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1
Massachusetts. Bureau of Waste Site Cleanup. Top ten most common MCP risk characterization problems. [Boston, Mass.]: Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Waste Site Cleanup, 1996.
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2
Development and characterization of SiC/MoSi₂-Si₃N₄(p) hybrid composites. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.
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3
Supercapacitor Technology. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900499.
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Supercapacitors are most interesting in the area of rechargeable battery based energy storage because they offer an unbeatable power density, quick charge/discharge rates and prolonged lifetimes in comparison to batteries. The book covers inorganic, organic and gel-polymer electrolytes, electrodes and separators used in different types of supercapacitors; with emphasis on material synthesis, characterization, fundamental electrochemical properties and most promising applications.
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Mahapatra, Souvik. Fundamentals of Bias Temperature Instability in MOS Transistors: Characterization Methods, Process and Materials Impact, DC and AC Modeling. Springer, 2016.
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5
North, Robert, and Ganesh Rao. Medulloblastoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0006.
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Medulloblastoma is the most common brain malignancy in children. This chapter details the current diagnostic criteria, pathological classification, and treatment paradigms. Recent molecular characterization of medulloblastoma has revealed significant variations in clinical behavior of different tumor types. While the treatments for medulloblastoma are generally quite successful, with 5 year survival rates approaching 80%, the responsiveness of each subtype to treatment varies. The authors cover common clinical scenarios along with management pearls and key references.
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Dietrich, Franz, and Christian List. Probabilistic Opinion Pooling. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.37.
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Suppose several individuals (e.g., experts on a panel) each assign probabilities to some events. How can these individual probability assignments be aggregated into a single collective probability assignment? This chapter is a review of several proposed solutions to this problem, focusing on three salient proposals: linear pooling (the weighted or unweighted linear averaging of probabilities), geometric pooling (the weighted or unweighted geometric averaging of probabilities), and multiplicative pooling (where probabilities are multiplied rather than averaged). Axiomatic characterizations of each class of pooling functions are presented (most characterizations are classic results, but one is new), with the argument that linear pooling can be justified “procedurally” but not “epistemically”, while the other two pooling methods can be justified “epistemically”. The choice between them, in turn, depends on whether the individuals' probability assignments are based on shared information or on private information. In conclusion a number of other pooling methods are mentioned.
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Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. Before the Beamtime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0005.
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This chapter describes preparation before collecting solution scattering data. SAXS requires a sample concentration similar to that typically used for crystallization, and a volume on the order of tens of μl. SANS can require an order of magnitude more than this. The sample should be well characterized, and free from impurities. Standard laboratory techniques are suitable for characterization. Buffer choice and accurate matching is a component of experimental success and after sample preparation is the next most critical step. The sample should be monodisperse, stable, and well characterized.
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Duggan, John. Candidate Objectives and Electoral Equilibrium. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0004.
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This article looks at the known foundational results on spatial models of elections. The issues of equilibrium existence, the characterization of equilibria (in terms of their social welfare properties), and the distance between equilibrium policy and positions of the candidates are examined. It then discusses the results of the case where candidates are able to give precise predictions of voters' behaviour precisely; the article also introduces the ‘Downsian model’. The article looks at two models of probabilistic voting, before finally moving on to consider the most common objective functions that are used to model the electoral incentives of different types of candidates.
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Anthony, Cullen. Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law, 30 The Characterization of Armed Conflict in the Jurisprudence of the ICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0030.
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The existence of armed conflict is the most fundamental prerequisite for the exercise of jurisdiction over war crimes. This chapter probes the characterization of armed conflict in the case-law of the ICC. It shows that the ICC has relied heavily on the jurisprudence of the ICTY concerning the conceptualization of non-international armed conflict (e.g. Tadić) and internationalization of prima facie internal armed conflict based on the overall control test. It argues that maintaining the integrity of armed conflict as a concept of international humanitarian law is one of the greatest longer-term challenges facing the Court.
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Walsh, Richard A. “It Has to Be Functional!”. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0026.
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The paroxysmal dyskinesias are a heterogeneous group of rare movement disorders, characterized by the abrupt onset of involuntary hyperkinetic movements with or without trigger factors and of variable duration. Interictal periods are marked by relative normality, although there is evidence for an association between some genotypes and migraine, episodic ataxia, and seizure disorders. Three genes have been identified that are associated with the three most common syndromes; however, these do not account for some cases with an otherwise typical history. The clinical phenotype continues to evolve with increasing characterization of genetically proven cases. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia responds well to carbamazepine therapy.
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Freedman, Lawrence. Confessions of a Premature Constructivist. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851163.003.0018.
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This chapter explores Freedman’s self-reflective characterization as a ‘premature constructivist’ and notes that Peter Katzenstein once called him a ‘realist constructivist.’ It explores the sociology of knowledge, the importance of intellectual leadership and language, and, most importantly, argues that understanding how knowledge is socially constructed need not lead to a loss of confidence in its validity. This concluding point in the confession of a premature constructivist is the starting point for strategists, scriptural scholars and constructivist realists – all versions of the same intellectual approach described and espoused by Freedman, and all appropriate to students of war and peace.
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Heil, John. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796299.003.0001.
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After a brief discussion of E. J. Lowe’s significance for the philosophical community generally and for the author personally, three of Lowe’s most carefully developed metaphysical themes are introduced: the four-category ontology, Lowe’s characterization of metaphysics as the science of essence, and Lowe’s conception of persons as partless ‘subjects of experience’ capable of free actions. The suggestion is that Lowe’s positions on these, and other, topics, far from being settled once and for all, were evolving in interesting ways until his untimely death in 2014. The introduction concludes with a few words about each of the chapters that follow.
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Kocum, Lucie, Delphine S. Courvoisier, and Saundra Vernon. The Buzz on the Queen Bee and Other Characterizations of Women’s Intrasexual Competition at Work. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.44.
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Competition is a normal part of working life. It is expected of both women and men as they enter the workforce, and as they ascend the corporate ladder. Interestingly, women are often vilified for engaging in competition, particularly with members of their own sex. The focus of this essay is intrasexual competition among women in the workplace. It provides a description of workplace competition and its positive and negative consequences for workers and organizations, followed by similarities and differences in women’s and men’s competitive experiences and styles. The ways zero-sum contexts such as tokenism affect social identity and give rise to the intrasexual prejudice and discrimination—most notably, the queen bee—are discussed. The essay ends with a discussion based on the authors’ experimental evidence of intragroup favoritism among women, and a growing body of work underscoring the importance of not expecting women to be allies without accompanying organizational change.
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Kamarás, Katalin, and Àron Pekker. Identification and separation of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.4.
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This article describes the identification and separation of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes according to their electric properties. It first provides an overview of the electronic structure of nanotubes, focusing on how their metallic and semiconducting properties arise. It then considers the most widely used characterization techniques used in determining metallic or semiconducting behavior, including Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. It also discusses specific chirality-selective growth techniques, physical postgrowth selection methods, enrichment by chirality-sensitive chemical reactions, and modification of transport properties without change in chirality. The article concludes with a review of some applications of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes as transparent conductive coatings.
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Blackorby, Charles, and Walter Bossert. Interpersonal Comparisons of Well‐Being. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0023.
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This article provides a short survey of the use of interpersonal comparisons in social evaluation. The focus of this discussion is on the principles for social evaluation that are welfarist, or those principles that use information about individual well-being to rank alternatives. The article reviews some of the most important characterization results for the welfarist social evaluation principles. A basic notation, along with a formal definition of social evaluation functionals, is introduced. The article then formulates some basic axioms for social evaluation orderings, and this is followed by an introduction to information invariance properties. The article also provides an overview of some important results.
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Casati, Filippo. Heidegger’s Grund. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755630.003.0016.
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Martin Heidegger holds the position according to which every entity is grounded in being and being is ungrounded. Some interpreters have recently shown that this metaphysical picture is untenable because Heidegger’s characterization of being leads to a contradiction. This paper challenges this approach. With the help of dialetheism and paraconsistent logic, metaphysical and logical sense is made of Heidegger’s position, developing two inconsistent, but not logically trivial, grounding theories (called para-foundationalism 1.0 and para-foundationalism 2.0). Finally, employing the inconsistent grounding theories developed in this paper, an interpretation is given of one of the most obscure concepts of the so-called late Heidegger, namely the Last God.
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Winkler, Adolf. Reaction studies on nanostructured surfaces. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.12.
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This article examines the properties of some self-organized nanostructured surfaces with respect to specific model reactions, from a surface-science point of view. It begins with an overview of the most important types of nanostructured surfaces, their preparation and characterization. It then considers the fundamentals of reaction processes, focusing on the kinetics and dynamics of adsorption and desorption. It also describes the experimental techniques used in the context of reaction studies under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Finally, it presents some experimental results of model reactions, including hydrogen adsorption and desorption on stepped nickel surfaces, methanol adsorption on self-assembled copper-copper oxide surfaces, and hydrogen desorption and water formation on vanadium-oxide nanostructures on palladium surfaces.
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Hutchinson, G. O. The Deaths of King and Kindred (Agis 16.6–17.5, 17.9–18.3; 19.5–21.1). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821717.003.0017.
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A catastrophe in Hellenistic Sparta is portrayed in rhythmic passages that contrast with each other. The comparisons involved in and between both are intricate, within a particularly complex comparative structure, where two Spartan kings, Agis and Cleomenes, are compared with two Roman nobiles, Ti. and C. Gracchus. The king Cleombrotus is compared with Agis and with his own wife; Agis’ death is made part of a structure in which the most important figure is his mother. The accounts gain more force from rhetoric, multiple characterization, and perversion of legality and the constitution. Rhythm creates a powerful narrative; if the source is Phylarchus, the source is unrhythmic. The passages have been underestimated through scorn for Pylarchus and under-appreciation of Plutarch’s rhythmic writing.
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Abramovitch, Amitai. Neuropsychological Function in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0015.
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This chapter reviews the neuropsychological literature in adult and pediatric OCD, and then reviews the limitations, current controversies, and caveats in this area. Characterization of neuropsychological deficits associated with psychological problems has the potential to integrate neurobiological and psychopathological research. The cognitive neuropsychology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been extensively studied over the past three decades. This impressive body of literature indicates that individuals diagnosed with OCD tend to exhibit moderate underperformance on neuropsychological tests in most, although not all, cognitive domains. However, neuropsychological research in OCD has been notoriously inconsistent. Moreover, the presence of broad though modest deficits, rather than large discrete ones, raises serious challenges for attempts to integrate neuropsychological constructs into neurobiological and psychological models of OCD.
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Eklund, Matti. Ardent Realism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717829.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces some main issues of the book. First, one motivation underlying normative realism is the desire to vindicate the sense that the world itself objectively undergirds certain ways of valuing and behaving. But on standard characterizations of realism, realism can be true without this desire being satisfied. Calling a realist motivated in the way described an ardent realist, mere realism is not sufficient for ardent realism. Second, much moral and political philosophy is ideologically conservative in the sense that it uncritically makes use of the conceptual resources we find ourselves with: but what if these resources, including the most general normative concepts, are themselves objectionable or otherwise defective?
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Corten, Olivier, and Pierre Klein. Part I Conclusion of Treaties, 1 Are Agreements between States and Non-State Entities Rooted in the International Legal Order? Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0001.
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Can peace agreements concluded between a State and a non-State entity produce legal effects in the international sphere, as mentioned in Article 3 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties? Could it be considered that, following the conclusion of such agreements, some areas that were traditionally conceived as pertaining to the national jurisdiction of States (such as the use of violence within national borders, or the choice of a political system) are as of now governed by international law? On the basis of numerous agreements reviewed in this study, a clearly affirmative answer would appear excessive. As far as the international legal effects of such instruments are concerned, much will depend on the specificities of each agreement and on the way it has been implemented. Most of these agreements prove to be rather ambiguous, a significant portion of their components evidencing their rooting in the domestic legal order. This ambiguity finds confirmation in the very pragmatic treatment of peace agreements by the Security Council and States when they call for compliance with these instruments. In the vast majority of cases, such demands are made in the name of the maintenance of international peace and security, without much attention being paid to the characterization in legal terms of the parties' undertakings under these agreements. It therefore appears difficult to reach clear-cut conclusions as to the legal effects of such peace agreements in the international sphere — and, as a consequence, as to their possible characterization as ‘treaties’ under international law.
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Janzen, J. Gerald. Notebook 55 as Contemplative Coda to Coleridge’s Work and Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799511.003.0019.
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Chapter 18 construes Coleridge’s last Notebook (March–April 1834, which he titled, ‘Faith, Prayer, Meditation’) as the coda to his work and life, an analogy with the concluding lines to Biographia Literaria and to Opus Maximum Fragment 2, lines likewise taken as codas to their respective works. Building on Mays’ characterization of Coleridge’s ‘poetry of the affections’, and on his identification of the arc of Coleridge’s life as arising within the bosom of his father’s so-called ‘simple’ faith, navigating ‘strange seas of thought’, and coming home at the end to his own (more complicated) simplicity, it argues that one ‘Clew’ to Notebook 55 as coda to his work and life lies in the place the affections enjoy in Coleridge’s notebooks of 1827–34, whose entries most deeply constitute exercises in contemplation.
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Yeon, Kim Hae, and Angelica Duran. The 1960s and Paradise Lost in Korean. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754824.003.0028.
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This chapter chronicles one of the most recent language traditions to participate in translation of Milton’s works: Korean. Close readings of the two landmark full translations of Paradise Lost of 1963 reflect the leadership of the South Korean government and Korean scholars to make available foreign literature, even highly provocative and Christian works. Korea’s socio-political moment is evinced in such elements as these translations’ characterizations of Satan and uses of Japanese translations as complements to English source texts. It is also seen in their production not as stand-alone publications or personal initiatives but rather as components of world literature anthologies by major Korean publishers cooperating with the Korean government and, by extension, with US funding and direction.
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Frank, Mary C. The Literary Stylist. Edited by Frederick D. Aquino and Benjamin J. King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718284.013.24.
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This chapter investigates Newman’s literary style as it changed over time, paying special attention to the ways in which his Catholic writings depart from the Tractarian reserve and tendency towards abstraction that often govern his earlier prose. Much of the scholarship regarding Newman’s literary style, both in poetry and in prose, has tended to emphasize the influence of the Tractarian doctrine of reserve and the parallel exercise of authorial control through such devices as omission and reticence. This chapter argues that such characterizations are most pertinent to his earlier works, whereas a significant turn towards the anthropological, manifested in a growing openness to the physical and social dimensions of earthly life, may be discerned in Newman’s later prose.
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Kuramoto-Crawford, S. Janet, and Holly C. Wilcox. Substance Use Disorders and Intentional Injury. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.002.
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Intentional injuries affect millions of lives worldwide. The authors provide an overview of the epidemiological and preventive evidence on the relationship between substance use disorders (SUD) and intentional injuries. Emphasis is placed on suicide and intimate partner violence, as each area has received substantial research attention in relation to SUD. There is robust epidemiological evidence on the relationship between SUD, notably with alcohol use disorders, and most intentional injuries. Research has focused on the identification of factors that distinguish individuals with alcohol use disorders who are at particularly high risk for intentional injuries. Characterization of those with other drug use disorders who are at risk for engaging in intentional injuries and the role of SUD in intentional injuries has been less extensively investigated. The authors conclude with a discussion of public health approaches to the prevention of intentional injuries among individuals with SUD.
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Young, B. W. Theology in the Church of England. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0021.
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The dismissive characterization of Anglican divinity between 1688 and 1800 as defensive and rationalistic, made by Mark Pattison and Leslie Stephen, has proved more enduring than most other aspects of a Victorian critique of the eighteenth-century Church of England. By directly addressing the analytical narratives offered by Pattison and Stephen, this chapter offers a comprehensive re-evaluation of this neglected period in the history of English theology. The chapter explores the many contributions to patristic study, ecclesiastical history, and doctrinal controversy made by theologians with a once deservedly international reputation: William Cave, Richard Bentley, William Law, William Warburton, Joseph Butler, George Berkeley, and William Paley were vitalizing influences on Anglican theology, all of whom were systematically depreciated by their agnostic Victorian successors. This chapter offers a revisionist account of the many achievements in eighteenth-century Anglican divinity.
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Koosed, Jennifer L. Sustenance and Survival in Biblical Narrative. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.42.
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Food is a comprehensive cultural code. In ancient Israel and early Judaism, food production and preparation structured lives; what one did in the process was determined by gender and class status and sometimes even marked by ethnic and religious identity. Food also serves to structure narrative, shape characterization, and add layers of symbolic signification to story. In the Bible, the drama of the first few chapters revolves around proper versus improper eating, and the final book portrays God as a lamb sacrificed for the Passover meal. Between picking and tasting the forbidden fruit, and slaughtering and eating God, a whole host of food-related plots, characters, and images proliferate, many of which revolve around the most important of foodstuffs: bread. This chapter explores the centrality of bread in the story of Adam and Eve, the book of Ruth, and the gospels of Jesus.
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Thorsteinsson, Runar M. Jesus as Philosopher in the Gospel of Luke. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815228.003.0005.
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The chapter discusses the following aspects of the question of Jesus as philosopher in the Gospel of Luke: ascetic appearance, abandoning one’s family, attitude towards material possessions and outward appearance, Jesus as a teacher of ethics, the wisdom of Jesus, Jesus and the philosophers as messengers of God, the philosopher’s emotions, and the philosopher’s suffering and death. It is concluded that, compared with the other Gospels, Luke’s Jesus is the ‘most philosophical’. There are indeed some minor differences between Luke and the Graeco-Roman descriptions, but they are precisely that: minor. Even Mark’s and (to a lesser extent) Matthew’s portrayals of the ‘unphilosophical’ emotions of Jesus are largely absent in Luke. In this respect, Luke characterizes Jesus in much the same way as a Stoic would have. On the basis of this, it is suggested that in his characterization, Luke made use of Graeco-Roman discourses portraying the philosophical sage.
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Omerzu, Heike. ‘My Power, Power, You Have Left Me’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814801.003.0009.
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The christology of the Gospel of Peter has been debated ever since the so-called Akhmîm document (PCairo 10759) was discovered in 1886–7. This fragment contains an account of Jesus’ passion and resurrection partly paralleled in the canonical gospels, and it can most likely be identified with the gospel that Serapion, bishop of Antioch, encountered in Rhossus around 200 CE. This essay reconsiders the supposed ‘docetism’ of this text by analysing representations of Jesus’ death on either side of the canonical divide. The starting point is a narrative and intertextual analysis of key features of the Gospel of Peter, including indirect characterization by the use of christological titles, Jesus’ silence during the crucifixion ‘as if he felt no pain’, and his last words at the cross, ‘My power, power, you have forsaken me!’ These features are compared to the canonical gospels and other early Christian traditions on Jesus’ death.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Terrestrial ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0014.
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Chapter 14 “Terrestrial ecosystems” focuses on the use of eDNA analysis for the study of terrestrial organisms, especially those found in or associated with soil. While eDNA-based analyses have rapidly gained momentum in the freshwater ecology community, first for single-species detection and more recently for diversity surveys, their success has been less immediate among terrestrial ecologists. Soil microbiologists are a notable exception, as they quickly realized that targeting DNA directly in the environment could free them from cultivating microorganisms prior to any community census. This chapter first addresses the particularities of detectability, persistence, and mobility of eDNA in soil. Then, it revisits several remarkable studies dealing with the characterization of plant, earthworm, or soil microbial communities, as well as soil functional diversity. Finally, Chapter 14 reviews one of the most fascinating opportunities offered by eDNA metabarcoding (i.e., the possibility to carry out multitaxa diversity surveys).
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Trivedi, Poonam. Shakespearean Tragedy in India. Edited by Michael Neill and David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.53.
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The genre of tragedy, which was introduced to Indian cultures through colonial hegemony, challenged the norms of Sanskrit and other indigenous literatures. This essay explores the tensions that arose with the entry of this ‘newness’, by tracing the reception, influence and assimilation of tragedy in some of the major Indian literatures viz. Bengali, Marathi, Kannada and Hindi. The most influential examples of tragedy were those of Shakespeare, and their modes of structure and characterization, as well as the world view they incorporate, have been debated, adapted, and accepted in different ways by critics, playwrights, and now film makers, through the several stages of Indian colonial and postcolonial cultural history spanning more than a century and half. Among this diversity of approaches to Shakespearean tragedy, the interpolation of a female avenger into many adaptations is singled out as a specifically Indian act of cultural translation.
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Kachun, Mitch. Who Was This Man? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731619.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 introduces the broad context of the eighteenth-century Atlantic world in which Crispus Attucks lived, describes the events of the Boston Massacre, and assesses what we know about Attucks’s life. It also addresses some of the most widely known speculations and unsupported stories about Attucks’s life, experiences, and family. Much of what is assumed about Attucks today is drawn from a fictionalized juvenile biography from 1965, which was based largely on research in nineteenth-century sources. Attucks’s characterization as an unsavory outsider and a threat to the social order emerged during the soldiers’ trial. Subsequently, American Revolutionaries in Boston began the construction of a heroic Attucks as they used the memory of the massacre and all its victims to serve their own political agendas during the Revolution by portraying the victims as respectable, innocent citizens struck down by a tyrannical military power.
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Kerrigan, John. Shakespeare Afoot. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793755.003.0003.
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That Shakespeare adds a limp to the received characterization of Richard III is only the most conspicuous instance of his interest in how actors walked, ran, danced, and wandered. His attention to actors’ footwork, as an originating condition of performance, can be traced from Richard III through A Midsummer Night’s Dream and As You Like It into Macbeth, which is preoccupied with the topic and activity all the way to the protagonist’s melancholy conclusion that ‘Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player | That struts and frets his hour upon the stage’. Drawing on classical and early modern accounts of how people walk and should walk, on ideas about time and prosody, and the experience of disability, this chapter cites episodes in the history of performance to show how actors, including Alleyn, Garrick, and Olivier, have worked with the opportunities to dramatize footwork that are provided by Shakespeare’s plays.
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Drapeau, Elodie, Hala Harony-Nicolas, and Jacqueline N. Crawley. Animal and Cellular Models of Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0061.
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The study of childhood psychiatric disorders is especially challenging, not only because of the difficulties in obtaining relevant human samples but also because of ethical considerations regarding the ability of children to provide informed consent. Models that can be experimentally manipulated are therefore indispensable to study those disorders. Traditionally, biological psychiatry research has extensively employed animal models and characterizations of rodent behavior. More recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and induced differentiation of iPSCs into different types of brain cells have offered new alternative strategies to elucidate mechanisms underlying cellular processes. Regardless of how they are created, optimal models should demonstrate face validity, construct validity, and predictive validity to be considered most relevant. This chapter highlights the major animal and cellular models currently used in the research of childhood-onset psychiatric disorders.
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Wallace, Valerie, and Colin Kidd. Between Nationhood and Nonconformity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736233.003.0009.
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It tends to be assumed that the Anglo-Scottish relationship has defined modern Scottish literature. This chapter contends that religion rather than nationhood has been the dominant feature of Scottish literature within the Union, and that for most Scots, certainly from the mid-eighteenth-century Secessions, by way of the Disruption (1843), to the reunion of the Church of Scotland with the United Free Church in 1929, denominational allegiances within Scottish Protestantism, often within Presbyterianism itself, were the principal vehicles of identity. Scotland had a rich periodical press during the nineteenth century, but one splintered along denominational lines. Every denomination had its magazine, and Scottish reviewing, and literature more generally, bore marked denominational inflections. Moreover, the vivid characterization, claustrophobic Calvinism, and ingenious plotting of the Whig-Presbyterian novel have continued in no small measure—in works by Robin Jenkins and, more recently, James Robertson—to provide a narrative template for secularized, postmodern Scottish literature.
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Mark, James E., Dale W. Schaefer, and Gui Lin. The Polysiloxanes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181739.001.0001.
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Polysiloxanes are the most studied inorganic and semi-inorganic polymers because of their many medical and commercial uses. The Si-O backbone endows polysiloxanes with intriguing properties: the strength of the Si-O bond imparts considerable thermal stability, and the nature of the bonding imparts low surface free energy. Prostheses, artificial organs, objects for facial reconstruction, vitreous substitutes in the eyes, and tubing take advantage of the stability and pliability of polysiloxanes. Artificial skin, contact lenses, and drug delivery systems utilize their high permeability. Such biomedical applications have led to biocompatibility studies on the interactions of polysiloxanes with proteins, and there has been interest in modifying these materials to improve their suitability for general biomedical application. Polysiloxanes examines novel aspects of polysiloxane science and engineering, including properties, work in progress, and important unsolved problems. The volume, with ten comprehensive chapters, examines the history, preparation and analysis, synthesis, characterization, and applications of these polymeric materials.
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Annabelle, Möckesch. Part 2 Determining the Applicable Attorney–Client Privilege Standard, 8 Applicable Privilege Standard in International Commercial Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795865.003.0008.
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This chapter contains an analysis of the most appropriate way to determine the applicable attorney–client privilege standard in international commercial arbitration. To this end, this chapter deals with the characterization of privilege as substantive or procedural, the legal framework for attorney–client privilege in international commercial arbitration, international mandatory rules of law, and the enforcement regime under the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958. Against this background, the chapter includes an analysis of the possible approaches to determining the privilege standard. These include the application of general principles of law, the application of a single national law determined through a choice-of-law approach such as the closest connection test, the cumulative application of several national laws, and the creation of an autonomous standard defining the scope of attorney–client privilege. Lastly, the chapter examines whether corrective measures, such as the lowest common denominator approach or the most protective rule, are needed to ensure equal treatment of the parties and fairness of the proceedings. This chapter concludes with key findings on how to determine the applicable attorney–client privilege standard in international commercial arbitration.
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Sanchez, Gabriella E. Portrait of a Human Smuggler. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0003.
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The hypervisibility of contemporary migration flows has generated significant interest in human smugglers, and reports of their activities are ubiquitous. Smugglers as facilitators of irregular migration are most often characterized as young and violent men from the Global South organized in criminal networks who are responsible for the tragic journeys of migrants around the world. Yet despite their frequent appearance in dramatic migration accounts, smugglers have hardly been the subject of empirical inquiry, which has led to the prevalence of male-centred, racialized, and classist characterizations of their activities. This chapter, drawing from structured interviews and participant observation conducted among twelve women charged with human smuggling offences and twenty-five women who travelled with smuggling facilitators in the US states of Arizona and Utah, situates the narratives of smuggling and its intersections with race, class, and gender in the facilitation of border crossings along the US–Mexico border.
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Poe, Edgar Allan. Selected Tales. Edited by David Van Leer. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199535774.001.0001.
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Since their first publication in the 1830s and 1840s, Edgar Allan Poe's extraordinary Gothic tales have established themselves as classics of horror fiction and have also created many of the conventions which still dominate the genre of detective fiction. Yet, as well as being highly enjoyable, Poe's tales are works of very real intellectual exploration. Abandoning the criteria of characterization and plotting in favour of blurred boundaries between self and other, will and morality, identity and memory, Poe uses the Gothic to question the integrity of human existence. Indeed, Poe is less interested in solving puzzles or in moral retribution than in exposing the misconceptions that make things seem ‘mysterious’ in the first place. Attentive to the historical and political dimensions of these very American tales, this new critical edition selects twenty-four tales and places the most popular - ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’, ‘The Masque of the Red Death’, The Murders in the Rue Morgue; and ‘The Purloined Letter’ - alongside less well-known travel narratives, metaphysical essays and political satires.
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Schwitter, Juerg. Coronary artery disease. Edited by Dudley Pennell. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0105.
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In the work-up of suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an established technique and it is recommended by most recent guidelines. Stress dobutamine and stress perfusion CMR yield sensitivities and specificities to detect anatomically defined CAD (>50% coronary stenoses) ranging from 83% to 91% and from 83% to 86%, respectively, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of 0.80–0.93. Multicentre trials report AUCs of 0.75–0.91 to detect CAD and showed superiority over scintigraphic techniques. Increasing evidence in thousands of patients demonstrates the highly predictive value of CMR. Exclusion of ischaemia by CMR goes along with excellent event-free survival rates of 0.5–0.9%/year. Cost analyses in large data sets (e.g. in the European CMR registry), suggest considerable cost savings for CMR over first-line invasive strategies in suspected CAD. Tissue characterization by CMR to detect scar, necrosis, oedema, microvascular obstruction, or haemorrhage is of particular importance in the setting of acute coronary syndromes and this application is emerging as the number of centres offering CMR increases.
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Wrathall, Mark A., ed. Interpreting Heidegger on das Man (1995). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796220.003.0001.
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In their debate over Dreyfus’s interpretation of Heidegger’s account of das Man in Being and Time, Frederick Olafson and Taylor Carman agree that Heidegger’s various characterizations of das Man are inconsistent. Olafson champions an existentialist/ontic account of das Man as a distorted mode of being-with. Carman defends a Wittgensteinian/ontological account of das Man as Heidegger’s name for the social norms that make possible everyday intelligibility. For Olafson, then, das Man is a privative mode of Dasein, while for Carman it makes up an important aspect of Dasein’s positive constitution. Neither interpreter takes seriously the other’s account, though both acknowledge that both readings are possible. How should one choose between these two interpretations? Dreyfus suggests that we choose the interpretation that identifies the phenomenon that the work is examining, gives the most internally consistent account of that phenomenon, and shows the compatibility of this account with the rest of the work.
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DeRubeis, Robert J., and Daniel R. Strunk, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.001.0001.
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Mood disorders are a pressing societal problem, with depression alone now constituting a leading cause of disability in Western Europe and the United States. In the most comprehensive volume of its kind, the Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders provides detailed coverage of the characterization, understanding, and treatment of mood disorders. Chapters are written by the world’s leading experts in their respective areas. The Handbook provides coverage of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and variants of these disorders. Current approaches to classifying the mood disorders are reviewed, and contemporary controversies are placed in historical context. Chapter authors offer a variety of approaches to understanding the heterogeneity of the experiences of those who meet criteria for mood disorders, both within and across cultures. The role of genetic and environmental risk factors as well as premorbid personality and cognitive processes in the development of mood pathology are detailed. Interpersonal, neurobiological, and psychological factors also receive detailed consideration. The volume reviews mood disorders in special populations (e.g., postpartum and seasonal mood disorders) as well as common comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, substance use disorders). Somatic and psychosocial treatment approaches receive in-depth coverage with chapters that describe and review empirical evidence regarding each of the most influential treatment approaches. The depth and breadth offered by the Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders make it an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers, as well as for scholars and students.
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Liu, Andrew B. Tea War. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300243734.001.0001.
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Tea remains the world's most popular commercial drink today, and at the turn of the twentieth century, it represented the largest export industry of both China and colonial India. In analyzing the global competition between Chinese and Indian tea, this book challenges past economic histories premised on the technical “divergence” between the West and the Rest, arguing instead that seemingly traditional technologies and practices were central to modern capital accumulation across Asia. The book shows how competitive pressures compelled Chinese merchants to adopt abstract, industrial conceptions of time, while colonial planters in India pushed for labor indenture laws to support factory-style tea plantations. Further, characterizations of China and India as premodern backwaters, it explains, were themselves the historical result of new notions of political economy adopted by Chinese and Indian nationalists, who discovered that these abstract ideas corresponded to concrete social changes in their local surroundings. Together, these stories point toward a more flexible and globally oriented conceptualization of the history of capitalism in China and India.
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Radcliffe, Elizabeth S. Hume, Passion, and Action. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199573295.001.0001.
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David Hume’s theory of action is well known for several provocative theses, including that passion and reason cannot be opposed over the direction of action. In Hume, Passion, and Action, the author defends an original interpretation of Hume’s views on passion, reason, and motivation that is consistent with other theses in Hume’s philosophy, loyal to his texts, and historically situated. This book challenges the now orthodox interpretation of Hume on motivation, presenting an alternative that situates Hume closer to “Humeans” than many recent interpreters have. Part of the strategy is to examine the thinking of the early modern intellectuals to whom Hume responds. Most of these thinkers insisted that passions lead us to pursue harmful objects unless regulated by reason; and most regarded passions as representations of good and evil, which can be false. Understanding Hume’s response to these claims requires appreciating his respective characterizations of reason and passion. The author argues that Hume’s thesis that reason is practically impotent apart from passion is about beliefs generated by reason, rather than about the capacity of reason. Furthermore, the argument makes sense of Hume’s sometimes-ridiculed description of passions as “original existences” having no reference to objects. The author also shows how Hume understood morality as intrinsically motivating, while holding that moral beliefs are not themselves motives, and why he thought of passions as self-regulating, contrary to the admonitions of the rationalists.
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Nathan, Marco J. Black Boxes. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190095482.001.0001.
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Textbooks and other popular venues commonly present science as a progressive “brick-by-brick” accumulation of knowledge and facts. Despite its hallowed history and familiar ring, this depiction is nowadays rejected by most specialists. Then why are books and articles, written by these same experts, actively promoting such a distorted characterization? The short answer is that no better alternative is available. There currently are two competing models of the scientific enterprise: reductionism and antireductionism. Neither provides an accurate depiction of the productive interaction between knowledge and ignorance, supplanting the old metaphor of the “wall” of knowledge. This book explores an original conception of the nature and advancement of science. The proposed shift brings attention to a prominent, albeit often neglected, construct—the black box—which underlies a well-oiled technique for incorporating a productive role of ignorance and failure into the acquisition of empirical knowledge. What is a black box? How does it work? How is it constructed? How does one determine what to include and what to leave out? What role do boxes play in contemporary scientific practice? By detailing some fascinating episodes in the history of biology, psychology, and economics, Nathan revisits foundational questions about causation, explanation, emergence, and progress, showing how the insights of both reductionism and antireductionism can be reconciled into a fresh and exciting approach to science.
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Laurence, Stephen, and Eric Margolis. The Scope of the Conceptual. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0013.
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This article explains different views on concepts, which are among the most fundamental constructs in cognitive science. Michael Dummett argues that nonhuman animals are not capable of full-fledged conceptual thought but only a diminished form of thought, which he calls, proto-thought. Human beings can remove themselves from the moment and can rise above the confined world of current perceptions because of their linguistic abilities. Donald Davidson, a contemporary philosopher, denies that animals are capable of conceptual thought and claim that conceptual content requires a rich inferential network. Donald Davidson made an argument against animals having conceptual thought. Davidson's original formulation of the argument begins with the claim that having a belief requires having the concept of a belief but adds that having the concept of belief requires possession of a natural language. It follows, then, that to have a belief requires facility with natural language. The characterization of the conceptual/nonconceptual distinction that is implicit in Davidson's metacognitive argument is a complex one involving a capacity for belief about beliefs, a concept of belief, and concepts of truth and falsity. Both Robert Brandom and John McDowell argued that conceptual thought requires more than a capacity for detection. They claim that conceptual thought requires the ability to appreciate the reasons that would justify a given concept's application and use, and this, in turn, is inherently a social practice that is dependent on natural language
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Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.001.0001.
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We present a comprehensive overview of microrheology, emphasizing the underlying theory, practical aspects of its implementation, and current applications to rheological studies in academic and industrial laboratories. Key methods and techniques are examined, including important considerations to be made with respect to the materials most amenable to microrheological characterization and pitfalls to avoid in measurements and analysis. The fundamental principles of all microrheology experiments are presented, including the nature of colloidal probes and their movement in fluids, soft solids, and viscoelastic materials. Microrheology is divided into two general areas, depending on whether the probe is driven into motion by thermal forces (passive), or by an external force (active). We present the theory and practice of passive microrheology, including an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER). We carefully treat the assumptions that must be made for these techniques to work, and what happens when the underlying assumptions are violated. Experimental methods covered in detail include particle tracking microrheology, tracer particle microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy, and laser tracking microrheology. Second, we discuss the theory and practice of active microrheology, focusing specifically on the potential and limitations of extending microrheology to measurements of non-linear rheological properties, like yielding and shear-thinning. Practical aspects of magnetic and optical tweezer measurements are preseted. Finally, we highlight important applications of microrheology, including measurements of gelation, degradation, high-throughput rheology, protein solution viscosities, and polymer dynamics.
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Smortchkova, Joulia, Krzysztof Dołęga, and Tobias Schlicht, eds. What are Mental Representations? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686673.001.0001.
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Mental representation is one of the core theoretical constructs within cognitive science and, together with the introduction of the computer as a model for the mind, is responsible for enabling the “cognitive turn” in psychology and associated fields. Conceiving of cognitive processes, such as perception, motor control, and reasoning, as processes that consist in the manipulation of contentful vehicles representing the world has allowed us to refine our explanations of behavior and has led to tremendous empirical advancements. Despite the central role that the concept plays in cognitive science, there is no unanimously accepted characterization of mental representation. Technological and methodological progress in the cognitive sciences has produced numerous computational models of the brain and mind, many of which have introduced mutually incompatible notions of mental representation. This proliferation has led some philosophers to question the metaphysical status and explanatory usefulness of the notion. This book contains state-of-the-art chapters on the topic of mental representation, assembling some of the leading experts in the field and allowing them to engage in meaningful exchanges over some of the most contentious questions. The collection gathers both proponents and critics of the concept of mental representation, allowing them to engage with topics such as the ontological status of representations, the possibility of formulating a general account of mental representation which would fit our best explanatory practices, and the possibility of delivering such an account in fully naturalistic terms.
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Thompson, R. C. Andrew. Giardia infections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0052.
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Giardia is a ubiquitous intestinal protozoan parasite of vertebrates and the most common intestinal pathogen of humans and domestic animals with a worldwide distribution including both temperate and tropical regions.Giardia was first observed in 1681 by Antony van Leeuwenhoek in his own faeces (Dobell 1920), and the organism has intrigued biologists and clinicians ever since. However, the first detailed description of the parasite was not given until two centuries later by Lambl (1859). Koch’s postulation was proven by Rendtorff in 1954 when he successfully transmitted symptomatic Giardia infection to human volunteers following orally administered cysts. The first symptoms of clinical giardiasis were reported in the early 1920s, although the significance of Giardia as a cause of diarrhoeal disease was controversial for many years (see Farthing 1994; Cox 1998), and it is only recently that the significance of Giardia as a cause of chronic disease in children and its association with failure to thrive, wasting and malabsorption syndromes has been fully realised (reviewed in Farthing 1994; Hall 1994; Gracey 1994; Rabbani and Islam 1994; Hesham et al. 2005; Savioli et al. 2006; Thompson 2008).The question of Giardia ’s role as a source of zoonotically transmitted disease again has been controversial. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that Giardia should be considered as a zoonotic agent in 1979 (Anon. 1979). Since that time, increasing circumstantial epidemiological evidence from waterborne outbreaks, the results of some cross-infection experiments and molecular characterization studies of Giardia isolates from humans and other animals has led most authorities to conclude that Giardia should be considered a zoonotic parasite (Acha and Szyfres 2003; Savioli et al. 2006; and reviewed in Thompson 2004). However, as discussed below, the frequency of zoonotic transmission is uncertain.
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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., R. M. W. Dixon, and Nathan M. White, eds. Phonological Word and Grammatical Word. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865681.001.0001.
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‘Word’ is a cornerstone for the understanding of every language. It is a pronounceable phonological unit. It will also have a meaning, and a grammatical characterization-a morphological structure and a syntactic function. And it will be an entry in a dictionary and an orthographic item. ‘Word’ has ‘psychological reality’ for speakers, enabling them to talk about the meaning of a word, its appropriateness for use in a certain social context, and so on. This volume investigates ‘word’ in its phonological and grammatical guises, and how this concept can be applied to languages of distinct typological make-up-from highly synthetic to highly analytic. Criteria for phonological word often include stress, tone, and vowel harmony. Grammatical word is recognized based on its conventionalized coherence and meaning, and consists of a root to which morphological processes will apply. In most instances, ‘grammatical word’ and ‘phonological word’ coincide. In some instances, a phonological word may consist of more than one grammatical word. Or a grammatical word can consist of more than one phonological word, or there may be more complex relationships. The volume starts with a typological introduction summarizing the main issues. It is followed by eight chapters each dealing with ‘word’ in an individual language—Yidiñ from Australia, Fijian from the Fiji Islands, Jarawara from southern Amazonia, Japanese, Chamacoco from Paraguay, Murui from Colombia, Yalaku from New Guinea, Hmong from Laos and a number of diasporic communities, Lao, and Makary Kotoko from Cameroon. The final chapter contains a summary of our findings.