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2
Rita, Rossella De. Il Monte di pietà di Roma: Credito e beneficenza alla fine dell'Ottocento. Rome]: Progetto cultura, 2011.
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3
Il credito disciplinato: Il Monte di pietà di Bologna in età barocca. Bologna: Società editrice Il mulino, 2014.
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4
Cargnelutti, Liliana. Il Monte di pietà di Udine tra assistenza, beneficenza e credito (1496-1942). [Udine, Italy]: Forum, 1996.
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5
Antonello, Paola. Dalla pietà al credito: Il Monte di Pietà di Bologna fra Otto e Novecento. Bologna: Il mulino, 1997.
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6
Conti, Giuseppe. La politica aziendale di un istituto di credito immobiliare: Il Monte dei Paschi di Siena dal 1815 al 1872. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 1985.
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Pillon, Lucia. Il tempo sospeso: La storia del Monte di pietà di Gorizia, 1831-1929 : tra beneficenza e credito. Gorizia: Fondazione Palazzo Coronini Cronberg, 2012.
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La politica aziendale di un istituto di credito immobiliare: Il Monte dei Paschi di Siena dal 1815 al 1872. Firenze: L.S. Olschki, 1985.
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9
Sagro monte di pietà di Bologna. Il giornale del Monte della Pietà dei Bologna: Studi e edizione del più antico registro contabile del Monte di Piet`a di Bologna (1473-1519). Bologna: Minerva, 2003.
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10
Clara, Cutini Zazzerini, ed. Per soventione de le povere persone: Aspetti del credito a Perugia dal Monte di pietà alla Cassa di risparmio. San Sisto (Perugia): Effe-Fabrizio Fabbri Editore, 2000.
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11
Jensen, Anthony, Greg Patmore, and Ermanno C. Tortia, eds. Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-868-2.
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This book arises from a three-year comparative research program concerning co-operative enterprises in Australia and Italy. The book explores the historical development, legal framework and the peak organisations of co-operatives in the two countries. Specific comparative chapters focus on consumer, credit, and worker-producer co-operatives. The book deepens the analysis of co-operatives by containing chapters that examine specific theoretical and empirical issues such as the theory of co-operative firms as collective entrepreneurial action. Monographic chapters include more in depth analysis of specific typologies of co-operatives, such as social and community oriented co-operatives, some of which were created to contrast organized crime in Southern Italy. The book concludes with an assessment of the implications of the project for public policy.
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Morozova, Tat'yana, and Viktoriya Malickaya. International Financial Reporting Standards: tangible and intangible assets. Application practice. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1836225.
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The textbook contains a structured presentation of the Conceptual Framework for the presentation of financial statements, IFRS (IAS) 16 "Fixed Assets", IFRS (IAS) 2 "Inventories", IFRS (IAS) 40 "Investment Property", IFRS (IAS) 38 "Intangible Assets", IFRS (IFRS) 5 "Non-current Assets held for Sale and Discontinued operations".
Fragments of information disclosure in financial statements in accordance with IFRS of more than 50 Russian and foreign companies are given. The choice of financial statements of companies is solely a subjective judgment of the textbook authors, is aimed at explaining certain provisions of IFRS and is not an advertisement or popularization of individual business entities. In the text of the textbook, examples are divided into examples - practice of application; examples - professional judgment; examples-explanations; examples - disclosure of information.
At the end of each paragraph, self-examination questions and tests are presented, which help to structure theoretical knowledge and pay attention to the most significant information blocks of IFRS.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students in bachelor's and master's degree courses 38.03.01 "Economics" and 38.04.08 "Finance and Credit".
13
Colin, Bamford. 9 Credit Support in Financial Markets. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198722113.003.0009.
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This chapter brings together the numerous mechanisms and ideas that have the effect of supporting a payment obligation, in the sense that the use of one (or more) of these concepts makes it more likely that the obligation will be fulfilled. This objective can be achieved in a number of ways: a third party may accept liability alongside the obligor, as in the case of someone who assumes a joint liability; or the supporter may take a secondary role as a guarantor. The chapter then looks at the forms of support that are available on a commercial basis, in particular performance bonds and export credit facilities. It considers the mechanisms that provide support by a more indirect route, such as comfort letters and credit derivatives. It concludes by examining a form of support that reaches its destination from the opposite direction: subordination, both in the form of general subordination of the creditor to the claims of all other creditors, and as subordination to the claims of a particular creditor.
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O’Dea, Geoff, Julian Long, and Alexandra Smyth. Schemes of Arrangement: Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199665921.001.0001.
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This new guide to schemes of arrangement draws together all of the elements of the law and practice concerning both creditor and member schemes. Member schemes of arrangement have become the preferred method of implementing takeovers in the UK. Creditor schemes of arrangement are increasingly used in restructuring matters and the trend in their usage in foreign companies is likely to continue as many credit documents across Europe are arranged and underwritten in London under English law. The book considers the effect given to an English scheme in foreign jurisdictions, and other Private International Law issues. A major issue for those considering a scheme for creditors is whether a scheme or CVA (Company Voluntary Arrangement) is more appropriate and this book assists the reader by including an analysis of the pros and cons of schemes and CVAs. There are very few sources of information on schemes of arrangement and the area takes much of its substance from case law. This book, addressing the law and practical issues faced by practitioners on a day-to-day basis, is a first in the field.
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BLACK, M. P., and Connie FURNARI. Credevo Di Essere Morta (invece Mi Sbagliavo). Independently Published, 2016.
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16
Charles, Proctor. Part E Guarantees and Security, 39 Avoidance of Security in Insolvency. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0039.
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When a company is facing insolvency, the law requires the company and its directors to consider the interests of the creditors as a whole. Lenders (such as banks) which are in a position to take security are likely to have more information about the company's situation than is available to the general body of trade creditors. Thus, there should be some effective constraint against the bank's ability to prop up the company in a manner which may be detrimental to the interests of the unsecured creditors. This chapter discusses transactions at an undervalue; preferences; extortionate credit transactions; floating charges; and transactions defrauding creditors.
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Rachel, Sztajn, Salles de Toledo Paulo Fernando Campos, and Nimer Moreira da Silva Fernando César. 4 National Report for Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Brazil. The legal treatment of creditor claims is similar to that in other worldwide systems. The new Brazilian Insolvency Law (Federal Law No 11.101/2005) and the former Decree-Law empower the insolvency judge to appoint a judicial administrator and define the time period in which existing debts will be recognized and included in the legal procedure. Because the firm’s assets represent the guarantee of payment of debts, the creditors’ and debtor’s legal positions are connected in a sort of unitary bundle. Of note in the new Law is the reduction of priority of tax and wages claims, leaving more value available for distribution to other creditors. The chapter then examines insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
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De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, Emanuelemaria Giusti, Marco Guairo, Carlo Palego, Luca Paulicelli, et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
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The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.
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Gilles, Cuniberti, and Rueda Isabelle. 9 National Report for France. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in France. French insolvency law has traditionally been unfriendly to creditors benefitting from contractual security interests. Unlike most other legal systems, insolvency claims secured by contractual security interests over certain assets of the debtor do not enjoy the right to be satisfied from the secured assets in priority to all other claims. The treatment of creditor claims is also similar among various insolvency proceedings. In reorganization proceedings (sauvegarde or redressement judiciaire), post-commencement claims are more common and substantial, whereas in liquidation proceedings (liquidation judiciaire), such claims are often non-existent. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
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Calnan, Richard. Proprietary Rights and Insolvency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759386.001.0001.
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This book explains how a creditor of an insolvent debtor can take priority over other creditors by claiming a proprietary interest in assets held by the debtor, and concentrates on the circumstances in which proprietary interests are created by operation of law or are implied from the arrangements between the parties. This is a subject of particular importance and difficulty in common law systems because of the changeable nature of equitable proprietary interests, and this book provides a clear and structured explanation of the current state of the law, with detailed reference to case law from England and Wales as well as Commonwealth jurisprudence, and suggests how it might be clarified and simplified by returning to first principles. The new edition considers a number of important developments which pertain to proprietary rights and insolvency. It evaluates the key decision of the Supreme Court in FHR European Ventures v Cedar Capital Partners. Although this has settled the question of whether constructive trusts extend to bribes, it has raised more general issues regarding the approach of the courts to the imposition of proprietary remedies, which the book explores. It also covers recent Privy Council and Court of Appeal decisions concerning constructive notice (Credit Agricole v Papadimitrou, Central Bank of Ecuador v Conticorp, and SFO v Lexi), as well as interesting issues concerning the new status of intangibles (Armstrong v Winnington) and the status of the anti-deprivation rule (Belmont Park v BNY). Proprietary Rights and Insolvency is a lucid and practical reference source on insolvency and property law.
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Per soventione de le povere persone: Aspetti del credito a Perugia dal Monte di pieta alla Cassa di risparmio. Banca dell'Umbria 1462, 2000.
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22
Sloman, Peter. Transfer State. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813262.001.0001.
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The idea of a guaranteed minimum income has been central to British social policy debates for more than a century. Since the First World War, a variety of market economists, radical activists, and social reformers have emphasized the possibility of tackling poverty through direct cash transfers between the state and its citizens. As manufacturing employment has declined and wage inequality has grown since the 1970s, cash benefits and tax credits have become a major income source for millions of working-age households, including many low-paid workers with children. The nature and purpose of these transfer payments, however, remain highly contested. Conservative and New Labour governments have used in-work benefits and conditionality requirements to ‘activate’ the unemployed and reinforce the incentives to take low-paid work—an approach which has reached its apogee in Universal Credit. By contrast, a growing number of campaigners have argued that the challenge of providing economic security in an age of automation would be better met by paying a Universal Basic Income to all citizens. Transfer State provides the first detailed history of guaranteed income proposals in modern Britain, which brings together intellectual history and archival research to show how the vision of an integrated tax and benefit system has shaped UK public policy since 1918. The result is a major new analysis of the role of cash transfers in the British welfare state which sets Universal Credit in a historical perspective and examines the cultural and political barriers to a Universal Basic Income.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part II Commercial Banking, 7 Credit Risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the concept of credit risk. Of all the risks that banks are exposed to, credit risk is the most important and the most intuitively obvious. It is important to remember that credit means more than simply loans. At the heart of financial transactions are credit exposures. For an economist, the function of a bank is maturity transformation and intertemporal transfers of resources. But in a world where debts were always repaid, these functions would be as mechanical as the transmission of water or electricity. It is the unpredictability of credit that differentiates banking from other businesses. The remainder of the chapter covers risk weighting of assets, valuation of exposures, and provisioning and expected loss.
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Jason, Kilborn. 19 National Report for the United States. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0019.
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This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in the United States. There is nothing particularly remarkable about the way in which the US Bankruptcy Code and Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure deal with the treatment of various claims. The academic debate about the super-priority of secured claims with regard to the collateral securing those claims has more or less subsided, as legislators have remained unmoved by any argument to reduce or constrain the rights of secured creditors beyond the existing constraints of bankruptcy law. Legislators have also resisted efforts to decrease the number of claims afforded special priority over general unsecured claims. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each part presents: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
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Davies, Aled. The Politics of Banking and Social Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804116.003.0002.
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This chapter concerns the politics of managing the domestic banking system in post-war Britain. It examines the pressures brought to bear on the post-war settlement in banking during the 1960s and 1970s—in particular, the growth of new credit creating institutions and the political demand for more competition between banks. This undermined the social democratic model for managing credit established since the war. The chapter focuses in particular on how the Labour Party attempted in the 1970s to produce a banking system that was competitive, efficient, and able to channel credit to the struggling industrial economy.
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Asadullah, M. Niaz, Nudrat Faria Shreya, and Zaki Wahhaj. Access to microfinance and female labour force participation. 30th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/968-6.
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Although microfinance started as a movement to improve women’s economic well-being through increased female entrepreneurship in particular, its impact on women’s attitudes toward and participation in the labour market is not fully understood. We fill this gap by combining data on branch locations of the major microfinance institutions in Bangladesh with household survey data and implement a spatial regression discontinuity design. Our estimates suggest significant effects of access to credit on women’s work; attitudes towards gender, social and employment norms; and psychosocial well-being. Access to credit increases labour force participation in terms of paid employment and traditional economic participation. Relatedly, respondents are more likely to be prevented from working by their husbands or other household members. They are also more likely to express traditional beliefs in relation to gender, social, and employment norms. Finally, access to credit leads to a loss in life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, health satisfaction, and overall happiness.
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Mun, Johnathan. Applied Analytical Credit, Market, Operational, Liquidity Risk: Applying Monte Carlo Risk Simulation, Strategic Real Options, Stochastic Forecasting, Portfolio Optimization, Data and Decision Analytics. Independently Published, 2019.
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Focarelli, Dario. Can Insurance Companies Help More SMEs to Access Capital Markets? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0015.
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SMEs account for more than half of business sector output and employment in Europe, and depend heavily on bank credit. The credit crunch following the recent recession was more severe for banks in countries under greater stress. With banks concentrating on raising additional capital, and handicapped by impaired assets, it is important to expand the sources of long-term funding for SMEs. This chapter reviews the obstacles to a more extensive use of the main market-based debt instruments for SME financing (securitization, covered bonds, small/mid-cap bonds, private placements), from the point of view of the insurance industry, in order to develop policy recommendations that are able to remove barriers without jeopardizing the insurance companies’ overall stability. These recommendations should be considered within the Capital Markets Union initiative, the ultimate success of which will be crucial in determining the future ability of insurers to finance SMEs and, more importantly, in achieving an integrated European financial system.
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Thomas, Moers Mayer, and Eggermann Daniel M. Part I United States, 4 Lessons from Lehman: Forcing A Settlement of Substantive Consolidation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755371.003.0004.
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‘Substantive consolidation’ is the deemed merger of a bankrupt corporation with one or more other corporations, so that the assets of all the corporations are pooled and their value distributed to the creditors of all the entities. It penalizes creditors of more solvent debtors and rewards creditors of less solvent debtors. It is supposedly an ‘extraordinary remedy’ that is nevertheless frequently threatened in complex chapter 11 bankruptcy cases. This chapter describes the remedy of substantive consolidation, the facts in Lehman’s chapter 11 cases that made it the critical issue, and the threat of ‘involuntary settlement’ that avoided years of litigation and produced a fully consensual plan. The threat of an ‘involuntary settlement’ was a huge success in the Lehman case but the technique is very powerful and potentially very dangerous, as the chapter concludes.
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Barkley, Thomas. Energy Risk Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0024.
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The backdrop of rapid growth of worldwide energy consumption and increasing concerns about global energy sustainability and environment protection, as well as an increasing uncertainty of commodity prices, require energy companies to use derivatives to hedge against risks related to energy trading. Over time, this situation has led to a more important role for energy risk management as part of a company’s core business operation. This chapter discusses the primary financial instruments used in the energy sector and risk management for energy companies. It reviews the application of several important quantitative methodologies, including Value at Risk and its variant risk metrics, to measure market risk. The chapter also examines credit risk measures and credit risk migration. Lastly, it discusses liquidity risk, operational risk, and legal risk. Overall, the chapter focuses more on the risk the commodity producer/deliverer faces and less on the end user.
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Ioannidou, Vasso, José Maria Liberti, Thomas Mosk, and Jason Sturgess. Intended and Unintended Consequences of Government Credit Guarantee Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0018.
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In this chapter, we provide empirical evidence that the underwriting of private sector loans through a loan guarantee programme distorts the efficient allocation of bank credit. We exploit cross-sectional and time series variation in the availability of loan guarantees to entrepreneurial firms in the Netherlands after the financial crisis to examine the impact of loan guarantees on a large sample of individual borrowers. The introduction and posterior withdrawal of the programme had the intended effect on the number of loan applications. Firms eligible for loan guarantees applied for more loans relative to those that were not. However, loan guarantees reduced the incentives on banks to screen and monitor the quality of loans by reducing collateralized loans and making riskier loans. Our findings suggest that government guarantee programmes may have adverse effects on the screening incentives of banks.
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Inscoe, John C. Movie-Made Appalachia. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660141.001.0001.
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While Hollywood deserves its reputation for much-maligned portrayals of southern highlanders on screen, the film industry also deserves credit for a long-standing tradition of more serious and meaningful depictions of Appalachia’s people. Surveying some two dozen films and the literary and historical sources from which they were adapted, John C. Inscoe argues that in the American imagination Appalachia has long represented far more than deprived and depraved hillbillies. Rather, the films he highlights serve as effective conduits into the region’s past, some grounded firmly in documented realities and life stories, others only loosely so. In either case, they deserve more credit than they have received for creating sympathetic and often complex characters who interact within families, households, and communities amidst a wide array of historical contingencies. They provide credible and informative narratives that respect the specifics of the times and places in which they are set. Having used many of these movies as teaching tools in college classrooms, Inscoe demonstrates the cumulative effect of analyzing them in terms of shared themes and topics to convey far more generous insights into Appalachia and its history than one would have expected to emerge from southern California’s “dream factory.”
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Maron, Martine. Is “no net loss of biodiversity” a good idea? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0022.
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This chapter explores biodiversity offsetting as a tool used to achieve “no net loss” of biodiversity. Unfortunately, no-net-loss offsetting can be—and often is—unintentionally designed in a way that inevitably results in ongoing biodiversity decline. Credit for offset sites is given in proportion to the assumed loss that would happen at those sites if not protected, and this requires clear baselines and good estimates of the risk of loss. This crediting calculation also creates a perverse incentive to overstate—or even genuinely increase—the threat to biodiversity at potential offset sites, in order to generate more offset “credit” that can then be exchanged for damaging actions elsewhere. The phrase “no net loss,” when used without an explicit frame of reference and quantified counterfactual scenario, is meaningless, and potentially misleading. Conservation scientists have a core role in interpreting, communicating, and improving the robustness of offset policy.
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Smyth, J. E. Madam President. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840822.003.0005.
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Mary C. McCall Jr. was the Screen Writers Guild’s most valuable asset from its earliest days through the blacklist. Eventually, she would publicly sacrifice her career in Hollywood defending the basic right of screen credit against a new breed of politically repressive producers. But, like her most famous creation, Maisie Ravier, McCall did not give up on herself or her show business industry. Sadly, over the years, the guild and historians of Hollywood have denied her the screen credit she deserves. She was one of the most politically active and powerful of all Hollywood writers, and yet is one of the least discussed in scholarly accounts of the film industry. Though much of the scholarship on studio-era Hollywood screenwriters has focused on the men who led the Hollywood Left, during the studio era, McCall wielded more power than any Hollywood woman before or since. This is her story.
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Ian, Paterson. 3 Australia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses the law of set-off and netting in Australia as well as the key restrictions on the availability of set-off under Australian law. In Australia, set-off and netting arrangements are often used as a means of reducing operational and credit risk. In the context of reducing credit risk involving financial rights and obligations (for example, deposits and loans), set-off and netting arrangements depend on one or more of: contract, section 553C of the Corporations Act 2001, and the Payment Systems and Netting Act 1998 (Netting Act). The chapter first considers set-off between solvent parties and set-off against insolvent parties before explaining set-off under section 553C of the Corporations Act. It also examines issues that may arise in cross-border transactions under Australian law with respect to the availability of set-off in section D of the Corporations Act, with emphasis on the choice of law and set-off in insolvency.
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Parrott, David. Armed Forces. Edited by William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0004.
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In early 1645 Field Marshal Lennard Torstensson led a Swedish army of 9,000 cavalry, 6,000 infantry, and sixty cannon against a Habsburg-Imperial army of 10,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry, and twenty-six cannon commanded by Melchior von Hatzfeld. Both armies were composed of regiments commanded by international colonel-proprietors, who had used their funds or credit to raise and maintain military units. Many of the soldiers in both armies had been in service for ten years or more. The colonel-proprietors and generals in both armies regarded the recruitment of their experienced veterans as a long-term investment, and both were supported in their enterprises by an international network of private credit facilities, munitions manufacturers, food suppliers, and transport contractors. In both cases this elaborate structure was funded through control of the financial resources of entire territories, largely extracted and administered by the military high command. The armies clashed at Jankow in Bohemia, and the Imperial forces, though superior in cavalry, were held and eventually defeated by the Swedes, in part thanks to their artillery.
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Quintana, José Mario, Carlos Carvalho, James Scott, and Thomas Costigliola. Extracting S&P500 and NASDAQ Volatility: The Credit Crisis of 2007–2008. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.13.
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This article demonstrates the utility of Bayesian modelling and inference in financial market volatility analysis, using the 2007-2008 credit crisis as a case study. It first describes the applied problem and goal of the Bayesian analysis before introducing the sequential estimation models. It then discusses the simulation-based methodology for inference, including Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and particle filtering methods for filtering and parameter learning. In the study, Bayesian sequential model choice techniques are used to estimate volatility and volatility dynamics for daily data for the year 2007 for three market indices: the Standard and Poor’s S&P500, the NASDAQ NDX100 and the financial equity index called XLF. Three models of financial time series are estimated: a model with stochastic volatility, a model with stochastic volatility that also incorporates jumps in volatility, and a Garch model.
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Straordinari, Libri. Se Non Credete Nella Resurrezione Dei Morti Date un'occhiata a un Qualunque Ufficio Nell'ora D'uscita: Taccuino con Parola, Proverbio, Motto, Aforisma, Massima - per Schizzi, Appunti, Disegni, Diario o Regalo. Independently Published, 2019.
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Menz, Georg. Models of Finance and Corporate Governance and their Implications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199579983.003.0005.
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Access to credit is crucial for companies to thrive. Governments in statist systems of political economy historically regulated and manipulated this function with a view to promoting sectoral and regional development, but also curtailing development not favoured politically. By contrast, in more market-oriented political sectors, governments refrained from using finance as a tool and often adopted a more laissez-faire approach in letting the finance sector grow organically, even if this included slightly problematic developments. Over the course of the past thirty years, these boundaries have become more blurred. The financial sector has extended its reach, escaped from regulatory confines, and thus identified new domains of activities. This development democratizes access to finance. However, many analysts point to excessively easy access as one of the root causes of the 2008 global financial crisis.
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Textor, Mark. The Regress and the Duplication Argument. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685479.003.0005.
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Brentano held that perceiving and awareness of perceiving are not two distinct mental acts, but one. This view is not intuitively plausible. The chapter assesses in detail Brentano’s main argument—the Duplication Argument—for this view. It starts by considering predecessors of Brentano’s version of the argument in Aristotle and Hamilton and then moves on to Brentano’s version. Brentano’s Duplication Argument does not assume that awareness of mental acts is a propositional attitude. Because of this Brentano’s Duplication Argument is more promising than its predecessors. The chapter also makes clear why it is implausible to credit Brentano with the Infinite Regress Argument.
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Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Buffer Stock Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0007.
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We analyze models that combine precautionary saving and liquidity constraints to provide a unified, more realistic treatment of intertemporal decisions. We start off with a simple three-period model to illustrate how the expectation of future borrowing constraints can induce precautionary saving even in scenarios in which marginal utility is linear. A more general model that allows liquidity constraints and precautionary saving to interact fully is the buffer stock model, of which there are two versions. One, developed by Deaton (1991), emphasizes the possibility that a prudent and impatient consumer may face credit constraints. The other, by Carroll (1997), features the same type of consumer but allows for the possibility of income falling to zero and so generating a natural borrowing constraint.
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Nathanson, Mitchell. The Storytellers. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036804.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on the significance of the storytellers. Through them, the baseball creed, the elevated national status of baseball, the tale of Branch Rickey and the desegregation of the game, the power and benevolence of the owners, and the uniquely American glory of the underdog all received confirmation as the righteousness of these tales seeped into the national consciousness. For more than a century baseball has been sold to the American public as much more than simply an athletic contest. For this, MLB and the media that have covered it—from Henry Chadwick to the present—deserve much of the credit. Together they have spun tales of baseball as America that are believable not so much because they are true, but because they are reaffirming.
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Birchall, Johnston. The Performance of Member-Owned Businesses Since the Financial Crisis of 2008. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.40.
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This chapter examines the performance of several types of member-owned businesses since the financial crisis. It summarizes evidence for three financial co-operative sectors (European co-operative banks, the worldwide credit union sector, and the UK building societies), finding that they have been less risky, more stable, and on a range of indicators more successful than conventional investor-owned banks. It then examines the performance of retail consumer co-operatives, insurance mutuals, retailer-owned wholesalers, and employee-owned businesses. The wider benefits of having a significant member-owned sector are then considered. The conclusion is that economic resilience cannot be taken for granted: it has to be competed for in each industry sector, and the results will vary depending on the extent to which, in each sector, they can realize the ‘co-operative advantage’.
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Grivno, Max. 1. “The Land Flows with Milk and Honey”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036521.003.0002.
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This chapter examines northern Maryland's economy and workforce from the 1790s through the 1810s. The region had prospered during this period, given that the Napoleonic Wars disrupted farming and trade in Europe and the Caribbean, thus creating a void that allowed Americans to reap a windfall by supplying the belligerents and their colonies with foodstuffs. As commodity prices soared, northern Marylanders waded deeper into export markets and were drawn more closely into Baltimore's commercial orbit. In these heady decades, many people cast caution to the wind, speculating in land, purchasing consumer goods on credit, and amassing fortunes in dubious notes issued by rural banks and turnpike companies.
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Pope, Barbara Kline, and Elizabeth Marincola. The Role of Scholarly Presses and Journals. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.21.
Full textAbstract:
The traditional publication process for scholarly journals and consensus books has enabled researchers to build upon past findings, advance knowledge, inspire the transformation of basic research into practical applications, and generate broad human benefits. In the digital age, this process is undergoing new opportunities and sobering challenges. Many journals and some book publishers now open scholarship to the world through the Web. Scholarly content has never been more available to more of our citizens. At the same time, publishing is facing serious challenges that include a better understanding of the weaknesses of peer review, delays to access, irreproducibility of some results, distortion of the journal impact factor, and complications around authorship credit posed by the changing nature and scale of research. In addition, not all scholarship is open access, and some thriving business models charge readers for content instead of disseminating knowledge freely.
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Menz, Georg. The Political Economy of Debt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199579983.003.0006.
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The explosive rise in not just public, but also private debt has recently attracted more scholarly attention. This is a novel development and might expose politico-economic models of governance to instability from an angle previously underappreciated. The liberalization of credit access in the Anglo-American countries, and, somewhat later, beyond those, might be seen as liberating for some, but they also create the potential for entrapment in debt. The term ‘privatized Keynesianism’ has been proposed to suggest a systematic agenda behind the facilitated access to lending. In this chapter, the broader access to investment vehicles is also being scrutinized, although upon closer inspection any claims of mass ownership of shares turn out not to be tenable.
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Wilmarth Jr., Arthur E. Taming the Megabanks. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190260705.001.0001.
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This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007–09. Universal banks promoted a dangerous credit boom and a hazardous stock market bubble in the U.S. during the 1920s, which led to the Great Depression. Congress responded by passing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated banks from the securities markets and prohibited nonbanks from accepting deposits. Glass-Steagall’s structural separation of the banking, securities, and insurance sectors prevented financial panics from spreading across the U.S. financial system for more than four decades. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, large U.S. banks pursued a twenty-year campaign to remove the statute’s prudential buffers. Regulators opened loopholes in Glass-Steagall during the 1980s and 1990s, and Congress repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. The United Kingdom and the European Union adopted similar deregulatory measures, thereby allowing universal banks to dominate financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, large U.S. securities firms became “shadow banks” as regulators allowed them to issue short-term deposit substitutes to finance long-term loans and investments. Universal banks and shadow banks fueled a toxic subprime credit boom in the U.S., U.K., and Europe during the 2000s, which led to the Great Recession. Limited reforms after the Great Recession have not broken up universal banks and shadow banks, thereby leaving in place a financial system that is prone to excessive risk-taking and vulnerable to contagious panics. A new Glass-Steagall Act is urgently needed to restore a financial system that is less risky, more stable and resilient, and better able to serve the needs of our economy and society.
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Akyüz, Yilmaz. External Vulnerabilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0004.
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The deepened financial integration of EDEs has heightened their susceptibility to global financial shocks and increased the instability in their credit, assets, and currency markets. It has led to significant loss of autonomy over monetary policy and the entire spectrum of interest rates. At the same time, these countries are said to have become more resilient because they have adopted more flexible exchange rate regimes, accumulated large stocks of international reserves, and reduced their exposure to the exchange rate risk by shifting from foreign currency to local currency debt. This chapter critically examines these contentions and concludes that none of these practices provides adequate protection against external financial shocks, taking into account the new vulnerabilities entailed by the increased depth and changed pattern of integration, particularly greater presence of foreigners in domestic financial markets and of the nationals of emerging economies in markets abroad.
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Campos, Francisco, Markus Goldstein, Laura McGorman, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet, and Obert Pimhidzai. Breaking the Metal Ceiling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0008.
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Evidence from developed and developing countries indicates that there is significant gender segregation within the labour market, with women more likely to work in low-productivity sectors or less profitable businesses. This chapter looks at occupational segregation which significantly contributes to the earnings gender gap worldwide. The chapter studies the differences in outcomes for male and female enterprises and their sectors in sub-Saharan Africa, a region of high female labour market participation and entrepreneurship. Data on Uganda show that women breaking into male-dominated sectors make as much as men, and three times more than women staying in female-dominated sectors. Factors including entrepreneurial skill/abilities and credit/human capital constraints do not explain women’s sectoral choices. However, information about profitability of their small enterprises, male role models’ influence, and exposure to the sector from family and friends are critical in helping women circumvent or overcome norms undergirding occupational segregation.
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Siddiqi, Asiya. The Bigger Merchants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199472208.003.0003.
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This chapter is concerned with how some bigger merchants were adversely affected by judicial decisions concerning their commercial activity. A change in the mores of business activities is noticeable. In the older values that underpin commercial activity, mutual trust played an important role. A significant cause of instability in the export trade was the structure of the consignment system. The manner in which credit was raised for the consignment trade and the motive of the European trading houses, interested more in their commissions than on the outturn of the commercial transactions, produced extreme instability in the market in Bombay. An undercurrent of disquiet over the terms on which trade took place and over the unequal position of Indian merchants is reflected in some insolvency proceedings.