Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mortalité maternelle – Afrique subsaharienne'
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Zongo, Koudnoaga Augustin. "Comment améliorer la qualité de la césarienne dans les pays d'Afrique sub-saharienne ?" Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066185/document.
Full textCesarean rates are rising steadily worldwide. In recent years, there has been an increasing cesarean rates in low-resource countries despite the World Health Organization recommended to not exceed 10-15%. In Senegal and Mali free cesarean policies were implemented nationally since 2005 and have contributed to increase the access to cesarean section. Access to cesarean deliveries has been improved substantially but quality of care has not always followed. However, excessive increase in cesarean section rates can have negative impacts on maternal and perinatal health. In Latin America, Asia, and Africa, several studies have shown an intrinsic risk of maternal and neonatal mortality associated with cesareans regardless of the initial health status of the mother or fetus. For example, the increase in hospital-based cesarean rates above 10% in Latin America was associated with an increase risk of maternal and perinatal mortality.Three years after the implementation of cesarean sections free policies, The Advances in Labour and Risk Management (ALARM) international program was implemented to improve the quality of obstetric care in 23 referral hospitals in Senegal and Mali. This program was based on maternal death review and staff training on best practices for intrapartum care. A randomized controlled cluster trial (QUARITE trial) was implemented in 2007-2011 to assess the effectiveness of the ALARM international program on in-hospital maternal mortality in Senegal and Mali. Initially planned to improve quality of Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (EmONC), we assumed that this program was also effective on the quality of cesarean delivery.Results showed that the ALARM international program slowed down the trends of hospital-based cesarean rates in the 23 participating centers of the intervention group compared to the changes observed in the control group. Furthermore, we found that the program was more effective on maternal mortality among women who delivered by cesarean section than among women who delivered vaginally. We recommend that quality improvement strategies should support free cesarean policies to limit the excessive use of cesarean delivery
Ndour, Cheikh. "Modélisation statistique de la mortalité maternelle et néonatale pour l'aide à la planification et à la gestion des services de santé en Afrique Sub-Saharienne." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00996996.
Full textDackam, Ngatchou Richard. "Causes et déterminants de la mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans en Afrique tropicale." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010693.
Full textChild mortality figures in sub-Saharan Africa are the highest in the world. Reliable data on the national level to study the factors associated with the high incidence of child mortality are available only in a very limited number of countries. Recent data show that infectious and parasitical diseases are still the major cause of death in these countries. The most important of these diseases could be eradicated by vaccination and simple measures of salubrity. After having analyzed the macro and micro determinants of child mortality, the study evaluates critically the accurateness of the indicators measuring the educational level of the mother. In some African countries, researchers have found certain "anomalies", showing that the relationship between the educational level of the mother and child mortality is far from evident. Rather than being an anomaly, this phenomenon may reflect the inaccuracy of instruments to measure education as a valid element to determine the attitude towards child survival. The study presents a new measure for the educational level of the mother. This indicator, called "education for child survival", allows a better understanding of the shortcomings of classical indices. Moreover, the indicator is better suited for the elaboration of nutritional and health policies
Prual, Alain Pierre. "Mortalité maternelle en Afrique de l'Ouest : de l'épidémiologie à la santé publique." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN11302.
Full textSince the "Safe Motherhood Initiative" was launched in 1987, the epidemiology of maternal morbidity and mortality is better known. At this end of the XXtrh century, maternal mortality is at the same level in West Africa than it was in Europe in the XVIIIth century. Moreover, it does not seem to have decreased since two decades, even in major cities where are concentrated both the qualified personnel and the technical means. The study of maternal morbidity has revealed a high incidence of severe obstetrical morbidity, responsible for a high letality. Since, in cities, maternal health services are largely used by the pregnant women, this letality points to a poor quality of those services. We demonstrated a poor quality of the prenatal consultation (screening for risk factors and iron supplementation) but also a scientific error as to the potential role of prenatal care. Relationships between the midwives, many doctors and the pregnant women are bad : violence, disdain and lack of adequate care are common. Ln addition, few deliveries are effectively performed by midwives even in cities, where they are in sufficient numbers. Ethic is often poor. Although this situation is well known by govemments in West Africa, no organized action has been undertaken. This lack of political will or the incapacity to transform it into actions is analysed. Responsibility is shared by West African govemments and donor agencies. Based on this analysis, propositions are made to move towards a matemity at lesser risk
Dumont, Alexandre. "Organisation des soins obstétricaux d'urgence et mortalité maternelle en Afrique de l'Ouest." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066103.
Full textLancelot, Renaud. "Croissance pondérale et mortalité des petits ruminants domestiques en Afrique subsaharienne : modélisation statistique." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20194.
Full textSamba, Harielle Anne-Claire. "Epidémiologie des démences en Afrique centrale : Mortalité et incidence en population congolaise." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0022/document.
Full textThe African population is ageing at an unprecedented rate. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the number of people aged 60 years and above is projected to rise to over 67 million by 2030 (representing a 100% increase in the 25 years since 2005). Incidence and mortality data help us understand the epidemiology and disease burden of dementia, and thereby improve policy planning. Although dementia prevalence have been reported for many countries of SSA, incidence and mortality related to dementia remain poorly described to date as only Nigeria had reported dementia incidence among older African adults. This study aimed to assess the dementia related incidence and mortality, and associated risk factors in Congolese people aged over 65 years recruited in EPIDEMCA survey. The baseline population was followed up during two years. Older participants were traced and interviewed annually in rural and urban Congo between 2012 and 2014. DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were required for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease diagnoses. Data on vital status were collected throughout the follow-up. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the link between baseline dementia diagnosis and mortality risk. Risk factors for incident dementia were examined using a competing-risks regression model based on Fine and Gray methods. After two years of follow-up, 101 (9.8%) participants had died. Compared to participants with normal cognition at baseline, mortality risk was more than 2.5 times higher among those with dementia (HR= 2.53, 95% CI: 1.42-4.49, p=0.001). Among those with dementia, only clinical severity of dementia was associated with an additional increased mortality risk (HR=1.91; CI 95%, 1.23-2.96; p=0.004). Age (per 5-year increase), male sex and living in an urban area were independently associated with increased mortality risk across the full cohort. Among the dementia-free cohort, the crude incidence of dementia was estimated at 15.79 (95% CI 10.25 – 23.32) per 1000 Person Year. We estimated a standardised incidence (on the 2015 Sub-Saharan Africa population) of 13.53 (95% CI 9.98–15.66). Regarding baseline characteristics, old age (p=0.003) and poor social engagement (assessed by community activity) (p=0•028) at baseline were associated with increased dementia incidence among Congolese older adults.Our results, as previously described, support the ongoing demographic and epidemiologic transition in SSA. They highlight the need of longitudinal population-based studies dedicated to dementia incidence and mortality among African people. Given that Africa is a continent subject to unprecedented population ageing; our data highlight the need to address the burden of dementia in this region. Support should incorporate prevention plans based primarily on modifiable (cardiovascular) risk factors, education and social inclusion of the elderly, as well as support for patients and their relatives
Burgos-Soto, Juan. "Santé de la femme, santé maternelle et infection par le VIH en Afrique de l’Ouest." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0242/document.
Full textHIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa is a major public health threat particularly for girls and women ofreproductive age. The research presented in this thesis was conducted particularly in West Africa andthe specific objectives are i) to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence according to HIVserological status; ii) to estimate the incidence rate of pregnancy following ART initiation; iii) todetermine the effect of pregnancy after ART initiation on the risk of death, HIV-disease progressionand loss to follow-up. Firstly, in Togo, According to our findings, the prevalence rates of lifetimephysical and sexual violence (IPV) among HIV-infected women were significantly higher thanamong uninfected women (63.1 vs. 39.3%, p=0.01 and 69.7 vs. 35.3%, p=0.01, respectively).Secondly, Among HIV-infected West African women, the crude incidence of first pregnancy afterART initiation was 2.9 per 100 women-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7 to 3.0] and it could beas high as 4.7 per 100 women-years (95% CI: 4.3 to 5.1) among women aged 25-29 years old. Finally,pregnancy after ART initiation appeared to reduce the risk of death or HIV-disease progression(Adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] =0.61; 95%CI: 0.40-0.92) and the risk of becoming LTFU at M48(aHR=0.74; 95%CI: 0.60-0.92) among West African HIV-infected women. Intimate partner violence ishighly prevalent among HIV-infected women and it may have negative repercussions on their healthstatus. Pregnancy is a common event after ART initiation and it might have repercussions on thehealth status of HIV-infected women. The design of safe motherhood programs addressed to HIVinfectedwomen and its integration within HIV care services must are a public health priority in sub-Saharan Africa
Esso, Lasme Jean Charles Emmanuel. "La mortalité des enfants : niveaux, tendances et différences sociales." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010565.
Full textKamega, Aymric. "Outils théoriques et opérationnels adaptés au contexte de l'assurance vie en Afrique subsaharienne francophone - Analyse et mesure des risques liés à la mortalité." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00654549.
Full textMaman, David. "Analyse multicentrique du devenir des patients vivants avec le VIH dans les cohortes suivies par Médecins Sans Frontières France en Afrique subsaharienne." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10146.
Full textAlmost two third of individuals living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa. In these resource limited countries, the optimal CD4 cell count level to initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART) is still debated. We studied long term immune reconstitution on ART and its association with survival in four HIV programs supported by Médecins Sans Frontières in sub-Saharan Africa between 2001 and 2010. We used mixed models to account for repeated CD4 measurements in the modelling of the immune reconstitution and the survival analysis. In the first part modelling immune response to ART, we showed that women achieved a better immune reconstitution compared to men and that the immune reconstitution capacity is the same for each level of CD4 at ART initiation. The second study showed that survival is improved for patient with an updated CD4 above 500 cells/μL compared to those with CD4 levels between 350-499 cells/μL. Furthermore, gender, age and adherence are independently associated with mortality. As a conclusion, women have a better immune reconstitution and achieved quicker
Duthé, Géraldine. "La transition sanitaire en milieu rural sénégalais : évolution de la mortalité à Mlomp depuis 1985 et influence du paludisme chimiorésistant." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0007.
Full textThe outbreak of infectious diseases constitutes an obstacle to the mortality decrease in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Mlomp, in rural Senegal, population has been monitored since 1985. Causes of death are assessed through verbal autopsies which are completed by medical information. Despite a good local health care system, mortality has increased from the beginning of the 1990s, supposing due to the development of anti-malarial drug resistance. In addition of a trend to an unfavorable familial structure, two major etiological problems have been shown by the analysis of levels and causes of deaths: malaria mortality has actually increased among children; and adults, especially men, are victims of different types of causes (communicable and reproductive diseases, non-communicable diseases and injuries)
Bousmah, Marwân-al-Qays. "Essays on the relationship between fertility and child mortality." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM2000/document.
Full textThis dissertation attempts to contribute to the understanding of current demographic trends in sub-Saharan Africa by examining the role of child mortality in shaping fertility behavior. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I examine the relationship between child mortality and fertility at the micro level. Count data models are employed to investigate the determinants of completed fertility of women from a Senegalese rural community. The global effect of child mortality on total and net fertility is found to be positive. I also identify an inverted-U shaped relationship between child mortality and net fertility. In the second chapter of this dissertation, I analyze the effects of child mortality changes on fertility behaviors in an endogenous fertility model where child survival is stochastic. I adopt a functional form for the cost of children that allows for four different scenarios, each of which is representative of a particular socio-economic setting. My model can predict both positive and negative fertility responses to child mortality depending on whether children are “time-intensive” or “time-supplying”, respectively. Finally, the third chapter analyzes the effects of childhood mortality and morbidity on the fertility decision-making process among rural Senegalese women. I estimate nonlinear dynamic panel data models of fertility behavior. I find that community child mortality and morbidity attributable to malaria exert a joint influence on fertility behaviors. Community-level malaria incidence among children has a positive effect on subsequent fertility choices, and this positive effect is stronger the more the disease is fatal to children who are infected
Nkoumou, Ngoa Brice Gaston. "Essais sur la ressource humaine en santé et l’utilisation des services de santé maternelle en Afrique sub-saharienne." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED081.
Full textThis thesis studies the effect of prices on the decisions of health professionals and the use of maternal health services in sub-Saharan Africa. The first two chapters are concerned with the effect of wages on the effort choices and the multiple job holding of health professionals. Based on data collected at the peripheral level of the Cameroonian health system (Yaoundé and Douala), it appears that wages in the main job have no significant effect on the effort choice and the multiple job holding of the health professionals. Thus, a policy of high wages appears insufficient to control the shirking behaviour and the multiple job holding phenomenon of health professionals in the sub-Saharan context. The third chapter analyzes the short-term impact of the free delivery and caesarean program on the use of maternal health services in Senegal. This evaluation does not show in a short-term any positive impact of the free-of-charge measure on the use of maternal health services. The hasty scaling-up of free-of-charge policies can be then questioned in this context
Tort, Julie. "Comment améliorer la qualité de la prise en charge de l'hémorragie du post-partum en Afrique de l'Ouest ?" Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066348/document.
Full textThe maternal mortality ratio in West Africa is the highest in the world and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading direct cause of maternal mortality. The general objective of this work was to provide knowledge to improve the management of PPH in hospitals in West Africa. Firstly, we have highlighted that maternal risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to the PPH found in high-resource countries were generalizable to the context of West Africa. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the qualification of the doctor in charge of the maternity unit (general practitioner versus obstetrician) has a decisive impact on the maternal issue in this context. Then, we showed that injection of oxytocin within ten minutes after the diagnosis of PPH was a key factor for improving maternal health in Benin and Mali. Rapid diagnosis of PPH and better monitoring of the immediate postpartum period were also important. Finally, we set up a pilot study to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), which aims to test the effectiveness of uterine tamponade with condom catheter in the postpartum hemorrhage management in this region. The results showed that f a RCT was feasible and provided additional knowledge to optimize the research protocol. Thus, we have identified a number of factors on which action should be taken to improve the quality of PPH management
Ouedraogo, Nabassinogo. "Sélection des risques de morbidité et de mortalité en Afrique subsaharienne aux fins d’une tarification en assurance-vie." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4214.
Full textAbstract: Progress in medical research has prolonged life expectancy, improved patient quality of life; these changes translate in such domain as life insurance underwriting. The principle of underwriting in life insurance is based on the comparison of the probability of death of an individual candidate for an insurance policy to the probability of death of a reference population closed to the candidate. A review and analysis then becomes an of the medical literature become an indispensable tool for risk selection. Life insurance has been present in sub-Saharan Africa for approximately two hundred years, but up to date the insurers do not have specific underwriting tools which are adapted to the African context. This work is the first one in our knowledge to explore risk selection for Life insurance in Africa. Its purpose is to elaborate underwriting tools which will take into account specific aspects of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. First, we made a literature review of all available medical publications on different health problems; then, in a second step, we sorted out the risk factors for both morbidity and mortality, in order to suggest algorithms for underwriting risk selection. It appeared rapidly that mortality studies, and mainly long-term follow-ups, are scarce in sub-Saharan Africa. When they exist, they are of short duration, and enrol a limited number of patients. This makes our analysis and extrapolation of risk difficult for underwriting purposes. However identification of morbidity and mortality factors is important to allow some basic underwriting. The black African has a mortality and morbidity profile which are appreciably different from the one of a Caucasian subject. Consequently it will be important to adapt the underwriting tools used for underwriting life insurance in sub- Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa needs more than ever solid epidemiological data, and health policies implementation for the development of risk selection in insurance medicine. These changes mean the implementation of a coordinated public health network, a reliable demographic monitoring system and a continuous follow-up of the population’s migration. To reach such objectives, the collaboration with developed countries which are already very advanced in these fields will be very useful.
Quinquis, Anthony. "Étude de la mortalité aux grands âges à l’aide du Registre des décès d’Antananarivo (Madagascar)." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22479.
Full textArsenault, Catherine. "Accès aux soins obstétricaux d’urgence au Mali : dépenses catastrophiques et conséquences au sein des ménages." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8789.
Full textAfter years of efforts, countries in sub-Saharan Africa have seen little to no improvement in their maternal health indicators. Ensuring access to emergency obstetric care (EmOC) for all women is a strategy proven to reduce maternal mortality. However, EmOC in sub-Saharan Africa can be extremely costly and can generate ‘’catastrophic’’ expenses. In order to reduce the economic burden of EmOC in Mali, user fees for caesareans were abolished and a maternity referral-system was created. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of and the factors associated with catastrophic EmOC expenditure in the region of Kayes, Mali. It also aims to identify the well-being consequences of high EmOC expenses. This study brings forth the following points. Firstly, the average EmOC expenditure was 71535 FCFA (US$ 152). Secondly, between 20.7% and 53.5% of households faced catastrophic expenditures greater than 15% and 5% of their annual income respectively. Women with no education, living in rural areas and with a postpartum infection had a higher propensity of catastrophic spending. Having a caesarean was not associated with a reduced risk of catastrophic expenditures despite the abolition of user fees for caesareans. Between 19.4% and 47.1% of households of maternal deaths also had catastrophic spending. Finally, households often had to borrow money and sell assets to pay for EmOC which led to considerable long-lasting financial difficulties. As long as policies fail to protect households from catastrophic EmOC expenditures, we cannot expect to see any great progress in reducing maternal mortality in Mali.