech and the foetal cell detection kit from Inverclyde Biologicals showed no significant difference (p = 0.98), thus there is no statistical significant difference between the 2 methods. However, the sensitivity of the column agglutination method was lower, as significant agglutination could only be observed with FMH of more than 3mL. The expected values were plotted based on Gomez-Arbones et al (2002), who cited significant agglutination seen when FMH is 0.1% or about 2.5mL. Sensitivity was found to be less than expected as a higher amount of bleed is required to observed significant agglutination. The FMH sample representing 1–6mL was repeated and similar findings were recorded, as significant agglutination was only observed when FMH was 4mL. The column agglutination method is not suitable as a quantitative measurement of FMH as it only allows qualitative analysis, thus if it is incorporated into a clinical setting, it must be accompanied by a quantitative test. The foetal cell detection kit has similar staining capabilities to detect foetal cells and compared to Clin-Tech was easier to use as there is no need to prepare eluting solution unlike the latter. However, fixing solution was not provided and hence need to be prepared. Results showed that only 3 maternal samples were positive for the presence of FMH and thus using a semi-quatitative acid-elution technique should be sufficient in FMH quantification unless FMH using the acid-elution technique exceeds 2mL, as recommende,d by the BCSH guidelines (2009), then the sample should be analysed using flow cytometry. Acknowledgments: Central Manchester Hospitals Transfusion Laboratory for the provision of blood samples. Performed as part of MSc Biomedical Science project, funded by Mancheste Metropolitan University. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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C P, Kirthika, Siva T, Rajeswaran R, Kalpana R, and Yuvaraj Maria Francis. "Morphology and Morphometry of Foetal Corpus Callosum Using MRI – A Retrospective Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2168.
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Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural white fibres interconnecting cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is responsible for interhemispheric transfer of information which is essential for cognitive function. The foetal corpus callosum serves as sensitive indicator for normal brain development and maturation. As the corpus callosum is a part of the highest order latest maturing mental network of the brain, its measurements are important to assess normal brain development and to locate structural changes. A comprehensive evaluation of normal human foetal corpus callosal development is essential to detect and understand the congenital anomalies of the brain. Thus, the prenatal diagnosis of partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum is important for predicting the normal development of the foetus. Foetal neural anomalies that are suspected on prenatal ultrasonography (USG) can be detected in early stage using foetal MRI. This imaging technique is highly useful for detailed visualization of normal neural development. Certain conditions like colpocephaly and widening of interhemispheric fissure can be clearly visualized using foetal MRI when compared to prenatal ultrasonography. Aim and objective: Was to establish the normal reference values for the measurement of foetal corpus callosum. The length and thickness of the foetal CC was measured corresponding to gestational age (GA) between 18-36weeks. Materials and methods: A retrospective MRI study was carried out in Radiology department of Sri Ramachandra Hospital. The study was conducted on 50 pregnant women with GA of 18-32 weeks and morphology of foetal corpus callosum was measured using MRI. The corpus callosum was visualized in a mid-sagittal plane as an anechoic structure, delimited by two echogenic lines superiorly by sulcus of the corpus callosum and inferiorly by the septum pellucidum. The length of corpus callosum was measured from the anterior most aspect of genu to the posterior most aspect of the splenium and the width of individual parts were measured and correlated with gestational age. The values obtained from the study were statistically calculated using regression coefficient method. Results: In the present study following parameters were observed such as length and width of diverse parts of Corpus callosum. The length of foetal CC ranged from 25.96 to 47.2 mm in 18 to 32 weeks of gestational age. The range of width of rostrum, genu, body and splenium were 1.2 to 2.2 mm, 1.2-2.8mm, 1.3-3.1mm and 1.36-3.2mm respectively. Conclusion: The periodic development of nervous system can be calculated more effectively with the morphometric measurement of foetal CC and its correlation with BPD. It is considered to be accurate than using BPD measurement of head circumference in USG. Hence, with the normative data of foetal CC measurements correlated with gestational age would give us accurate details of neuronal growth rather than measuring biparietal diameter (BPD) alone using USG. This knowledge will be highly helpful for the gynaecologists to predict the abnormal development of the foetus and it is advised to include foetal CC parameters as a one of the tools for early detection of CNS anomalies.
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Baird, Barbara, and Erica Millar. "More than stigma: Interrogating counter narratives of abortion." Sexualities 22, no. 7-8 (November 20, 2018): 1110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460718782966.
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A large body of feminist scholarship identifies and examines modes of representing abortion, focusing on themes such as stigma and the production of an autonomous foetal subject. In recent years, there has been a proliferation of cultural representations of abortion that do not conform with, and even explicitly reference and rebuke, stigmatising and foetocentric depictions of abortion. Focusing on the Australian context and two sets of online sites—the websites of Australian abortion clinics and widely circulated pro-choice, feminist commentary on abortion—this article provides a critical reading of new, ‘unapologetic’ modes of representing abortion. We argue that they increase the cultural legitimacy of abortion and are therefore incredibly important, but have limitations because of their reification of the neoliberal autonomous subject. Nevertheless, we urge feminist scholars to pay more attention to discourses that presume abortion is unproblematic and beneficial to women. Scholarship on abortion has performative effects, and we hope that identifying and nurturing counter narratives of abortion is one means by which abortion can be normalised.
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Mukhia, Rajeev, Dil Islam Mansur, Sidharth Timsina, and Taneja BK. "Morphological and morphometrical studies of the human foetal lung." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. 5 (August 11, 2019): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i5.22136.
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Background: Foetal lung is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed study about adult lung is there in the literature but lungs at different stages in foetal period is less available.
Aims and Objective: To find out the morphological and morphometrical features of the foetal lung in different gestational weeks.
Materials and Methods: After ethical approval the study was carried out on 66 human foetal lungs aged between 16th to 40th gestational weeks in the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences. After the dissection of foetuses, the lungs were removed out and the presence of fissures and lobes for both lungs were noted. Weights of both lungs were calibrated by digital weighing machine. Dimensions of foetal lungs were recorded by vernier calliper. All the data were represented as mean then analyzed with MS excel 2007 software and represented graphically.
Results: In the normally developing foetuses the dimensions of both lung increases with increase in gestational age with more or less difference between the dimension of right and left lung. There was number of variations seen in the fissures and lobes of the lungs.
Conclusion: The fissures and lobes are needed for locating broncho-pulmonary segments hence, knowledge of their position is necessary both anatomically as well as clinically for planning lobectomies and surgical resections.
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M., Sunanda K., and Sudha H. C. "A study on foetal outcome after diagnosis of oligohydramnios at term in tertiary care center." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 4329. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174195.
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Background: Oligohydramnios is associated with a variety of ominous pregnancy outcomes such as foetal distress, low birth weight, perinatal morbidity and increased incidence of Caesarean section. Objective of present study was to determine the outcome of maternal and Foetal wellbeing after diagnosis of oligohydramnios at term pregnancy.Methods: 50 pregnant women aged between 18 – 27 years were screened with history of oligohydramnios by ultrasound scanning after 37 completed weeks, compared with 50 controls with no oligohydramnios.Results: The mean age of the study group was 22.7 years and of the control group was 22.4 years, respectively. Majority of the patients were primigravidae in both the groups. The mean gestational age was 39.5 weeks in study group and 39.4 in control group. The occurrence of non reactive NST was more in study group compared to the control group. The efficacy of AFI as a screening test to predict foetal distress is more significant with Positive Predictive Value of 57% and Negative Predictive Value of 80%. The mean birth weight was 2.5 kg in the study group compared to 2.75 kg in the control group which is statistically significant. 34 % of the newborns were admitted to NICU in study group compared to 14% in the control group.Conclusions: In the presence of oligohydramnios, the occurrence of non-reactive NST, meconium stained liquor, development of foetal distress are very high.
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Saunitra Inamdar, Himanshi Agarwal, Amardeep Tembhare, Shikha Toshniwal, and Tanvi Chaurasia. "Umbilical Coiling Index, A Predictor of Perinatal Outcome." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 2785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4555.
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Umbilical cord (UC) represents the “life source”, or the “entry and exit” point of humans which is the only source of energy. It is essential for the development, well-being, and survival of the nourishing baby. The characteristic of the coiling of the umbilical cord makes the cord a structure that is both flexible and strong and provides resistance to external forces which could compromise the blood flow to the foetus. UC is vulnerable to kinking, compressions, traction, and torsion, which may affect the intrauterine life and perinatal outcome due to coiling. One complete spiral of 360º of the umbilical vessels around each other is defined as Umbilical Coil. Abnormal coiling is defined as UCI less than the 10th percentile (i.e., Hypocoiled cord), UCI more than the 90th percentile (i.e., Hypercoiled cord), and the UCI between 10th and 90th percentile is Normocoiled cord. According to the literature studies, hypercoiled cords are usually associated with intrapartum foetal acidosis and asphyxia, foetal growth restriction, vascular thrombosis, and cord stenosis while the increased incidence of foetal demise, intrapartum FHR deceleration, low APGAR scores, preterm delivery, chorioamnionitis, structural and chromosomal abnormalities, and operative delivery have been associated more with hypocoiled cords. Hence, if the umbilical coiling index can be measured reliably in utero by ultrasound antenatally, then in future, it might become a promising prognostic marker for a better pregnancy and adverse foetal outcome.
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Romano, Maria, Luigi Iuppariello, Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione, Giovanni Improta, Paolo Bifulco, and Mario Cesarelli. "Frequency and Time Domain Analysis of Foetal Heart Rate Variability with Traditional Indexes: A Critical Survey." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9585431.
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Monitoring of foetal heart rate and its variability (FHRV) covers an important role in assessing health of foetus. Many analysis methods have been used to get quantitative measures of FHRV. FHRV has been studied in time and in frequency domain and interesting clinical results have been obtained. Nevertheless, a standardized definition of FHRV and a precise methodology to be used for its evaluation are lacking. We carried out a literature overview about both frequency domain analysis (FDA) and time domain analysis (TDA). Then, by using simulated FHR signals, we defined the methodology for FDA. Further, employing more than 400 real FHR signals, we analysed some of the most common indexes, Short Term Variability for TDA and power content of the spectrum bands and sympathovagal balance for FDA, and evaluated their ranges of values, which in many cases are a novelty. Finally, we verified the relationship between these indexes and two important parameters: week of gestation, indicator of foetal growth, and foetal state, classified as active or at rest. Our results indicate that, according to literature, it is necessary to standardize the procedure for FHRV evaluation and to consider week of gestation and foetal state before FHR analysis.
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Pechriggl, Elisabeth J., Mario Bitsche, Michael J. F. Blumer, Marit E. Zwierzina, and Helga Fritsch. "Novel immunohistochemical data indicate that the female foetal urethra is more than an epithelial tube." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 195, no. 6 (December 2013): 586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2013.09.004.
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Roivainen, Merja, Petri Ylipaasto, Jarkko Ustinov, Tapani Hovi, and Timo Otonkoski. "Screening enteroviruses for β-cell tropism using foetal porcine β-cells." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-8-1909.
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Primary adult human insulin-producing β-cells are susceptible to infection by prototype strains of coxsackieviruses (CV) and infection may result in impaired β-cell function and/or cell death, as shown for coxsackie B virus (CVB) types 4 and 5, or have no apparent immediate adverse effects, as shown for CVA-9. Because of the limited availability of human pancreatic β-cells, the aim of this study was to find out if foetal porcine pancreatic islets could be used as a substitute in enterovirus (EV) screening. These cells resemble human β-cells in several biological properties. CVB infection resulted in a rapid progressive decline of insulin content and reponsiveness to insulin release. The amount of virus inoculum sufficient for this destruction was small, corresponding to only 55 infectious units per pancreas. In contrast to CVBs, CVA-9 replicated poorly, and sometimes not at all, in foetal porcine β-cells. The first signs of functional impairment and cell destruction, if present at all, were seen only after 1–3 weeks of incubation. Furthermore, CVA-16, several strains of echoviruses and human parechovirus type 1 were unable to replicate in foetal porcine pancreatic β-cells. Based on these results, foetal porcine islets are somewhat more sensitive to CVB infection than adult human islets, whereas many other human EV strains do not infect porcine β-cells. Therefore, foetal porcine β-cells cannot be used for systematic screening of human EV strains and isolates for β-cell tropism, but they might provide a useful model for detailed studies on the interaction of CVBs with β-cells.
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Boddeti, Ravindra Kumar, and Velichety Subhadra Devi. "Histogenesis of suprarenal glands at different gestational age groups." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i3.22820.
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Background: The human foetal suprarenal gland is structurally variant from its adult counterpart. The most distinctive features of human foetal suprarenal gland and histologically unique foetal zone, was described first by Elliott and Armour in 1911. After the first trimester, the centrally located foetal zone accounts for most of the foetal adrenal mass. The outer zone of the foetal suprarenal gland is called the “definitive zone or neo cortex”; this zone likely gives rise to the adult adrenal glomerulosa. A third zone called “transitional zone”, lies just between the neocortex and foetal zone and is believed to develop into the zona fasciculata.
Aims and Objectives: The current study was designed to study the histogenesis of suprarenal glands at different gestational age groups.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight formalin preserved dead embryos and foetuses of both sexes, were obtained from the Govt. Maternity Hospital & S.V.Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Specimens were grouped according to their gestational age groups (A,B,C,D) A= 0-12 weeks, B= 13-24 weeks, C= 25-36 weeks and D= more than 36 weeks of gestation. Specimens from group A were subjected to serial section as this group consists of embryos, and other groups were sectioned coronal and subjected to routine histological processing for H&E staining. Sections were observed for cellular details under light microscopy with 10X and 40X magnifications, and the same were photographed by microphotography.
Results: Based upon the gestational age groups, histogenesis of the suprarenal gland was observed and correlated with the available literature, and the detailed results, discussion will be dealt at the time of discussion.
Conclusions: Histological observation of the all the specimens observed in the present study are in agreement with those reported in the literature except that they appeared earlier in the present study than that reported in the literature. Capsule of suprarenal gland appeared at 12 weeks, sympatho-chromaffin bundles appeared before 6 weeks and zonation of cortex was observed at 8 weeks in the present study when compared to the time of appearance reported in the literature as 14 weeks, after 6 weeks and after 12 weeks respectively in the literature.
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Singal, Neerja, Bal Krishan Taneja, Geetanjali Setia, and Kiran Kumar Singal. "Foetal outcome in pregnant women with anaemia." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 18, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v18i1.39551.
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Objective: To find out the situation and causes of anaemia in pregnant women at MMIMSR during the study period with special reference to the severity of the disease and to find out foetal outcome in pregnant women with anaemia.
Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala(India). The study was carried out between the period of october 2012 to September 2014.A total of 200 cases of moderate and severe anaemia were included in the study on the basis of simple random sampling method and 200 cases of non anaemic subjects were included to serve as controls for the anaemic group, during the study period. Hb gm/dl was taken as criteria for deciding anaemia cases and also to classify them according to the severity. Cases were classified according to WHO criteria.
Results: Out of 200 cases of anaemia, 70% were moderately anaemic (Hb 7 – 9.9gm/dl) and 30% were severly anaemic (Hb < 7gm/dl). Microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia (82.5%) was more prevalent suggesting nutritional inadequacies as cause of anaemia. Adverse foetal outcome in the form of preterm birth (17%), still birth (3.5%), low birth weight babies (27.5%), neonatal morbidity (23.3%) was more in the anaemic group than non anaemic controls
Conclusion: Anaemia in pregnancy has adverse foetal outcome in the form of decreased birth weight, increased perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.63-72
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Goodyer, Cynthia G., Sorana Marcovitz, Jules Hardy, Yves Lefebvre, Harvey J. Guyda, and Barry I. Posner. "Effect of insulin-like growth factors on human foetal, adult normal and tumour pituitary function in tissue culture." Acta Endocrinologica 112, no. 1 (May 1986): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1120049.
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Abstract. To determine the direct effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on hormone release by the human pituitary gland, human foetal, adult normal and tumour pituitary tissues were maintained in culture for 2 to 4 weeks and tested with acute (3 h) exposures to different preparations of IGF peptides. Adult normal pituitaries and adenomas were tested with a semipurified preparation of IGFs, free of immunoreactive insulin, containing IGF-I and IGF-II in a ratio of approximately 1:4. Human foetal pituitaries were tested with the semipurified IGFs as well as more purified preparations of IGF-I and IGF-II. Culture media were assayed for hGH, hPrl, hACTH and hLH using specific radioimmunoassays. Both foetal (n = 16 (No. of pituitaries), 33 (No. of observations)) and normal adult (n = 3, 16) human pituitaries cultures responded to the semipurified IGFs (2–25 ngEq/ml for foetal and 2–4 ngEq/ml for adult pituitaries) with a significant decrease in hGH release compared to basal (P < 0.01) whereas the GH-secreting pituitary tumours showed no effect when tested with from 2 to 25 ngEq/ml (n = 8, 129, ns). The effect of IGFs on human foetal somatotrope activity was dose-related for both the semipurified IGFs (2–25 ngEq/ml, n = 16, 33) and IGF-I or IGF-II (10–100 ng/ml; n = 3, 18). hPrl release was inhibited in the normal adult (n = 2, 12; P < 0.01) but not in the foetal (n = 2, 9; ns) pituitary cultures by 2–4 ngEq/ml of the semipurified IGFs, while the Prl-secreting pituitary tumour cultures showed variable responses to 3–4 ngEq/ml of the same IGFs preparation (a) suppression: n = 1, 14, P < 0.001; b) no effect: n = 3, 28, ns). hGH release was inhibited in one of the two mixed (GH- and Prl-secreting) tumours examined (n = 1, 10, P < 0.02) and unaffected in the other (n = 1, 14, ns), while hPrl release remained unchanged in both. The IGFs did not alter release of hLH or hACTH by either foetal or normal adult pituitaries. Conclusions: A semipurified preparation of IGFs directly inhibited hGH release by human foetal pituitaries and hGH and hPrl release by normal adult pituitaries but had no effect on hLH or hACTH secretion. Human foetal somatotropes responded to IGF-I and IGF-II in a similar dose-dependent manner suggesting that, like in the rat, both IGF peptides can have an inhibitory influence on GH secretion. GH- and/or Prl-secreting pituitary adenomas showed a predominant lack of responsiveness to the semipurified IGFs, suggesting that the sensitivity of somatotropes and lactotropes to an IGF inhibitory influence is often abnormal in the tumour state.
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A. V., Deepak, Reena R. P., and Deepa Anirudhan. "Fetal and maternal outcome following expectant management of severe pre-eclampsia remote from term." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 12 (November 23, 2017): 5420. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175253.
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Background: Expectant management of severe preeclampsia, remote from term is often a difficult decision. Maternal and foetal complications may occur while trying to achieve a more favourable perinatal outcome. We wanted to find out the foetal and maternal outcomes of expectant management in these women.Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at Government Medical College, Thrissur, India between May 2013 and April 2015. Women with severe preeclampsia remote from term, who were admitted, managed expectantly and delivered in our hospital during the study period, were recruited. The study subjects were grouped into: Group A (between 28 weeks and 31 weeks 6 days) and Group B (between 32 weeks and 33 weeks 6 days). A structured proforma was used to collect demographic and clinical details. The maternal and foetal outcomes were noted.Results: There were 4786 deliveries during the study period. Among them 76 (1.58% of total deliveries) women with severe preeclampsia between 28 weeks and 33-week 6 days gestation on expectant management were included in the study. The mean duration of expectant management was 7.92 days in group A (27 women) and 6.67 days in group B (49 women). Most women required termination of pregnancy for foetal distress (36.8%). HELLP syndrome and imminent eclampsia were the maternal complications that occurred. Perinatal loss was significantly more in Group A when compared to Group B.Conclusions: Expectant management of women with severe preeclampsia remote from term, especially between 32weeks and 33weeks 6 days, with antenatal corticosteroids and close monitoring, seems a reasonable option in developing countries.
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Hoque, Monjurul. "Incidence of Obstetric and Foetal Complications during Labor and Delivery at a Community Health Centre, Midwives Obstetric Unit of Durban, South Africa." ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011 (July 31, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/259308.
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The objectives of this retrospective cohort study were to estimate the incidence of obstetric complications during labor and delivery and their demographic predictors. A total of 2706 pregnant women were consecutively admitted to a midwife obstetric unit with labor pain between January and December 2007 constituted the sample. Among them 16% were diagnosed with obstetrical and foetal complications. The most frequently observed foetal and obstetric complications were foetal distress (35.5/1000) and poor progress of labor (28.3/1000), respectively. Primigravid and grandmultiparity women were 12 (OR = 11.89) and 5 (OR = 4.575) times, respectively, more likely to have complications during labor and delivery. Women without antenatal care had doubled (OR = 1.815, 95% CI, 1.310; 2.515) the chance of having complications. Mothers age <20 years was protective (OR = 0.579, 95% CI, 0.348; 0.963) of complications during delivery compared to women who were ≥35 years. National and local policies and intervention programmes must address the need of the risk groups of pregnant women during labor and delivery.
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Jamal, Monira, and Rajat Kumar Biswas. "Prelabour Rupture of Membrane : Maternal and Foetal Outcomes." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 19, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v19i2.50019.
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Background: The leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality is prematurity in developed and underdeveloped countries. In one third of the patients with preterm labour, there is associated premature rupture of membranes. The study was conducted to evaluate the clinical presentation of Pre-labour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) in pregnancy and obstetric outcome.
Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, between September 2013 to February 2014. About 50 women having PROM with more than 32 weeks gestational age who admitted in the above department for delivery were enrolled in this study.
Results: The mean age was found 27.4 ± 4.42 years with range from 17 to 41 years. Forty eight percent of PROM patient were primi and 52.0 percent of patients were multigravida. Six percent patients were illiterate. Almost two third patients were housewives. More than half (54.0%) of the patients were came from poor class income group family. Majority (64.0%) patients had term PROM (>37 weeks) gestational age and the mean gestational age was 38.1 ± 2.7 weeks with range from 32- 40 weeks. More than half (54.0%) didn't received any antenatal checkup. A total of (56.0%) patients had associated disease, out of which anaemia was more common. Twelve percent had diabetes mellitus and 8.0% had UTI infection. Almost two third (64.0%) was vaginal delivery and 18(36.0%) were caesarean section and common indication for caesarean section was fetal distress (38.9%). Two third patients were healthy and 17 patients had morbidities, wound infection is highest (29.4%). The mean birth weight was found 2.74 ± 0.7 kg. APGAR score >7 at 1 minute was found (92.0%) and (94.0%) at 5 minutes of birth of baby after birth. Fetal outcome take home alive (98.0%) and neonatal death 2.0%. Among 50 foetus morbidity develop in 26 cases. Among them respiratory insufficiency is highest (38.5%).
Conclusion: Motivation of the patients, health education, improvement of nutritional status of mother, neonatal care service, early diagnosis, treatment, overall institutional delivery is needed for reduction of neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as maternal morbidity.
Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.19 (2); July 2020; Page 23-27
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Giancotti, Monti, Nevi, Brunelli, Pajno, Corno, Di Donato, et al. "Functions and the Emerging Role of the Foetal Liver into Regenerative Medicine." Cells 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8080914.
Full textAbstract:
During foetal life, the liver plays the important roles of connection and transient hematopoietic function. Foetal liver cells develop in an environment called a hematopoietic stem cell niche composed of several cell types, where stem cells can proliferate and give rise to mature blood cells. Embryologically, at about the third week of gestation, the liver appears, and it grows rapidly from the fifth to 10th week under WNT/β-Catenin signaling pathway stimulation, which induces hepatic progenitor cells proliferation and differentiation into hepatocytes. Development of new strategies and identification of new cell sources should represent the main aim in liver regenerative medicine and cell therapy. Cells isolated from organs with endodermal origin, like the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas, could be preferable cell sources. Furthermore, stem cells isolated from these organs could be more susceptible to differentiate into mature liver cells after transplantation with respect to stem cells isolated from organs or tissues with a different embryological origin. The foetal liver possesses unique features given the co-existence of cells having endodermal and mesenchymal origin, and it could be highly available source candidate for regenerative medicine in both the liver and pancreas. Taking into account these advantages, the foetal liver can be the highest potential and available cell source for cell therapy regarding liver diseases and diabetes.
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Reusens, Brigitte, and Claude Remacle. "Intergenerational Effect of an Adverse Intrauterine Environment on Perturbation of Glucose Metabolism." Twin Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.5.406.
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AbstractHuman epidemiological and animal studies have revealed the late consequences of malnutrition during gestation and early life on the health of the offspring. These studies have highlighted the inverse relationship between birth weight and the incidence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes later in life. The aim of this paper is to review the different means of achieving foetal malnutrition and its consequences even for a next generation, in animal models and to identify key area for further research. We address the impact of two models of maternal malnutrition (protein restriction and caloric restriction) as well as the impact of maternal diabetes, the three maternal conditions leading to perturbed foetal nutritional environment. Particular emphasis is given to the endocrine pancreas and the insulin sensitive tissues. More specifically, alterations of the foetal nutritional environment perturb the development of the endocrine pancreas and target the ß cell mass at birth. Some adaptations later in life may take place but stress situations such as pregnancy and ageing precipitate the animals to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Even the next generation features alterations in the development of the endocrine pancreas. Some mechanisms by which the foetal ß cell mass is altered are approached in this review and specific attention is paid to the amino acid profile. The preventive role of taurine is discussed.
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Stegner, H., K. Fischer, V. G. Pahnke, H. J. Kitschke, and J. C. Commentz. "There is evidence that amniotic fluid arginine vasopressin is a marker for foetal stress in rhesus erythroblastosis." Acta Endocrinologica 112, no. 2 (June 1986): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1120267.
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Abstract. In response to different stress stimuli the foetal neurohypophysis releases arginine vasopressin (AVP). Part of the AVP is cleared from circulation by urinary excretion into the amniotic fluid (AF). Increased AF AVP levels may therefore indicate foetal stress, all the more because AF AVP solely is of foetal origin. We therefore studied AF AVP levels in 13 patients with rhesus erythroblastosis from 22 to 34 weeks of gestation. Twenty-eight patients from 14 to 34 weeks of gestation served as controls. The AVP levels were measured by RIA. Spectral absorption curves were performed and delta/E values determined at 450 nm. Mean AF AVP levels in controls were 2.39 pg/ml and were not normally distributed. There was no significant change in AF AVP levels with different gestational age. If in rhesus erythroblastosis patients the delta/E value was low (n = 7; × = 0.048 ± 0.007 se), the AF AVP values were not increased. If the delta/E values were within zone III (n = 6; × = 0.22 ± 0.035 se), indicating severe haemolysis, the AF AVP levels were significantly elevated (4.7 pg/ml ± 0.51 se; P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between delta/E and AF AVP values (P = 0.05; y = 1.94 ± 10.88 x). We conclude that there is evidence for the role of AF AVP as a marker for foetal stress in rhesus erythroblastosis.
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Mason, J. D. T., A. Jardine, and K. P. Gibbin. "Foetal Warfarin Syndrome—a complex airway problem." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 106, no. 12 (December 1992): 1098–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100121887.
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AbstractPremature cartilaginous calcification and nasal hypoplasia following first trimester exposure to warfarin are known as the Foetal Warfarin Syndrome (FWS). There are over 40 cases reported in the literature, many of which describe breathing and feeding difficulties in the first few months of life. We report a case where a child had had difficulties breathing and feeding in the first months of life. These had been attributed to nasal hypoplasia. After proper ENT assessment the child benefitted from adenoidectomy.ENT surgeons should be aware of the syndrome as more women of child bearing age are taking warfarin following cardiac surgery and treatment of thromboembolic disease. ENT surgeons may be asked to review these children who often present with airway and feeding problems which have been attributed to nasal hypoplasia.
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Ahmed, Mariyam S., and Anand N. Bhalerao. "Comparative study of maternal and foetal outcome in instrumental vaginal deliveries." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 11 (October 28, 2017): 4945. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175005.
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Background: The art of instrumental vaginal delivery is fading as more and more obstetricians resort to caesarean sections. Instrumental deliveries are deliveries accomplished with the use of vacuum device or forceps. Once either is applied to the foetal head, outward traction generates forces that augment maternal pushing to deliver the foetus vaginally. Objective of present study was to compare the maternal and foetal outcome of forceps versus ventouse delivery.Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted in Sassoon Hospital between January 2014 to January 2015. A total of 120 cases, 60 each of forceps and ventouse, admitted in labour room were included in the study. Maternal and neonatal morbidity were compared in terms of perineal lacerations, episiotomy extension, post-partum haemorrhage, Apgar score, instrumental injuries. Chi square test and z test of proportion was used to analyze the data.Results: Maternal morbidity, namely episiotomy extension as well as perineal tears were significant in the forceps group. With regards to neonatal morbidity, no statistically significant difference was noted.Conclusions: Vacuum and forceps should remain appropriate tools in the armamentarium of the modern obstetrician. However, ventouse may be chosen first (if there is no foetal distress) as it is significantly less likely to injure the mother.
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Chiang, F. L., and R. G. Rodway. "Association between birth order, blood pc02 and β-endorphin concentration in newborn piglets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029482.
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Parturition and delivery are stressful situations for the mother as well as the neonate. In newborn human babies and lambs, high plasma β-endorphin (β-EP) concentrations have been found, especially in conjunction with foetal distress. Foetal anoxia during parturition causes decreased blood pH, increased pC02, decreased piglet viability and stillbirth. Since high opioid levels can cause respiratory and circulatory difficulties. Piglets born later in the litter during prolonged parturition are more likely to suffer from these problems. It was, therefore, of interest to us to investigate whether late birth order and anoxia were associated with elevated plasma β-EP concentrations in newborn piglets.
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Rajora, Parveen, and Amanjot Singh. "Abnormally invasive placenta: an overview of diagnosis and management options." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 11 (October 28, 2017): 5013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175018.
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Background: Abnormally invasive placenta, also known as morbidly adherent placenta, is a broad term that describes abnormal adherence of placenta to the underlying myometrium. Clinical risk factors include placenta previa and prior uterine surgery, including caesarean delivery. The diagnosis and management of women at risk is not only based on clinical parameters, but also driven by imaging, namely ultrasound and more recently magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging.Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 10 cases of abnormally invasive placenta undertaken at Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot.Results: Hysterectomy done in six cases and uterus was preserved in four cases. Foetal outcome was on average side. Four foetal losses noted two because of prematurity and two due to excessive blood loss admitted with intra uterine foetal death. Two babies needed NICU care but successfully discharged.Conclusions: Newer approaches should be considered investigational until larger prospective series to become available, until then hysterectomy should remain the stay of treatment specially when the family is complete and there is life threatening Haemorrhage.
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Fermo, Elisa, Paola Bianchi, Cristina Vercellati, Wilma Barcellini, Carla Boschetti, Anna Paola Marcello, and Alberto Zanella. "Two Atypical Severe Cda Forms Presenting as Hydrops Foetalis Are Caused by Mutations in the SEC23B Gene." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.1981.1981.
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Abstract Abstract 1981 Poster Board I-1003 Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias (CDAs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis with prominent dysplastic features of the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. Three main subtypes (I, II and III) have been identified, but several variants or atypical forms have been reported over the years. CDA are rarely associated with hydrops foetalis. In the past we described two cases presenting with hydrops foetalis and very severe anemia that were classified as atypical CDAs since they presented CDAII-like erythroblastic morphological features lacking other diagnostic CDAII markers. Very recently we and others (Bianchi et al, Human Mutat 2009, in press; Schwarz et al, Nat Genet 2009, in press) demonstrated that mutations in SEC23B gene, coding for a protein involved in the coat protein complex responsible for vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum, cause CDA II. The aim of this work was to ascertain whether atypical CDAII-like forms presenting as hydrops foetalis could be caused by mutations in SEC23B gene and reclassified as CDAII. Two patients (Cantù-Rajnoldi et al, Br J Haematol 1997, 96: 530-3; Bianchi et al, Blood 1999, 94, suppl 1, 8b) from unrelated families with a history of intrauterine death of hydropic foetuses in previous pregnancies were referred at 20th week gestation following ultrasonic diagnosis of foetal hydrops and severe anemia (2.0 and 1.3 g/dL Hb respectively). In both cases intrauterine transfusions enabled the delivery of the babies. At birth both of them underwent extensive laboratory evaluation (including red cell metabolism and membrane proteins analysis) that was not informative on the causes of anemia. Ham test was repeatedly normal as for Western blotting analysis for GRP78 and glycoslylation pattern of red cell band 3. The bone marrow examination revealed the presence of 30 and 48% of bi- or multinucleated erythroblasts, some of whom presenting typical double outer membranes at transmission electron microscopy. Both babies became transfusion dependent. The 20 exons and intronic flanking regions of SEC23B gene were analyzed by direct sequencing. Both patients displayed mutations in SEC23B gene, in particular mutations c.325 G>A/ c.2101 C>T in patient 1 and c.325 G>A/ c.197G>A in patient 2 (Glu109Lys/ Arg701Cys and Glu109Lys/ Cys66Tyr respectively). c.325 G>A is the most frequent mutation so far described in CDAII and at homozygous level is usually associated with mild anemia. When found in compound heterozygosity with a second missense mutation as in these cases it may result in a very severe clinical pattern, although we cannot exclude that factors other than SEC23B mutations may contribute to worsening the clinical picture. In conclusion, SEC23B gene analysis allowed the correct classification of two very severe CDA cases associated with hydrops foetalis. This finding indicates that CDAII may result in intrauterine death and its frequency may therefore be underestimated. These cases may present as “atypical” for the lack of band3 hypoglycosylation likely due to the early sequestration of the more severely affected cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Thakur, Harshada S., Niranjan Maydeo, and Madhuri Kamble. "Foetal outcome in pregnancy complicated with viral hepatitis." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2017): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20171979.
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Background: The purpose of this study is to study foetal outcome in pregnancy complicated with viral hepatitis, rate of NICU admission and foetal death.Methods: This is a cross sectional observational study undertaken in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the tertiary care centre for the study period from October 2015 to October 2016 approved by ethical committee.Results: There were 6555 deliveries in study period of October 2015-2016 in which 54 patients were diagnosed with viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Out of 54 patients of viral hepatitis, 30 cases (55.55%) of Hepatitis E virus, 22 cases (40.74%) of Hepatitis B virus, 2 cases (3.7%) of Hepatitis C virus. No case was found for Hepatitis A virus infection. Higher incidence of NICU admission (56.66%), preterm delivery (36.66%) and intra uterine death (23.33%) was observed with Hepatitis E infection.Conclusions: Foetal outcome was poor in Hepatitis E virus followed by Hepatitis B virus. Acute viral hepatitis is more common cause of hepatitis in pregnancy. Hepatitis E virus was the most common cause of acute infection with adverse fetal outcome. Fetal loss including intra uterine death and preterm neonate was statistically significant with Hepatitis E viral infection. Health education, early diagnosis and multidisciplinary approach is the key to reduce foetal morbidity and mortality. As HBV infection in hepatitis in pregnancy is second most common cause of viral hepatitis, complete immunization against HBV in reproductive age group before first pregnancy is recommended.