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1
Shields, Lance David. "Investigation of Through-Tenon Keys on the Tensile Strength of Mortise and Tenon Joints." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33971.
Full textAbstract:
A timber frame is a structural building system composed of heavy timber members connected using carpentry-style joinery that may include metal fasteners. A common variant of mortise-and-tenon joints are keyed (or wedged) through-tenon joints. No research on the behavior of wedged joints in timber frames is available. This research provides design knowledge of keyed through-tenon joints from experimental observations and comparisons between mathematical models and experimental measurement. Evaluation of through-tenon keyed mortise and tenon joints was performed by measuring tensile load and stiffness of white oak (Quercus alba) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) joints with four- and 11-inch tenons with one and two keys and comparing these results to mathematical models developed from the National Design Specification of Wood Construction (NDS), General Dowel Equations for Calculating Lateral Connection Values (TR-12), and engineering mechanics. Variables included joint species (white oak or Douglas-fir), protruding tenon length (four or 11 inches), and number of keys (one or two). Joints were tested to ultimate load, then model input specimens were cut from tested joints and additional key stock to generate inputs for joint load predictions that were compared to experimental joint load results for validation. Forty joints were tested with white oak keys and six of these joints were retested with ipe (Tabebuia) keys.
Joints with four-inch tenons behaved in a brittle manner with tenon failures. Most joints with 11-inch tenons behaved in a ductile manner with key bending and crushing failures. Joint load and stiffness was similar between white oak and Douglas-fir joints. Joints with 11-inch tenons had greater load and stiffness than with four-inch tenons. Joints with two keys had greater load and stiffness than joints with one key, after normalizing joint load and stiffness responses on key width. Joints retested with ipe keys had greater load than joints originally tested with white oak keys.
Tenon relish (row tear-out) failure was predicted for all joints with four-inch tenons. Horizontal key shearing was predicted for all joints with 11-inch tenons. Ratios of predicted ultimate joint load divided by experimental ultimate joints load (calculated/tested) or C/T ratios were used to validate the models chosen for load prediction. C/T ratios showed that ultimate load model predictions over predicted joint load which was due to occurrence of unpredicted tenon failures and simultaneously occurring key failures where models predicted key failures independently. Design safety factors (DSFs) were developed by dividing experimental ultimate joint load by governing allowable (design) load predictions. C/T ratios and DSFs were most similar between white oak and Douglas-fir joints and most different between joints with one and two keys. Alternative design values (ADVs) were developed for comparison to design load predictions. Comparisons between ADVs and DSFs showed that model predictions were most conservative for joints fastened with denser keys than joint members.Master of Science
2
Kouromenos, Alexandros. "Lateral Strength and Ductile Behavior of a Mortise-Tenon Connected Timber Frame." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1790.
Full textAbstract:
The primary goals of this project were to examine the amount of lateral force resisted by a single-bay mortise-tenon connected timber moment frame, and to introduce ductile behavior into the mortise-tenon connections by adding a steel sleeve around a traditional wood peg. This research aimed to provide proof that traditional timber frames are capable of ductile racking while reliably complying with ASCE 7-10 building code drift speci! cations, implying an increase in the ASCE 7-10 ductility factor (R) for wood frames when used as lateral force resisting elements. A secondary goal was to promote traditional heavy timber framing as a main structural system. Modern structural framing is dominated by light-wood, steel, and concrete framing. The exploration in this project aspires to demonstrate that heavy timber frames can achieve comparable lateral performance and frame behavior to other current lateral systems, reassuring the reliability of traditional timber frames.
3
Mihailescu, Teofil. "An investigation of the performance of mortise and tenon joints using the finite element method." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.714444.
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4
Creasman, Pearce Paul. "The Cairo Dahshur boats." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4852.
Full textAbstract:
Excavations conducted in A.D. 1894 and 1895 by French archaeologist Jean-
Jacques de Morgan at the funerary complex of the ancient Egyptian Middle Kingdom
pharaoh Senwosret III on the plain of Dahshur revealed some unparalleled finds which
included five or six small boats. These boats provide a unique opportunity in nautical
archaeology—to study contemporaneous hulls. Today, only four of the "Dahshur boats"
can be located with certainty; two are in the United States, one in the Carnegie Museum
of Natural History in Pittsburgh and one in the Field Museum of Natural History in
Chicago. The remaining two are on display in The Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
Since their excavation these boats remained relatively inconspicuous until the
mid-1980s when a study of the two hulls in the United States was conducted. However,
the two boats in Cairo remained largely unpublished.
This thesis combines personal observation and recording of the Cairo boats over
two summers to reveal more unique characteristics of the hulls and will facilitate a future
study of the group as a whole. Each boat is discussed individually and is further divided
into its major components by order of construction.
5
Berglund, Jonas. "Stark, starkare, starkast : en jämförelse av fasta tappar och centrumtappar med utgångspunkt i tappens dimensioner, inpassning, komprimering, antal och limning." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Malmstens Linköpings universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-152652.
Full textAbstract:
I mitt examensarbete jämför jag styrkan för sammanfogningar i trämöbler med fasta tappar och centrumtappar utifrån fem parametrar: tappens dimensioner, tappens inpassning, tappens komprimering, tappens antal och tappens limning. Den övergripande frågan har varit, ”är fasta tappar eller centrumtappar starkast?” Målet har varit att sålla i olika teorier rörande dessa två typer av sammanfogningar och skapa ett underlag i syfte att hjälpa möbelsnickare och formgivare att kunna ta medvetna beslut vad gäller sina val av dessa typer av sammanfogningar. Genom litteraturstudier och verkstads besök har jag samlat kunskap som ligger till grund för det hållfasthets test jag sedan gjort i materiallabbet på Linköpings universitet. Testet har utgått från ett scenario där en stols bakben ska fogas samman med en sarg. Testet visar, utifrån ett antal angivna avgränsningar, att fasta tappar utan undantag är starkare än centrumtappar.Det visar också att en dubbel fast tapp fördelar belastningen bättre än en enkel fast tapp och bidrar till en betydligt starkare fog. För c-tappar gäller generellt att ökat antal tappar ökar fogens seghet men inte nödvändigtvis maxbelastningen. Inpassning och komprimering har betydelse för hur seg en fog är.I have in my thesis compared the strength of mortise and tenon joints and dowel joints in wooden furniture. I´ve made the comparison based on five parameters: the dimensions of the tenon or dowel, the fit of the tenon or dowel, the compression of the tenon or dowel, the number of tenons or dowels and the gluing of the tenon or dowel. The bigger question has been, “is the mortise and tenon joint or the dowel joint the strongest?” The goal has been to go through different theories regarding these two types of joinery and making a foundation to help cabinet makers and designers to make conscious decisions regarding their choices of these two types of joinery. Through studies of literature and visiting workshops I´ve gathered knowledge that lies as a foundation for a test of strength of different joinery made in the material testing facility of Linköping University. The test was based on a scenario of joining the back leg and side rim of a chair. The test shows, from the given definitions, that mortise and tenon joints are without exceptions stronger than dowel joints. It also shows that double tenons better will distribute the load and make for a stronger and tougher joint. Dowel joints will get tougher with an increased number of dowels but it will not necessarily make for a stronger joint. The fit and compression of the tenon or dowel will affect the joints strength.
6
Dahl, Arvid, and Charlie Lindström. "Mekanisk prestanda hos traditionella träfogar kontra samtida byggbeslag." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76434.
Full textAbstract:
Samhället efterfrågar idag i allt högre grad miljövänlig och hållbar byggnation. Ett sätt möta dessa nya krav på miljövänlig byggnation är att använda mer trä då detta minskar koldioxidutsläpp genom substitutionseffekten. Syftet att undersöka huruvida traditionella fogningstekniker som helt utförs i trä kan ersätta samtida fogar i framtida byggnation. Målet är att visa att detta är möjligt ur hållfasthetssynpunkt. Undersökningen kommer att begränsas till att undersöka en pelar-balk-anslutning där den traditionella fogen representeras av tre olika varianter tapp i tapphålsfog och den samtida av balksko. Fogarna undersöks beräkningsmässigt samt genom försök där belastningsfallet ämnar ge en hög tvärkraft. Resultaten pekar på att det är möjligt att introducera den undersökta traditionella träfogningstekniken vid samtida byggnation.Societies demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable construction is ever increasing. One way to meet these new demands on environmentally friendly construction is to use more wood which decreases carbon emissions through the substitution effect. This report aims to research whether traditional joinery techniques entirely executed in wood can replace contemporary joinery techniques in future construction. The goal is to show whether this is possible from a strength standpoint. The research will be limited in that it will strictly seek to study a pillar-beamconnection where the traditional joint researched will be three varying mortise and tenon joints and the contemporary joint is a joist hanger. The joints will be analyzed with calculation and experimentation where the load case aims to produce mainly shear in the joint. The results point towards it being possible to introduce this traditional joint in contemporary construction.
7
Al-saadi, Mohammed, and Marwa Abdulnasir Hilal Hilal. "Gestaltning och dimensionering av metallfria knutpunkter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98195.
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This thesis aims to develop knowledge of non-metallic connections in order to develop and change the Swedish wood architecture as well as wood structures. The main question being "Are metal-free connections suitable for contemporary timber buildings?". In the theory chapter, facts about wood are introduced, followed by literature studies and previous research. Through literature research in the university database and conducting interviews with an architect, a designer and a carpenter, data was collected for the design process and for the calculation of the dimensions for one of the selected glulam connections. The result showed that there is a lack of knowledge in Sweden regarding non-metallic connections, other countries such as Switzerland are more developed in the area and has accepted the idea of this concept. The result also showed that the lack of strength in wooden connections lead to large dimensions of the timber elements, but an aesthetic advantage can be developed. Finally, the results are discussed and analyzed according to the different requirements set on appearance, durability and manufacturability.Detta examensarbete syftar till att utveckla kunskap om metallfria knutpunkter för att möjliggöra en mer varierad svensk träarkitektur. Den övergripande frågan har varit ”Hur väl lämpar sig metallfria knutpunkter för nutida byggande av träkonstruktioner?”. I teorikapitlet beskrivs fakta om materialet trä, följt av beskrivning av litteratur och tidigare forskning som är relevant för denna studie. Genom en litteraturstudie via universitetets databaser samt intervjuer med en arkitekt, en konstruktör och en möbeldesigner samlades data för gestaltningsprocessen och dimensionering av en knutpunkt i limträ. Resultatet visade att det finns kunskapsbrist i Sverige gällande metallfria knutpunkter, andra länder som Schweiz är mer utvecklade inom området samt har accepterat tanken på detta koncept. Resultatet visade även att frågor kring hållfasthet leder till stora dimensioner för de ingående träelementen, men att en estetisk fördel kan utvecklas. Slutligen diskuteras och analyseras resultaten utefter olika krav som ställts på utseende, hållfasthet och tillverkning.
8
Chang, Cheng-Tai, and 張承泰. "Mortise and Tenon Prestressed Component to Combine Indigenous Technique Research." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98483281410914187050.
Full textAbstract:
碩士崑山科技大學
機械工程研究所
102
There are many wooden buildings between archaic architecture and temples in the past five thousand years in China. The erudite and intensive technology of wooden building is a special architecture science. The key point is the combined technology of Mortise and Tenon. The purpose of this study is to investigate the theory and applications of the combined technology. This work analyze the research and design of the existed china wooden buildings with combinations of Mortise and Tenon, investigate the design methods of shelve and Burr Puzzle, and find there are many design similarity between those buildings and devices. Furthermore, the results of this study show there are 136 unsymmetrical combinations of Mortise and Tenon those are different to the traditional symmetrical combinations of Mortise and Tenon.
9
Liao, Wei-Fa, and 廖偉發. "Mechanical Behavior of Retrofitted Taiwan Traditional Tenon and Mortise Wood Joints." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7cu5zk.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
95
Tenon-and-mortise joint is one of most common types of traditional Taiwan building structure, this kind of joint building has high tenacity and low strength structural characteristics. Therefore, under great lateral force, the structure inclines and collapses, leading to severe losses of some important culture heritages. This study continued research result of tenon-and-mortise joint mechanical behavior last year, considered actual repair skill, further proposed reinforcement measures against structural weak points of tenon-and-mortise joint, and discussed effects of various different reinforcement measures. Research result showed that the longer the tenon, the higher the bending moment strength and rotational stiffness, but maximum bending moment strength developed from tenon-and-mortise joint was only 8.2% of beam section, indicating low bending moment strength of tenon-and-mortise joint, thus, this study responded to Culture Heritages Preservation Law, proposed “reverse” reinforcement method, concentrating on improving mechanical behavior of tenon-and-mortise joint, in regard to pin reinforcement, one pin had better result, for column tear was not so worse, thus later reinforcement design should properly and simultaneously consider design of allowable column strength. In regard to confining reinforcement, rattan bands were employed, which were natural material, but the stiffness was not so high as steel rope, and rattan bands failed to bundle beam column joint so tightly as steel rope, thus bending moment strength of steel rope reinforcement was better than rattan band reinforcement. As to screw reinforcement, ordinary gaskets and nuts would deform wood under compression and caused gasket depression, so that screws failed to play its role of designed tensile strength, while conical gaskets and rectangular iron block proposed in this study could effectively improve local depression of wood, and increase bending moment strength. From test result, bending moment strength and rotational stiffness of all test specimens of reinforcement experiment increased, indicating that all reinforcement schemes proposed in this study had reinforcement effect to varied extent, and complied with Culture Heritage Preservation Law, kept original color and appearance, enhanced earthquake resistance, and reinforced test specimen could be disassembled, meeting demand of “reverse” reinforcement method.
10
Chen, Yu-Ren, and 陳俞任. "Joint Behavior of Through Oval-end Mortise and Tenon Joint with Wedges." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81528917197623028479.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立嘉義大學
林產科學系研究所
95
Oval-end and square-end mortise and tenon joints have been commonly used in wooden furniture. The oval-end mortise and tenon joint not only has excellent performance in joint strength but also could be processed rapidly. However, the processing of the square-end mortise is slow and is often with poor precision even though the square-end mortise and tenon joint with wedge has good performance in joint strength. This study is to investigate the effect of wedge on the joint behaviors of through oval-end mortise and tenon joint. In order to understand the relations between the pull-out loads, bending moments and rigidity efficiencies with groove widths, wedge slopes and wedge spacings, wedged through oval-end mortise and tenon joint with various groove widths (3, 4, and 5 mm) and wedge slopes (1:7, 1:8, and 1:9) for single wedge, and wedge spacings (12 and 19 mm) for double wedges were used. In addition, finite element analysis was used to predict the pull-out loads and bending moments, and both were compared with the tested ones. Except for rigidity efficiencies, the pull-out loads and bending moments of the oval-end mortise and tenon joint with single and double wedges were greater than those without wedge. The pull-out loads of the oval-end mortise and tenon joint with single wedge were increased with the increase of wedge slopes and with the decrease of groove width, and the same tendency could also be observed in the data predicted by the finite element method. The difference between the measured and predicted pull-out loads are between -2.10 and 7.47 %. The highest compressive stress and displacement were found at the uppers corners of the groove when wedge was in groove. For the oval-end mortise and tenon joint with single wedge, the highest compressive stress and displacement were found for 3 mm groove width and 1:7 wedge slope. With the same groove width and wedge slope, the pull-out loads of the oval-end mortise and tenon joint with double wedge weres greater than those with single wedge. Rigidity efficiencies of the wedged oval-end mortise and tenon joint had no significant differences among various combinations. The maximum bending moments of the oval-end mortise and tenon joint with single wedge were also increased with the increase of wedge slopes and with the decrease of groove width. However, for the same groove widths and wedge slopes, the bending moments of the oval-end mortise and tenon joint with double, single and without wedges have no significant differences. Furthermore, the difference between the measured bending moments and the predicted ones were between -5.00 and 6.21 %. The predicted bending moments of oval-end mortises and tenon joints with shoulders were 30 ~ 38 % higher than those without shoulders. The predicted data also showed that when bending occurred on the wedged oval-end mortise and tenon joint, the stress concentration was found on the apex of the lower shoulder of the tenon. Also, the compressive stress at the apex of lower shoulder was increased with the increase of the displacement loading. According the simulation by the finite element, the pull-out loads and bending moments increased with the increase of wedge spacings in the range of 10 to 16 mm.
11
hsien, Liang-shih, and 梁世賢. "A Study on the Traditional Small Wooden Artworks made by Tenon and Mortise." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51260515660061136351.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
歷史與文物管理所
99
A Study on the Traditional Small Wooden Artworks made by Tenon and Mortise Abstract The traditional small wooden artworks, having been influenced by social environment, economy, culture, folklore, etc, satisfied different demands of everyday life during various periods. The continuous development of wooden artworks involved multiple styles. Meanwhile, the tenon and mortise used to link each part of the wooden artworks, and which was applied to varied utensils and joints for multiple purposes, created unique connection types of tenon and mortise. This study aims to explore the applied types and linking methods of tenon and mortise used in the creation of wooden artworks. The content is divided into three parts: (1) analyzing the literature data on excavated coffins and small wooden artworks collected from different areas in order to understand the related historical development of the wooden artworks. Its starting period was from the beginning of the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Chun Qin Zhan Guo, the period of establishment and then from the Qin/Han/Tang/Wu Dai, the period of reformation, to the Song/Yuan/Ming/ Qing Dynasty, the period of stability. The features of wooden crafts are listed; (2) the reports on excavations are sorted out, relevant literature data and utensils handed down by adding line graphics or pictures to investigate the types of tenon and mortise as well as the materials of plates and pillars used for the wooden artworks and tried to know how they joined with the complex structures are presented; and (3) understanding the factors that impacted the development of tenon and mortise, such as the improvement tools used for the wooden artworks, the physical knowledge of wood, material restriction, usage of glue, social habits, aesthetics etc. The application of wooden artworks made with tenon and mortise has a long period of historical development and its production methods have been continually improved and reformed. They have evolved from practical usage to refined artistic aesthetics. The structure of tenon and mortise has complemented the evolution of wooden craft. The joint of upper and lower part, right and left part, oblique and straight part, thick and thin part, round and square part as well as various joints all reveal the intelligence and skillful experiences of craft masters under the appearance of ordinary utensils. As a result, the study conclusions should help researchers to understand the application and development of wooden crafts and can serve as reference for manufacturing, maintenance or appreciation of future wooden artworks. Keywords: small wooden artwork；tenon and mortise；tools for tenon and mortise
12
Yang, Shun-Jhou, and 楊舜州. "Studies of the Dimensional System of Tenon and Mortise in Traditional Dei-Do Frame." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52398420712082322420.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
96
Taiwan traditional dei-do wooden frames have certain scope in the scale of the entry-direction of Central bay. However, there are no researches to explore that whether the frames of the scale have certain scope or follow certain rules to design the whole structural frames. The purpose of this study is to examine whether dei-do wooden frames have modular systems, and according to this to design the dimensions of frames. The research target in this study focuses on lengthwise structure of two-point Hypostyle column in dei-do wooden frames. By reviewing literature we can find that the official wooden frames in the Sung Dynasty and the Manchu Dynasty are both in accordance with the basic modular to proceed the design of frames and architecture scale. Taiwan traditional great wooden frames originated from China, and as time goes by wooden frames evolved into unique methods of frames in Taiwan. This study believes that there should be basic modular in Taiwan traditional great wooden frames and then analyzes the basic modular. “Ying Tsao Fa Shih” of the Sung Dynasty and “Gong Cheng Zuo Fa” of the Ching Dynasty used Tsai-Chih and Tou-Kou as their basic modular, which was a unit of Tou-Kung and Tou-Kou, respectively. This study compares the frame methods of Dei-Do form with the Sung Dynasty and the Ching Dynasty. The differences between dei-do form and the Sung and Ching Dynasty are the linking methods in tou-kung and frame components. In the official methods of “Ying Tsao Fa Shih” of the Sung Dynasty and “Gong Cheng Zuo Fa” of the Ching Dynasty, the parts of tou-kung used cross linkage between one Kung and another Kung, and then link crisscross Mortise of Tou. However, the dei-do form of Taiwan Dei-Do wooden frames used Kung to link with Shu and Shuei to from a cross, and then link crisscross Mortise of Tou. Hence, this study takes Shu and Shuei into consideration as analyzing basic modular. The methods of analysis are based on the width of cross-section of frames, such as Kung, Shu and Shuei, then comparing these with the length, height and Tenon、Mortise of frames to understand if there exist a ratio relationship between modular of frames and the width of cross-section of frames. Next, this study compiles the width of Tou-Kou and the width of Shu, Shuei, main Kung, vice- Kung and Ji-She-Kung to proceed with the statistics analysis and diagnose the relationship between these statistics. Finally, after compiling the above-mentioned part, if it exists relationship or between these statistics or these statistics are equivalents, this study would compare other beam frames of the basic modular with entry-direction and side-direction to proceed with analysis. The research results are included: 1. The cross-sections of Kung, Shu and Shuei are thin and long in Taiwan. Comparing to the height-to-width ratio of tsai-chih in the Sung Dynasty (1:1.5) and the Ching Dynasty (1:2), most height-to-width ratio of tsai-chih in Taiwan is greater than 1:2. The ratios between frames and width lie in certain multiples, but not fixed. As manufacturing notches, Kung, Shu and Shuei, they are one-forth to one to third of the width of cross-sections. 2. To compile the sizes of frames and the dimensions of this study’s setting modular. 3. To compile the distributive statistics of Dovetail Timber Connections and the dimensions of manufacturing notches.
13
Ang, Chin-Chee, and 洪進智. "A Study on the Bending Moment of Mortise and Tenon Joints of Laminated Bamboo." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54rusq.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
創新設計研究所
103
Mortise and tenonjointed was furniture and even product design often used in the bonding structure, structure change or method of maintenance reinforcement. Research in the field of forestry science have been constantly changing in recent years, bending bonding technology has become more sophisticated. Bending bonding technology apply in assessing of the wood materials and the strength of the wood with glue. There is still rare in the study of bamboo laminated wood furniture structure and research on the relationship between the flexural bonding. In this study, research priorities on commonly used in furniture construction and tenon joints of square mortise. First, investigate changes in the structure of the bending strength of the furniture bonding occurs during bending test, to understand the bending characteristics when destruction by gluing. Secondly, explore the types of glue internal and external, set mortise and tenon joints with adhesive type and length, to discuss destruction of nature and the mortise and tenon joints by t-test materials. By looking discussion furniture mortise performance characteristics and the occurrence of bending to help non-destructive evaluation of the structural performance of the furniture and reference applications for industry and academic. In this study, change of the three types glue and the tenon length (30,40,45 mm) and width (30,40 mm),impact on the flexural strength member, comprehensive experimental results the following conclusions can be obtained 1. Strength of bamboo mortise structure, epoxy resin was 287 kgf/cm2 better that urea resin240.8kgf/cm2 and white glues237.2kgf/cm2 2. Bending moment of mortise and tenon joints that is Epoxy Resin > Urea Resin(65%60℃) > white glues(40%25℃) . 3. Tenon length 40mm bending strength was the best when width dimensions remain unchanged in the bonding structure. Conclusions should be 45mm for the best but controlling factor is not stringent enough, lead to the opposite results of the basic theory. 4. According to the Chinese Wood Construction Buildings Association, Wood bending test with the CNS454, determine the strength of wood and bamboo, there was Moso bamboo 257kgf/cm and Ma Bamboo 249kgf/cm, Taiwan Red Cypress was 470kgf/cm and pine was 425kgf/cm.
14
Lee, Chia-Wei, and 李佳韋. "Studies on Mechanical Behavior of the Tenon and Mortise Wood Joint of Chinese Traditional Construction." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78534585535503085354.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
森林環境暨資源學研究所
94
The main purpose of this study was to investigate mechanical behavior of tenon and mortise wood joints by cyclic loading and lateral loading in Taiwan traditional wood structure. Related studies were less in our country, and most of them were tested on small size of furniture or reduction the size in the same ratio. The tested components were 30-year-old woods of artificial China fir, and the diameters of post and beam were 30 cm, and the tenon fitness was 0. The maximum moment and rotational stiffness were defined as joint strength. Experimental results revealed that increasing tenon length would increase bearing area, and especially the “through tenon” was the strongest. The strength of “stepped dovetail tenon” which was the common joint to resist lateral force was stronger than that of the “straight tenon” with the same length. The following characteristics of the tenon and mortise joints were found：(1)Wood components could allow much displacement. (2)The strength of cyclic loading would increase as opposite force affected the joint. (3)According to the slip, the tenon fitness would affect the mechanical behavior of joint. (4)The moment of the second cycle was lower than that of the first cycle. (5) In next cyclic loading, the curve of the first cycle would be along the curve of the second cycle in previous cycle.
15
Fang, Fu-Ming, and 方福明. "A Exploration into the Historical Evolution of Chinese Wood-Framed Buildings and Mortise-Tenon Furniture." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x2q8pg.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
設計學系
105
Architecture is described as “a history book written with stones” by French poet Hugo, and as “frozen music” by Goethe. For western scholars, architecture is an eternal “art craft”. As Chinese architecture scholar Liang Sicheng wrote in his book “A History of Chinese Architecture”, scholar-officials of all dynasties treasured epigraphy, calligraphy and painting to the same extent as they did toward essays and poems, which attributed to long-standing Chinese cultural spirit. The unique feature of architecture is that it is entirely created by the craftsman, and thus its artistic expression unconsciously reflected the succession of teachings from a master or the evolution. After the Institute for Research in Chinese Architecture (IRCA) was established, Liang Sicheng started to make in-depth fieldwork into the wooden architecture area, which is the beginning of academic researches on Chinese ancient architecture. Chinese wooden architecture and furniture came to its revival after suffering so many adversities throughout his evolution history. The research purpose of this thesis is to seek the life pulse of architecture and furniture in its historic evolution. A millennium ago, Yuezhi, Tubo(Tibetan Empire), Uygur and other ethnic groups in Western Regions introduced their religions and art cultures into central mainland through countries like Gandhara and Kucha via Hexi Corridor. The western art cultures collided and fused with traditional Han cultures, with both melted in the oven of history, which injected new blood into the architecture art of Han culture in central mainland, contributed to its revival and quenched into the unique art culture of Chinese wooden architecture and furniture. The research process of this thesis is: field survey in ancient capitals, explorative interview on experts, in-depth study on the correlation between the historic evolution sequence of the wooden architecture and that of furniture, comparative analysis of the shape and structure of architecture and that of furniture, draw the basic categorization and construction method of furniture mortise and tenon, innovative design of actual works, miniature architecture-artistic furniture. Architecture is a synthesis of social and cultural phenomena. The historic evolution sequence of wooden architecture and that of furniture have an interdependency and interaction relationship. In Chapter Sigan under Section of Minor odes of the kingdom in the Book of Songs, the poet used expression “ like the light and graceful bird wings” to describe the dynamic and static beauty of the wooden structure palace as the cornice and sloping roof are like the fluttering wings of the birds. In Ode to Hanyuan Temple, it described the wooden architecture as “the exquisite masterpiece of mansions with the flying vigor”. Therefore, the creation concept of this art work is originated from the artistic spirit of Chinese wooden structure. It used the bracket system, mortise and tenon components as well as the cornice and sloping roof as the medium, integrated the artistic connotation and spirit of ancient architecture and adopted the design techniques of bearers in its creation. This art work intends to convey the reflections after the observation on the phenomena in the world, with the metaphor that affairs of human life often change with impermanency and treacherousness, just like white clouds changing into grey dogs. It is an artistic creation that displays a balance in the dynamism.
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Li, Chiachang, and 李佳璋. "Feasibility Research for Evaluating Damages by Ultrasonic Test on Taiwan Traditional Wooden Mortise and Tenon Joint." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75681022780741260767.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
92
The testing investigation of repairs of listed historical buildings in Taiwan has always centered on architectonics of humanism and historical research; therefore, the resources for repairs of listed historical buildings are quite rough. Due to the prohibition against destruction tests on wooden structural components of listed historical buildings, we can just use non-destruction tests to examine the existence of internal cavitation corrosion. The local non-destruction tests often seen on wooden structural components of historical buildings are - lighting, ultrasonic test, hammer, probe methods, etc, and every method has its advantages and disadvantages. This study is aimed at the easily-damaging mortise and tenon parts to examine and evaluate damages according to the displayed physics of ultrasonic waves between the transit time of internal woods and lumber mechanics qualities. From this test, the ideal transit time of ultrasonic waves is evaluated by the orientation angle (horizontal 180°) of the shortest distance. Although the transit time of the other orientation angles will increase following the added length of predicted routes, ultrasonic waves shall not exactly be delivered in predicted straight direction for the reason that woods belong to heterogeneous materials. Consequently, the tests of listed historical buildings could increase several measuring points and examine the orientation angle of the shortest distance. For examining the mortise of disjointed uni-direction straight tenon, if the transit orientation angle of the shortest distance passes through the mortise and goes around this hole, the transit time will increase in its mortise sample; hence, when using ultrasonic test to examine mortise and tenon joints, choosing the self-transit of the non-interface sample is preferable and the transit through lumber interfaces is less preferable. Accordingly, in the transit process of ultrasonic waves, if ultrasonic waves can be delivered through non-interfaces, the damages of uni-direction straight tenon could not be ascertained but the flaws such as cavitation corrosion of the mortise could be ascertained by the transit time of ultrasonic waves.
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Wu, Ching-Feng, and 吳敬丰. "Implementation of a 10-bit SAR ADC With Merge, Split, and Tri-Level Switching using Mortise-Tenon Structure Capacitor." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95667p.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
資訊工程學系研究所
106
This thesis presents a 10-bit 500 KS/s Successive Approximation Register Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR ADC) for biomedical application with a 0.5 V supply voltage which is implemented by using the TSMC 90nm process technology. The circuit can be applied to the sensors or monitoring device related to the Internet-of-Things (IoT). This design can achieve the purpose of low area, low power and low cost. In order to provide a better performance and the reduced DAC switching energy, the merge and split (MS) switching architecture is implemented. The dynamic latching comparators are used to reduce the static power consumption. A MOM capacitor with a Mortise-Tenon structure is used to reduce the parasitic capacitance effect in a single capacitor and the distributed connected unit capacitors. They can reduce the switching energy consumption in the capacitor array and improve the overlarge area of the capacitor array problem. The simulated results show that the sampling rate can be 500Ks/s, the SNDR is 56.11 dB, and ENOB is 9.028 bit. The DNL and INL are 0.412/-0.435 LSB and 0.590/-0.767 LSB, respectively. The power consumption is 1.5003μW.
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liu, chiu ping, and 劉秋平. "Research for the stress and energy absorption on Taiwan traditional mortise and tenon wood joint, such as six-component joint." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78233241117331679903.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
91
Mortise and tenon joint is a unique way of wood connection. Most oriental ancient buildings were constructed with this type of joint. This paper takes some wood joint models called “six-component-joint” as example to study the structural effects, including loading and deflection. Mortise and tenon joint can absorb energy at extreme loading condition. This is a character that other way of connection can’t reach. This paper also examines the degree of energy absorption of these examples. There are three models. Each one looks the same with the other two from exterior while with some different composing component inside the joint. For each model, there are two components with the same cross sections in x-direction, the other two in y-direction, and the other in z-direction. We studied the force conditions on x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction and come to a qualitative conclusion. Wish this could be useful on the evaluation and restoration of structure of historical buildings. Following are the Points of View on this Research: 1. Manner of Wood Structural Connection： Combine all connective manners, standards and related regulations of Taiwan wood structure. 2. The connective system of mortise and tenon joint for wood structure： To confer the differences not only upon the connective system of mortise and tenon joint for wood structure, but also the relations between mortise and tenon joint and wood structure. 3. Analysis the quatity of stress and energy absorption： The quantity of the stress and energy absorption will determine the mortise and tenon joint.
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Chuang, Tsung-Hsun, and 莊宗勳. "Using Constructional Form of Historical Wood-Structural Buildings to Explore Culture Factors on Product Design ─ Tenon and Mortise joint for Example." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62103748567388764012.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
設計研究所
95
People’s active pursuit of life satisfaction creates a new atmosphere in design. Product received by consumers and familiar to them is a very important issue to designers. This study attempts to stress the uniqueness of design and product as well as the difference between each other on the basis of cultural values. Moreover, it with cultural factors satisfies emotional identification behind the symbol of product that consumers pursue; in the meantime, it integrates tradition and culture into modern life and states cultural factors along with values of cultural capital. In this study, the form of Tenon and Mortise joint used in Historical Wood-Structural Buildings is regarded as the cultural factor for discussion. The researcher first collected related documents to confirm basic construction samples which are examined and analyzed in addition to image adjustment. By questionnaire evaluation and statistical analysis, the researcher understood the image cognition reflected from Tenon and Mortise joint sample. According to the cognition, the researcher analyzed distinction of image attributes between respondents and samples; meanwhile, the researcher generalized the standard of cultural design and extracted cultural elements. Through practical operation, finally, the researcher introduced cultural factors into product design planning, and assumed house stuff as the design object. Afterwards , evaluation and verification of the result after design were undergone to estimate the consequence of design transformation and application. The evaluation of the study shows a positive identification. Respondents can experience the image of cultural symbol – “variation”, “creativity”, “skill” and “delicacy” – from the product of Tenon and Mortise joint. It demonstrates that during the process of design transformation, the generalized standard and elements are exactly used in products. It also symbolizes that investigation of cognitive image offers real effects and values.
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Hsieh, Ming-wei, and 謝明衞. "Kansei design of grain patterns upon the appearance of wood furniture structure: a case study of mortise and tenon joints on chairs." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55398920739683454770.
Full textAbstract:
碩士高雄師範大學
工業設計學系
98
Wood has always been the main material and important role in the furniture industry on account of its advantages like natural textures、elegant colors、cozy touch、nice and warm、recycling and reuse. Nowadays, under the conscious of global warming, green technology and design, people try every possibility to let some of living products back to initial materials and try not to use polluting ones. However, wood has the individual character and fascination so that human beings could coexist with nature. Most of furniture manufacturers only pay attention to the cost, shape, technique but often ignore people’s purchases affected by the vision of grain patterns. This study chooses appropriate adjectives for grain patterns upon the appearance of wood, carry on the expert questionnaire survey with mortise-tenon joints related to grain patterns. Sampling the students with design background to comprehend the most nature factors of wood materials by using Descriptive Statistical、factor analysis、One-way ANOVA、Statistical Methodology, enhance practicality of both traditional furniture and modern ones, show economic value added of entire appearance and vision. The experiment comprises six combinations which are composed of three materials（Chamaecyparis taiwanesis Masam、teakwood、pine）and each of them has same structure. From the analysis of result, these six combinations have significant difference in different materials and adjectives. This study turns the relationship between users’ identification and three materials into charting according to the scores by users. The results could provide consultations for design and also development and research for woody materials in the future.
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Lee, Hui-yin, and 李蕙吟. "The study on lateral reinforcement for bearing walls of traditional Japanese historical buildings with square-end mortise-tenon joint and metal fitting." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22677389622550728549.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
森林學研究所
91
The mortise-and-tenon joints of Japanese historical landmarks and traditional Japanese-style buildings are susceptible to the problems caused by wood frame detachment under earthquakes, as a result, leading to the destruction of walls or even breakdown of the entire building structures. In the first part of this thesis, the experiments of reinforcing with metal fittings were performed for the wood frame joints of walls. As shown in our results, by retrofitting with the angle fitting, the ultimate racking strength of a wall is 147% stronger than that without reinforcement, while the ultimate racking strength of a wall is 58% higher with the T-L type fitting. The optimal shear stiffness coefficients of a wall can be reached when angle fitting is applied to the bamboo-net clay wall, in which, the maximum destruction loads are in the class of ASTM-E72 and in the fourth step of E564 shear wall test. In the second part of the thesis, we studied the impact of reinforcement on mortise-and-tenon joint using metal fitting. The results show that with the same conditions of tenon thick (tt) and tenon width, the maximal moment strength increases as the tenon cheek ratio increases. When the tenon width ratio (tw/rw) and tenon thick ratio (ttr) are both constants with the corresponding tcr value changes from 0.25 to 0.5, the maximum moment strength will increase at the same rate of the tcr. Similarly, with the same conditions for both tl and tw, the maximum moment strength increases as the ttr value increases. When twr is equal to tcr, however, the two maximum moment strengths are on par when ttr=0.25 and ttr=0.5, indicating that the maximum moment strength is stabilized when the ttr value is increased from 0.25 up to 0.5, with all other conditions controlled. In other words, when the tw value is fixed with a constant tl*tt, the maximum moment strength will increase remarkably when tl/tt increases. On the other hand, when the tw value is fixed and tl/tt is a constant, the maximum moment strength also increases significantly when the ttl*tt value increases. In addition, finite element analysis method (FEM) was used in the thesis to construct the mortise-and-tenon joint reinforcement force model for simulating and evaluating the center of force. Based on our FEA model, the simulated numbers of T-type fitting, angle fitting, and fish-tail bolt were closely correlated with their corresponding numbers measured in the experiments. In other words, future physical measurements can be replaced with FEA simulation models in evaluating mortise-and-tenon joint reinforcement to avoid these costly, time-consuming, and complex processes.
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Smith, Anne Marie (Biblical archaeologist). "Phoenician ships : types, trends, trade and treacherous trade routes." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10344.
Full textAbstract:
Phoenician ships in the broadest sense of the word are the focus of this dissertation
and it encompasses the entire period of both Phoenician and Punic seafaring. The
study is quantitative, largely historical and archaeological, with the use of secondary
sources as well as iconography. The origins of the Phoenician construction technique,
the mortise-and-tenon joints, are investigated as well as the various types of
Phoenician ships. These are analysed under the headings Merchant ships, Warships
and Utility ships.
The materials mentioned in Ezekiel’s prophecy about ‘The Ship Tyre’, are analysed,
whether they fit the purpose for which they are mentioned. The production process of
purple cloth with the use of Murex molluscs is described in detail including an analysis
of the boats used to catch the molluscs.
The possibility is investigated of whether the Ashkelon Dog Burials could be related to
the Phoenician trade in dogs, and whether they could have served as ship dogs.
Lastly the difficulties encountered in sailing through the narrow sea straits of the
Mediterranean Sea are described, which are subject to Internal waves, affecting the
surface water.Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M. A. (Biblical Archaeology)