Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mortgage rights'

In Peru, there are legal figures that, despite ofbeing abolished, continue having real effects. Such is the case of the "open mortgage”, which survives in our legal system.In this article, in regard to a recent judicial decision by the Peruvian Supreme Court, the author explains the figures of the “open mortgage” and the “ordinary mortgage”, showing their differences and warning of the inadequacy of equating their jurisprudential treatment.<br>En el Perú, existen figuras legales que, pese a estar derogadas, continúan teniendo efectos en la realidad. Tal es el caso de la “hipoteca sábana”, la cual pervive en nuestro sistema legal.En este artículo, a propósito de una reciente decisión judicial de la Corte Suprema del Perú, el autor explica las figuras de la “hipoteca ordinaria” y de la “hipoteca sábana”, mostrando sus diferencias, y advierte sobre lo inadecuado de equiparar su tratamiento jurisprudencial.

<p>Den första januari 2009 ändrades Förmånsrättslagen och bankerna har återigen fått särskild förmånsrätt med 100 procent vid utmätning och konkurs. Den lagändring som genomfördes 2004 innebar endast 55 procent och allmän förmånsrätt för bankerna och fick inte den effekt som regeringen önskat och det blev svårare för företag att låna pengar från banken. De alternativa finansieringsformerna ökade då bankerna inte längre hade samma säkerhet vid konkurser utan då fanns istället säkerheten i objektet. Genom de undersökningar som gjorts där resultat visat de negativa effekterna beslutades om att återställa bankernas förmånsrätt. Frågan är om återgången kommer att förändra bankernas kreditgivning. Genom de intervjuer som genomförts visar de konsekvenser som den tidigare lagen haft på kreditgivningen på att en återgång var nödvändig. I dagsläget ser det inte ut som den nya lagen kommer att påverka finansiärernas syn på krediter med företagshypotek utan de alternativa finansieringsformerna kommer att bestå.</p><br><p>January 1st 2009 the banks priority rights were restored to once again have special rights with 100 percent at distraint and bankruptcy. The change in Law of priority rights that carried through in 2004 meant only 55 percent and general priority rights. This did not have the desired effects. Instead it became more difficult for companies to get loans from the banks. The alternative financing forms were increasing as the banks no longer had the same security at bankruptcies. The security was instead the object. After research that showed the negative effects with the change in law 2004, the government decided to restore the priority rights of the banks. The question is whether the restoration will change the banks crediting process. The conducted interviews show that a regression was necessary. It does not look like the new law will affect the creditors view on crediting with chattel mortgage, the alternative financing forms will remain.</p>

Šiuolaikinėje teisėje hipoteka apibūdinama, kaip esamo ar būsimo skolinio įsipareigojimo įvykdymą užtikrinantis nekilnojamojo daikto įkeitimas, kai įkeisto daikto savininkui paliekama nuosavybės teisė. Vienas iš specifinių hipotekos skirtumų nuo kitų prievolių įvykdymo užtikrinimo būdų yra tai, kad hipotekos objektu gali būti tik nekilnojamieji daiktai. Daiktai, esantys savarankiškais civilinių teisinių santykių objektais ir dalyvaujantys civilinėje apyvartoje. Pagal įstatymą, įmonė taip pat yra pripažįstama civilinių teisinių santykių objektu. Ji yra laikoma nekilnojamuoju daiktu. Vadinasi galime preziumuoti, kad skolininkas norėdamas užtikrinti savo prievolės įvykdymą, galėtų tai padaryti, įkeisdamas jam priklausančią įmonę. Tačiau ar teisė „leidžia“ tą daryti? Ar įmonė gali būti hipotekos objektu? Į šiuos svarbius ir aktualius klausimus, remiantis Lietuvos bei kitų valstybių „įmonės“ sąvoką reglamentuojančiomis teisės normomis, teisinėje literatūroje išdėstytomis mokslininkų nuomonėmis bei taikoma teisine praktika bandyta atsakyti šiame darbe.<br>In modern time law a mortgage is defined as an existing and prospective note of obligatory performance warranted by mortgaging of an immovable asset, when an owner of the mortgaged asset keeps ownership to it. One of the specific distinctions of the mortgage from the other patterns of the obligations is that the object of the mortgage can be only immovable assets that are separate objects of civil rights and freely participates in civil circulation. In conformity with legal acts of Lithuania an enterprise as well is admitted as the subject of civil rights. It is considered as immovable asset. Thus we can presume, that the debtor wished to secure the performance of his obligation, could successfully do that, mortgaging the enterprise as his possession. However is that so is tolerated by the law? Whether enterprise can be treated as the object of the mortgage? This is the legal issue pending in this research work.

History<br>Ph.D.<br>In the wake of Emancipation, African Americans viewed land and home ownership as an essential element of their "citizenship rights." However, efforts to achieve such ownership in the postbellum era were often stymied by credit discrimination as many blacks were ensnared in a system of debt peonage. Despite such obstacles, African Americans achieved land ownership in surprising numbers in rural and urban areas in the South. At the beginning of the twentieth century, millions of African Americans began leaving the South for the North with continued aspirations of homeownership. As blacks sought to fulfill the American Dream, many financial institutions refused to provide loans to them or provided loans with onerous terms and conditions. In response, a small group of African American leaders, working in conjunction with a number of the major black churches in Philadelphia, built the largest network of race financial institutions in the United States to provide credit to black home buyers. The leaders recognized economic development through homeownership as an integral piece of the larger civil rights movement dedicated to challenging white supremacy. The race financial institutions successfully provided hundreds of mortgage loans to African Americans and were a key reason for the tripling of the black homeownership rate in Philadelphia from 1910 to 1930. During the Great Depression, the federal government revolutionized home financing with a series of programs that greatly expanded homeownership. However, the programs, such as those of the Federal Housing Administration, resulted in blacks being subjected to redlining and denied access to credit. In response, blacks were often forced to turn to alternative sources of high cost credit to finance the purchase of homes. Nevertheless, as a new wave of African American migrants arrived to Philadelphia during post-World War II era, blacks fought to purchase homes and two major race financial institutions continued to provide mortgage loans to African Americans in Philadelphia. The resolve of blacks to overcome credit discrimination to purchase homes through the creation of race financial institutions was a key part of the broader struggle for civil rights in the United States.<br>Temple University--Theses

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama daiktinės teisės koncepcija ir jos įsitvirtinimo Kontinentinėje teisėje priežastys, pateikiamas daiktinės teisės apibrėžimas, savybės, daiktinių teisių objektų genezė, autorius kritikuoja materialaus daikto koncepciją. Antrajame darbo skyriuje apžvelgiamas konkrečių daiktinių teisių turinys, šių daiktinių teisių turėtojų apsauga vykdymo procese ir nemokumo procesuose. Darbe analizuojamos nuosavybės teisė bei daiktiniai prievolių vykdymo užtikrinimo būdai – hipoteka ir įkeitimas. Poskyriuose apie hipoteką ir įkeitimą analizuojamas kreditorių daiktinių teisių apsaugos turinys ir mechanizmas vykdymo procese bei apsaugos turinio transformacijos įmonių bankroto bei restruktūrizavimo procesuose, apžvelgiamos naujovės priverstinės hipotekos reglamentavime Lietuvos Respublikoje, pateikiama absoliučiai privilegijuotos kreditorių–įkaito turėtojų padėties kritika, remiantis ekonominio efektyvumo, rizikos paskirstymo bei socialinio teisingumo kriterijais. Trečiajame darbo skyriuje analizuojamas Rusijos Federacijos teisės aktuose įtvirtintas kreditorių daiktinių teisių apsaugos teisinis reglamentavimas vykdymo procese bei nemokumo procesuose. Analizuojamos Rusijos Federacijos Civilinio Kodekso, Įstatymo dėl įkeitimo, Įstatymo dėl nekilnojamojo turto įkeitimo (hipotekos) bei kitų įstatymų nuostatos. Ketvirtajame darbo skyriuje analizuojamas kreditorių daiktinių teisių apsaugos mechanizmas esant nemokumo situacijai, kuri išeina už vienos Europos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The thesis analyses the concept of rights in rem, the circumstances of their establishment in the legal systems of Continental Europe. The author gives a brief description of rights in rem, emphasizes the features of them, investigates the genesis of objects falling under the definition. The author criticizes the concept of a material thing as an obsolete and unsuitable for the needs of a modern legal system. In the second section of the thesis, the author examines a substance of specific rights in rem, the protection of the right holders in the executory process and in the processes of bankruptcy and restructuring. The thesis is concentrated upon the law of property, mortgage and pawn. In the subsections regarding the latter two, the matters and mechanisms of right holders protection are being analyzed: firstly in a context of executory process, secondly - their transformations in the processes of insolvency. The insights concerning recent novelties in the regulation of compulsory mortgage in the Republic of Lithuania are given. The author considers a soundness of the exclusively privileged position of the secured creditors in the insolvency with regard to economic efficiency, risk–sharing and social equality. In the third section of the thesis the author analyses the right holders protection in Russian Federation: the research is based on the Russian Civil code, the Law on pawns, the Law on mortgages and other relevant laws. The fourth section of the thesis is dedicated to... [to full text]

O presente trabalho investiga o processo de desenvolvimento do Direito Hipotecário brasileiro, na transição da ausência à consolidação de seu registro público, verificando-se, sobretudo o papel do Código Civil de 1916. A análise histórica dos Direitos Reais é uma importante fonte para a compreensão do desenvolvimento das relações entre pessoas e coisas. Nesse sentido, o estudo histórico da hipoteca no Direito brasileiro permite um exame do embate entre os direitos de propriedade e os direitos de crédito, tornando evidentes elementos sociais, econômicos, da política fundiária e da cultura jurídica do período. Inicialmente, explanou-se sobre o ideário de modernização dos Direito reais, que garantiu a proteção da titularidade individual sobre a propriedade, e sua repercussão no Direito nacional no projeto de modernização do Direito, implementado após a Independência, em 1822. Posteriormente, foram perquiridas as alterações legislativas empreendidas até o Código Civil de 1916, que passaram a prever a publicidade e a especialidade da hipoteca. Por fim, foram efetuadas comparações de dados jurisprudenciais, referentes ao período entre anos de 1912 e 1920.<br>This text investigates the process of development of the Brazilian Mortgage Law in the transition of its complete lack of registration and the consolidation of its public record, verifying mainly the role of the Civil Code of 1916. The historical analysis of the Property Law is an important source for understanding the development of the relationship between people and things. In this sense, the mortgage history in Brazilian law allows an examination of the conflict between the rights of property and the creditor rights, bringing to light social, economic, land policy and legal culture elements of the period. First, the ideology of modernization of the property rights was explained, which guaranteed the protection of the individual ownership of property, and its impact on national law in the modernization project implemented after independence in 1822. Subsequently, legislative changes undertaken until the Civil Code of 1916 were studied, which begin to provide publicity and specialty to mortgage rights. Finally, comparisons were made between case law data, developed over the years 1912 and 1920.

У данній роботі досліджуються норми права, що забезпечують реалізацію прав дитини на користування житлом, що передається в іпотеку, а також приділяється увага проблемним питанням, що виникають під час укладення таких іпотечних договорів та подальшого звернення стягнення на таке житло. Метою даного дослідження є розкриття закономірностей іпотечних правовідносин, пов’язаних з участю в них малолітніх та неповнолітніх осіб. При цьому ставляться завдання виявити недоліки чинного вітчизняного законодавства та запропонувати відповідні механізми з метою створення дієвих і рівнозначних умов захисту прав та інтересів учасників іпотечних правовідносин. Робота містить комплексне тлумачення окремих нормативних актів та судових рішень.<br>В данной работе исследуются нормы права, обеспечивающие реализацию прав ребенка на пользование жильем, которое передается в ипотеку, а также уделяется внимание проблемным вопросам, возникающим при заключении таких ипотечных договоров и последующего обращения взыскания на такое жилье. Целью данного исследования является раскрытие закономерностей ипотечных правоотношений, связанных с участием в них малолетних и несовершеннолетних. При этом ставятся задачи выявить недостатки действующего отечественного законодательства и предложить соответствующие механизмы с целью создания действенных и равнозначных условий защиты прав и интересов участников ипотечных правоотношений. Работа содержит комплексное толкование отдельных нормативных актов и судебных решений.<br>This work examines the rule of law that ensures the realization of the child’s rights to use housing, which is transferred to the mortgage, and also pays attention to the problematic issues that arise when such mortgage agreements are concluded and subsequent foreclosure on such housing. The purpose of this study is to reveal the laws of mortgage relations related to the participation of minors and minors. At the same time, the tasks are set to identify the shortcomings of the current domestic legislation and propose appropriate mechanisms to create effective and equal conditions for protecting the rights and interests of participants in mortgage relations. The work contains a comprehensive interpretation of individual regulations and court decisions.

O objeto da dissertação é a hipoteca judiciária. O mote que inspirou o trabalho foi a preocupação com a efetividade do processo. Partiu-se do postulado de que o processo não deve ser um instrumento de mera declaração de direitos. Deve, ao revés, viabilizar a alteração da realidade, de modo que, ao final do processo, o jurisdicionado exerça seu direito tal como teria exercido se a correspondente obrigação tivesse sido cumprida espontaneamente. A matéria carece de obras específicas. Salvo alguns poucos artigos, é tratada nos manuais de direito civil e de direito processual civil como assunto de importância nenhuma ou secundária. Embora se trate de direito real de garantia, a circunstância de nascer em razão de um fato processual e com a finalidade de fomentar a efetividade do processo firma-nos a convicção de que o assunto deve ser tratado no âmbito do Direito Processual Civil. Cremos que a ausência de disposição legal a respeito do tema no Código Civil de 2002, eliminando, assim, a exclusão do direito de preferência da hipoteca judiciária, longe de torná-la obsoleta, aumentou a importância do instituto. O primeiro capítulo propõe enquadrar a hipoteca judiciária como instrumento de exercício do direito constitucional à efetividade da tutela jurisdicional. O segundo capítulo reúne as características principais do direito real de hipoteca. O terceiro capítulo contém a evolução histórica da hipoteca judiciária. O quarto capítulo traz notícias sobre a hipoteca judiciária nos ordenamentos jurídicos de Portugal e Itália, com as respectivas semelhanças e diferenças em relação ao modo como o instituto é regrado no ordenamento pátrio. O quinto e sexto capítulos referem-se à natureza jurídica da hipoteca judiciária e sua diferença em relação a institutos com os quais, por vezes, é confundida: a ineficácia da alienação ou oneração de bens em fraude à execução, a tutela cautelar, a tutela executiva, a antecipação de tutela e a hipoteca legal. O sétimo capítulo estuda os requisitos necessários à constituição da hipoteca judiciária: (i) decisão jurisdicional, (ii) reconhecimento de obrigação de pagar, dar, fazer ou não fazer (sem necessidade de preceito condenatório), (iii) contraditório prévio e (iv) proporcionalidade. O oitavo capítulo refere-se às especificidades da hipoteca judiciária gerada com base em sentenças proferidas em ação coletiva, ação popular, dissídio individual trabalhista, arbitragem, por autoridades estrangeiras. Destacamos, nesse capítulo, a defesa de que a decisão interlocutória, dependendo de seu conteúdo, gera hipoteca judiciária. O nono capítulo foi reservado ao estudo da hipoteca judiciária no contexto do processo, como, por exemplo, o fato de que não compõe o objeto do processo, nem está sujeita à preclusão. O décimo capítulo trata da competência para especializar e ordenar o registro da hipoteca judiciária, bem como o meio pelo qual o registro deve ser feito. Sublinha-se, aqui, a discussão sobre o fundamento em razão do qual o efeito suspensivo recursal não deve impedir a constituição da hipoteca judiciária. O décimo primeiro capítulo contém os bens que podem e os que não podem ser objeto de hipoteca judiciária, com a proposição, de lege ferenda, de que alguns bens possam ser objeto de penhor judiciário. O décimo segundo e o décimo terceiro capítulo contém o estudo do direito de preferência que, segundo se propôs, é gerado pela hipoteca judiciária, tratando-o, primeiramente, de forma geral e, depois, no concurso comum e nos concursos especiais de credores (falência, insolvência civil, liquidação extrajudicial e recuperação). O décimo terceiro capítulo contém as conclusões do trabalho. No décimo quarto capítulo, há crítica ao texto que foi aprovado no Senado para substituir o artigo 466 do Código de Processo Civil atual. Finalmente, o décimo quinto capítulo contém a bibliografia referenciada.<br>The object of this dissertation is the mortgage created by the law to assure the accomplishment of obligations recognized jurisdictionally (judicial mortgage). The motto that inspired the thesis was the concern about the effectiveness of the process. This started from the premise that the process should not be a mere instrument of rights declaration. Must, in reverse, enabling the alteration of reality, so that, by the end of the process, the creditor exercise its right as would have exercised if the corresponding obligation had been fulfilled spontaneously. The matter requires specific works. Except a few articles, is treated in manuals of civil law and civil procedural law as a matter of no importance or secondary. Although it is substantive right (of guaranty), the circumstance of being born from a procedural fact and in order to promote the effectiveness of process conducts to the conviction that the judicial mortgage shall be dealt by litigation doctrine. The absence of legal provision on the subject in the Brazilian Civil Code, thus eliminating the exclusion of preference right of judicial mortgage, far from making it obsolete, increased the institute importance. The first chapter proposes catalogue the judicial mortgage as a tool for exercising the constitutional right to effective judicial protection. The second chapter brings together the main characteristics of the right of mortgage. The third chapter contains its historical evolution. The fourth chapter contains a record of how the mortgage is regulated in Portugal and Italy. The fifth and sixth chapters relate to the legal nature of the judicial mortgage and its difference from the institutes with which it sometimes is mistaken: the ineffectiveness of alienation or lien in fraud, injunction, foreclosure, motion in limine and legal mortgage. The seventh chapter examines the requirements necessary to constitute the judicial mortgage: (i) judiciary decision, (ii) recognition of the obligation to pay, give, do or not do (being unnecessary a condemnation commandment), (iii) prior manifestation of the adversary and (iv) proportionality. The eighth chapter covers the specificities of the judicial mortgage created on the basis of judgments in class action, action to defense the public property, individual labor action, arbitration or by foreign authorities. It stands out in this chapter the defense that the interlocutory decision, depending on its content, creates judicial mortgage. The ninth chapter was reserved for study of the mortgage in the context of judicial proceedings. The tenth chapter deals with the jurisdiction to specialize and to order the registration of the judicial mortgage, as well as the means by which registration must be done. It is stressed here the discussion on the merits on the grounds of which the suspensive effect of the appeal should not prevent the establishment of judicial mortgage. The eleventh chapter contains goods that can and can not be subject to judicial mortgage, with the proposition, lege ferenda, that some goods may be subject to judicial pledge. The twelfth and thirteenth chapter contains a study of preference right, which, according to what was proposed, is generated by the mortgage judicial, treating it, first generally and in special contests creditors (bankruptcy, civil insolvency, liquidation and reorganization). The thirteenth chapter contains the conclusions. In the fourteenth chapter, there is a criticism of the text that was approved in the Senate to replace the current Article 466 of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Law. Finally, the fifteenth chapter contains a bibliography referenced.

The first part of the thesis deals with a description of legal relationships in the international trade and explains the term "international element." Further there is a short description of private international law and international trade law. The second part of the thesis is focused on securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The third part concerns with explanation of the basic forms of legal relationships in the international trade regulation with regard to securing of contractual obligations. The final part of the thesis deals with a description of securing instruments used in the international trade. At the end of this part there are listed factors which influence the choice of a suitable securing instrument.

Les créances monétaires constituent une excellente source de crédit et les sûretés sur créances existent en droit français, droit anglais et droit vietnamien. Cependant, si elles sont reconnues de longue date en droit anglais, l’évolution de leur régime juridique est récente en droits français et vietnamien. Par ailleurs, si ces trois droits connaissent tous les sûretés traditionnelles sans transfert de propriété (nantissement de créances, charges sur les créances et hypothèque de créances), l’admission en droit français des seules fiducie sur créances et cession de créances professionnelles à titre de garantie par bordereau Dailly ainsi que le rejet par les juges vietnamiens des cessions innommées à titre de garantie démontrent que l’exploitation de la fonction de garantie de la propriété d’une créance n’est pas encore généralisée en France et au Vietnam à la différence de ce que l’on peut observer en droit anglais à travers la "mortgage"par voie d’"assignment" ou de novation. Enfin, l’hypothèque de créance de droit vietnamien et la "fixed charge" sur les "bookdebts" de droit anglais démontrent qu’une sûreté non basée sur le transfert de propriété peut être tout à fait efficace que ce soit dans un contexte de solvabilité ou de procédure collective du titulaire de la créance.Ces approches révèlent tout l’intérêt d’une entreprise doctorale mise en perspective des nombreux investissements économiques et montages financiers impliquant, de façon croissante, des acteurs économiques et partenaires bancaires internationaux dont les intérêts, les enjeux et les stratégies relèvent par construction, ou nécessité,des ordres juridiques précités<br>Receivables constitute an excellent source of credit and security over receivables is available under French, English and Vietnamese law. However, if they have been recognised in English law for a long period of time, their development is quite recent in French and Vietnamese law. Moreover, although these three legal systems recognise all traditional security interests which are not based on the transfer of ownership over secur ed receivables (nantissement de créances in French law, floating and fixed charge over book debts in English law and hypothecation over debt claims in Vietnamese law), the fact that French law only recognises fiducia over receivables and assignment of trade receivables by way of security and Vietnamese judges have rejected the transfer ofownership by means of security, demonstrates that the use of functionality of ownership over receivables has not become widespread in France and in Vietnam. In contrast, in England, mortgages over receivables allow for the transfer of ownership as security, whether by way of an assignment or a novation. Finally, the hypothecation over debt claims of Vietnamese law and the fixed charge over book debts of English law show that security that does not entail the transfer of ownership can be perfectly efficient inside and outside insolvency proceedings.These approaches reveal the interests of a doctoral enterprise put in perspective from numerous economic investments and financing structures involving, in a rising fashion, economic stakeholders and international bank partners whose interests,stakes and strategies fall under (by construction, or necessity) the aforementioned jurisdictions

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>經濟學系<br>91<br>The study develops a model from which an option-adjusted spread approach is utilized for pricing individual mortgage servicing contracts. The pricing model is comprised of a stochastic interest rate process, an exogenous prepayment function and an assumed servicing cost, all of which jointly determines the contract’s future net cash flows and the rate at which to discount these cash flows. Then a scenario analysis is employed to examine a myriad of risk exposures of servicing contracts under various economic environments. The implication of this paper is potentially useful for mortgage servicers to investigate the policy-related issues. The results indicate：（1）the higher the interest rate volatility, the lower will be the price of a MSR.（2）the larger the speed of the adjustment factor, the length of time for varying interest rates is short. The price of a MSR decreases when the adjustment factor is small.（3）The price of the MSR increases when the notional loan amount increases, but it is increased more than proportionately to the loan amount being serviced, either in periods of high or low interest rate volatility.

碩士<br>國立高雄大學<br>法律學系碩士班<br>107<br>The establishment for the security rights system of the real property starts from the first draft of the civil law in the late Qing Dynasty. Similar to the German civil Law, in the chapter of the rights in rem in this draft, the non-accessory land charge, the mortgage, the pledge of the real property and the pledge of personal property were regulated. After that, the regulations of the non-accessory land charge and the pledge of the real property were removed in the second draft of the civil law because it was considered that they were not used to apply and, meanwhile, necessary to be used according to the economic situation. However, the implementation of civil law rights in rem has been more 80 years. Under the needs of the social and economic situation and the impact of European law trend, there are a considerable difference for the concept of the security rights of the real property to meet the needs of modern society, including current social structure, economic pattern or people's life concept. The amendment of the real rights was passed its three readings in the Legislative Yuan in 2007, and the line of credit mortgage used commonly in the past was legalized. However, based on the numerus clausus Principle, the security rights of the real property must be synchronized with the establishment, transfer and elimination of the loan, and strictly from the subordinate relation of security right in rem, it hinders the flexible use of corporate finance and could not be efficient for the mortgage from foreign legislative case, the security rights of the real property have the independent value and are not subordinate to the law of obligation. The non-accessory land charge in Germany is more widely used in society than the general mortgage. In Japan, remortgage and mortgage transfer is allowed under certain condition. It makes mortgage right more convenient for financing. In recent years, the civil legislation in Taiwan has a tendency from the multi-country mixed legal system in Europe to the individual legal system in England and America. In recent years, the countries of European Community gradually combined their laws for security rights of the real property. Both the Segre report in 1966 and the suggestion of UINL in 1987 proposed to use the non-accessory land charge of German and abstract security rights of the real property of Swiss and the related regulations of the non-accessory land charge of Poland. In addition, the Basic Guidelines for a Eurohypothec drafted in Berlin in 2004 and 2005 promote non-accessory real estate security rights in the world. Is the non-accessory real estate security rights proper for Taiwan’s situation and practice? Is it possible for us to legislate the similar law and to meet the international standards？ Therefore, the paper starts from the discussion of the security rights, introduces the types of security rights of the real property, and analyzes the differences in the legal system of security rights of the real property in Germany, Japan, Taiwan. And then the institutional evolution of obligations and rights in rem, the reasons for the numerus clausus principle, the current development of the numerus clausus principle and the rise of atypical security rights will be discussed. Finally, it will be concluded with possible method for incorporating the non-accessory security rights of the real property into our legal system in the future.

The aim of the thesis is devoted to creation of working sheets which are designed to teach selected topics of financial mathematics at high school. The thesis will focus on loan products (consumer loans, hire purchase, mortgage) insurance products (life and non-life insurance) and the rights of consumers. The thesis issues on the framework educational programs for high schools.

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>100<br>The practical process of mortgage of real estate in China legal system is major regulated on “Guaranty Right Law of People’s Republic of China” and “Real Rstate Law of People’s Republic of China”. Mortgage system plays a critical role in financial institutions and banking industry. The execution of mortgage right is the core of the mortgage system. Thus, if the mortgage system failed to be executed effectively and fairly, the mortgage foundation will be lost. 　　The Taiwan government created the new milestone with mainland of China on 2008, and both sides signed the Economic Cooperation Frame Agreement (ECFA). The major articles in Chinese estate law adopted between the articles 179 to 207. How to find a feasible process in the regulations from the faultiness legal system which is a necessary law making. 　　Although the new edited “Real Rstate Law of People’s Republic of China ” had covered most of the incomplete regulation of “Guaranty Right Law of People’s Republic of China ” and “Judicial Interpretation of guaranty law”, but it is still insufficient regards to realize and execute of real estate mortgage. Thus, finding out the feasible execution procedure within this incomplete regulation is the priority. Starting from definition of mortgage collateral-real estate in Chapter two then comes to Chapter three to discuss about the obtaining of mortgage right and effect. In Chapter four, expound the terms and specific way to bring about the mortgage, and explain to performance of general mortgage and preferential order. The Chapter five, this thesis also discuss about the existed issues in China banks about the mortgage right(s) on real estate. To appraise legislation and consummate for mortgage in the chapter six. This paper summarizes the property law for real estate mortgage new regulations and for the realization of the bank mortgage related Suggestions thought this conclusion.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>土地管理所<br>96<br>There are three kinds of real estate mortgage auction institution now in Taiwan: court auction, TFASC auction and bank auction. In the very first, the court auction is the only way for financial institution to deal with Non-Performing Loan (NPL) and for house buyer to bid for property. As the NPL increasing quickly in 1990s, the district court can’t efficiently sell the property, and then the other two auction institutions emerged to help financial institution to do loan-collection. This research, take the transaction cost theory and property right theory perspectives, aims to analyze the difference between these three auction institution and the transaction cost which the financial institution and bidder has to pay for in each institution. And this research also analyzes the institutional competition between these institutions and the direction of institutional change. The research findings are summarized as: 1. The property right attributes and the transaction cost of an auction institution are related to institutional design. 2. The court auction institution has the highest transaction cost because the real estate mortgage in this institution has the highest risk/uncertainty in property right attributes. 3. Because the court auction institution is lack of flexibility and the court has become bigger and bigger, so the institutional change is not according to the market’s need. 4. The TFASC auction institution is constraint by the contract with the district court, the change of enforce procedure has to be tied in the regulation, but the organization size can vary with market change., 5. The bank auction institution has the best flexibility and the organization changes with market situation. 6. There are tow reasons for the TFASC auction institution could not replace the court auction institution: a) for financial institutions, the TFASC auction may has higher risk than court auction; b) TFASC offers its service only in big city or metropolitan area.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>事業經營法務碩士在職學位學程<br>106<br>Agricultural financial institutions have the characteristics of small credit scale and low risk-taking capability generally. Handling syndicated loan is one of the ways to bring up small credit scale and low risk-taking capability to full strength. Syndicated loan is one of the important sources of financing for enterprises, and it also brings many benefits to financial institutions, including the fact that the leading bank can use its profession to host and manage syndicated loan to earn fees and achieve the purpose of diversifying risks. On the other hand, it is also possible for banks which are small and unable to organize their own loans to diversify their funds in a diversified manner and to interact with new borrowers through their relationship with the leading banks. The benefit to the borrower is that the loan can be loaned in the shortest amount of time, and the customized service is designed according to their demand, providing a diversified financing channel for the borrower. This study explores the legal relationship between agricultural financial institutions and the syndicated loan of construction industry. The purpose is to provide a reference basis for the banking industry to set up the maximum amount of mortgage right in the syndicated loan, and reorganize the relevant provisions on the selective credit control of the central bank&apos;&apos;s credit scheme for the real estate market since June 2010. And provide agricultural financial operators with business strategies, construction companies to deal with construction loans and the competent authorities to draw up administrative policies and revisions based on the results of this study.

Text in Afrikaans<br>In hierdie verhandeling ontleed ek die oproeping van ʼn verband op ʼn onroerende saak in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Indien ʼn verbandskuldenaar wanpresteer, kan die verbandskuldeiser sy beperkte saaklike reg afdwing deur die verband op te roep ten einde die uitstaande skuld te delg. Om dit te bereik, word die sekerheidsobjek op ʼn eksekusieverkoping te gelde gemaak, nadat die regte prosedure gevolg is. Die oproepingsproses is in die laaste dekade ingrypend verander, grotendeels as gevolg van artikel 26 van die Grondwet, 1996, en artikels 129 en 130 van die National Credit Act 34 van 2005. Die volgende stadiums in die oproepingsproses word onderskei: die voorverhoorprosedure; jurisdiksiebepaling; die hofprosedure; beslaglegging en die eksekusieverkoping. Wetgewing en regspraak het onlangs ingrypende veranderings ten aansien van die voorverhoorprosedure en die hofprosedure teweeggebring. Alhoewel die oproepingsproses tans bevredigend deur wetgewing en in die regspraak gereël word, is daar nog verontrustende aspekte van eksekusieverkopings wat die wetgewer se aandag verdien.<br>In this dissertation I analyse the calling up of a mortgage bond over immovable property under South-African law. If a mortgagor defaults, the mortgagee can enforce his limited real right by calling up the mortgage bond to satisfy the outstanding debt. To accomplish this, the secured property will be sold at an execution sale, after the correct procedure has been followed. Over the past decade, foreclosure proceedings have undergone significant changes, largely owing to section 26 of the Constitution, 1996, and sections 129 and 130 of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005. The following stages in the foreclosure process are identified: pre-trial debt enforcement procedure; determination of jurisdiction; court procedure; attachment and execution sale. Both the pre-trial debt enforcement procedure and the court procedure have recently been substantially amended by legislation and case law. Although legislation and case law currently regulate the foreclosure process satisfactorily, some disturbing aspects of execution sales remain and these deserve the legislator’s attention.<br>Private Law<br>LL.M.

Tematem niniejszej pracy doktorskiej jest zabezpieczenie wierzytelności pieniężnych pracodawcy. Pracodawcy mogą przysługiwać od pracownika rożnego rodzaju wierzytelności. Ze względu na znaczną nieefektywność dochodzenia roszczeń, pracodawca dąży do ich szybszej realizacji lub zwiększenia prawdopodobieństwa zaspokojenia. Dlatego też poszukuje rozwiązań pozwalających na realizację swojego interesu w jak najszerszym zakresie. Potrzeba teoretycznej refleksji nad tematem wynika zatem z praktyki stosunków między stronami stosunku pracy. Zagadnienie zabezpieczenia wierzytelności pieniężnych pracodawcy pozostaje na pograniczu prawa pracy i prawa cywilnego. Prawne formy zabezpieczenia przynależą do szeroko rozumianego prawa cywilnego, a wierzytelności pracodawcy do prawa pracy. Celem pracy jest ocena dopuszczalności stosowania prawnych form zabezpieczenia wierzytelności w celu zabezpieczenia wierzytelności pieniężnych przysługujących pracodawcy oraz ustalenie podstawy prawnej kreowania stosunków prawnych mających za przedmiot zabezpieczenie tego typu wierzytelności. Rozprawa składa się z trzech rozdziałów. Pierwszy rozdział został poświęcony pojęciu oraz klasyfikacji wierzytelności pieniężnych pracodawcy. Omówione zostały wybrane zobowiązania, których źródłem jest umowa o pracę oraz inne umowy indywidualnego prawa pracy, typowe dla stosunków między pracodawcą i pracownikiem. Przedmiotem rozważań prowadzonych w drugim rozdziale pracy jest pojęcie zabezpieczeń wierzytelności oraz podstawy prawne stosowania zabezpieczeń wierzytelności pieniężnych pracodawcy. W poszukiwaniu podstaw stosowania zabezpieczeń wierzytelności pracodawcy zostały przeanalizowane takie zagadnienia, jak związki prawa pracy z prawem cywilnym, stosowanie zabezpieczeń wierzytelności pracodawcy na podstawie art. 300 k.p. oraz zabezpieczenie wierzytelności pracodawcy w świetle zasady swobody umów i znaczenie zasady uprzywilejowania pracownika dla zabezpieczeń wierzytelności pracodawcy. Wskazane zostały przepisy prawa pracy ograniczające swobodę kreowania zabezpieczeń wierzytelności pracodawcy. Przeprowadzone rozważania pozwoliły na sformułowanie koncepcji stosowania zabezpieczeń wierzytelności pracodawcy. W trzecim rozdziale analizie zostały poddane wybrane formy zabezpieczenia, które mogą znaleźć zastosowanie w celu wzmocnienia wierzytelności pracodawcy. Wśród nich znalazły się instrumenty prawne często stosowane w relacjach między pracodawcą i pracownikiem, jak również sposoby zabezpieczenia, które z uwagi na ich konstrukcję prawną bądź znaczenie w systemie zabezpieczeń, mogą być brane pod uwagę przy wyborze odpowiedniego zabezpieczenia wierzytelności pracodawcy. Rozważania dotyczą m.in. poręczenia, zabezpieczenia wekslowego, oświadczenia o poddaniu się przez pracownika egzekucji w akcie notarialnym, zastawu oraz kaucji. W pracy została postawiona teza, zgodnie z którą, wierzytelności pieniężne pracodawcy mogą podlegać zabezpieczeniu. Swoboda kreowania stosunków prawnych w celu zabezpieczenia wierzytelności pieniężnych pracodawcy podlega jednak ograniczeniom. Po pierwsze, należy uwzględnić przepisy prawa pracy. Przepisy o pracowniczej odpowiedzialności materialnej stoją na przeszkodzie stosowaniu tych zabezpieczeń, które modyfikują zasady odpowiedzialności pracownika w sposób dla niego niekorzystny. Pracodawca nie może też ustanowić prawnego zabezpieczenia na wynagrodzeniu za pracę z uwagi na ochronę wynagrodzenia za pracę przewidzianą przepisami prawa pracy. Po drugie, trzeba mieć na uwadze ograniczenia swobody umów. Po trzecie, nie bez znaczenia pozostają zasady prawa pracy, z którymi stosowane odpowiednio na podstawie art. 300 k.p. przepisy Kodeksu cywilnego nie mogą być sprzeczne.<br>The topic of the doctoral thesis is the security of employer's pecuniary receivables. Employers are entitled to various types of receivables. At the same time, the realisation of claims is often inefficient. Therefore employers search for solutions which enable to realise their interests to the fullest extent. Security rights should be mentioned among them. The need of theoretical reflection over the subject results from the practice of relations between the parties of the employment relationship. The subject links issues from labour law and civil law. Security rights belong to the broadly understood civil law, while employer's claims to labour law. The main aim of the thesis is to answer the question of the permissibility and legal basis of rights to secure employer's monetary receivables. The dissertation consists of three chapters. The first part of the paper has been dedicated to the concept and classification of employer's pecuniary receivables. In particular analysis concerns compensation for a damage caused to an employer, compensation and contractual penalty from the non-compete agreement, reimbursement of additional benefits incurred by an employer for employees training and repayment of a loan. The second chapter of the thesis discusses the concept of security rights and the legal basis for the creation of the security of employer's pecuniary receivables. This part of the thesis refers to the application of the provisions of the Civil Code to an employment relationship, freedom of contract and its main limitation in labour law i.e. principle of privilege of employees. Moreover labour law regulations which limited the application of civil securities in relations between an employer and an employee have been identified. Finally, the concept of the security of employer's pecuniary receivables was proposed. Various forms of legal securities have been discussed in the third chapter, among them blank promissory note, submission to enforcement in a notarial deed, pledge, mortgage and bail. These are legal instruments with a security function which are often used in practice or which can be used to strengthen employer's claims due to their legal construction or importance in the security system. The study led to the thesis about the permissibility of creation rights in order to secure employer’s monetary claims. However, the freedom of creation such rights is limited by labour law provisions (especially about the financial liability of employees), contractual freedom restrictions and principles of the labour law.

O direito à habitação está constitucionalmente consagrado desde 1976 e, apesar das várias alterações à lei fundamental do país, este direito mantem-se até à presente data. O crédito bancário para compra de habitação tem tido um papel fundamental na aquisição de habitação e na persecução desse direito plasmado no artigo 65º da Constituição da República Portuguesa. Contudo, o acesso ao crédito para aquisição de habitação, principalmente para as classes com rendimentos baixos e médio baixos, tem vindo a ser cada vez mais dificultado nomeadamente pelas medidas macroprudenciais impostas pelo Banco de Portugal em 2018. O presente trabalho pretende fazer uma abordagem sobre essas alterações e suas implicações e é realizada uma análise resumida ao papel e importância da Caixa Geral de Depósitos na concessão de crédito para aquisição de habitação. A conclusão do estudo apresenta três sugestões para atenuar o impacto das recentes medidas macroprudenciais de modo a que o crédito bancário para aquisição de habitação seja acessível para o maior número possível de pessoas de forma a salvaguardar o seu direito à habitação.<br>The right to housing has been constitutionally enshrined since 1976 and, despite several changes to the fundamental law of the country, this right remains to this day. Bank credit for the purchase of housing has played a key role in the acquisition of houses and the pursuit of this right embodied in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. However, access to credit for house purchase, especially for the low and middle income classes, has been increasingly hampered by the measures imposed by Bank of Portugal in 2018. In this dissertation we intend to report these changes and their implications. We also make a very brief analysis of the role and importance of Caixa Geral de Depósitos in granting credit for house purchase and the author intends to conclude this study by presenting three suggestions to mitigate the impact of recent measures so that bank credit for housing is accessible to as many people as possible in order to safeguard their right to housing.

A real security right improves a creditor’s chances of recovering a debt owed to him by the debtor. In the case of an ordinary pledge, the pledgor delivers physical control of his movable property to his creditor to serve as security for the repayment of the principal debt. The increasing value and use of movable property as an object of security coupled with technological advancement have resulted in many countries calling for legal reform of real security rights over movable property. In South Africa this led to the introduction of the Security by Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993 which makes provision for a pledge without possession. The Act regulates only special notarial bonds and does not apply to general notarial bonds. The real security right vests in the bondholder upon registration of the bond, provided that the movable property encumbered is described in a notarial bond in a way that makes it readily recognisable. The Act has substituted delivery with registration in the Deeds Registry. Registration of the notarial bond in the Deeds Registry is questioned as to whether it complies with the publicity principle. This is because movable property can be shifted from one place to another without any knowledge on the part of the creditor due to the inaccessible and costly registration system. The third party then receives the property subject to the real security right of the creditor. The substitution of delivery with registration is the controversial feature in this study. Linked to the legal problems regarding compliance with the publicity principle, is the description and identification requirement as provided for under the Act, the exclusion of general notarial bonds from the application of the Act, and the question of whether it is appropriate to regard special notarial bonds as pledges without possession. This study questions whether the current land registry system should be used for the registration of notarial bonds and suggests that a new system designed specifically for the registration of real security rights over movables be considered. I compare the position in the Belgian legal system as regards developments in real security rights over movables to identify possible solutions and recommendations for the South African approach.<br>Private Law<br>LL. M.