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1
Gouge, Dawn H., Shujuan Li, Kathleen Walker, Chris Sumner, Shaku Nair, and Carl Olson. "Mosquitoes: Biology and Integrated Mosquito Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625410.
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12 pp.<br>Mosquitoes are the most important insect pests that affect the health and well-being of humans and domestic animals worldwide. They can cause a variety of health problems due to their ability to transfer (vector) viruses and other disease-causing pathogens, including in the arid Southwest U.S. This publication describes the mosquito life-cycle, introduces common pest mosquito species and the diseases associated with them. Mosquito management for residents is covered.
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Evans, Peter J. "Community knowledge, attitudes and practices - urban mosquitoes and sustainable mosquito control." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241460.
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Harbison, Justin Eric. "The evaluation of mosquito production and measures to minimize mosquitoes in stormwater treatment structures to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1872891741&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Magbity, Edward Brima. "Methods for entomological evaluation of treated bed nets." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324915.
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ROSSI, PAOLO. "Bacterial symbiosis in mosquitoes: from basic research to mosquito borne diseases control." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401854.
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Bandzuh, John Thomas IV. "Perceptions of measures to control Aedes mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Costa Rica." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81449.
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Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of several arboviruses throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the Americas, Aedes aegypti is the most competent vector of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. With up to 400 million cases globally each year, dengue fever is the fastest growing vector-borne disease in the world, and it has become an increasingly significant risk to global health. In the Western Hemisphere, dengue, and more recently chikungunya and Zika, exists throughout much of Latin America and the Caribbean. Both diseases are spread via Aedes mosquitoes and both constitute major health risks in Costa Rica. A dengue outbreak in Costa Rica in 2013 was the largest epidemic in the country since the return of the disease in 1993. Moreover, between 2014 and 2015 there was a 54.9% increase in dengue cases in Costa Rica, further demonstrating the relevancy of research on mosquito-borne diseases. Given this context, this study employs qualitative methods to critically investigate measures to combat Aedes mosquito-borne diseases in Costa Rica. Data were collected using household interviews (n = 80); semi-structured key informant interviews with public health officials, researchers, nonprofit organizations, and community leaders (n = 22); and a focus group discussion in each of two study areas. The results provide broad and place-specific information about mosquito control efforts and other actions deployed in Costa Rica to mitigate mosquito-borne diseases. The data reveal differences in perceptions and disease incidence among household interviewees as well as where households source information about mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Varying degrees of knowledge on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases were uncovered across the study sites, as were differing attitudes among the general population regarding mosquito control techniques (e.g., fumigation, education campaigns, and household visits by public health officials). Additionally, data indicated a gap in knowledge regarding the ability of the public to report mosquito-related problems to health authorities. Households also exhibited discrepancies in knowledge pertaining to chikungunya transmission and details about the vector.<br>Master of Science
7
Berry, Gerald A. "Mosquito Larvicides from Cyanobacteria." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1449.
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Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce a diverse array of toxic or otherwise bioactive metabolites. These allelochemicals may also play a role in defense against potential predators and grazers, particularly aquatic invertebrates and their larvae, including mosquitoes. Compounds derived from cyanobacteria collected from the Florida Everglades and other Florida waterways were investigated as insecticides against the mosquito Aedes aegypti, a vector of dengue and yellow fever. Screening of cyanobacterial biomass revealed several strains that exhibited mosquito larvicidal activity. Guided via bioassay guided fractionation, a non-polar compound from Leptolyngbya sp. 21-9-3 was found to be the most active component. Characterization revealed the prospective compound to be a monounsaturated fatty acid with the molecular formula C16H30O2. This is the first evidence of mosquito larvicidal activity for this particular fatty acid. With larvicidal becoming more prevalent, fatty acids should be explored for future mosquito control strategies.
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Jerí, Donat Guido. "Freedom E.I.R.L. "Mosquito Bar"." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/273618.
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Hoa, Vu Minh, and n/a. "Mosquito habitats and predation efficiency on mosquito populations in Ginninderra Wetland, Canberra, Australia." University of Canberra. Resource & Environmental Science, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060725.115344.
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The ecology of mosquito populations in relation to weather conditions,
emergent plants and predation in an urban wetland of Canberra was
studied. Anopheles annulipes, Aedes notoscriptus, Aedes australicus,
Aedes alboannulata, Culex annulirostris and Culex quinquefasciatus
were found. Temperature was a major climatic factor in determining
the abundance of mosquito populations in the wetland. First
collections and subsequent development of mosquitoes in Ginninderra wetland are likely to depend on local weather conditions each year.
The wetland proper was not a suitable habitat for mosquito breeding.
Tall emergent vegetation may have obstructed oviposition and
predation was also important in limiting colonization by mosquitoes.
Instead, isolated temporary waterbodies which were free of predators,
such as ground depressions, tyre tracks, domestic waste containers,
were the most important habitats for mosquitoes adjacent to the
Ginninderra wetland.
Field experiments found that predation of mosquito larvae by
mosquitofish Gambusia qffinis and notonectids Anisops was more
efficient in sunlight than shade and this was affected by the height of
emergent plants.
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Persson, Vinnersten Thomas. "Long Term Studies of Insect Abundances in Temporary Wetlands in Relation to Hydrology, Predation and Bti." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207841.
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Long-term insect abundances have been studied to investigate factors structuring the insect communities of the temporary wetlands around the River Dalälven floodplain. In the wet meadows and swamps in the River Dalälven floodplains recurrent floods are the ultimate prerequisite for high production of floodwater mosquitoes. In the larval stages these make up a superabundant potential prey for aquatic predatory insects while as adults they become nuisance for people and animals. Mosquito control with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) has been carried out in parts of the floodplain wetlands since 2002. This study investigate potential long-term effects of Bti on non-target insects in general, and non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) and aquatic predator insects in special in 10 temporary wetlands. Diving-beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) were the most common aquatic predatory insects in temporary flooded wetlands, and we found no indications that diving-beetles were negatively affected by mosquito larvae reduction with Bti-treatments. Non-target Bti-effects on the insect community in general, measured as increase or decrease of insect abundances, in general showed no effects of Bti except for Coleoptera. The non-biting midges were studied on species level, since this taxon previously has been associated with negative Bti non-target effects in the short-term. We found no reduced production of chironomids at neither family, nor subfamily level in Bti-treated as compared to untreated wetlands. We conclude that other factors than the occasional Bti-treatments dominate in structuring the chironomids fauna. For example, hydrology measured as floods and hydroperiod had substantial impact on insect emergence Increased hydroperiod was associated with lower insect emergence for the majority of the studied taxa, indicating an insect fauna adapted more to terrestrial conditions. In the final study, we developed and applied a molecular method to study interspecific predator – prey relationships between medium-sized diving beetles and floodwater mosquito larvae. Gut content analyses showed that floodwater mosquito larvae are a regular, but limited, part of the diet of medium-sized diving beetles. This thesis is one of the first long-term studies of insects of temporary wetlands in relation to mosquito control actions. The results indicate that hydrology is one of the major factors influencing and structuring the insect communities of the temporary flooded wetlands in the River Dalälven floodplains, and that mosquito control actions with Bti only have marginal effect on insect abundances.
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Liu, Qiyong. "The Impact of Weather Variability on Mosquito and Major Mosquito-Borne Diseases in China." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366758.
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A great number of studies have documented that there is a clear increasing trend in the global average temperature during the last century. Based on the scenario of business-as-usual, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected that the global surface average temperature will exceed 4 °C by the end of 2100 compared to that in 1850-1890. Climate change has been regarded as the biggest global-health threat of the 21st century.
Epidemiological studies have showed significant impacts of weather variation associated with climate change on population health, including transmission pattern of some infectious diseases, and most importantly suspected impacts geographical expansion and emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever, malaria and Japanese encephalitis, which has posed great health burden to Chinese population in its history.
Mosquito-borne diseases are extremely sensitive to the weather variation, such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc. In China, although the impact of climate variation on important mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, has been investigated in many countries, there are only a few studies conducted in China. Chinese people may suffer greater adverse impacts from climate change due to a higher population density, relatively crowded living conditions, and poor socio-economic status.
A series of individual but interrelated studies were carried out for this dissertation. The overall objective was to provide a comprehensive analysis of potential impacts of weather variability on the dynamics of mosquitoes and transmission pattern of major mosquito-borne diseases in the context of climate change.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy by Publication (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Environment<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Kesavaraju, Banugopan Juliano Steven A. "Behavioral interactions between predator and prey and their influence on an invasive species in container habitats." Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1390287471&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1202751489&clientId=43838.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2007.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed on February 11, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Steven A. Juliano (chair), Diane L. Byers, L. Philip Lounibos, Charles F. Thompson, William L. Perry. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-163) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Cardoso, André Franco. "Vitelogênese do mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42135/tde-25032010-165034/.
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Como em outros mosquitos, os trofócitos do corpo gorduroso de Cx. quinquefasciatus sintetizam vitelogenina (Vg), principal proteína armazenada pelo ovócito, formada por duas subunidades de 200 e 86 kDa. A ultraestrutura dos trofócitos revela o rápido desenvolvimento da maquinaria biossintética após a alimentação com sangue (aa) e a consecutiva degradação após as 48 h aa. Antes do repasto (AR), um conjunto de células indiferenciadas, limitado pelo epitélio folicular, conforma os folículos ovarianos. Após AR, o ovócito se destaca pelo acúmulo de lipídeos e Vg. O receptor de vitelogenina é encontrado somente nos ovários e análise por PCR em tempos mostrou aumento dos transcritos nos primeiros cinco dias após emersão e nas primeiras 48 h aa, durante a vitelogênese. O perfil transcricional de Vg mostrou um pico no terceiro dia de vida adulta e ao final do processo ovogênico<br>As in other mosquitoes, fat body trophocytes of Cx. quinquefasciatus synthesize vitellogenin (Vg), the major yolk protein stored by the oocyte, formed by two subunits of 200 and 86 kDa. The trophocytes ultrastructure reveals the rapid development of the biosynthetic machinery and the consecutive degradation around 48 h post blood meal (PBM). Before blood meal, a set of undifferentiated cells limited by follicular epithelium, conform the ovarian follicles. After blood meal, the oocyte is remarkable by accumulation of lipid inclusions and yolk granules. Vitellogenin receptors (rVitCx), are localized exclusively in the ovaries and real time PCR showed transcripts increase at the first five days after emergence (AE), and at the first 48 h PBM, during oogenesis. Vg transcripts profile showed a peak on the third day AE and at the end of the vitellogenic process
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Greenfield, Bethany Patricia Jane. "Metarhizium pathogenesis of mosquito larvae." Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42819.
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Otienoburu, Philip E. "Plant Semiochemicals as Mosquito Attractants." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313605670.
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Chaves, Leonardo Suveges Moreira. "Eficácia de três tipos de armadilhas para captura de culicídeos em área de Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-05102012-100202/.
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Introdução: Armadilhas entomológicas são ferramentas importantes nas atividades de vigilância e controle. Poucos estudos foram realizados para avaliar a eficácia de armadilhas contendo Lurex3 como ferramenta na pesquisa entomológica de culicídeos no Vale do Ribeira. Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia das armadilhas, CDC luminosa, CDC com CO2 mais lurex® e Mosquito Magnet® (MM) Independence com lurex® para a captura de culicídeos. Métodos: foram definidos três pontos próximos da mata, onde foram instaladas as armadilhas, sempre às 15:00 hs e removidas às 21:00 hs com revezamento diário, por três dias consecutivos ao mês, por um ano. Resultados: A armadilha CDC-luz capturou o menor número de mosquitos (1.368), seguida da CDC+CO2+lurex (2.284) e da MM (5.477). O teste de Tukey mostrou diferença significativa, indicando a armadilha MM superior, quando comparada com a CDC-luminosa (p < 0,01) e CDC-CO2-lurex (p < 0,03). Não houve diferença significante entre o total de mosquitos coletados na CDC-luminosa e na CDC-CO2- lurex. O número de espécies capturadas na armadilha MM (63 espécies) foi maior do que na CDC-luminosa (p < 0,001) e CDC-CO2-lurex (p < 0,03). Houve uma associação positiva (OR > 1) para as espécies Ae. scapularis, An. bellator, An. cruzii e Ps. ferox quando utilizada a MM e a CDC-CO2-lurex, não houve associação (OR = 1) para a espécie Ae. serratus e Cx. nigripalpus . Conclusões: O poder de captura da MM mostrou ser significativamente maior em comparação às outras duas. A associação entre as espécies antropofílicas, com interesse epidemiológico, foi maior com a MM<br>Traps are important appliance in entomological surveillance and control activities. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of traps containing Lurex3 in entomological research of mosquitoes in the Ribeira Valley. Objective: Compare the efficacy of traps, CDC light, CO2 plus lurex with CDC and Mosquito Magnet ® (MM) Independence with lurex ® to capture mosquitoes. Methods: defined three points near the forest, where the traps were installed, always at 15:00 pm and removed at 21:00 pm to relay daily for three consecutive days a month in one year. Jaccard and Sorensen indices indicated similarity between traps. To assess diversity employed Renyi profiles. Statistical analyses applied were: ANOVA with Fishers exact test, Tukey test and p value; Chi-square association test and linear regression. Results: The CDC light traps captured the lowest number of mosquitoes (1368), followed by the CDC + CO2 + lurex (2284) and the MM (5477). The Tukey test showed significant differences, indicating the trap MM superior when compared with CDC-light (p <0.01) and CDC-lurex-CO2 (p <0.03). There was no statistically significant difference between the total number of mosquitoes collected in CDC light-and CO2-CDC-lurex. The number of species caught in the trap MM (63 species) was higher than the CDC-light (p <0.001) and CDC-lurex-CO2 (p <0.03). There was a positive association (OR> 1) for the species Ae. scapularis, Anopheles bellator, Anopheles cruzii and Ps. ferox when using the CDC and MM-CO2-lurex, no association (OR = 1) for the species Ae. serratus and Cx nigripalpus. Conclusions: The efficacy of capture of MM was significantly higher compared to the other two. The association between anthropophilic species with epidemiological interest was higher in MM
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Cardozo, Lucas Esteves. "Mapeamento de hotspots de transmissão de malária utilizando geolocalização de pacientes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9142/tde-04022019-170221/.
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A identificação de focos de transmissão pode ser de grande utilidade no controle da malária. Por esse motivo, hospitais em regiões endêmicas buscam saber os locais que foram visitados anteriormente por pacientes. No entanto, tais informações, obtidas através de questionários fornecidos aos pacientes, são geralmente vagas e muitas vezes imprecisas. Isto torna o processo manual, lento e de pouca valia em estudos epidemiológicos de larga escala. Baseando-se no fato de que uma parcela significativa da população possui celulares com GPS, o objetivo deste projeto é melhorar a acurácia, organização e dinâmica do processo de coleta de dados de geolocalização de pacientes infectados. Um sistema (https://sipos.fcf.usp.br) foi desenvolvido para que pacientes que chegam aos hospitais possam, sob consentimento voluntário, fornecer os dados de GPS dos seus celulares. Os dados dos usuários, que são tratados de forma anônima, são automaticamente processados e armazenados de forma segura. Através do sistema SiPoS Explorer, epidemiologistas e especialistas em saúde pública podem explorar e analisar os dados de geolocalização, permitindo, desta forma, que regiões vulneráveis sejam priorizadas durante campanhas de controle.<br>The identification of regions with high rates of infection can be of great use in the control of malaria. For this reason, hospitals in endemic regions seek to know the places previously visited by patients. However, such information, obtained through questionnaires provided to patients, is usually vague, inaccurate and not integrated into databases. This makes the process manual, slow and of little value in large-scale epidemiological studies. Based on the fact that a significant portion of the population has smartphones equipped with GPS, this project aims to improve the accuracy and organization of the process of collecting geolocation data from infected patients. The Sickness Positioning System (https://sipos.fcf.usp.br) was developed so that patients who arrive at hospitals can, with voluntary consent, provide the GPS data collected by their smartphones. User data, which is handled anonymously, is automatically processed and securely stored. Through the SiPoS Explorer system (https://sipos.fcf.usp.br/explorer), epidemiologists and public health experts can explore and analyze geolocation data, thereby allowing vulnerable regions to be prioritized during control campaigns.
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Kavanaugh, Michael David. "Influence of stormwater drainage facilities on mosquito communities within the city of Denton, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9765/.
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Weekly collections were conducted from May to December, 2007 (153 trap nights, total) in Denton, Texas, in and around large storm drains and overpass drainage facilities in residential and non-residential areas, using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and gravid traps. A total of 1964 mosquitoes were collected, representing 24 species within 6 genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, Culex, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia. Culex was the most abundant genus, representing 75% of all mosquitoes collected; Aedes was the second most abundant, representing 12 % of all mosquitoes collected. Cx. quinquefasciatus was the dominant species collected via gravid traps; Cx. (Melanoconion) species were the dominant species collected via CDC light traps. Data of gravid traps and light traps were analyzed separately using nonparametric correlation analysis, comparing environmental data and physical characteristics to total abundance of mosquitoes. There was no significant correlation found when comparing the three dominant species collected in light traps (unidentified Cx. (Melanoconion) sp, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. vexans) to environmental characteristics and physical characteristics. Analysis of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in gravid traps indicated no significant correlation between abundance, environmental data, and physical characteristics. Linear regression models were analyzed to determine if either environmental variables or physical characteristics of the drainage system explained the species abundance collected; no individual variable showed an association of significance. Analysis of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in storm drains via gravid traps determined temperature to be the most important variable in determining population abundance and explained 99% of the population variability.
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Zola, Sheri. "Molecular events associated with mosquito diapause." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Dickerson, Andrew K. "Mosquito flight adaptations to particulate environments." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51773.
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Flying insects face challenging conditions such as rainfall, fog, and dew. In this theoretical and experimental thesis, we investigate the survival mechanisms of the mosquito, Anopheles, through particles of various size. Large particles such as falling raindrops can weigh up to fifty times a mosquito. Mosquitoes survive such impacts by virtue of their low mass and strong exoskeleton. Smaller particle sizes, as present in fog and insecticide, pose the greatest danger. Mosquitoes cannot fly through seemingly innocuous household humidifier fog or other gases with twice the density of air. Upon landing, fog accumulates on the mosquito body and wings, which in small quantities can be shaken off in the manner of a wet dog. Large amounts of dew on the wings create a coalescence cascade ultimately folding the wings into taco shapes, which are difficult to dry. The insights gained in this study will inform the nascent field of flapping micro-aerial vehicles.
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Blight, Joshua. "Intervention methods against mosquito-borne diseases." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:45f39b22-5393-4d29-afe1-580c16d530d6.
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Mosquito-borne diseases account for hundreds of thousands of deaths each year, highlighting the need for successful intervention methods, which can be targeted at either the pathogen, mosquito vector, or human host. This thesis aims to contribute to better intervention methods focused against malaria and dengue by either (i) improving available research tools, (ii) enhancing the understanding of a promising intervention method or (iii) designing new intervention candidates. Firstly, a superior method for studying in vitro malaria infection of the liver is shown, with implications for vaccine and drug interventions. Secondly, the biology of Wolbachia infection in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in the context of the target of rapamycin signalling cascade is investigated in an attempt to improve our understanding of its malaria inhibitory phenotype and inability to stably infect An. gambiae mosquitoes. Finally, an algorithm is developed for the design of a hypothesis driven conservation-based vaccine against viral mosquito diseases with a particular focus on dengue.
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Alvarez, Monica A. "Mosquito Transposable Elements and piwi Genes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33162.
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Vector control is an essential and effective approach for controlling transmission of vector-borne diseases. However, increasing resistance to insecticide and drugs suggests that new strategies to control vector-borne diseases are needed. One possible strategy involves replacing mosquito populations with disease-resistant transgenic mosquitoes. Transposable elements (TEs) are an important component in this new strategy due to their ability to integrate exogenous DNA into chromosomes. They could potentially be useful tools in assisting the spread of disease-resistant genes in mosquito populations.
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This research focuses on two related subjects, TEs and their regulation. The first subject is on a Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposon in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, namely Belly. The second subject focuses on the characterization of piwi genes in the dengue and yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.
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For the first subject we characterized Belly by identifying the two identical LTRs and one intact open reading frame. We also defined the target site duplications and boundaries of the full-length Belly element. This novel retrotransposon has nine full-length copies in the An. gambiae sequenced genome and their nucleotide similarity suggests that there has been fairly recent retrotransposon. We have shown that Belly is transcribed and translated in An. gambiae. Single LTR circles were recovered from An. gambiae cells, which is consistent with active transposition of Belly.
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The second subject focuses on the piwi genes of Ae. aegypti. We found nine potential piwi genes in Ae. aegypti and two in An. gambiae. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that these piwis formed two subgroups and gene duplication within each group occurred after the divergence between the two mosquito species. RT-PCR and transcriptome analysis showed Ago3 as well as all the seven tested piwi genes were expressed either in germline tissues or developing embryos. Differential expression patterns were observed. While most piwis were transcribed in the ovaries, testis, and embryos, two piwis appear to have a zygotic expression. Three piwi genes (piwi 3, piwi 4, and Ago3) were also
detected in adult somatic tissues of Ae. aegypti. The expansion of the number of piwi genes in Ae. aegypti compared to An. gambiae and D. melanogaster may be correlated with a larger genome size and greater amount of TEs. The finding of piwi expression in adult somatic tissues is intriguing. It is possible that these piwi genes were expressed in the adult stem cells. It is also possible that they may be involved with anti-viral defense. Both of these hypotheses require further testing.<br>Master of Science
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Ebrahimi, Babak. "The Biology of Plant-Mosquito Associations." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376907715.
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Luxananil, Plearnpis. "Studies on mosquito bio-control bacteria." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147673.
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VALZANO, Matteo. "The mosquito microbiota: a new way to look at mosquito vectors and to investigate other insect pests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401693.
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I. Ricci, C. Damiani, P. Rossi, A. Capone, P. Scuppa, A. Cappelli, U. Ulissi, M. Mosca, M. Valzano, S. Epis, E. Crotti, D. Daffonchio, A. Alma, L. Sacchi, M. Mandrioli, C. Bandi and G. Favia, Mosquito symbioses: from basic research to the paratransgenic control of mosquito-borne diseases, J. Appl. Entomol. 135 (2011) 487493 Guido Favia, Irene Ricci, Patrizia Scuppa, Claudia Damiani, Paolo Rossi, Aida Capone, Chenoa De Freece, Matteo Valzano, Alessia Cappelli, Michela Mosca and Ulisse Ulissi, Facing Malaria Parasite with Mosquito Symbionts Irene Ricci, Matteo Valzano, Ulisse Ulissi, Sara Epis, Alessia Cappelli, Guido Favia, Symbiotic control of mosquito borne disease M. Valzano, G. Achille, F. Burzacca, I. Ricci, C. Damiani, P. Scuppa, G. Favia, Deciphering microbiota associated to Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Italian samples: a preliminary study, Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 2012; volume 44:e16
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Enguehard, Margot. "Interaction between chikungunya and dengue viruses during co-infection in Aedes mosquito cells and in Aedes aegypti mosquito." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1161/document.
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Au cours des dernières années, de nombreuses épidémies ont emergé ou ré émergé, et sont causées par des arbovirus (arthropod-borne viruses), des virus transmis à des vertébrés par des insectes piqueurs vecteurs. Avec l'augmentation de la densité humaine dans certaines zones géographiques et le réchauffement climatique qui contribuent à l'expansion géographique des vecteurs, les maladies induites par ces virus (arboviroses) ont un impact de plus en plus important sur la santé humaine et l'économie mondiale. Il est donc déterminant d'augmenter nos connaissances sur les systèmes mis en jeux pour garantir la sécurité sanitaire des populations exposées. Les enjeux actuels reposent aussi bien sur la compréhension des virus que sur la compréhension de l'alternance d'hôtes, directement responsables de l'émergence et la dissémination des agents infectieux. Les moustiques sont des vecteurs majeurs des arbovirus comme la dengue (genre Flavivirus) et le Chikungunya (genre Alphavirus). Transmis par les mêmes moustiques Aedes aegypti et Aedes albopictus, le virus de la Dengue (DENV) est responsable de la plus importante arbovirose en zone tropicale, et le virus Chikungunya (CHIKV) est responsable dans le monde entier de centaines de milliers de cas d'infection, et les épidémies récentes ont touché les pays européens. Ainsi, il a été observé que le moustique Ae. albopictus pouvait porter simultanément CHIKV et DENV, et des cas de co-infections humaines ont été observés en Afrique. Toutefois, bien qu'en théorie les deux virus soient capables d'infecter les mêmes cellules chez l'insecte ou l'homme, il n'y a aucune étude détaillée sur les interactions au niveau cellulaire entre CHIKV et DENV lors de la co-infection d'une cellule. C'est pourquoi il est indispensable d'accroitre nos connaissances sur l'interférence éventuelle entre les virus Chikungunya et Dengue pour l'utilisation de voies cellulaires communes chez les insectes vecteurs et l'hôte humain lors de co-infection<br>Emergence and geographical extension of dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses increase simultaneous outbreak in an increasing number of countries. To date, no vaccine or cure have yet been developed against these diseases those cause a tremendous impact on human health and in the economy worldwide. During recent simultaneous outbreaks, up to 12% of patients have been diagnosed to be co-infected by CHIKV and DENV. In addition, it was shown that the mosquitoes Aedes albopictus could carry and transmit simultaneously CHIKV and DENV. However, the pathology, as well as the epidemiology of a pathogen, relies on the interactions between several infectious agents present within an organism or a community in the environment. It is crucial to consider to which extent a host infected by a first microorganism is modified and whether its reaction to the infection by a second microorganism is consequently altered. However, there is no extensive report of Alphavirus-Flavivirus or Flavivirus- Flavivirus interactions. Our global objective is to characterize these co-infections in both mosquitoes and humans, at the cell and molecular level. To this aim, we started this project by performing sequential co- infection in different cell lines from Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. We found that the permissiveness and production of DENV is enhanced in presence of CHIKV. On the contrary, there is no effect of DENV pre-infection on subsequent CHIKV co-infection. We generalized the synergistic phenomena and we showed that CHIKV pre-infection also increased the infection by DENV-1, DENV-3 and DENV-4, but also by two others re-emerging Flaviviruses, the Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and the Zika Virus (ZIKV). Remarkably, we succeeded to establish a mosquito model of co-infection of Aedes aegypti mosquito after by different two feedings at 4 days interval. Using this sequential co-infection, we were able to show that a pre-infection of Aedes aegypti by CHIKV increase the level of DENV-2 RNA in salivary glands compare to mono-infected mosquitos. This phenotype is reminiscent of the phenotype we observed in vitro during successive infections. Altogether, our study paves the way to the characterization of molecular interaction between Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in mosquito in vitro and in vivo. This study can be crucial for a better understanding of disease and epidemiology during simultaneous outbreaks
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Ingrassia, Amanda. "Larval competition between the native treehole mosquito Ochlerotatus triseriatus and the invasive mosquito Ochlerotatus japonicus using natural diets." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Tokarz, Ryan E. "Spatial-temporal Distribution of Mosquito Larval Hot Spots in Papoli, Uganda: A Community-Based Approach to Mosquito Control." Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7448.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquito species of the Anopheles gambaie complex are the predominant vectors of malaria transmission throughout sub-Saharan Africa. These mosquitoes tend to be endophilic, as well as anthropophilic, making them prime candidates for disease transmission. Within the same region, related mosquito vectors play a significant role in the transmission of additional human and zoonotic diseases. Furthermore, mosquito nuisance biting is an immense issue that cannot be ignored in terms of its impact on African communities. Depending on the respective factors involved, mosquito control programs throughout the continent have attempted to tackle these issues in a multitude of ways. This research approached the issue by developing and integrating an American-style mosquito control district within the eastern Ugandan community of Papoli. The basic structure of such a district was blended with a community-based approach, employing local community members and leaders, thus ensuring an effective and sustainable program. A guide detailing all aspects and steps needed to properly develop and implement such a program is outlined.
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Sjunnesson, Vera. "The businessman, the mosquito and the dragon." Thesis, Kungl. Konsthögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kkh:diva-67.
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My master essay consists of two sections: the first part is explanatory and contextualizes my art; the second part is formed as a fictitious letter to the chinese mosquito repellent millionaire Mr Li, written in the voice of a naive, uncontrolled and neurotic person, full of desire. The contextualization is a self-reflection and deals with concepts such as utopia, desire, failure, the pathetic and identity<br>[I examensarbetet ingår utställningen "The businessman, the mosquito and the dragon":] To present my obsession with chinoiserie, I worked as an investigator through a documentary-filmmaker approach, and also as an utopist for a dreamt world which is actually born in my upsidedown mind. The films are presented in a spatial installation in the form of a labyrinth. Material/Teknik/Längd på video: Installation/Mixed media/dokumentärfilm ca 40 min.<br><p>Examensarbetet består av en skriftlig del och en gestaltande del. </p>
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Davis, Ryan Scott. "An ecological risk assessment for mosquito insecticides." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/davis/DavisR0507.pdf.
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Uzcategui, Cuello Nathalie Yumari. "Evolution and dispersal of mosquito-borne flaviviruses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288520.
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Szemiel, Agnieszka M. "Replication of Bunyamwera virus in mosquito cells." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2570.
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The Bunyaviridae family is one of the largest among RNA viruses, comprising more than 350 serologically distinct viruses. The family is classified into five genera, Orthobunyavirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Phlebovirus, and Tospovirus. Orthobunyaviruses, nairoviruses and phleboviruses are maintained in nature by a propagative cycle involving blood-feeding arthropods and susceptible vertebrate hosts. Like most arthropod-borne viruses, bunyavirus replication causes little damage to the vector, whereas infection of the mammalian host may lead to death. This situation is mimicked in the laboratory: in cultured mosquito cells no cytopathology is observed and a persistent infection is established, whereas in cultured mammalian cells orthobunyavirus infection is lytic and leads to cell death. Bunyaviruses encode four common structural proteins: an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, two glycoproteins (Gc and Gn), and a nucleoprotein N. Some viruses also code for nonstructural proteins called NSm and NSs. The NSs protein of the prototype bunyavirus, Bunyamwera virus, seems to be one of the factors responsible for the different outcomes of infection in mammalian and mosquito cell lines. However, only limited information is available on the growth of bunyaviruses in cultured mosquito cell lines other than Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells. Here, I compared the replication of Bunyamwera virus in two additional Aedes albopictus cell clones, C7-10 and U4.4, and two Aedes aegypti cell clones, Ae and A20, and investigated the impact of virus replication on cell function. In addition, whereas the vertebrate innate immune response to arbovirus infection is well studied, relatively little is known about mosquitoes’ reaction to these infections. I investigated the immune responses of the different mosquito cells to Bunyamwera virus infection, in particular antimicrobial signaling pathways (Toll and IMD) and RNA interference (RNAi). The data obtained in U4.4 cells suggest that NSs plays an important role in the infection of mosquitoes. Moreover infection of U4.4 cells more closely resembles infection in Ae and A20 cells and live Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. My data showed that the investigated cell lines have various properties, and therefore they can be used to study different aspects of mosquito-virus interactions.
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Arik, Anam, Jason Rasgon, Kendra Quicke, and Michael Riehle. "Manipulating insulin signaling to enhance mosquito reproduction." BioMed Central, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610077.
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BACKGROND:In the mosquito Aedes aegypti the insulin/insulin growth factor I signaling (IIS) cascade is a key regulator of many physiological processes, including reproduction. Two important reproductive events, steroidogenesis in the ovary and yolk synthesis in the fat body, are regulated by the IIS cascade in mosquitoes. The signaling molecule phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a key inhibitor of the IIS cascade that helps modulate the activity of the IIS cascade. In Ae. aegypti, six unique splice variants of AaegPTEN were previously identified, but the role of these splice variants, particularly AaegPTEN3 and 6, were unknown.RESULTS:Knockdown of AaegPTEN or its specific splice variant AaegPTEN6 (the splice variant thought to regulate reproduction in the ovary and fat body) using RNAi led to a 15-63% increase in egg production with no adverse effects on egg viability during the first reproductive cycle. Knockdown of AaegPTEN3, expressed predominantly in the head, had no effect on reproduction. We also characterized the protein expression patterns of these two splice variants during development and in various tissues during a reproductive cycle.CONCLUSION:Previous studies in a range of organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, have demonstrated that disruption of the IIS cascade leads to decreased reproduction or sterility. In this study we demonstrate that knockdown of the IIS inhibitor PTEN can actually increase reproduction in the mosquito, at least during the first reproductive cycle.
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Izadi, Homa. "A novel pseudo-azeotrope mosquito repellent mixture." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/81873.
Full textAbstract:
Repellents play a key role in preventing mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria by reducing
human-vector contact. The general mechanism of action relies on providing a repelling vapour
around the applied area on the skin. Thus, the proper evaporation rate and consistency of the
composition of the released vapour are factors determining the performance of repellent
formulations. The formulation should evaporate fast enough to provide a sufficient level of
repellence during its life time. However, if evaporation proceeds too fast, then it will be
depleted rapidly so that activity is lost within a short period of time, which makes the repellent
inefficient.
Several controlled-release approaches have been developed to improve both the protection time
and level. However, these techniques have inherent drawbacks from the industrial point of
view. Moreover, these techniques mostly focus only on reducing the release rate, while the
consistency of the vapour composition has not been addressed.
In the present study, a novel approach towards controlling the evaporation behaviour of
repellents is proposed. It is based on engineering the molecular interactions in order to design
negative pseudo-azeotrope formulations. Negative pseudo-azeotrope mixtures are less volatile
than the pure parent components and they do not undergo separation during evaporation. The feasibility of the idea was investigated by studying the molecular structure of generally
available repellents. Among known molecular interactions, hydrogen bonding has the most
likely impact on the formation of azeotropes and in particular pseudo-azeotropes. Thus,
established repellents were classified based on their chemical structures and their capability to
take part in hydrogen bonding. Next, a simple spectroscopic method for anticipating pseudoazeotropes
formation was developed. Binary compositions of nonanoic acid and ethyl
butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) showed a potential for forming pseudo-azeotrope
mixtures. Hence R3535 and nonanoic acid were selected as model compounds to test the
hypothesis.
An experimental technique to confirm pseudo-azeotrope formation and to locate the
composition of the probable pseudo-azeotrope point was required. To this end, an oven test
was designed. The temporal mass loss, under an isothermal program, of a series of evaporating
mixtures was measured. Simultaneously, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the
liquid remaining was recorded. Inverse analysis techniques were used to determine the
composition of remaining liquid mixtures from the recorded FTIR spectra. The oven tests
revealed that, as vaporisation progressed, the composition of the liquid remaining and the
emitted vapour converged to a fixed IR3535 content of ca. 75 mol%. Mixtures close to this
composition also featured the lowest volatility. Oven test also showed that the composition of
the liquid mixtures diverged from the fixed IR3535 content of ca. 10 mol%. Mixtures close to
this composition featured the highest volatility. These observations showed that IR3535 and
nonanoic acid forms two pseudo-azeotrope compositions, i.e. a negative pseudo-azeotrope at
an IR3535 content of ca. 75 mol%, and a positive pseudo-azeotrope at IR3535 content of ca.
10 mol%.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied
to check these results. TGA confirmed that the negative pseudo-azeotrope mixture is less
volatile while the positive pseudo-azeotrope is more volatile than the parent compounds. The
DSC results revealed that in comparison with the pure compounds, negative pseudo-azeotrope
had a lower boiling point onset while the positive pseudo-azeotrope had a higher boiling point.
Although negative pseudo-azeotrope repellent formulations have the desired lower constant
release rate, their repellent activity needed to be tested. This is due to the fact that mixing the ingredients to formulate a negative pseudo-azeotrope results in interactions among the
components. As a consequence, the inherent repellence effect of the compounds might have
been impaired in the mixture.
The modified arm-in-cage test was used to test the repellence of the controlled-release repellent
formulation i.e. the negative pseudo-azeotrope of the IR3535 + nonanoic acid system. Results
showed that the mixture featured improved performance with respect to both repellence
efficacy and persistence. Moreover, the negative pseudo-azeotrope also exhibited a knock
down effect, even resulting in mortality of most of the test mosquitoes.
The presence of two pseudo-azeotrope points at different composition in the IR3535 +
nonanoic acid system is a rare occurrence, analogous to double azeotropy. Thus, molecular
simulation techniques were used to explore the nature of system and the interactions
responsible for this unique behaviour. Gibbs-Monte Carlo simulation results suggest that
variations in the sizes of the molecular clusters present in the liquid at various compositions
might be responsible. They revealed that IR3535 and nonanoic acid in neat form are both highly
structured liquids. The break-down in the structure of IR3535 at high concentrations of the acid
may be the origin of increased evaporation rate and formation of the positive pseudo-azeotrope.
On the other hand, negative pseudo-azeotrope may be resulted from formation of bulkier
clusters at the ration of 3:1 (IR3535: nonanoic acid).<br>Thesis (PhD (Chemical Technology))--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>English<br>PhD (Chemical Technology)<br>Unrestricted
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Yadav, Priyanka. "Factors affecting mosquito populations in created wetlands." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253029098.
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Calkins, Travis L. "Gap Junctions in the Mosquito, Aedes aegypti." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu149217328492135.
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Conway, Michael. "Improving transgenic approaches to mosquito population control." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:44ba0b39-cded-4e96-a796-570affd53de0.
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The disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are serious and growing threats to global health. As vectors of the arboviruses dengue fever and chikungunya, these mosquitoes are responsible for hundreds of millions of cases and thousands of deaths each year. Absent specific treatments or vaccines, effective control of mosquito populations remains the only option for tackling a growing public health challenge. More effective control tools are urgently needed. Recently, a novel approach to pest population control has been developed based on the release of insects carrying a repressible, dominant lethal allele. This approach has achieved dramatic reductions in Ae. aegypti populations in regulated open field experiments. Despite this success, there remains scope to improve upon the current technology. It is proposed that an 'ideal' strain would combine the following features: (i) repressible lethality in late juvenile phases; (ii) a mechanism for removing females at an early developmental stage in the release generation; and (iii) orthogonal expression control mechanisms allowing both these systems to be combined in a single strain. This thesis describes research undertaken in pursuit of a 'next generation' strain. Two novel promoters from putative Osiris genes have been identified which confer a 10<sup>2</sup>-10<sup>3</sup> – fold up-regulation in transgene expression specific to late pupal stages. One of these 'Osiris' promoters has been used to develop transgenic Aedes aegypti strains. 5 lines showed pupal-specific lethality of 98-100% penetrance, which was repressed in the presence of tetracycline. An Ae. albopictus orthologue of the sex-determining gene doublesex (dsx) has been isolated and characterised and a female-specific expression system developed. Transgenic lines show female-specific expression of a transgene; however, there remains some 'leaky' expression in male insects. Finally, a potential expression control tool based on an auxin-inducible expression system has been investigated. 11 different transgenic lines were developed based on three different construct designs. None showed auxin-inducible expression of a transgene.
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Brant, Hayley. "Impacts of deforestation on mosquito community dynamics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/31570.
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Human-induced land use changes, including deforestation, agricultural encroachment and urbanisation, have caused widespread change in the global distribution of organisms and caused considerable declines in biodiversity through loss of habitat. Oil palm is one of the most rapidly expanding crops in Southeast Asia, but the impact of this crop on mosquito distribution, behaviour and exposure potential has been poorly explored. Understanding these factors is essential for developing, optimising and evaluating novel control measures aimed at reducing disease-transmission. This thesis explored the effect of land use change along an anthropogenic disturbance gradient (primary forest, disturbed forest, highly disturbed forest, oil palm plantations and rural housing estates) in Sabah, Malaysia. The community composition of anthropogenic mosquitoes was separated across land use, with the biggest difference seen between primary forest and oil palm plantations. This was largely driven by medically important mosquitoes attracted to oil palm plantations. Differences in community composition were also seen in areas of rural housing in comparison to primary and disturbed forest sites, due to a high presence of the dengue vector, Stegomyia albopicta, in housing areas. A higher abundance of anopheline vectors were found landing on humans in the disturbed forest and oil palm plantations then primary forest. This thesis found no difference between highly disturbed forest and oil palm plantation sites. This thesis also investigated the host-seeking behaviour of simian malaria vectors, by carrying out human landing catches at ground and canopy level across land use. Results demonstrated the potential ability of one of the vectors, Anopheles balabacensis, to transmit the simian malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi) between canopy-dwelling simian hosts and ground-dwelling humans, and that anthropogenic disturbance increases the abundance of the disease vector. Finally, this thesis investigated the use of different marking methods and the need for an improved dispersal experiment to be carried out.
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Griffin, Lachlan Francis. "Fish as Mosquito Control Agents in Mangroves." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367242.
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The saltwater mosquito, Aedes vigilax (Skuse), is a major vector of Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus across sub-tropical and tropical Australia, and poses a significant human health risk, particularly in densely populated areas such as South East Queensland and Northern New South Wales regions of eastern Australia. The insect uses saltmarsh and mangrove basin forests as oviposition and larval habitats, and various mosquito control methods exist that target larval stages. Fish, acting as predators of larvae, have routinely been used as a component of mosquito control strategies worldwide. If managed appropriately biological control using fish can be effective, but if mismanaged, biological control can have serious environmental consequences. For example, the release of the Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki (Girard)) for mosquito control in Australian waterways has caused significant ecological damage; G. holbrooki is now a major invasive pest. Nonetheless, mosquito control strategies that include the use of native fish populations in the strategy may be more effective for controlling mosquitoes in mangrove basins than those that do not include native fish. However, little is known of fish populations (both exotic and native) within mangrove basins, and the impact these fish do, and could have on mosquito populations. This research examines the relationship between resident fish and saltwater mosquitoes in eastern Australian mangrove basin forests. It focussed specifically on two mangrove basin sites in the South East Queensland/Northern New South Wales region, and evaluates the potential of resident mangrove basin fish as biological control agents in mangrove ecosystems.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Environment<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Hagen, Darren Erich. "Identification and characterization of germline-specific promoters for remobilization of transgenes in the mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1513.
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Cabrini, Isaías 1978. "Avaliação de repelentes eletronicos e estudos quanto a eficiencia de transposição de telas, utilizando Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) e Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1854) (Diptera: Culicidade)." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314459.
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Orientador: Carlos Fernando Salgueirosa de Andrade<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Cabrini_Isaias_M.pdf: 1094913 bytes, checksum: 29b708cf734298b93b1507f9c318b1ed (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: Já é bem conhecida há várias décadas a transmissão de diversas doenças para o homem e outros animais, por fêmeas de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae). Devido a isso, inúmeros estudos laboratoriais, utilizando sistemas fechados, têm sido realizados para se conhecer melhor o comportamento dos mosquitos. Esses sistemas consistem em olfatômetros, túneis de vento, câmaras-teste, entre outros, e podem ser utilizados para avaliar, por exemplo, produtos para a proteção pessoal, como os repelentes e telas de proteção, obtendo-se dados sobre a eficácia em impedir que as fêmeas de mosquitos consigam picar um hospedeiro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver inicialmente um sistema de câmara-teste, a partir de um sistema já descrito em literatura científica, para estudos com mosquitos Aedes spp. O sistema foi feito em isopor, sendo composto de uma caixa grande conectada a um tubo, que por sua vez foi dividido em duas seções. Ao todo, o sistema ficou então constituído por três seções. Na parte distal do tubo foram liberadas fêmeas de Aedes aegypti ou Ae. albopictus que eram atraídas para os estímulos de uma mão humana e uma fonte de luz, disposta na caixa, na outra extremidade. Primeiro foi avaliado nessa câmara-teste a repetitividade do padrão de comportamento de atração, verificando-se que proporção dos mosquitos seria atraída para a outra extremidade.<br>Abstract: The transmission of some diseases to humans and others animals by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) is knew. Due to this fact many studies have been done in the laboratory in order to better understand the mosquito behavior. Examples of some studies are those with olfactometers, wind tunnels and test-chambers, among others. Such approaches can also be in order to evaluate products for personal protection such as repellents and bednets, gathering data on their efficacy in avoiding female bites. The aim of the present work was to develop a test-chamber based on a system already described to study Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The system was constructed with polystyrene, consisting of a cage connected to a tube, which was divided in three sections. At the distal end of the tube Aedes aegypti or Ae. albopictus females were released, to be attracted to the stimulus of a human hand and a light source placed at the box in the opposite side. This system was developed in order to assess the host behavior testing a attraction of the stimulus for females, evidenced by their attraction to the other end of the tube. The developed test-chamber proved to be feasible to be use, since 94% Ae. albopictus and 95% of Ae. aegypti females were attracted to the section where the attractive were placed. Sonic frequencies devices, the so-called electronic repellents for insects, spiders and rats have been sold for many years.<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Parasitologia
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Tomerini, Deanna Majella. "The Impact of Local Government Mosquito Control Programs on Ross River Virus Disease in Queensland, Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366893.
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In this study, I have investigated the relationship between mosquito control and
mosquito-borne disease rates within Queensland, Australia. The thesis considers the
most prevalent arbovirus causing human disease in Australia (Ross River virus) and
estimates, how much Ross River virus disease is avoided through local government
mosquito control in Queensland, and then compares the monetary value of avoided
Ross River virus disease with the financial costs of local government mosquito
control.
A survey to collect information about mosquito control costs and practices was
designed and implemented in each of the 125 local governments in Queensland. This
survey collated previously dispersed information; because, although local
governments in Queensland are legally obliged to perform mosquito control for
disease prevention and nuisance reduction, there is no formal or regular reporting of
mosquito control costs and practices to the State.
A substantive conclusion from this research is that mosquito control has resulted in
lower Ross River virus disease notifications in some local government areas. Ross
River virus disease notifications are consistently lower in local government areas that
implement mosquito control programs that pre-empt mosquito outbreaks using
routine surveillance and then reduce mosquito abundance using mosquito control.
Furthermore, there is evidence that local governments using extensive freshwater
mosquito control, in addition to saltwater mosquito control, have relatively lower
annual Ross River virus disease rates and lower standard deviations of the annual
Ross River virus disease rates (indicating the freshwater mosquito control is
important in suppressing outbreaks of Ross River virus disease). In contrast, mosquito control practices in the inland local government areas tend to be reactive to
community complaints of mosquito abundance causing nuisance, and generally
include ad-hoc mosquito control treatments. There is no evidence that reactive, adhoc
mosquito control programs result in reduced Ross River virus disease
notifications.
The numbers of avoided Ross River virus notifications were estimated for the local
governments that are located in the south eastern coastal region of Queensland. It
has been estimated that an annual average of 2206 Ross River virus disease
notifications have been avoided through effective mosquito control; and, for each
actual notification of Ross River virus disease in the southern coastal local
governments, two notifications have been avoided.
The survey revealed that in excess of $10 million was spend by local governments
implementing mosquito control in Queensland in 2004. The majority of this
expenditure occurs in the more densely populated local governments located in the
southern coastal strip of the state.
A comparison of the financial costs of mosquito control and the financial value of
avoided disease produced a cost-benefit ratio of 0.37, meaning that on average, 37%
of the costs of mosquito control are directly recouped through the value of avoided
Ross River virus disease. In years when the risk of Ross River virus outbreaks is
relatively low, due to below average rainfall, the costs of mosquito control exceed
the value of avoided Ross River virus notifications—but in years where the risk of an
epidemic of Ross River virus is high, effective mosquito control practices can avoid
an epidemic of Ross River virus disease, and in this situation the financial value of
avoided disease exceeds the costs of the mosquito control program.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Environment<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Abd-Eldayem, Mohamed Sabry Abd-Elaziz. "A study of the quantitative relationship between the blood density of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and development of infective larvae in Culex pipens molestus in Egypt." Thesis, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247427.
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Gouge, Dawn, Kirk A. Smith, Carl Olson, and Paul Baker. "Mosquitoes." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146702.
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Lambert, Ben. "Understanding mosquito vectors and methods for their control." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2ae215f9-b03a-4ef1-b892-252634f89cef.
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Mosquitoes spread diseases that shorten and worsen the lives of many people, chiefly children in poor countries, around the world. Since Ronald Ross' discovery at the end of the nineteenth century that mosquitoes transmit malaria, field entomologists have collected a great deal of information about mosquito ecology. Despite this tremendous effort, there still remain significant gaps in our knowledge of mosquito ecology, in part, reflecting the significant variation in mosquito ecology across species and geographies. The main aim of this thesis is an attempt to synthesise the substantial information that field entomologists have collected on mosquito lifespan. In Chapters 2 and 3, I conduct meta-analyses of the two predominant approaches used to estimate mosquito lifespan: mark-release-recapture experiments and female mosquito dissection-based studies, respectively. These analyses produce estimates of mosquito lifespan by species and genus, and more broadly, allow for an appraisal of these two experimental approaches. In Chapter 4, I describe a recently developed approach, known as near-infrared spectroscopy, which enables estimation of the age of individual mosquitoes, and then perform an in silico analysis to explore the use of this technology for estimating the average lifespan of wild populations of mosquitoes. The emergence of mosquito resistance to the main insecticides used in vector control, along with the concerning recent discovery that the malaria parasites in Asia are becoming resistant to arteminisin - an important drug used to treat malaria - highlight the need for novel approaches to control disease transmission. Some recently-proposed approaches involve genetic modification of the mosquito vectors, for example, to render them incapable of acting as hosts for disease or to reduce their fecundity. In Chapter 5, I model the impact of a release of mosquitoes carrying a genetic construct known as a homing endonuclease, which has been constructed to bias the sex of mosquito offspring towards males, in computational environments that capture some facets of the real life landscapes where mosquito borne disease is rife. About a century ago, the famous Italian Malariologist Giovanni Grassi declared that malaria was a "giant with clay feet"; reflecting the optimism, in some academic circles at the time, that eradication of this terrible disease would soon occur. Unfortunately, a century of often unsuccessful attempts to control and eradicate malaria, and other mosquito borne diseases, would follow Grassi's statement, meaning that this fight is likely to continue throughout the twenty-first century. We now know much more about mosquitoes and mosquito borne disease than we did a generation ago, but there is still crucial information that we do not. In this thesis, I argue that in order to make significant inroads to disease eradication, further research on mosquito ecology is crucial. Only when we better understand our unwitting mosquito foe, can we design and implement effective disease control measures that are so desperately needed in those most desperate parts of the world.
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Oda, Letícia Tiemi Egami. "Estudo da filogenia dos anofelinos brasileiros do subgênero Nyssorhynchus e padronização da amplificação dos genes do receptor do peptídeo sexual (SPR) e do peptídeo sexual (SP) /." Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110405.
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Orientador: Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla<br>Coorientador: Diego Peres Alonso<br>Banca: Maria Anice Mureb Sallum<br>Banca: Celso Luis Marino<br>Resumo: A evolução da hematofagia em mosquitos é sem dúvida a adaptação mais importante desse grupo de inseto em termos dos patógenos transmitidos pelos vetores, causadores de diversas doenças importantes no mundo de hoje. Um equívoco comum que os mosquitos como um grupo são conhecidos taxonomicamente foi gerado, mas há muitas espécies para serem descobertas e classificadas. Os mosquitos da família Culicidae que possui como subfamília Anophelinae, formam um grupo diversificado, de origem monofilética, com distribuição global. Vale assinalar que apenas uma minoria das 3.200 espécies conhecidas atualmente são importantes vetores de patógenos para os seres humanos. Além de seu papel na transmissão de patógenos, os mosquitos têm muito a oferecer à ciência básica, por exemplo, como indicadores da biodiversidade, do grau de degradação do meio ambiente natural, das diversas formas de uso do solo e para estudos de evolução e de especiação. Os mosquitos possuem um peptídeo chamado Peptídeo Sexual que é expresso nas glândulas acessórias dos machos e inseminado nas fêmeas durante a cópula. A ligação deste peptídeo ao seu receptor encontrado nas fêmeas, desencadeia uma vasta resposta comportamental no inseto, que inclui a mudança de hábito alimentar, dando preferência a alimentos protéicos, a recusa de cópula com outros machos, a indução da oviposição dentre outras. Este projeto teve como objetivo o estudo deste peptídeo e seu respectivo receptor em diferentes anofelinos brasileiros visando gerar dados a respeito da filogenia e da caracterização de um possível marcador genético. Foram feitas extrações de DNA dos mosquitos, reações de PCR, sequenciamento, e análise das sequencias para foramação das árvores filogenéticas no programa Phylip pelas analyses de Máxima Verossimilhança, Neighbor-Joining e Parcimônia. As árvores geradas neste projeto foram comparadas com a árvore padrão do artigo de ...<br>Abstract: The evolution of mosquitoes hematophagy is undoubtedly the most important adaptation of this group of insect in terms of pathogens transmission, which cause various important diseases in the world nowadays. Thus, a common misconception that mosquitoes as a group are known taxonomically was generated, but there are many species to be discovered and classified. The mosquitoes of Culicidae Family which has Anophelinae as subfamily are a diverse group of monophyletic origin, with global distribution. It is noteworth that only a minority of the 3200 species known today, are important vectors of pathogens to humans. Besides the pathogens transmission, mosquitoes have much to offer to basic science, for example, as biodiversity indicators, indicating also the degradation degree of the natural environment, the various ways soil is explored and for studies of evolution and speciation. The mosquitoes have a peptide called Sex Peptide which is expressed in accessory glands of males and is inseminated in females during copulation. The binding of this peptide to its receptor triggers a major behavioral response in the insects, which includes changes in eating habits, giving preference to protein, the refusal of mating with other males, induction of oviposition, among others. This project aims the study of this peptide and its corresponding receptor in different brasilian anophelines in order to generate data about phylogeny and characterization of a possible genetic marker. DNA extraction were made, PRC reaction, sequencing, and sequence analysis for tree generation in the program Phylip whith the anylisis of Maximum Likelihood,Neighbor- Joining and Parsimony.The generated tree was compared whith a standard tree of Foste et al (2013) which used three diferent genes COI, CAD e white gene. We didn't get successful whith SPR tree, but, with SP the classification of the tree were almost the same of Foster et al (2013). Another tree was generated whith ...<br>Mestre
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Hu, Wanqi. "The early zygotic genes and microRNAs in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and the Asian malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70857.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquitoes are notorious vectors for multiple diseases like malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever. To manipulate gene expression in mosquito and spread desired genes among natural population for vector control, a thorough understanding of mosquito development and gene regulation is critical. Early embryogenesis is a rapid, complex yet crucial process in the very beginning of development. Previous research in other species indicated genes transcribed that early evolved fast and played essential roles. The study of mosquito early zygotic genes (EZGs) would offer unique insights into mosquito gene evolution as well as potential targets for mosquito control. In this study, I identified 61 pure EZGs (pEZGs) in mosquito Aedes aegypti. These pEZGs were enriched in architectures adapting to the rapid embryonic cell cycles and were over represented by domains or functions related to maternal zygotic transition. Phylogenetic analysis showed that pEZGs originated mainly from duplication, retrotransposition and de novo emergence. The comparison of pEZGs in Ae. aegypti with those in Drosophila revealed an interesting evolutionary paradox where the early zygotic genes turned over fast but the regulatory motif was conserved in two species. Curiously, the motif binding protein in Drosophila (zelda) seemed unable to initiate the earliest zygotic transcription in Ae. aegypti due to late temporal expression. The regulatory motif (VBRGGTA) found in Ae. aegypti pEZGs was shown necessary and sufficient for driving early zygotic gene expression by transient reporter assays and one motif-bearing promoter was tested with success in driving gene expression as early as 2-4h after egg laying in transgenic Ae. aegypti. This was the first characterized promoter with early zygotic but no maternal expression in Ae. aegypti that can be used for future genetic studies and mosquito control strategies.
As important gene regulators, miRNAs also play essential roles in early embryogenesis. The genome-wide predictions and systematic analysis of miRNAs in Ae. aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were conducted in this study. The first miRNA profiling in mosquito across all developmental stages was also performed to provide basis for future functional study. Several lineage-specific miRNAs were found highly expressed in embryos, indicating their special roles in the embryogenesis of mosquitoes.<br>Ph. D.
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Jacups, Susan Patricia. "Using statistical methods to evaluate and improve mosquito control for mosquito-borne disease reduction in the Northern Territory of Australia." Thesis, Charles Darwin University, 2011. http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:23914.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquito borne-diseases are responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Ross River, Barmah Forest, Murray Valley encephalitis and Kunjin viruses are presently endemic in the Northern Territory, while dengue virus and malaria are at risk of re-establishment. In this thesis, I describe the epidemiology of the major endemic mosquito-borne diseases of the Northern Territory, past and present, and evaluate control strategies adopted to reduce mosquito abundance and disease transmission. Some findings include; Aedes vigilax larval densities were almost 10 times greater in artificially incised drains compared with lower mangroves, despite the creation of drains for mosquito control purposes. I further analyse the effects of drainage channels, habitat modification, over time in three Darwin salt-marshes and one freshwater swamp near Alice Springs. In addition to significantly reducing vector-borne disease transmission and pest biting; habitat modification has restored all swamps to closer to their original ecosystems. To optimise the efficiency of environmentally-sensitive mosquito control programs, I examine current surveillance and control regimes. Findings indicate that most regimes are required to maintain tight mosquito control, although coastal surveillance could be reduced without a loss of information. I develop accurate predictive models for RRV infections in the Northern Territory, using weather and vector numbers. Such models assist public health campaigns, but rarely provide timely notification for vector control. I therefore created methodologies to produce rainfall thresholds —as early warning systems, which guide mosquito control before vector numbers peak, thereby reducing transmission potential. These findings can assist mosquito control programs in northern Australia and tropical regions worldwide.
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Gray, Christine Elizabeth. "Promoters, enhancers and insulators for improved mosquito transgenesis." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4205.
Full textAbstract:
Low level and variable transgene expression plague efforts to produce and
characterize transgenic lines in many species. When transformation efficiency is high,
productive transgenic lines can be generated with reasonable effort. However, most
efforts to date in mosquitoes have resulted in suboptimal levels of transformation. This,
coupled with the large space and intensive labor requirements of mosquito colony
maintenance makes the optimization of transformation in mosquitoes a research priority.
This study proposes two strategies for improving transgene expression and
transformation efficiency. The first is to explore exogenous promoter/enhancer
combinations to direct expression of either the transgene itself, or the transposase
required for insertion of the transgene into the genome. An extension of this strategy is
to investigate the use of a powerful viral transactivating protein and its cognate enhancer
to further increase expression of these targets. The second strategy involves the
identification of an endogenous boundary element for use in insulating transgenes and
their associated regulatory elements. This would mitigate the inappropriate expression
or silencing of many transgenes inserted into âÂÂunfavorableâ genomic environments as a consequence of an inability to specifically target the integration of transposons currently
used in mosquito transgenesis.
The IE1 transactivating protein and its cognate enhancer from a baculovirus were
shown to significantly increase expression of a reporter gene from three different
promoters in cultured mosquito cells. Other heterologous enhancer/promoter
combinations resulted in minimal increases or insignificant changes in expression.
Orthologues of the vertebrate insulator-binding factor, CTCF, were cloned and
characterized in two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. The
expression profile of mosquito CTCF is consistent with its role as a putative insulatorbinding
protein. Preliminary binding site studies reveal a C/G-rich binding site
consistent with that known in vertebrates and indicate that CTCF may bind widespread
sites within mosquito genomes.
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Moskalyk, Loralyn Ann. "Characterization of gene products from female mosquito midguts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27842.pdf.
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