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Academic literature on the topic 'Morue polaire – Habitat – Beaufort, Mer de'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Morue polaire – Habitat – Beaufort, Mer de"
Benoit, Delphine. "Océanographie, distribution et cycle annuel de la morue arctique (Boreogadus saida) en mer de Beaufort : Une approche hydroacoustique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28826/28826.pdf.
Full textDistribution and abundance of fish are greatly determined by trophic interactions and environmental conditions. Climate change in the Arctic constitutes major environmental modifications likely to influence the success of species. Within the pelagic trophic web of the Canadian Arctic, Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) makes the most part of carbon fluxes between zooplanktonic production and top predators. However, the ecology of adult stages of this key species remains poorly known. This lack of knowledge is mostly attributable to sampling difficulties in the extreme conditions of the Arctic Ocean. Marine acoustics were used in this thesis, coupled with physical and biological oceanographic data, in order to improve the knowledge about Arctic cod’s ecology in the Beaufort Sea. A winter time series collected at 230 m deep fixed station in Franklin Bay enabled to uncover winter ecology of Arctic cod. The seasonal scale study showed that under the sea-ice cover, Arctic cod maintained in the lower half of the water column, and was associated with Pacific halocline. Biomass estimates progressively increased from late January (10 g m–3) to reach maximum values in April (2673 g m–3). This Arctic cod accumulation probably resulted from a passive advection within slope waters. The daily scale study revealed the existence of diel vertical migrations of Arctic cod, triggered by the rate of change in light intensity. The nocturnal migration of a part of the population toward surface reflects a behaviour adopted by smaller individuals to feed, reducing at the same time competition with larger individuals and predation by seals. Finally, the study of spatial distribution prior to sea-ice consolidation showed that Arctic cod concentrated on slopes (isobaths 150 to 600 m) of Mackenzie shelf and Amundsen Gulf. Densities were lower (<1 g m –3) than in the winter aggregation and likely constituted the source for the aggregation detected in Franklin Bay. This thesis enabled to characterize the habitat of Arctic cod and trophic interactions that determine its behaviour. Biomass estimates confirmed the importance of this species in the pelagic food web of the Arctic.
Lafrance, Pascale. "Saison d'éclosion et survie des stades larvaires et juvéniles chez la morue arctique (Boreogadus saida) du sud-est de la mer de Beaufort." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26145/26145.pdf.
Full textArctic cod (Boreogadus saida) is widely distributed in circumpolar Arctic seawaters and plays an important role in transferring energy from lower trophic levels to higher predators in the Arctic marine food web. To limit vulnerability of young Arctic cod to predation and/or cannibalism at the end of short Arctic summers, reproductive strategy of this key species has evolved to reach the largest pre-winter size of cod juveniles. Two adaptative mechanisms strongly influence variability in survival of juvenile Arctic cod in relation to environmental conditions: the hatching season and early growth. In a changing Arctic climate that exhibits interannual variations and strong seasonality, hatching and growth dynamics of Arctic cod urgently need to be address. In this study, we first determined the individual hatch dates of juvenile Arctic cod sampled in southeastern Beaufort Sea during fall expeditions over a five-year period (2002-2006) and from April to August in 2004. The results suggest the existence of two distinct populations of larval Arctic cod in the study area. First, an inshore population that hatches early in winter (January to March) in the thermal refuge (T ≥ -0.47) provided by the estuarine waters of Mackenzie Lake extending under landfast ice. Second, an offshore population of delayed hatching (April to June) that coincide with the ice break-up and the vernal onset of biological productivity on the Mackenzie Shelf and in the Amundsen Gulf. The interannual variability (2002-2006) documented in hatching patterns of juvenile cod results from the relative importance of early-winter hatchers surviving each year and is partly related to variations in dominant environmental factor in the habitat. Overall, this study documents the reproductive strategy of Arctic cod in southeastern Beaufort Sea that aim to maximize size of juvenile at the onset of their first winter under the ice.
Geoffroy, Maxime. "Comportement des aggrégations de morues arctiques (Boreogadus saida) dans le golfe d'Amundsen (mer de Beaufort)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27971/27971.pdf.
Full textFalardeau-Côté, Marianne. "L’invasion du lançon du Pacifique en mer de Beaufort : impacts sur la morue arctique et son écosystème." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30566/30566.pdf.
Full textClimate change in the Arctic threatens hyper specialized polar species while favouring the invasion of boreal and temperate fish species. In the arctic marine food web, arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) is the key forage fish species. The boreal Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) was recently detected in southeastern Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic), numbering as the second most abundant ichthyoplankton species after the arctic cod in 2011. The aim of this research was to elucidate the consequences of this boreal forage fish species invasion on arctic cod during the early life stages. Potential competition was detected during the early juvenile stage but arctic cod strongly relied on big calanoid copepods while Pacific sand lance significantly selected for smaller prey. The forecasted reduction in the size of zooplankton would therefore favour sand lance over arctic cod. The interspecific competition is predicted to amplify as the abundance of sand lance in the Beaufort Sea increases.
Geoffroy, Maxime. "Signature bioacoustique, distribution et abondance des poissons pélagiques et des mammifères marins en mer de Beaufort (Arctique canadien) : une réponse à l’énigme de la morue arctique manquante." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26568.
Full textLa mer de Beaufort canadienne subit la double pression des changements climatiques et de l’accroissement des activités industrielles. Malgré l’importance de l’écosystème marin de la région pour les communautés locales, certaines de ses composantes demeurent peu documentées, en particulier la distribution et l’abondance des poissons pélagiques et des mammifères marins. Cette thèse repose sur des bases de données hydroacoustiques, de filets et de chaluts recueillies de 2006 à 2014 afin d’améliorer nos connaissances de la signature bioacoustique des poissons pélagiques et des mammifères marins de la mer de Beaufort et, ultimement, d’estimer plus précisément leur distribution et leur abondance. Pour ce faire, je documente : (1) la distribution verticale et les migrations ontogéniques des poissons pélagiques sur un cycle annuel complet; (2) la distribution spatiale et le recrutement des poissons pélagiques en fonction de la date de la débâcle et des températures de surface; et (3) l’indice de réflexion acoustique et la forme des échos des principaux mammifères marins. La morue arctique (Boreogadus saida) formait 95% de l’assemblage des poissons pélagiques et les individus de plus d’un an demeuraient au-dessus du talus, dans l’halocline pacifique et la couche atlantique (> 100 m), tout au long de l’année. Au contraire, les jeunes de l’année colonisaient la couche épipélagique (< 100 m) de leur éclosion au printemps jusqu’à leur descente en profondeur à l’automne. L’abondance et la biomasse de morues arctiques mesurées acoustiquement atteignaient des valeurs significativement plus élevées au sud de la mer de Beaufort et dans le golfe d’Amundsen qu’au nord. Le taux de croissance larvaire et le recrutement augmentaient les années où la débâcle survenait plus tôt et où les températures de surface vernales étaient plus élevées. Le stock pélagique de morues arctiques suffisait généralement à soutenir les besoins énergétiques des principales espèces de mammifères marins. Cependant, ceux-ci doivent probablement plonger plus profondément les années où le stock diminue afin d’attraper les morues arctiques de plus grandes tailles (> 10 cm) demeurant près du fond. La signature acoustique des baleines et des phoques documentée dans cette thèse pourrait être utilisée afin de compléter les levés visuels à l’aide de sonars et d’échosondeurs scientifiques. La présence de faux positifs limite cependant l’utilisation de ces instruments sous leur forme actuelle et des recommandations sont fournies afin d’améliorer les techniques de détection de mammifères marins à l’aide de l’hydroacoustique.
The Canadian Beaufort Sea faces the double pressure of climate change and increasing industrial activities. Despite the importance of the marine ecosystem of the region for local communities, some of its components remain poorly documented, in particular the distribution and abundance of pelagic fish and marine mammals. This thesis is based on hydroacoustic, net, and trawl datasets collected from 2006 to 2014 and documents the acoustic signature of pelagic fish and marine mammals to, ultimately, estimate their abundance and distribution more accurately. I study and discuss: (1) the vertical distribution and ontogenic migrations of pelagic fish over the annual cycle; (2) the spatial distribution and recruitment of pelagic fish in relation with the date of the ice breakup and sea-surface temperatures; and (3) Target Strengths and echotraces of the main marine mammal species. Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) formed 95% of the pelagic fish assemblage and age-1+ individuals remained over the slope, in the Pacific Halocline and the Atlantic Layer (> 100 m), throughout the year. In contrast, age-0 arctic cod colonized the epipelagic layer (< 100 m) from hatching in spring until their descent to depth during fall. The abundance and biomass of arctic cod measured acoustically was significantly higher in southern Beaufort Sea and the Amundsen Gulf than in northern areas. Larval growth and recruitment increased during years with an early ice breakup and warmer sea-surface temperatures in spring. The stock of pelagic arctic cod was generally high enough to support the energetic requirements of the main marine mammal species. However, they likely had to dive deeper to feed on large (> 10 cm) bottom-dwelling arctic cod when the pelagic stock diminished. The acoustic signature of whales and seals documented here could be used to complement visual surveys with scientific sonars and echosounders. The occurrence of false positives, however, limits the use of these instruments under their current form and recommendations are provided to improve the efficiency of active acoustic monitoring at detecting marine mammals.