Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mortgage-backed securities'

Mortgage-Backed securities (MBS) represent a financial instrument which "securitizes" residential first mortgages. Although the trading processes of MBS are similar to those of bonds, there are significant differences between the valuation methods of MBS and other securities. One of the sources of these differences is the possibility of prepayment of the mortgages. This study makes the distinction between full prepayment and partial prepayment. The results of this study suggest that full prepayment is directly related to housing market activities and partial prepayment is affected mainly by the prepayment provision in the mortgage contracts.<br>Business, Sauder School of<br>Graduate

While option-theoretic models are widely used in valuation of other fixed-income instruments, their applications for the valuation of mortgage-backed securities face challenges. Mortgages are explicitly written with a call option, which allows mortgagors to prepay their mortgages any time before the maturity. The magnitude and timing of exercising the prepayment options are not purely driven by economic factors, but also the mortgagor's individual preferences and personal behaviours. This brings difficulties to valuing mortgage-backed securities with conventional models. In this thesis we aim to explore the prepayment risk caused uncertainties in valuation of mortgage-backed securities. We start with empirically examining an option-theoretic model proposed by Kalotay, Yang and Fabozzi (2004). This model has special features to treat borrower heterogeneity and suboptimal exercises of the prepayment options. Based on the empirical results, we propose to employ linear prepayment functions to model borrower heterogeneity. The new MBS valuation model with the integration of linear prepayment functions is also tested with empirical data. Our results suggest that mortgages with different coupon rates have different refinancing tendencies even towards the same market rate change. Therefore, assuming the same refinancing pattern to all classes of mortgages may lead to errors in pricing mortgages and MBSs. For mortgages with coupon rate below the prevailing refinancing rate (as proxied by the 30 year libor rate) plus the refinancing cost, a prepayment function with a low initial prepayment rate and a high slope will model the prepayments best. On the other hand, for mortgages with coupon rate above the current refinancing rate plus the refinancing cost, a prepayment function with a high initial prepayment and a mild slope will perform best. Meanwhile, refinancing burnout is also an important factor in modelling mortgage prepayment. Our results suggest that when the underlying mortgages are seasoned mortgages, especially when the prepayment option has been deep-in-the-money for a long time, the low initial prepayment high slope function will model their prepayments the best. Once these different refinancing tendencies are factored in the modelling of mortgage prepayment, the accuracy of the MBS valuation model is greatly improved.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2004.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-60).<br>With the increasing role of CMBS in commercial real estate lending, it has become crucial to understand the agency and governance risks that are created with the CMBS servicing structure. This study is an investigation of three key relationships within CMBS servicing, (1) between the servicers and different investor classes, (2) between the master servicer and the real estate owner/borrower, and (3) between the special servicer and the real estate owner/borrower. Through interviews with industry professionals and careful reading of the documentation that drives CMBS governance structures, the study reveals several different conflicts of interest that could significantly impact both the cash flow available to various trust investors and the underlying value of the real estate asset securing the mortgage.<br>by Jacob A. Darling.<br>S.M.

The market for mortgage backed securities (MBS) was active and fast growing from the issuance of the first MBS in 1981. This enabled financial firms to transform risky individual mortgages into liquid and tradable market instruments. The subprime mortgage crisis of 2007 shows the need for a better understanding and development of mathematical models for these securities. The aim of this thesis is to develop a model for MBS that is flexible enough to capture both regular and subprime MBS. The thesis considers two models, one for a single mortgage in an intensity based framework and the second for mortgage backed securities using a stochastic partial differential equation approach. In the model for a single mortgage, we capture the prepayment and default incentives of the borrower using intensity processes. Using the minimum of the two intensity processes, we develop a nonlinear equation for the mortgage rate and solve it numerically and present some case studies. In modelling of an MBS in a structural framework using stochastic PDEs (SPDEs), we consider a large number of individuals in a mortgage pool and assume that the wealth of each individual follows a stochastic process, driven by two Brownian mo- tions, one capturing the idiosyncratic noise of each individual and the second a common market factor. By defining the empirical measure of a large pool of these individuals we study the evolution of the limit empirical measure and derive an SPDE for the evolution of the density of the limit empirical measure. We numerically solve the SPDE to demonstrate its flexibility in different market environments. The calibration of the model to financial data is the focus of the final part of thesis. We discuss the different parameters and demonstrate how many can be fitted to observed data. Finally, for the key model parameters, we present a strategy to estimate them given observations of the loss function and use this to determine implied model parameters of ABX.HE.

According to the Reserve Bank of Australia (2006) the increased supply of Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS), with a range of subordination, has broadened the investor base in real estate debt markets and reduced the commercial property sector’s dependence on bank financing The CMBS market has been one of the most dynamic and fastest-growing sectors in the capital markets, for a market which was virtually nonexistent prior to 1990. The global CMBS market issuance which stood at AU$5.1 billion (US$4 billion) in 1990 had grown to AU$380 billion (US$299 billion) by the end of 2006. In Australia, a total of over 60 CMBSs with nearly 180 tranches totalling over AU$17.4 billion had been issued to December 2006 from when they were first introduced in 1999. To date few studies have been done on Australian CMBSs outside the credit rating agency circles. These studies are predominantly practitioner focused (Jones Lang LaSalle 2001; Richardson 2003; Roche 2000, 2002). O’Sullivan (1998) and Simonovski (2003) are the only academic studies on CMBSs. As such, this thesis examines issues relating to the development of Australian CMBSs and quantitatively and qualitatively analyses the structuring of Australian CMBSs. In assessing the growth of the Australian CMBS market, an interpretive historical approach (Baumgarter & Hensley 2005) is adopted to provide a cogent review and explanation of features of international and Australian CMBSs. This helps to understand the changing nature of the market and provides better understanding of the present and suggests possible future directions. The Australian CMBS market is matured in comparison with the larger US and EU CMBS markets as seen by the diversity of asset classes backing the issues and transaction types, tightening spreads, and record issuance volumes.High property market transparency (Jones Lang LaSalle 2006b) and predominance of Listed Property Trusts (LPT) as CMBS issuers (Standard & Poor’s 2005b), who legally have to report their activities and underlying collateral performance to regulatory regimes such as Australian Stock Exchange (ASX)/Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) and their equity partners, have contributed to the success of the Australian CMBS market. Furthermore, the positive commercial real estate market outlook should support future CMBS issuance, with LPTs continuing their dominance as issuers. In investigating property risk assessment in Australian CMBSs, all the CMBSs issued over a six year period of 2000 to 2005 were obtained from Standard and Poor’s presale reports as found in their Ratings Direct database to identify and review how property risk factors were addressed in all issues and within specific property asset classes following the delineation of property risk by Adair and Hutchinson (2005). Adequate assessment of property risk and its reporting is critical to the success of CMBS issues. The proposed framework shows that assessing and reporting property risk in Australian CMBSs, which are primarily backed by direct property assets, under the headings of investment quality risk, covenant strength risk, and depreciation and obsolescence risk can easily be done. The proposed framework should prove useful to rating agencies, bond issuers and institutional investors. Rating agencies can adopt a more systematic and consistent approach towards reporting of assessed property risk in CMBSs. Issuers and institutional investors can examine the perceived consistency and appropriateness of the rating assigned to a CMBS issue by providing inferences concerning property risk assessment.The ultimate goal of structuring CMBS transactions is to obtain a high credit rating as this has an impact on the yield obtainable and the success of the issue. The credit rating process involves highly subjective assessment of both qualitative and quantitative factors of a particular company as well as pertinent industry level or market level variables (Huang et al. 2004), with the final rating assigned by a credit committee via voting (Kwon et al. 1997). As such, credit rating agencies state that researchers cannot replicate their ratings quantitatively since their ratings reflect each agency’s opinion about an issue’s potential default risk and relies heavily on a committee’s analysis of the issuer’s ability and willingness to repay its debt. However, researchers have replicated bond ratings on the premise that financial ratios contain a large amount of information about a company’s credit risk. In this study, quantitative analysis of determinants of CMBS credit ratings issued by Standard and Poor’s from 2000 – 2006 using ANNs and OR and qualitative analysis of factors considered necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue through mail surveys of arrangers and issuers are undertaken. Of the quantitative variables propagated by credit rating agencies as being important to CMBS rating, only loan-to-value ratio (LTV) is found to be statistically significant, with the other variables being statistically insignificant using OR. This leads to the conclusion that statistical approaches used in corporate bond rating studies have limited replication capabilities in CMBS rating and that the endogeneity arguments raise significant questions about LTV and debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) as convenient, short-cut measures of CMBS default risk.However, ANNs do offer promising predictive results and can be used to facilitate implementation of survey-based CMBS rating systems. This should contribute to making the CMBS rating methodology become more explicit which is advantageous in that both CMBS investors and issuers are provided with greater information and faith in the investment. ANN results show that 62.0% of CMBS rating is attributable to LTV (38.2%) and DSCR (23.6%); supporting earlier studies which have listed the two as being the most important variables in CMBS rating. The other variables’ contributions are: CMBS issue size (10.1%), CMBS tenure (6.7%), geographical diversity (13.5%) and property diversity (7.9%) respectively. The methodology used to obtain these results is validated when applied to predict LPT bond ratings. Both OR and ANN produce provide robust alternatives to rating LPT bonds, with no significant differences in results between the full models of the two methods. Qualitative analysis of surveys on arrangers and issuers provides insights into structuring issues they consider necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue. Rating of issues was found to be the main reason why investors invest in CMBSs and provision of funds at attractive rates as the main motivation behind CMBS issuance. Furthermore, asset quality was found to be the most important factor necessary to obtain a high credit rating supporting the view by Henderson and ING Barings (1997) that assets backing securitisation are its fundamental credit strength.In addition, analyses of the surveys reveal the following: • The choice of which debt funding option to use depends on market conditions. • Credit tranching, over-collateralisation and cross-collateralisation are the main forms of credit enhancement in use. • On average, the AAA note tranche needs to be above AU$100 million and have 60 - 85% subordination for the CMBS issue to be economically viable. • Structuring costs range between 0.1% – 1% of issue size and structuring duration ranges from 4 – 9 months. • Preferred refinancing options are further capital market issues and bank debt. • Pricing CMBSs is greatly influenced by factors in the broader capital markets. For instance, the market had literary shut down as a result of the “credit crunch” caused by the meltdown in the US sub-prime mortgage market. These findings can be useful to issuers as a guide on the cost of going to the bond market to raise capital, which can be useful in comparing with other sources of funds. The findings of this thesis address crucial research priorities of the property industry as CMBSs are seen as a major commercial real estate debt instrument. By looking at how property risk can be assessed and reported in a more systematic way, and investigating quantitative and qualitative factors considered in structuring CMBSs, investor confidence can be increased through the increased body of knowledge. Several published refereed journal articles in Appendix C further validate the stature and significance of this thesis. It is evident that the property research in this thesis can lead aid in the revitalisation of the Australian CMBS market after the “shut down” caused by the melt-down in the US sub-prime mortgage market and can also be used to set up property-backed CMBSs in emerging countries where the CMBS market is immature or non-existent.

According to the Reserve Bank of Australia (2006) the increased supply of Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS), with a range of subordination, has broadened the investor base in real estate debt markets and reduced the commercial property sector’s dependence on bank financing The CMBS market has been one of the most dynamic and fastest-growing sectors in the capital markets, for a market which was virtually nonexistent prior to 1990. The global CMBS market issuance which stood at AU$5.1 billion (US$4 billion) in 1990 had grown to AU$380 billion (US$299 billion) by the end of 2006. In Australia, a total of over 60 CMBSs with nearly 180 tranches totalling over AU$17.4 billion had been issued to December 2006 from when they were first introduced in 1999. To date few studies have been done on Australian CMBSs outside the credit rating agency circles. These studies are predominantly practitioner focused (Jones Lang LaSalle 2001; Richardson 2003; Roche 2000, 2002). O’Sullivan (1998) and Simonovski (2003) are the only academic studies on CMBSs. As such, this thesis examines issues relating to the development of Australian CMBSs and quantitatively and qualitatively analyses the structuring of Australian CMBSs. In assessing the growth of the Australian CMBS market, an interpretive historical approach (Baumgarter & Hensley 2005) is adopted to provide a cogent review and explanation of features of international and Australian CMBSs. This helps to understand the changing nature of the market and provides better understanding of the present and suggests possible future directions. The Australian CMBS market is matured in comparison with the larger US and EU CMBS markets as seen by the diversity of asset classes backing the issues and transaction types, tightening spreads, and record issuance volumes.<br>High property market transparency (Jones Lang LaSalle 2006b) and predominance of Listed Property Trusts (LPT) as CMBS issuers (Standard & Poor’s 2005b), who legally have to report their activities and underlying collateral performance to regulatory regimes such as Australian Stock Exchange (ASX)/Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) and their equity partners, have contributed to the success of the Australian CMBS market. Furthermore, the positive commercial real estate market outlook should support future CMBS issuance, with LPTs continuing their dominance as issuers. In investigating property risk assessment in Australian CMBSs, all the CMBSs issued over a six year period of 2000 to 2005 were obtained from Standard and Poor’s presale reports as found in their Ratings Direct database to identify and review how property risk factors were addressed in all issues and within specific property asset classes following the delineation of property risk by Adair and Hutchinson (2005). Adequate assessment of property risk and its reporting is critical to the success of CMBS issues. The proposed framework shows that assessing and reporting property risk in Australian CMBSs, which are primarily backed by direct property assets, under the headings of investment quality risk, covenant strength risk, and depreciation and obsolescence risk can easily be done. The proposed framework should prove useful to rating agencies, bond issuers and institutional investors. Rating agencies can adopt a more systematic and consistent approach towards reporting of assessed property risk in CMBSs. Issuers and institutional investors can examine the perceived consistency and appropriateness of the rating assigned to a CMBS issue by providing inferences concerning property risk assessment.<br>The ultimate goal of structuring CMBS transactions is to obtain a high credit rating as this has an impact on the yield obtainable and the success of the issue. The credit rating process involves highly subjective assessment of both qualitative and quantitative factors of a particular company as well as pertinent industry level or market level variables (Huang et al. 2004), with the final rating assigned by a credit committee via voting (Kwon et al. 1997). As such, credit rating agencies state that researchers cannot replicate their ratings quantitatively since their ratings reflect each agency’s opinion about an issue’s potential default risk and relies heavily on a committee’s analysis of the issuer’s ability and willingness to repay its debt. However, researchers have replicated bond ratings on the premise that financial ratios contain a large amount of information about a company’s credit risk. In this study, quantitative analysis of determinants of CMBS credit ratings issued by Standard and Poor’s from 2000 – 2006 using ANNs and OR and qualitative analysis of factors considered necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue through mail surveys of arrangers and issuers are undertaken. Of the quantitative variables propagated by credit rating agencies as being important to CMBS rating, only loan-to-value ratio (LTV) is found to be statistically significant, with the other variables being statistically insignificant using OR. This leads to the conclusion that statistical approaches used in corporate bond rating studies have limited replication capabilities in CMBS rating and that the endogeneity arguments raise significant questions about LTV and debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) as convenient, short-cut measures of CMBS default risk.<br>However, ANNs do offer promising predictive results and can be used to facilitate implementation of survey-based CMBS rating systems. This should contribute to making the CMBS rating methodology become more explicit which is advantageous in that both CMBS investors and issuers are provided with greater information and faith in the investment. ANN results show that 62.0% of CMBS rating is attributable to LTV (38.2%) and DSCR (23.6%); supporting earlier studies which have listed the two as being the most important variables in CMBS rating. The other variables’ contributions are: CMBS issue size (10.1%), CMBS tenure (6.7%), geographical diversity (13.5%) and property diversity (7.9%) respectively. The methodology used to obtain these results is validated when applied to predict LPT bond ratings. Both OR and ANN produce provide robust alternatives to rating LPT bonds, with no significant differences in results between the full models of the two methods. Qualitative analysis of surveys on arrangers and issuers provides insights into structuring issues they consider necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue. Rating of issues was found to be the main reason why investors invest in CMBSs and provision of funds at attractive rates as the main motivation behind CMBS issuance. Furthermore, asset quality was found to be the most important factor necessary to obtain a high credit rating supporting the view by Henderson and ING Barings (1997) that assets backing securitisation are its fundamental credit strength.<br>In addition, analyses of the surveys reveal the following: • The choice of which debt funding option to use depends on market conditions. • Credit tranching, over-collateralisation and cross-collateralisation are the main forms of credit enhancement in use. • On average, the AAA note tranche needs to be above AU$100 million and have 60 - 85% subordination for the CMBS issue to be economically viable. • Structuring costs range between 0.1% – 1% of issue size and structuring duration ranges from 4 – 9 months. • Preferred refinancing options are further capital market issues and bank debt. • Pricing CMBSs is greatly influenced by factors in the broader capital markets. For instance, the market had literary shut down as a result of the “credit crunch” caused by the meltdown in the US sub-prime mortgage market. These findings can be useful to issuers as a guide on the cost of going to the bond market to raise capital, which can be useful in comparing with other sources of funds. The findings of this thesis address crucial research priorities of the property industry as CMBSs are seen as a major commercial real estate debt instrument. By looking at how property risk can be assessed and reported in a more systematic way, and investigating quantitative and qualitative factors considered in structuring CMBSs, investor confidence can be increased through the increased body of knowledge. Several published refereed journal articles in Appendix C further validate the stature and significance of this thesis. It is evident that the property research in this thesis can lead aid in the revitalisation of the Australian CMBS market after the “shut down” caused by the melt-down in the US sub-prime mortgage market and can also be used to set up property-backed CMBSs in emerging countries where the CMBS market is immature or non-existent.

According to the Reserve Bank of Australia (2006) the increased supply of Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS), with a range of subordination, has broadened the investor base in real estate debt markets and reduced the commercial property sector’s dependence on bank financing The CMBS market has been one of the most dynamic and fastest-growing sectors in the capital markets, for a market which was virtually nonexistent prior to 1990. The global CMBS market issuance which stood at AU$5.1 billion (US$4 billion) in 1990 had grown to AU$380 billion (US$299 billion) by the end of 2006. In Australia, a total of over 60 CMBSs with nearly 180 tranches totalling over AU$17.4 billion had been issued to December 2006 from when they were first introduced in 1999. To date few studies have been done on Australian CMBSs outside the credit rating agency circles. These studies are predominantly practitioner focused (Jones Lang LaSalle 2001; Richardson 2003; Roche 2000, 2002). O’Sullivan (1998) and Simonovski (2003) are the only academic studies on CMBSs. As such, this thesis examines issues relating to the development of Australian CMBSs and quantitatively and qualitatively analyses the structuring of Australian CMBSs. In assessing the growth of the Australian CMBS market, an interpretive historical approach (Baumgarter & Hensley 2005) is adopted to provide a cogent review and explanation of features of international and Australian CMBSs. This helps to understand the changing nature of the market and provides better understanding of the present and suggests possible future directions. The Australian CMBS market is matured in comparison with the larger US and EU CMBS markets as seen by the diversity of asset classes backing the issues and transaction types, tightening spreads, and record issuance volumes. High property market transparency (Jones Lang LaSalle 2006b) and predominance of Listed Property Trusts (LPT) as CMBS issuers (Standard & Poor’s 2005b), who legally have to report their activities and underlying collateral performance to regulatory regimes such as Australian Stock Exchange (ASX)/Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) and their equity partners, have contributed to the success of the Australian CMBS market. Furthermore, the positive commercial real estate market outlook should support future CMBS issuance, with LPTs continuing their dominance as issuers. In investigating property risk assessment in Australian CMBSs, all the CMBSs issued over a six year period of 2000 to 2005 were obtained from Standard and Poor’s presale reports as found in their Ratings Direct database to identify and review how property risk factors were addressed in all issues and within specific property asset classes following the delineation of property risk by Adair and Hutchinson (2005). Adequate assessment of property risk and its reporting is critical to the success of CMBS issues. The proposed framework shows that assessing and reporting property risk in Australian CMBSs, which are primarily backed by direct property assets, under the headings of investment quality risk, covenant strength risk, and depreciation and obsolescence risk can easily be done. The proposed framework should prove useful to rating agencies, bond issuers and institutional investors. Rating agencies can adopt a more systematic and consistent approach towards reporting of assessed property risk in CMBSs. Issuers and institutional investors can examine the perceived consistency and appropriateness of the rating assigned to a CMBS issue by providing inferences concerning property risk assessment. High property market transparency (Jones Lang LaSalle 2006b) and predominance of Listed Property Trusts (LPT) as CMBS issuers (Standard & Poor’s 2005b), who legally have to report their activities and underlying collateral performance to regulatory regimes such as Australian Stock Exchange (ASX)/Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) and their equity partners, have contributed to the success of the Australian CMBS market. Furthermore, the positive commercial real estate market outlook should support future CMBS issuance, with LPTs continuing their dominance as issuers. In investigating property risk assessment in Australian CMBSs, all the CMBSs issued over a six year period of 2000 to 2005 were obtained from Standard and Poor’s presale reports as found in their Ratings Direct database to identify and review how property risk factors were addressed in all issues and within specific property asset classes following the delineation of property risk by Adair and Hutchinson (2005). Adequate assessment of property risk and its reporting is critical to the success of CMBS issues. The proposed framework shows that assessing and reporting property risk in Australian CMBSs, which are primarily backed by direct property assets, under the headings of investment quality risk, covenant strength risk, and depreciation and obsolescence risk can easily be done. The proposed framework should prove useful to rating agencies, bond issuers and institutional investors. Rating agencies can adopt a more systematic and consistent approach towards reporting of assessed property risk in CMBSs. Issuers and institutional investors can examine the perceived consistency and appropriateness of the rating assigned to a CMBS issue by providing inferences concerning property risk assessment. The ultimate goal of structuring CMBS transactions is to obtain a high credit rating as this has an impact on the yield obtainable and the success of the issue. The credit rating process involves highly subjective assessment of both qualitative and quantitative factors of a particular company as well as pertinent industry level or market level variables (Huang et al. 2004), with the final rating assigned by a credit committee via voting (Kwon et al. 1997). As such, credit rating agencies state that researchers cannot replicate their ratings quantitatively since their ratings reflect each agency’s opinion about an issue’s potential default risk and relies heavily on a committee’s analysis of the issuer’s ability and willingness to repay its debt. However, researchers have replicated bond ratings on the premise that financial ratios contain a large amount of information about a company’s credit risk. In this study, quantitative analysis of determinants of CMBS credit ratings issued by Standard and Poor’s from 2000 – 2006 using ANNs and OR and qualitative analysis of factors considered necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue through mail surveys of arrangers and issuers are undertaken. Of the quantitative variables propagated by credit rating agencies as being important to CMBS rating, only loan-to-value ratio (LTV) is found to be statistically significant, with the other variables being statistically insignificant using OR. This leads to the conclusion that statistical approaches used in corporate bond rating studies have limited replication capabilities in CMBS rating and that the endogeneity arguments raise significant questions about LTV and debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) as convenient, short-cut measures of CMBS default risk. The ultimate goal of structuring CMBS transactions is to obtain a high credit rating as this has an impact on the yield obtainable and the success of the issue. The credit rating process involves highly subjective assessment of both qualitative and quantitative factors of a particular company as well as pertinent industry level or market level variables (Huang et al. 2004), with the final rating assigned by a credit committee via voting (Kwon et al. 1997). As such, credit rating agencies state that researchers cannot replicate their ratings quantitatively since their ratings reflect each agency’s opinion about an issue’s potential default risk and relies heavily on a committee’s analysis of the issuer’s ability and willingness to repay its debt. However, researchers have replicated bond ratings on the premise that financial ratios contain a large amount of information about a company’s credit risk. In this study, quantitative analysis of determinants of CMBS credit ratings issued by Standard and Poor’s from 2000 – 2006 using ANNs and OR and qualitative analysis of factors considered necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue through mail surveys of arrangers and issuers are undertaken. Of the quantitative variables propagated by credit rating agencies as being important to CMBS rating, only loan-to-value ratio (LTV) is found to be statistically significant, with the other variables being statistically insignificant using OR. This leads to the conclusion that statistical approaches used in corporate bond rating studies have limited replication capabilities in CMBS rating and that the endogeneity arguments raise significant questions about LTV and debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) as convenient, short-cut measures of CMBS default risk. However, ANNs do offer promising predictive results and can be used to facilitate implementation of survey-based CMBS rating systems. This should contribute to making the CMBS rating methodology become more explicit which is advantageous in that both CMBS investors and issuers are provided with greater information and faith in the investment. ANN results show that 62.0% of CMBS rating is attributable to LTV (38.2%) and DSCR (23.6%); supporting earlier studies which have listed the two as being the most important variables in CMBS rating. The other variables’ contributions are: CMBS issue size (10.1%), CMBS tenure (6.7%), geographical diversity (13.5%) and property diversity (7.9%) respectively. The methodology used to obtain these results is validated when applied to predict LPT bond ratings. Both OR and ANN produce provide robust alternatives to rating LPT bonds, with no significant differences in results between the full models of the two methods. Qualitative analysis of surveys on arrangers and issuers provides insights into structuring issues they consider necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue. Rating of issues was found to be the main reason why investors invest in CMBSs and provision of funds at attractive rates as the main motivation behind CMBS issuance. Furthermore, asset quality was found to be the most important factor necessary to obtain a high credit rating supporting the view by Henderson and ING Barings (1997) that assets backing securitisation are its fundamental credit strength. However, ANNs do offer promising predictive results and can be used to facilitate implementation of survey-based CMBS rating systems. This should contribute to making the CMBS rating methodology become more explicit which is advantageous in that both CMBS investors and issuers are provided with greater information and faith in the investment. ANN results show that 62.0% of CMBS rating is attributable to LTV (38.2%) and DSCR (23.6%); supporting earlier studies which have listed the two as being the most important variables in CMBS rating. The other variables’ contributions are: CMBS issue size (10.1%), CMBS tenure (6.7%), geographical diversity (13.5%) and property diversity (7.9%) respectively. The methodology used to obtain these results is validated when applied to predict LPT bond ratings. Both OR and ANN produce provide robust alternatives to rating LPT bonds, with no significant differences in results between the full models of the two methods. Qualitative analysis of surveys on arrangers and issuers provides insights into structuring issues they consider necessary to obtain a high credit rating and pricing issues necessary for the success of an issue. Rating of issues was found to be the main reason why investors invest in CMBSs and provision of funds at attractive rates as the main motivation behind CMBS issuance. Furthermore, asset quality was found to be the most important factor necessary to obtain a high credit rating supporting the view by Henderson and ING Barings (1997) that assets backing securitisation are its fundamental credit strength. In addition, analyses of the surveys reveal the following: • The choice of which debt funding option to use depends on market conditions. • Credit tranching, over-collateralisation and cross-collateralisation are the main forms of credit enhancement in use. • On average, the AAA note tranche needs to be above AU$100 million and have 60 - 85% subordination for the CMBS issue to be economically viable. • Structuring costs range between 0.1% – 1% of issue size and structuring duration ranges from 4 – 9 months. • Preferred refinancing options are further capital market issues and bank debt. • Pricing CMBSs is greatly influenced by factors in the broader capital markets. For instance, the market had literary shut down as a result of the “credit crunch” caused by the meltdown in the US sub-prime mortgage market. These findings can be useful to issuers as a guide on the cost of going to the bond market to raise capital, which can be useful in comparing with other sources of funds. The findings of this thesis address crucial research priorities of the property industry as CMBSs are seen as a major commercial real estate debt instrument. By looking at how property risk can be assessed and reported in a more systematic way, and investigating quantitative and qualitative factors considered in structuring CMBSs, investor confidence can be increased through the increased body of knowledge. Several published refereed journal articles in Appendix C further validate the stature and significance of this thesis. It is evident that the property research in this thesis can lead aid in the revitalisation of the Australian CMBS market after the “shut down” caused by the melt-down in the US sub-prime mortgage market and can also be used to set up property-backed CMBSs in emerging countries where the CMBS market is immature or non-existent. In addition, analyses of the surveys reveal the following: • The choice of which debt funding option to use depends on market conditions. • Credit tranching, over-collateralisation and cross-collateralisation are the main forms of credit enhancement in use. • On average, the AAA note tranche needs to be above AU$100 million and have 60 - 85% subordination for the CMBS issue to be economically viable. • Structuring costs range between 0.1% – 1% of issue size and structuring duration ranges from 4 – 9 months. • Preferred refinancing options are further capital market issues and bank debt. • Pricing CMBSs is greatly influenced by factors in the broader capital markets. For instance, the market had literary shut down as a result of the “credit crunch” caused by the meltdown in the US sub-prime mortgage market. These findings can be useful to issuers as a guide on the cost of going to the bond market to raise capital, which can be useful in comparing with other sources of funds. The findings of this thesis address crucial research priorities of the property industry as CMBSs are seen as a major commercial real estate debt instrument. By looking at how property risk can be assessed and reported in a more systematic way, and investigating quantitative and qualitative factors considered in structuring CMBSs, investor confidence can be increased through the increased body of knowledge. Several published refereed journal articles in Appendix C further validate the stature and significance of this thesis. It is evident that the property research in this thesis can lead aid in the revitalisation of the Australian CMBS market after the “shut down” caused by the melt-down in the US sub-prime mortgage market and can also be used to set up property-backed CMBSs in emerging countries where the CMBS market is immature or non-existent.

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics<br>I analyze the impact that large-scale Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) purchases carried by the Federal Reserve in response to the financial crisis had in the economy and find that they were able to enhance confidence in financial markets and influence MBS pricing. Default probabilities of financial companies fell 33 basis points, which can be explained by the lower quantity of MBS in their balance sheets and the increased value of the MBS remaining in their asset side. The default risk premium of MBS decreased 66 basis points, which represents 22% of the reduction in MBS yields in the period analyzed.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2005.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-52).<br>The CMBS market has been in existence since the mid 1980s; however, it was during the mid 1990s that the market began to grow. A combination of favorable interest rate environment, entry of new players in the market and the amount of demand for commercial real estate assets, led to a record US CMBS issuance in 2004, with the 2005 outlook being even better. However, the subordination or credit enhancement level of these securities has been on a downward trend since 1995. The thesis attempts to analyze the risk factors such as loan to value ratio, debt service coverage ratio, floating versus fixed rate, large and conduit deal types, as well as diversification factors (property type and geographic location), and their impact on subordination levels. Finally, market forces such as spreads on CMBS are also analyzed for their influence on subordination levels. For the analysis, data were collected on 430 commercial mortgage backed securities issued from 1995 through mid 2005. The information was obtained from Trepp, which tracks all the commercial mortgage backed securities issued in the market. The trend in subordination levels of each of the tranches or bond classes was analyzed over the period of study and a quantitative regression analysis was performed to analyze the influence of the above mentioned factors on the subordination levels.<br>(cont.) The results indicate that the loan to value ratio, interest rate type (fixed versus floating) and the deal type (conduit and large loans) have a significant impact on the subordination levels. Also, certain other market factors, including the spread differential between CMBS and corporate bonds, strong property market performance, increased liquidity and increased number of investors may also have influence the subordination levels of these securities.<br>by Romina Padhi.<br>S.M.

Má diplomová práce se zabývá Mortgage Backed Securities, což jsou cenné papíry kryté hypotékami. V první části práce jsou MBS zobrazeny jako část skupiny strukturovaných aktiv. Je zde provedeno jejich srovnání s ostatními sekuritizačními instrumenty z hlediska struktury a vlastností a také je znázorněno jaká část jim připadá na sekuritizačním trhu. V další části je věnován důraz na podkladová aktiva MBS, tedy hypotéky. Důkladně je rozebrán americký hypoteční trh, druhy a objem poskytnutých půjček a jejich specifika. Jsou popsány polovládní agentury specifické pro americký trh, které napomáhají rozvoji hypotečního trhu. Hlavní část práce je věnována popisu tvorby Mortgage Backed Security, značná část se zabývá jednotlivými druhy a charakteristikami MBS. Je zde popsáno, jaký druh je vhodný pro určité typy investorů. Důraz je kladen na riziko předčasného splacení, tedy riziko spojené pouze s hypotéčními produkty. Závěrečná kapitola se věnuje jednotlivým typům MBS ze statistického hlediska. Je znázorněn jejich celkový objem na dvou hlavních trzích, v USA a Evropě, dále jsou popsány počty emisí jednotlivých druhů a další zajímavé statistické údaje spojené s MBS trhy.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2003.<br>Thesis research directed by: Business and Management. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-73).<br>As the assigners of credit ratings and subordination levels, rating agencies play a critical role in the whole CMBS market. In an effort to investigate their influence in this market, we analyzed the business models, industry structure and rating methodologies of rating agencies. In addition, their functions in the capital markets and CMBS markets are discussed. These findings are then applied in an attempt to explain the variations of subordination levels. We found that rating agencies play a significant role in the below investment grade CMBS market, mainly through their evolving credit assessing methodologies. However, rating agencies' business models and structure of the CMBS rating industry are not considered to have significant impact on subordination level decisions. It is found that most of the variations in the subordination levels can be attributed to non-rating agency factors such as change in CMBS pool compositions, change in CMBS loan structures and increasing scrutiny from the Below Investment Grade buyers.<br>by Pau Chi Hsu.<br>S.M.

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.<br>Keywords: portfolio risk decomposition; principal components regression; principal components analysis; mortgage-backed securities. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-89).

Mortgage backed securities are one of the most important asset classes available to fixed income investors. They are also essential to the functioning of the financial and housing market by providing liquidity to the home mortgage market. Proliferation and wide spread acceptance of mortgage backed securities resulted in a significant deduction of the interest rates for home mortgages. The 2007-2010 financial crisis sparked enhanced scrutiny of the accuracy of the pricing of mortgage backed securities. The purpose of the present thesis is to develop a computer based mathematical methodology to accurately price individual mortgages that are the fundamental assets underlying every mortgage backed security. The focus of this paper is to correctly account for inherent interest rate and prepayment risk. Default risk is not subject of this project. Interest rate risk is handled in the framework of the arbitrage free Black-Derman-Toy (BDT) model. Public Securities Association’s (PSA) model is used to simulate prepayment risk. Monte Carlo simulation methodology is developed to evaluate the properly discounted current value of the risky cash flows and hence value the mortgages. The computational algorithms are implemented in R.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-170).<br>The aim of the research is to assess the risks and current pricing of single-borrower/multi-property and multi-borrower/multi-property commercial mortgage-backed securities in South Africa and make investors aware of the potential pitfalls of investing in these new bond instruments.

Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, September, 2020<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-53).<br>The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019 has largely impacted the global economy by changing every aspect of our living environment with limited social and economic activities throughout 2020. This unprecedented economic downfall exposed real estate properties to high risk of default, pushing the CMBS loans delinquency rate to 10.32% in June 2020. As such an economic halt is likely to prevail, it is expected that the Commercial Real Estate (CRE) market would experience more distress in terms of debt service. Thus, it is imperative to overview the CMBS securitization process, the servicing structure, and the workout scenarios in case of loan default in order to understand the complexity of the CMBS structure and better prepare appropriate measures or strategies in response to current market landscape. By having a case study on 666 Fifth Avenue in New York, this paper will analyze one of the most high-profile properties that was transferred to special servicing to review strategies to resolve financial distress.<br>by Joon Keun Chang.<br>S.M. in Real Estate Development<br>S.M.inRealEstateDevelopment Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate

The first essay explores the dynamic behaviors of mortgage-backed stock returns and their volatility spillovers within the framework of time-varying symmetric, asymmetric and multivariate GARCH-family models. The focus of the chapter is on the dynamics of volatility of the U.S. real estate investment trusts (REITs) and volatility spillovers within the REITs subdivisions as well as between the REITs and the Fannie Mae (FNM) and theFreddie Mac (FRE) mortgage-backed stocks. We analyze risk-return linkages using the GARCH-in-mean (GARCH-M) model. The presence of asymmetric effects of "bad" news and "good" news on conditional financial volatilities is evaluated using the Threshold ARCH (TARCH) model and the exponential GARCH (EGARCH) model. Volatility spillovers and comovements within REITs subdivisions; REITs with FNM and FRE and other selected financial assets are examined using the multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) model. The second essay investigates factors behind the existence of time-varying conditional volatilities of mortgage-backed securities (MBS). This is done by analyzing the impacts of economic volatilities on mortgage-backed financial markets' performance. The relationship between conditional volatilities of the MBS and conditional volatilities of the key economic fundamentals in the housing sector and the macroeconomy are explored. The sensitivity of mortgage-backed stocks to the underlying time-series changes in economic fundamentals, and the extent to which economic volatilities explain the variation in mortgage-backed stocks' volatilities are investigated. Particularly, we examined whether changes in the REITs, FNM and FRE volatilities are linked to and driven by time-varying volatilities of the housing sector economic activity and set of key macroeconomic variables. Thus, the chapter analyzes the impacts of conditional economic volatilities on the conditional volatilities of the REITs, FRE and FNM stocks. The GARCH (p, q) process is used to find conditional volatility dynamics for the economic variables in the study. Then we employ multivariate GARCH (p, q) model to investigate the spillovers and comovements among the conditional economic fundamentals' volatilities and the conditional volatilities of the MBS. The third essay explores the impacts of foreign sector of the economy on the mortgage-backed financial markets and the housing sector. There is large surge of foreign capital flows to the U.S, particularly since late 1990s. The net foreign holdings of U.S. financial assets have become very significant in the U.S. Treasury notes and bonds. Foreign investors also hold a growing share of securities of the U.S. agencies and government sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Similarly, foreign direct investment in the U.S. real estate as well as real estate equities in the form of REITs has grown sharply. To this end, a multivariate vector autoregression (VAR) model is the main tool of analysis. Based on the VAR model, generalized impulse response functions and generalized variance decompositions are employed to evaluate the responses of mortgage interest rates and Treasury yields to the changes in net foreign ownership of U.S. Treasuries and agency bonds.

This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Business Administration<br>Finance

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, September 1996 [first author]; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, February 1997 [second author].<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-70).<br>by Charles Gene Kilgore and Catherine Polleys.<br>S.M.

Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in Conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2011.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).<br>Changes in the issuance of Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities are examined and contrasted with market events and policy action during the financial crisis of 2007-2009. Additionally, a sample of investment-grade Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities are separated by original rating and observed in a time series chart against the market events and policy actions from June 2007 through May 2010.<br>by Michael J. Ellch.<br>S.M.in Real Estate Development

The main objects of this diploma thesis are basic trends in the mortgage market in the United States and their role in the current mortgage crisis. As a theoretical background in the first part of this work are mentioned asymetric information with the optimal consumer choice regarding mortgage product and the general theory of the securitization. Practical part continues from the description of the main characteristics of the mortgage to the whole mortgage market and the role of government agencies. Following analysis is concerning the significant tendencies in the past years, which dominates in the mortgage market in the USA. The focus is mainly aimed at the growth of alternative mortgage products in connection with strong home price apreciation. Then the position of mortgage brokers and their role in the subprime sector are discusssed. Subprime sector is analysed as well and then the securitization of mortgages as the main trend in the past years is investigated. The development of the current crisis is the object of the last chapter.

Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, Center for Real Estate, 2008 [first author]; and, (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, Center for Real Estate, 2008 [second author].<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 52).<br>The commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) market has vastly evolved over the last decade, but it remains a very private and proprietary market in comparison to other bond markets such as corporate or municipal bonds. The formation of CMBS data source providers such as Trepp and Intex in recent years has added transparency to the market, but large gaps still remain in available information for CMBS investors, particularly in the secondary trading market. This thesis examines pricing of CMBS at origination, when it is sold by the issuer, and after origination, when it is traded in the secondary market. Using a sample of AAA rated CMBS this thesis seeks to determine which factors influence price at origination and after. This thesis is essentially split into two separate studies, one examining pricing at origination and the other pricing after origination. For both parts, regression analyses were performed on fifty AAA rated securities issued from June of 2001 to December of 2006. All deal level information was provided by Trepp, while JP Morgan Chase provided historical AAA rated CMBS market information as a comparison. Secondary pricing data, based on a proprietary pricing model was also provided by Trepp. A small sample of data from actual closed transactions in the secondary market was supplied by Morgan Stanley for comparison. The results of the first part of this thesis are very similar to previous works done on the topic and show that Debt Service Coverage Ratios, geographic concentration, and property type are all important factors in determining the initial price of a CMBS issuance. The results of the price at origination study show that investors preferred seasoned CMBS deals over new issues even though the fact that overall market spreads decreased during the studies time frame.<br>(cont.) This preference suggests that investors were more attracted to seasoned CMBS than they were to newer issuances. The second part of this thesis illustrated a similar inclination by investors to more seasoned CMBS in the secondary trading market. The authors conclude that variations do exist in the pricing of CMBS in the secondary trading market and that overall the market has significant enough transparency to incorporate different factors into investment decisions.<br>by Emily R. Schwartz & Matthew Warner.<br>S.M.in Real Estate Development

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Owners of directly held, large commercial properties mostly face problems regarding liquidity and sometimes higher-risk exposure due to large properties dominating their property portfolio. • Exit vehicles in the listed property sector on the JSE are gaining momentum but are, however, still facing the negative impact of overall bear market conditions. • An exit vehicle in the bond market can serve as an alternative, where a Limited Purpose Company/Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) acquires a rental income stream from a portfolio of properties and issues bonds. The funds raised from bond investors, who focus on the credit rating of the income stream and not the properties, are then used to acquire the property assets. • Current market conditions, favour an asset-backed securitisation of property leases. Low interest rates and other factors in the current market, as discussed in this document, ensure lower costs of debt and easier access to capital when funds are raised on the bond market, relative to the equity markets, with highly geared structures not necessarily causing a negative impact on the credit rating (80% - 90% gearing possible with A - AA local credit rating). • Usually a promoter, a Merchant Bank and a few institutions/ pension funds are involved. Example: Institution X will be requested to take up an equity stake in the fund by selling some properties or stakes therein (Institution X buildings) and receiving payment in a combination of cash, junior bonds and equity. The benefits to Institution X are discussed on page 39.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eienaars van groot kommersiële eiendomme wat direk besit word, ondervind normaalweg probleme rakende likiditeit en verhoogde risiko a.g.v. die groot eiendomme wat hulle portefeulje domineer. • JEB (Johannesburgse Aandelebeurs) genoteerde maatskappye, as uitgangstrategie vir die verkoop van eiendom, is 'n oplossing, maar beer mark toestande verlaag die moontlikheid. • 'n Maatskappy genoteer op BESA (Effektemark) kan as uitgang- strategie dien, waar die voormelde maatskappy met beperkte aanspreeklikheid die huurinkomstestroom van 'n portefeulje van eiendom aankoop en effekte uitgee vir die finansiering van die transaksie. Die beleggers wie die effekte koop, fokus op die kredietgradering van die effekte en nie die eiendom as onderliggende bate nie. • Huidige mark omstandighede verbeter die moontlikheid van 'n bategesekureerde sekuritusasie van eiendomshuurkontrakte. Lae rentekoerse en ander faktore wat in hierdie dokument bespreek word, verseker laer koste van kapitaal en makliker toegang tot fondse relatief tot die aandelemarkte. Hoë hefboom-finansiering is moontlik sonder te groot impak op die kredietgradering. (A-AA kredietgradering moontlik met 80%-90% skuld) • Normaalweg is 'n promoter, 'n beleggingsbank en 'n paar institusies/ pensioenfondse betrokke. Bv. Institusie X word versoek om aandeelhouding op te neem in 'n maatskappy deur eiendomme te verkoop aan die voormelde maatskappy en betaling te ontvang in die vorm van 'n kombinasie van kontant, junior effekte en aandele. Die voordele vir Institusie X word bepreek op bl. 39

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Enormous growth has been experienced in the South African securitisation environment due to the lack of Government bond issues. There is little doubt that securitisation is still in its early stages in South Africa, but it is here to stay. Asset securitisation can be described as the process of pooling and repackaging non tradable assets secured by relatively uniform, small value assets into liquid securities. The original form of asset securitisation is mortgage backed securities. The success achieved in the securitisation of mortgage loans globally resulted in the securitisation of other types of asset backed securities. Auto loans, credit card receivables and synthetic securitisation have attracted substantial interest in South Africa in the recent past. Synthetic securitisation is becoming an increasingly important topic following the focus of financial institutions to manage regulatory and risk capital. Each securitisation transaction can be structured in such a way to demonstrate specific cash flow characteristics, risk profiles or average life parameters. Securitisation structures include several entities, with each playing a distinct role. The originator is the entity which creates the underlying asset pool. The asset pool is then sold to a SPV, which is a bankruptcy remote vehicle through which the securitisation transaction is facilitated. The SPV will sell securities backed by the asset pool to investors. The proceeds of the issue are used to finance the purchase of the asset pool from the originator. The SPV appoints a servicer that administers the asset pool on behalf of the issuer in return for a fee. The South African legal and tax environment is currently undergoing a transformation in order to accommodate the growing interest in securitisation. Precedents regarding the taxation of securitisation structures are still lacking in South Africa. Both legal and taxation issues around securitisation transactions are likely to change over the coming years. The South African securitisation market still needs to be improved significantly ahead of being classified as world class. The lack of familiarity among investors involved in securitisation is keeping the market from growing to its full potential. Investor education and the documentation of deal information are crucial. The growth of securitisation issues is necessary to increase volumes and in turn enhance liquidity. Knowledge, volumes and regulations regarding securitisation are certainly lacking in South Africa, and though this may slow growth, it will most definitely not prevent the business from rapidly expanding.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tekort aan staatseffekte in Suid Afrika is een van die redes wat gelei het tot die groei van die Suid Afrikaanse bate effekte mark. Alhoewel bate effektering nog 'n nuwe konsep in Suid Afrika is, het die finansiele markte in Suid Afrika effektering aanvaar en groot belangstelling word getoon deur beide finansiele instellings en beleggers. Bate effektering kan beskryf word as die proses waar onverhandelbare bates saam gegroepeer word en omskep word in likiede sekuriteite wat in die ope mark verhandel kan word. Bate effektering het sy oorsprong in die Verenigde State van Amerika gehad, waar verbandlenings ge-effekteer is. Groot suksesse is behaal en ander vorme van bates is vinnig ge-effekteer en aan die mark gebied. In Suid Afrika is verskillende vorme van effektering al aangetref, die nuutste en mees opwindenste is egter sintetiese effektering. Effektering sluit verskillende entiteite in, en elkeen speel 'n baie spesifieke rol. Kortliks is die proses soos hierna beskryf. Die bates word deur die oorspronklike eienaar aan 'n spesiale doel voertuig verkoop. Die spesiale doel voertuig is heeltemal onafhanklik van ander eenhede in die effekteringsstruktuur en finansiele probleme in die struktuur het geen effek op die kredietwaardigheid van die spesiale doel voertuig nie. Die spesiale doel voetuig verkoop effekte aan beleggers, en die inkomste ontvang van beleggers befonds die aankoop van die poel bates van die oorspronklike eienaar. Die spesiale doel voertuig word gediens en onderhou deur 'n diens verskaffer in ruil vir 'n kontraktuele vergoeding. Die Suid Akrikaanse finansiële markte is tans besig om 'n transformasie proses te ondergaan om effektering te akkomodeer, die fokus is veral op wetlike en belasting aspekte. Alhoewel baie veranderinge al plaasgevind het, sal daar nog baie gedoen moet word voor die Suid Afrikaanse mark as wereld-klas geklassifiseer kan word. Ongelukkig is beleggers nog onbekend met effektering en daarom weerhou dit die mark van vinnige ontwikkeling. Kortom, kennis, volumes en duideliker regulasies wat betrekking het op effektering is definitief nodig in Suid Afrika, en alhoewel dit groei verstadig, sal dit definitief nie die nuwe finansiële instrument keer om tot een van Suid Afrika se vooraanstaande finansiële instrumente te ontwikkel nie.

Darbo aktualumas. Šių dienų nestabili Lietuvos ekonominė padėtis, konkurencijos didėjimas, užsienio bankų skverbimasis į Lietuvos bankinę rinką verčia bankus atkreipti dėmesį ne tik į savo vystomos veiklos kokybę, bet ir spręsti uždavinius: kaip pritraukti pinigus, kad bankai galėtų užtikrinti likvidumą ir teikti paskolas klientams. Pastaroji 2007 m. krizė finansų rinkose taip pat reikalauja didesnio bankų dėmesio efektyviam banko likvidumo rizikos įvertinimui bei valdymui. ES, finansų specialistų bei mokslininkų dėmesys yra nukreiptas į naujus bankų lėšų pritraukimo būdus, siekiant užtikrinti likvidumui ir plėtoti tolimesnę veiklą. Darbo objektas – Sekiuritizacijos metodas Lietuvoje. Darbo tikslas – Nustatyti sekiuritizacijos metodo pritaikymo galimybes Lietuvos komerciniuose bankuose. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžus sekiuritizaciją, jos kūrimo procesą, nustatyti šio metodo naudą ir pranašumus, lyginant su klasikiniais bankų finansavimo šatiniais. 2. Atlikti sekiuritizacijos aplinkos analizę ES komercinių bankų ir finansų sistemos rodiklių pagrindu. 3. Atlikti LR teisės aktų ir VP rinkos tyrimus, išanalizuoti Lietuvos komercinių bankų finansinę padėtį, remiantis bankų likvidumo rodikliais ir pagrįsti sudaryto Sekiuritizacijos metodo pritaikymą Lietuvoje. Darbo struktūra. Darbą sudaro 3 pagrindinės dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje apžvelgiamas sekiuritizacijos metodas, principinė schema, parodanti kokiu būdu nelikvidus bankų turtas paverčiamas pinigais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Work topicality. In these days, an unstable economic situation in Lithuania, increasing of competition, foreign banks' penetration in the Lithuanian banking market, forcing banks to pay attention not only to the activities developed in its quality, but also the challenges: how to raise money so the banks can provide liquidity and lending to customers. The crisis of 2007 in the financial market is also requiring for greater attention of banks for effective emphasis on banks' liquidity risk assessment and management. EU, financial professionals and researchers are focused in to new ways of raising banks assets to ensure liquidity and to develop further activities. Work object – Method of securitization in Lithuania. Work aim – Identify the opportunities to adapt the method of securitization in Lithuanian commercial banks. Work tasks to achieve this aim: 1. Define the securitization, its development process, determine the benefits and advantages of the method compared with the classical bank financing satin. 2. Make securitization environmental analysis of the EU's commercial banking and financial system based on indicators. 3. To make a research of RL legislation and securities market research, to analyze Lithuanian commercial banks 'financial position, based on banks' liquidity and justify the adaptation of the securitization method in Lithuania. Work structure. The work consists of three main parts. The first section gives an overview securitization method and of diagrams... [to full text]

<p>Due to the apparent global economic conditions, at the end of 2008, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued amendments to IAS 39 <em>Financial instruments: recognition and measurement </em>and IFRS 7 <em>Financial instruments: disclosures</em> in October and November, 2008. The amendments allow banks to reclassify their non-derivative financial instruments in rare circumstances. This thesis investigates whether banks in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) reclassify financial instruments, in their financial statements of 2008 and 2009.</p><p>The result of the study shows that 47% of the sample Nordic banks reclassified financial instruments in 2008 and 12% in 2009. All banks increased their net profit as a result of reclassifying financial instruments in 2008. The return on equity (ROE) increased significantly compared to whether the banks would not had reclassified their financial instruments. Tendencies found among the sample Nordic banks are that larger and less profitable banks used the possibility to reclassify financial instruments to a greater extent. Because none of the banks made losses on their choice to reclassify in 2008, the conclusion is that the opportunity given due to the amendments are mostly used by the banks to enhance the net income and the key ratio ROE. This shows that management decisions are short-term. This also indicates that the amendments may be misused by management to enhance current profit for their own benefit. The thesis also concludes that the departure from fair-value as the valuation method for financial instruments, due to recent massive critic, is unlikely.</p>

Many analysts believe that problems in the U.S. housing market initiated the 2008–2010 global financial crisis. In this regard, the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) shook the foundations of the financial industry by causing the failure of many iconic Wall Street investment banks and prominent depository institutions. This crisis stymied credit extension to households and businesses thus creating credit crunches and, ultimately, a global recession. This thesis specifically discusses the SMC and its components, causes, consequences and cures in relation to subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data. In particular, the SMC has highlighted the fact that risk, credit ratings, profit and valuation as well as capital regulation are important banking considerations. With regard to risk, the thesis discusses credit (including counterparty), market (including interest rate, basis, prepayment, liquidity and price), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic), operational (including house appraisal, valuation and compensation) and systemic (including maturity transformation) risks. The thesis introduces the IDIOM hypothesis that postulates that the SMC was largely caused by the intricacy and design of subprime agents, mortgage origination and securitization that led to information problems (loss, asymmetry and contagion), valuation opaqueness and ineffective risk mitigation. It also contains appropriate examples, discussions, timelines as well as appendices about the main results on the aforementioned topics. Numerous references point to the material not covered in the thesis, and indicate some avenues for further research. In the thesis, the primary subprime agents that we consider are house appraisers (HAs), mortgage brokers (MBs), mortgagors (MRs), servicers (SRs), SOR mortgage insurers (SOMIs), trustees, underwriters, credit rating agencies (CRAs), credit enhancement providers (CEPs) and monoline insurers (MLIs). Furthermore, the banks that we study are subprime interbank lenders (SILs), subprime originators (SORs), subprime dealer banks (SDBs) and their special purpose vehicles (SPVs) such as Wall Street investment banks and their special structures as well as subprime investing banks (SIBs). The main components of the SMC are MRs, the housing market, SDBs/hedge funds/money market funds/SIBs, the economy as well as the government (G) and central banks. Here, G either plays a regulatory or policymaking role. Most of the aforementioned agents and banks are assumed to be risk neutral with SOR being the exception since it can be risk (and regret) averse on occasion. The main aspects of the SMC - subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data - that we cover in this thesis and the chapters in which they are found are outlined below. In Chapter 2, we discuss the dynamics of subprime SORs' risk and profit as well as their valuation under mortgage origination. In particular, we model subprime mortgages that are able to fully amortize, voluntarily prepay or default and construct a discrete–time model for SOR risk and profit incorporating costs of funds and mortgage insurance as well as mortgage losses. In addition, we show how high loan–to–value ratios due to declining housing prices curtailed the refinancing of subprime mortgages, while low ratios imply favorable house equity for subprime MRs. Chapter 3 investigates the securitization of subprime mortgages into structured mortgage products such as subprime residential mortgage–backed securities (RMBSs) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). In this regard, our discussions focus on information, risk and valuation as well as the role of capital under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. Our research supports the view that incentives to monitor mortgages has been all but removed when changing from a traditional mortgage model to a subprime mortgage model. In the latter context, we provide formulas for IB's profit and valuation under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. This is illustrated via several examples. Chapter 3 also explores the relationship between mortgage securitization and capital under Basel regulation and the SMC. This involves studying bank credit and capital under the Basel II paradigm where risk–weights vary. Further issues dealt with are the quantity and pricing of RMBSs, RMBS CDOs as well as capital under Basel regulation. Furthermore, we investigate subprime RMBSs and their rates with slack and holding constraints. Also, we examine the effect of SMC–induced credit rating shocks in future periods on subprime RMBSs and RMBS payout rates. A key problem is whether Basel capital regulation exacerbated the SMC. Very importantly, the thesis answers this question in the affirmative. Chapter 4 explores issues related to subprime data. In particular, we present mortgage and securitization level data and forge connections with the results presented in Chapters 2 and 3. The work presented in this thesis is based on 2 peer–reviewed chapters in books (see [99] and [104]), 2 peer–reviewed international journal articles (see [48] and [101]), and 2 peer–reviewed conference proceeding papers (see [102] and [103]).<br>Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>國際貿易學系<br>93<br>The securitization of mortgage backed and its related derivatives are important in fixed income market. Cause their liquidity and revenue are better than other fixed income tools, and default rate is lower. Many banks and rating company are wanted to develop this issue. However, the risk analysis and pricing are very difficult. We try to build cash flow and analysis mortgage backed securities.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>財務金融研究所<br>92<br>In this thesis, we use both prepayment option and default option to describe prepayment behavior to find the optimal time for each mortgage holder to prepay his or her mortgage loan. Furthermore, we estimate the prepayment rate at each month. In addition, we separate the role of the short term interest rate as the discount factor from that of the mortgage interest rate as an incentive factor associated with prepayment. The characteristic of each mortgage holder in the pool is all different. Therefore, in our model, we also consider heterogeneity of each mortgage holder in the pool and assume that heterogeneity is the fraction of the remaining principal balance. In addition, through simulations, we find that our model can capture various exogenous factors which influence the price, weighted-average life and duration of MBS. Finally, we develop a way to redistribute cash flows into different tranches.