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Journal articles on the topic 'Most Favoured Nation Principle'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mahardika, Robertus Bima Wahyu, and Emmy Latifah. "VARYING APPLICATION OF MOST-FAVOURED-NATION PRINCIPLE IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT TREATY." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 2 (September 16, 2018): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v7i2.18542.

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<p>The aim of this study is to provide an academic framing of the philosophical foundation of the Most-favored-nation principle (MFN) in international investment law. The MFN principle is one of the most important principles in international law. In international investment law, MFN principle serves as a mechanism to create conditions in which foreign investors from many countries have equal opportunities to compete fairly in host country.</p><p> </p>

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2

Gatsios, Konstantine. "Preferential tariffs and the ‘most favoured nation’ principle: A note." Journal of International Economics 28, no. 3-4 (May 1990): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(90)90009-b.

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3

Pebrianto, Dony Yusra. "Implikasi Prinsip Most Favoured Nation terhadap Pengaturan Tarif Impor Di Indonesia." Wajah Hukum 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v2i1.25.

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The existence of trade liberalization are faced with the fact that competition in the trade of countries particularly in this export and import kian feels very rapidly. The existence of instruments of international law contained in the General Agreement on the set fee and Trade (GATT) becomes an important point in the conception of international trade arrangements for States parties who joined GATT in the World Trade Organization (WTO). So the principles inherent in the preparation of the concept of a national law for countries that have ratified GATT. Indonesia one of the countries that have ratified GATT would of course be bound by those principles, one of which is the principle of Most Favoured Nation tariff arrangements that implicates to import in Indonesia. So the protection of local commodities closed chances though limited to keep the continuity of the national production.

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4

ZELL, JOSHUA A. "Just Between You and Me: Mutual Recognition Agreements and the Most-Favoured Nation Principle." World Trade Review 15, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000518.

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AbstractMutual recognition agreements present unique legal issues in the application of the most-favoured nation obligations flowing from Article I:1 of GATT 1994 and Articles 2.1 and 5.1.1 of the TBT Agreement. Mutual recognition agreements come in two types – those recognizing the equivalence of technical regulations, and those recognizing the equivalence of conformity assessment procedures. Both carry potential trade advantages for state parties, but both also carry the potential to create unintended trade consequences for state parties if combined with a broad application of the most-favoured nation principle. The WTO Appellate Body has touched on a number of the relevant legal issues in a series of reports culminating in the May 2014 EC–Seals decision, but many questions remain. This article seeks to provide states and practitioners with a guide to the issues and the way in which the Appellate Body would most likely address the remaining questions, based on the existing jurisprudence.

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5

Wüstenberg, Moritz. "Back to the Future: mfn Treatment in an Era of Protectionism." Nordic Journal of International Law 86, no. 4 (November 8, 2017): 525–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08604004.

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Most favoured nation (mfn) clauses, extending the benefits of the most favoured nation to the treaty partner, have existed since at least the 11th century. From the 18th century on, mfn clauses were frequently included in trade agreements. The widespread use of the mfn principle has furthered the equal treatment of nations and created prosperity and peace. In the multilateral framework of the World Trade Organization (wto), the mfn principle is a cornerstone, with only few exceptions to it. This article reviews the development of the mfn clause in major trade agreements in relation to historical events from 1648 onwards. The aim of this study is to determine what the consequences of protectionism, measured by unequal treatment of trading partners and protectionist policies has been in the past.

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6

Thulasidhass, PR. "Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment in International Investment Law: Ascertaining the Limits through Interpretative Principles." Amsterdam Law Forum 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.37974/alf.272.

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7

Eka Krisna Yanti, Anak Agung Istri. "Prinsip Non Diskriminasi Tenaga Kerja Asing Dalam Kerangka GATS: Dimensi Kepariwisataan." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2018.v07.i02.p05.

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This study aims to identify and elaborate the Non-Discrimination Principles of the GATS related to the use of foreign workers in the provisions of tourism. The main non-discriminatory principle used in this study is the principle of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) and National Treatment. Indonesia agreed to be bound on GATS by promulgating law Number 7 the year 1994 regarding the Ratification of Agreement on Establishing the World Trade Organisation, that ensures Indonesia to obedient non-discrimination principle on Indonesia’s regulations. As a member of GATS, Indonesia must submit a schedule of commitments that explain the types of services that are ready to apply the principle of non-discrimination. This research is a normative legal research by examining norms, principles, and related legal aspect of foreign labor in Indonesia. The authors found that there was a conflict of norms in the application of the GATS non-discrimination principle in Indonesian labor law in the trade of foreign labor services. Indonesia actually has its own sovereignty that can not be imposed by any party and in the application of GATS non-discrimination principle not by contradicting Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as the basis of the development of employment. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengelaborasi Prinsip Non Diskriminasi GATs terkait penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing dalam ketentuan kepariwisataan. Prinsip non diskrimininasi yang utama digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah prinsip Most Favoured Nation (MFN) dan National Treatment. Indonesia setuju untuk terikat pada GATS dengan meratifikasi Undang-Undang Nomor 7 tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization yang mengikat Indonesia untuk mematuhi prinsip-prinsip non diskriminasi dalam pengaturan perdagangan jasa di Indonesia. Sebagai anggota GATS, Indonesia harus menyerahkan komitmen yang berisikan jenis perdagangan jasa yang siap menerapkan prinsip non diskriminasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan meneliti norma, asas, dan bahan-bahan hukum penunjang terkait tenaga kerja asing di Indonesia. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa ada konflik norma dalam penerapan prinsip non-diskriminasi GATS dalam hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia, khususnya dalam penggunaan tenaga kerja asing. Indonesia sebenarnya memiliki kedaulatan tersendiri yang tidak dapat dipaksakan oleh pihak manapun dan dalam penerapan prinsip non-diskriminasi GATS tidak boleh bertentangan dengan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 sebagai dasar pengembangan ketenagakerjaan.

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8

MOSSNER, LOUISE EVA. "The WTO and Regional Trade: a family business? The WTO compatibility of regional trade agreements with non-WTO-members." World Trade Review 13, no. 4 (May 23, 2014): 633–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745613000347.

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AbstractNumerous WTO members pursue regional economic integration with both other members and non-WTO-members. The resulting derogation from the most-favoured-nation principle needs to be justified in accordance with the relevant WTO provisions. Regional integration in the service sector is expressly allowed between WTO and non-WTO members pursuant to GATS Article V. In the absence of clear regulation, it has been questioned whether the same is true for regional trade agreements (RTAs) covering trade in goods. Providing a comprehensive interpretation, this paper argues that neither GATT Article XXIV nor the Enabling Clause require the WTO membership of all the parties to an RTA.

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9

KAUFMANN, CHRISTINE, and ROLF H. WEBER. "Carbon-related border tax adjustment: mitigating climate change or restricting international trade?" World Trade Review 10, no. 4 (August 16, 2011): 497–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745611000292.

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AbstractBorder tax adjustments in the form of carbon taxes on products from countries with lax environmental production standards or in the form of a required participation in an emissions allowances' trading system have become a heavily debated issue under WTO law. Such an adjustment might be permissible if energy taxes as indirect taxes are applied on inputs during the production process. Compliance with the Most Favoured Nation principle has less practical importance than the not-yet settled likeness discussion under the National Treatment principle. Consequently, since the compatibility of carbon-related border tax adjustment measures is partly contested, potential justifications such as the conservation of exhaustible national resources or the protection of health (Art. XX GATT) become relevant. The application of the necessity and proportionality test requires that carbon measures are tailored so as to substantially contribute to the achievement of environmental objectives and do not create any arbitrary or unjustified discrimination.

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Alex, Ann Thania. "Global Food Trade in a Rule Based System." Christ University Law Journal 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.18.2.

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A rule-based regime of international trade is built upon norms of equality and non-discrimination. It helps maintain equity in international trade by the observance of principles such as that of Most Favoured Nation and National Treatment. A closer inspection of the sector wise international trade practices of nations suggests that there are deviations from the rule-based mechanism of World Trade Organisation. This detrimentally impacts the balance of trade. This research article analyses the application of the rule-based regime of the World Trade Organisation with special reference to instances of inequalities in regulations imposed on trade in food products in the context of India and other developing countries. The paper concludes with an analysis of the plausible reasons for the rejection of exports from developing countries and suggests the need for the rectification of such inequalities.

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Chen, John-ren, and Christian Smekal. "Should the WTO deal with e-trade taxation issues?" Progress in Development Studies 9, no. 4 (October 2009): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499340900900407.

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Electronic commerce may be a great equalizer that helps to reduce, or even to eliminate, distance-related barriers to trade, but it can also exacerbate a so-called ‘digital dividend’ vis-à-vis countries with technological and infrastructural deficiencies, especially developing countries. In the following we concentrate on trade distortion caused by taxation of e-trade in intangible goods. We believe this will have a particular ramification for the developing world. General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) provisions may be relevant to many concerns with respect to the regulations of e-commerce, such as online privacy protection, illegal or illicit content, cyber crime and fraud, en-forcement of contracts, consumer protection, and taxation. In this paper, we will focus our debate mainly on the issues of taxation of e-trade with respect to the two basic principles of the WTO, that is. the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) and the National Treatment (NT) principles.

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12

Panjwani, Pratyush. "The Role of Travaux in Interpreting BIT Provisions: Are Tribunals Over-Prepared to Resort to Preparatory Works?" Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, no. 4 (August 27, 2019): 473–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340140.

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Abstract While multilateral investment treaties have formed the centrepiece of much academic discourse, an uncharacteristic literary silence has eclipsed the issue of interpretation of bilateral investment treaties under the scheme of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). This article travels this untraversed territory by revisiting the basics of the principles encapsulated in the hierarchical set-up of Articles 31 and 32 VCLT, and juxtaposing this foundational set-up against its frequent oversights by investment tribunals. These oversights are exemplified by the divergent interpretative analyses afforded to umbrella and most-favoured-nation clauses, and emanate from a premature resort to the travaux préparatoires of investment treaties under Article 32 VCLT. Ultimately, the article argues that a proper application of the VCLT would go a long way in eliminating the contradictions tainting the understanding of the aforesaid clauses.

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13

Fithriah, Nurhani. "PENERAPAN PRINSIP NON-DISKRIMINATIF DAN NATIONAL TREATMENT OLEH INDONESIA DALAM RANGKA MEA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 25 TAHUN 2007 TENTANG PENANAMAN MODAL." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2017): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.2.1.80-90.

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Indonesia yang tergabung dalam PBB turut mengambil langkah awal dalam kebijakan yang diratifikasi dengan persetujuan pembentukan WTO melalui Undang-undang No.7 tahun 1994, yakni keterikatan untuk melaksanakan seluruh hasil kesepakatan perundingan Uruguay. Peraturan penanaman modal asing sesungguhnya tidak secara tegas termuat dalam perjanjian WTO, namun secara eksplisit muncul dalam rumusan prinsip-prinsip perdagangan bebas khususnya terkait prinsip non diskriminasi yang meliputi Most Favoured Nation (MFN) dan National Treatment Principle (NT). penanaman modal asing merupakan solusi bagi negara-negara berkembang, seperti Indonesia untuk mengoptimalkan pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan potensi ekonomi (economic resource) agar bernilai lebih tinggi. Dibentuknya Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal dimaksudkan untuk menarik investor asing dan investor dalam negeri. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini yaitu terkait kewajiban diterapkannya Prinsip non-diskriminatif dan National Treatment atau perlakuan yang sama bagi penanam modal asing di Indonesia dan penerapan prinsip Non-Diskriminatif dan National Treatment dalam kasus Pengadaan Mobil Nasional Indonesia. Kesimpulan yang didapat yakni Pemerintah Indonesia sudah menerapkan prinsip Non-Diskriminatif dan National Treatment dengan menerapkan prinsip tersebut di dalam Undang-undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal. Indonesia juga menerapkan Prinsip Non-Diskriminatif dan National Treatment dalam Kasus Pengadaan Mobil Nasional Indonesia dengan menjalani putusan yang mewajibkan Pemerintah Indonesia mencabut semua Keputusan Presiden beserta Peraturan lainnya yang terkait dengan persyaratan kandungan lokal.

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14

Fithriah, Nurhani. "PENERAPAN PRINSIP NON-DISKRIMINATIF DAN NATIONAL TREATMENT OLEH INDONESIA DALAM RANGKA MEA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 25 TAHUN 2007 TENTANG PENANAMAN MODAL." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2017): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.v2i1.8012.

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Indonesia yang tergabung dalam PBB turut mengambil langkah awal dalam kebijakan yang diratifikasi dengan persetujuan pembentukan WTO melalui Undang-undang No.7 tahun 1994, yakni keterikatan untuk melaksanakan seluruh hasil kesepakatan perundingan Uruguay. Peraturan penanaman modal asing sesungguhnya tidak secara tegas termuat dalam perjanjian WTO, namun secara eksplisit muncul dalam rumusan prinsip-prinsip perdagangan bebas khususnya terkait prinsip non diskriminasi yang meliputi Most Favoured Nation (MFN) dan National Treatment Principle (NT). penanaman modal asing merupakan solusi bagi negara-negara berkembang, seperti Indonesia untuk mengoptimalkan pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan potensi ekonomi (economic resource) agar bernilai lebih tinggi. Dibentuknya Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal dimaksudkan untuk menarik investor asing dan investor dalam negeri. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini yaitu terkait kewajiban diterapkannya Prinsip non-diskriminatif dan National Treatment atau perlakuan yang sama bagi penanam modal asing di Indonesia dan penerapan prinsip Non-Diskriminatif dan National Treatment dalam kasus Pengadaan Mobil Nasional Indonesia. Kesimpulan yang didapat yakni Pemerintah Indonesia sudah menerapkan prinsip Non-Diskriminatif dan National Treatment dengan menerapkan prinsip tersebut di dalam Undang-undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal. Indonesia juga menerapkan Prinsip Non-Diskriminatif dan National Treatment dalam Kasus Pengadaan Mobil Nasional Indonesia dengan menjalani putusan yang mewajibkan Pemerintah Indonesia mencabut semua Keputusan Presiden beserta Peraturan lainnya yang terkait dengan persyaratan kandungan lokal.

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15

MESSERLIN, PATRICK A. "Climate and trade policies: from mutual destruction to mutual support." World Trade Review 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745611000395.

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AbstractThere is no doubt that trade and climate policies can be mutually destructive. But there are three strong reasons to suggest that they can also be mutually supportive: they have a common problem, common foes, and common friends. Mutual support would be much stronger if the world regimes for these two policies shared a few common principles. The climate community should feel at ease with the broad WTO principles of ‘national treatment’ and ‘most-favoured nation’, and rely on them in building its own treaty and institutions. The trade community should grasp the opportunity to benefit from the better disciplines on adjustment policies that it is hoped the climate community will design.These conclusions should put the many pending problems into a more positive perspective, and persuade negotiators to find pragmatic compromises, as was the case with the GATT. Using this perspective, the paper focuses on a few key issues, such as the definition of carbon border taxes and the reasons to ban carbon tariffs. Other cases of mutual support are examined. For instance, the climate community should not repeat the mistakes of the world trade regime in dealing with the developing and least developed countries.

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16

Booth, Paul. "Most favoured nation?" Religion in Communist Lands 15, no. 1 (March 1987): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637498708431296.

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17

Hartiana, Alberta. "PRINSIP-PRINSIP GATS (GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES) TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN JASA PENDIDIKAN TINGGI." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 5, no. 4 (May 31, 2017): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2016.v05.i04.p09.

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International trade in higher education belongs to the more complex reality in the international trade in services, become global trends and reform in system of higher education all over the world. This research is aimed at finding out both modes of supply and principles of GATS regarding international trade in services. The main objective of the GATS is creating a credible and reliable system of international trade rules; ensuring fair and equitable treatment of all members; stimulating economic activity through guaranteed policy bindings and promoting trade and development through progressive liberalization. This study used normative research. The method used for collecting data was the statute approach. Primary legal sources derived from WTO Trade in Services Division regarding GATS obligations and the principles of the international trade in services. The result of this study, it was found that, there were four modes of supply trade in education under GATS (article 1:2) such as: cross-border supply; consumption abroad; commercial presence and delivery abroad; and the principles of GATS divided into two categories; Firstly, unconditionally obligations, such as the Most-Favoured Nation (article II GATS) and Transparency (article III GATS) apply directly and automatically to all WTO members and services sector regardless of whether WTO member schedule commitment or not; Secondly, conditionally obligations such as: National Treatment (article XVII) and Market Access (article XVI) and only applies to commitment listed in national schedules.Perdagangan internasional dalam pendidikan tinggi milik realitas yang lebih kompleks dalam perdagangan internasional di bidang jasa, menjadi tren global dan reformasi dalam sistem pendidikan tinggi di seluruh dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui model-model pasokan dan prinsip-prinsip GATS mengenai perdagangan internasional di bidang jasa. Tujuan utama dari GATS adalah menciptakan sistem yang kredibel dan terpercaya aturan perdagangan internasional; memastikan perlakuan yang adil dan merata dari seluruh anggota; merangsang kegiatan ekonomi melalui binding kebijakan dijamin dan mempromosikan perdagangan dan pembangunan melalui liberalisasi yang progresif. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian normatif. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah pendekatan undang-undang. Sumber hukum primer berasal dari WTO/GATS Divisi Perdagangan Jasa mengenai kewajiban dan prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional di bidang jasa. Hasil penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa, ada empat model perdagangan pasokan dalam pendidikan di bawah GATS (pasal 1: 2) seperti: pasokan lintas batas; Konsumsi di luar negeri; Kehadiran komersial dan pengiriman luar negeri; dan prinsip-prinsip GATS dibagi menjadi dua kategori; Pertama, kategori kewajiban tanpa syarat, yaitu: Most-Favoured Nation (pasal II GATS) dan Transparansi (pasal III GATS) berlaku secara langsung dan secara otomatis kepada semua anggota WTO dan sektor jasa terlepas dari apakah anggota WTO membuat jadwal komitmen atau tidak; Kedua, kewajiban dengan persyaratan seperti: Perlakuan Nasional (pasal XVII) dan Akses Pasar (pasal XVI) dan hanya diaplikasikan terhadap daftar komitmen yang tercantum dalam jadwal nasional.

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18

Bostoen, F. "Most Favoured Nation Clauses:." European Competition and Regulatory Law Review 1, no. 3 (2017): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/core/2017/3/9.

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19

Wang, Dong. "China's Trade Relations with the United States in Perspective." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 39, no. 3 (September 2010): 165–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261003900307.

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China's trade relations with the United States over the past four decades is a topic that has not been fully dealt with in scholarly works. This paper charts the course of US-China economic relations since 1971, explains the principal forces stimulating growth and encouraging change and, finally, discusses how these two economic giants fit into an interlocking Asian and world economy. In reaction to the post-2008 financial downturn, advocates for a new world economic order have suggested a rebalancing of global demand, which will arguably become a major, politically charged issue in the US and in China in the years to come. Growing economic interdependence has quickly presented new challenges and opportunities, with issues such as human rights, Most-Favoured-Nation status, the Taiwan and Tibet question, and the huge American trade deficit threatening to cloud the relationship at times. With China's emergence as a major power and America's hegemonic ambitions tested in successive wars, the contradiction between a booming commercial relationship and conflict associated with geopolitical and ideological differences will continue to constitute a serious challenge. The long-term goal for each side will be to forge economic ties strong enough to create a stable political relationship, rather than to be held hostage by geopolitical constraints.

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Moisés, José Alvaro. "Elections, Political Parties and Political Culture in Brazil: Changes and Continuities." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 3 (October 1993): 575–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00006672.

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The 1989 presidential elections confirmed the thesis that Brazilian voters use their ballots as weapons to express their dissatisfaction with the performance of their governments and, in particular, with the incumbents' ability to cope with the serious economic difficulties that have plagued Brazil in recent decades. Nearly thirty years after the last free presidential elections, the ballots cast across Brazil and in all segments of the society reflected a heightened plebiscitary tendency, especially in the most developed regions of the nation, that is, in modern Brazil. Looking at recent political history, we can observe that this trend became generalised in the 1970s, with the crisis of the authoritarian regime. Faced with a two-party system (Arena and MDB) imposed by the ruling military, the electorate voiced its protest by voting against authoritarianism and, in principle, in favour of democracy. Now that the authoritarian regime is no longer there, democracy seeks its consolidation – but the voters continue voting against; that is, they continue to use their ballots to reject incumbent governments (the 1986 elections being the only exception). The big change, however, is that now, in addition to reproving administrations which they deem inadequate, the voters are also protesting against the backwardness and vices of traditional Brazilian politics and, more specifically, against the practices of corruption, favouritism, and privatism.

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21

Rai, Sheela. "Antidumping Measures and the Most-favoured Nation Treatment Requirement." Foreign Trade Review 52, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732516660795.

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Decision of the Appellate Body in two cases has raised the issue whether antidumping measures should be applied on MFN basis. One view is that it should be. Another view is that it need not be. Author supports the idea that it need not be but on arguments different from what is given by other writers. Author contends that interpretation of Article VI and Antidumping Agreement do not support the idea of application of antidumping measures on MFN basis.

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22

Häkkinen, Ville. "Redescribing the Nation." Democracy and Discriminatory Strategies in Parliamentary Discourse 17, no. 5 (August 14, 2018): 655–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.18011.hak.

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Abstract Boosting national spirit through projection of otherness is not a new phenomenon, at least in authoritarian regimes. Yet the role of anti-Semitism in the Numerus Clausus debates in the Hungarian parliament in 1920 and 1928 is worth deeper analysis, as it bore a peculiar role in the Hungarian interwar counterrevolutionary nation-building. The Numerus Clausus law of 1920 set ethnic quotas to university enrolment; the explicit argument for this was countering the Jewish ‘over-representation’ in Hungarian society. However, in 1928 the law was amended, abolishing (in principle) the said quotas; this time the arguments favoured national consolidation, where segregation was to be moderated. In both cases, the national elites construed and made use of nation-centred political rhetoric, but used it for differing ends in different times. This article shall analyse the debates of the Hungarian Parliament concerning the Numerus Clausus laws, especially from the viewpoints of nation-building and rhetoric of exclusion.

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23

Simon, Sven. "Again: No Direct Effect of the Most-Favoured-Nation Clause." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 4 (December 2010): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000970.

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Case C-160/09 Ioannis Katsivardas – Nikolaos Tsitsikas OE v. Ipourgos IkonomikonArticle 4 of the Cooperation Agreement concluded between the European Economic Community, of the one part, and the Cartagena Agreement and the member countries thereof – Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela – of the other part, approved by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1591/84 of 4 June 1984, is not such as to confer on individuals rights upon which they might rely before the courts of a Member State (official headnote).

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24

Rogozina, A. A. "Some Peculiarities of Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses in International Investment Law." RUDN JOURNAL OF LAW 21, no. 2 (2017): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2017-21-2-263-277.

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25

Ranjan, Prabhash. "Most favoured nation provision in Indian bilateral investment treaties: A case for reform." Indian Journal of International Law 55, no. 1 (March 2015): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40901-015-0001-4.

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26

Ahn, Hyungdo. "WTO's Most-Favored Nation (MFN) Principle and North-South Trade." East Asian Economic Review 2, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.11644/kiep.jeai.1998.2.1.13.

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Turner, Ted. "The mission thing." Index on Censorship 23, no. 4-5 (September 1994): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064229408535730.

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While the US congress was debating whether to continue China's Most Favoured Nation status, and Clinton was going back on his election promises, CNN's boss in Hong Kong was appealing for a laissez-faire approach to human rights

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Wróblewska, Małgorzata. "The most favoured nation clause in tax matters from the perspective of the EU and the GATT." Sprawy Międzynarodowe 73, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/sm.2020.73.4.08.

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The most favoured nation clause has been one of the most complex elements of tax law. This results from the fact that it concerns the sensitive matter of the sovereignty of states related to fiscal matters and originates from various legal acts that have been established at international, European Union (EU) and national law levels. Additionally, it is related to the EU’s dual membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The added value of the article is the endeavour to define the mutual relationship between the most favoured nation clause expressed in Art. 1 (1) of the GATT, resulting from EU law and Art. 24 of the OECD MC that is the template for bilateral agreements of double tax avoidance. The aim of the research is a comparison of the above-mentioned regulations in order to establish what kind of relationship exists between those regulations. In conclusion, it should be considered that in the current legal state, Art. 1 (1) of the GATT does not constitute the basis for the interpretation of bilateral double taxation avoidance agreements, unless their provisions are consistent with each other. The following research methods have been applied in the article: legal comparison, descriptive and analytical.

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Šturma, Pavel. "Goodbye, Maffezini? On the Recent Developments of Most-Favoured-Nation Clause Interpretation in International Investment Law." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 15, no. 1 (March 17, 2016): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341317.

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Pérez-Aznar, Facundo. "The Use of Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses to Import Substantive Treaty Provisions in International Investment Agreements." Journal of International Economic Law 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 777–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgx034.

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Döös, Marianne, Lena Wilhelmson, Jenny Madestam, and Åsa Örnberg. "Principle of Singularity." Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE) 2, no. 2-3 (November 2, 2018): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/njcie.2757.

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This paper provides insight into the legislative process behind the current Education Act of Sweden. The aim is to shed light on how and why it came to prohibit joint leadership for principals. Joint leadership is a sub-form of shared leadership between managers characterised by complete formal authority, hierarchic equality and merged work tasks. The sharing of a principal’s position is, in previous research, identified as potentially favourable for principals and schools as it decreases principals’ often heavy workload. Five retrospective interviews were done with people involved in the legislative process. The analysis points out both distrust in the governing line and uninformed notions of leadership among legislators as explanations behind the prohibition. In the legislative work, joint leadership was at most a marginal issue. Thus the legal prohibition was an unintended side-effect, yet completely in line with traditional and uninformed notions of leadership. The principle of singularity ruled and joint leadership was extinguished for principals without considering whether this favoured or harmed the overarching aims of the Education Act: increased peda-gogical responsibility and leadership with a focus on the students’ learning, results and democratic upbring-ing.

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Chaisse, Julien, and Jamieson Kirkwood. "CHINESE PUZZLE: ANATOMY OF THE (INVISIBLE) BELT AND ROAD INVESTMENT TREATY1." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz047.

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Abstract This article makes a major contribution to the emerging Belt and Road Initiative scholarship (and international economic law) by highlighting that (i) China’s existing investment treaty network along the Belt and Road is dated, (ii) many or most of those treaties include Most Favored Nation provisions, (iii) these treaties have hitherto been subject to a static three generations analysis which does not reflect the reality, and (iv) there is significant authority supporting the use of the Most Favoured Nation provisions by Chinese investors to upgrade the Belt and Road Initiative investment treaty network. This article demonstrates that an investment treaty for the Belt and Road Initiative already exists via the Most Favored Nation clause present in China’s bilateral investment treaties. Moreover, the article further identifies that China’s treaty network is unique (by being so extensive) and assesses the potential for investment claims in light of Belt and Road Initiative jurisdictions past involvements in Investor–State Dispute Settlement, and by doing so, the article sheds a new light on the predicted increased use of such procedure by Chinese investors.

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Schill, S. W. "Allocating Adjudicatory Authority: Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses as a Basis of Jurisdiction--A Reply to Zachary Douglas." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2011): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idr004.

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De Meester, B. "Testing European Prudential Conditions for Banking Mergers in the Light of Most Favoured Nation in the Gats." Journal of International Economic Law 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 609–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgn020.

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Gowa, Joanne, and Raymond Hicks. "The most-favored nation rule in principle and practice: Discrimination in the GATT." Review of International Organizations 7, no. 3 (January 10, 2012): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-011-9141-6.

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Hekman, Rebecca, Nadège Huart, and Janet Whittaker. "Menzies Middle East and Africa S.A. and Aviation Handling Services International Ltd. v. Republic of Senegal." World Trade Review 16, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000483.

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In a case of first impression, a tribunal at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) rejected Claimants' novel legal argument that the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clause in Article II of the World Trade Organisation's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) enabled Menzies Middle East and Africa S.A. (MMEA) to access the offers to arbitrate under the Senegal–Netherlands and the Senegal–United Kingdom bilateral investment treaties (BITs).

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Valenti, M. "The Most Favoured Nation Clause in BITs as a Basis for Jurisdiction in Foreign Investor--Host State Arbitration." Arbitration International 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/24.3.447.

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Rashid, Zahida, and A. Z. Hilali. "Geo-Politics of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Status under the WTO and Future of Trade between India-Pakistan." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.1.6.

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This paper presents the impact of political decision on regional trade between India and Pakistan from the prospect of Pakistan Most Favoured Nation (MFN). The study is based on pre and post MFN status, which shows substantial evidence that Indian decision of declaring Pakistan as MFN in 1996 has shifted the dimension of trade in favour of India. The study is based on qualitative and descriptive analysis, which shows consumerism in Pakistan and its trend of Indian exports to Pakistan. The broad objective of study is aimed at analysing the possibility of trade between India and Pakistan under the world trading system. However, Pakistan exports to India are indifferent to Indian economic situation and Pakistan’s decision has insignificant impact on mutual trade. Thus, despite the volatile relationship, trade can play an important role for economic growth of Pakistan and the country can exploit the bigger market of India. Further, reduction in political tensions would eventually benefit both countries and means can generate larger benefits and trade facilitation measures. In this regard, trade routes should be opened, communications shall be restarted, and contracts should restore.

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Hirsh, Bruce R. "The WTO Bananas Decision: Cutting Through the Thicket." Leiden Journal of International Law 11, no. 2 (June 1998): 201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156598000168.

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The Bananas decision demonstrated that WTO dispute settlement panels and the Appellate Body are capable of effectively and clearly analyzing whether extremely complex measures are consistent with WTO rules. The trade-liberalizing decision established the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as a meaningful constraint on discriminatory measures with an impact on both goods and services and clarified the nature of the GATS Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) obligation. The decision also severely constrained the ability of the EU to justify non-tariff discriminatory measures such as the quota allocation system at issue in Bananas based on the Lomé waiver.

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Nadzru, Najwa Afaf, Ain Syuhada, Mohammad Tazli Azizan, and Mariam Ameen. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Aqueous Phase Reforming of Sorbitol." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 1004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8757.

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The objectives of this study were to investigate the most thermodynamically favoured reaction pathway during APR of sorbitol. The thermodynamic analysis of APR of sorbitol was studied using ASPEN Plus V8.0 by applying Gibbs free energy minimization principle, operating at different temperatures (300–800 K), pressure (10–30 bar) and sorbitol concentration (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The simulation model was validated by comparing the results with the existing work conducted by Serentis and Tsiakaras. The results obtained show that the mol fraction and trend of H2, CO2 and CH4 for both cases are almost similar to the existing work. Therefore the simulation model was validated. Five main reaction pathways of APR of sorbitol were identified and intermediates of each reaction pathway were defined according to their stages and their composition was analyzed. The result obtained show that the decarbonylation reaction (pathway 2) is the most thermodynamically favoured pathway with a total dry basis percentage of 21%.

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Ozai, Ivan. "INTER-NATION EQUITY REVISITED." Columbia Journal of Tax Law 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjtl.v12i1.7412.

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States are on the verge of a new form of global competition. Some have taken unilateral measures to tax multinational profits that they would typically not be able to tax, at least not according to conventional international tax concepts and rules. Others have threatened to retaliate with economic countermeasures to protect their tax base and corporate residents. The recent attempt of the OECD to build consensus for a global tax compact has so far proven unsuccessful due to broad disagreement about how taxing rights should be equitably distributed between countries. As policymakers and tax scholars increasingly call into question long-standing theories of international taxation, the concept of inter-nation equity plays a pivotal role as a guiding principle in determining how to divide the international tax base among states. Inter-nation equity is one of the most ubiquitous concepts appearing in international tax policy discussions and yet one of the most understudied in tax scholarship. This Article introduces a comprehensive normative analysis of inter-nation equity by discussing how the concept should reconcile the two primary goals of international allocation of taxing rights: on the one hand, the concern of states to preserve their tax sovereignty and, on the other hand, the need to promote some degree of redistribution to address the challenges of global poverty and inequality. This Article further explains how a similar notion of inter-nation equity has developed in other areas of international law and discusses some practical implications for tax policy design.

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Whitsitt, Elizabeth. "Application of Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses to the Dispute Settlement Provisions of Bilateral Investment Treaties: an Assessment of the Jurisprudence." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 27, no. 4 (November 2009): 527–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2009.11435229.

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Wordsworth, S., and C. Brown. "A Re-run of Siemens, Wintershall and Hochtief on Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses: Daimler Financial Services AG v Argentine Republic." ICSID Review 30, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/siv004.

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Djordjevic, Stevan. "The effect of international treaties." Medjunarodni problemi 59, no. 1 (2007): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0701049d.

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The article is devoted to the doctrine and practice of the Law of Treaties. The author focuses his attention on the following four topics: 1. the Treaties and third States or third international organizations; 2. the Tre?aties that provide rights for third States or third international organizations; 3. the Treaties that set out obligations for third States or third international organizations. He pays special attention to the most-favoured-nation clau?se. The author gives interpretations of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations 1986.

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Tzanakopoulos, Antonios. "National Treatment and MFN in the (Invisible) EU Model BIT." Journal of World Investment & Trade 15, no. 3-4 (July 28, 2014): 484–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01504007.

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This article discusses the potential provisions on national treatment and most-favoured-nation (mfn) treatment to be included in a future model bilateral investment treaty (bit) of the European Union (eu) against the background of the leaked draft text of the Canada-eu Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) investment chapter. It concludes that the relevant eu treaty practice seems to be closer to investment protection models influenced by the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta), such as those prevalent in the Canada and us Model bits, and that a future eu Model bit along these lines will depart significantly from the investment treaty practice of eu Member States.

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Oganezova, S. R. "Most-Favored-Nation Clause in the Practice of Establishing the Jurisdiction of the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/10.17803/19941471.2021.124.3.160-167.

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Based on the analysis of arbitration practice and doctrine, the author identifies the principles of interpretation of the most-favored-nation clause in order to resolve the issue of the jurisdiction of the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) by arbitration. The author concludes that the arbitration should be guided not only by the principle of literal interpretation of the international investment agreement and, in case of uncertainty, establish the intention of the contracting states to apply the most-favored-nation clause to the process of resolving investment disputes, but also take into account the public policy of the contracting states.

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Radi, Y. "The Application of the Most-Favoured-Nation Clause to the Dispute Settlement Provisions of Bilateral Investment Treaties: Domesticating the 'Trojan Horse'." European Journal of International Law 18, no. 4 (September 1, 2007): 757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chm031.

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Wood, Jacob. "An Industrial Sector Analysis of the Factors Influencing FTA Negotiation Outcomes." Global Business Review 18, no. 4 (May 8, 2017): 895–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150917692240.

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This study examines the way in which economic and non-economic factors impact the outcome of international FTA negotiations from an industrial sector perspective. This study demonstrates that the result of negotiations, as measured by the share of duty free tariff lines, is significantly affected by both non-economic and economic factors. The results from the study showed that five of the eight variables tested were statistically significant, of which two were non-economic (union membership and ruling party ideology) and three were economic (import penetration, industrial sector unemployment rate and the most favoured nation rate of duty free tariff lines) in nature. This empirical study also draws a number of conclusions as to the implications of these findings.

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Suwanprasert, Wisarut. "The role of the most favored nation principle of the GATT/WTO in the New Trade model." Review of International Economics 28, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 760–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12470.

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KRUSTIYATI, Atik, Sylvia JANISRIWATI, Novela CHRISTINE, and Mokhamad Khoirul HUDA. "Observing European Union Rejection of Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil Exports from the Most Favored Nation and Quantitative Restriction Principles." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).25.

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Crude palm oil is one of the main commodities exported by Indonesia to several countries, including European Union. The European Union has pushed through several laws regarding climate change, including the Renewable Energy Directive II. The regulation supplementing the Renewable Energy Directive II has also been adopted by the European Commission, making the criteria for determining the high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807. The objective of this paper is to observe if the measure taken by European Union on determining the indirect land-use change-risk feedstock has satisfied the existing WTO trade principles, the principle of most favored nation and the principle of quantitative restriction. The determining criteria in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 is trade restrictive and discriminating to the export of crude palm oil, as crude palm oil is the only feedstock that falls under the criteria of high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock. The regulation has impact for the consumption of crude palm oil in Member states of European Union should be gradually reduced 0% by 2030 at the latest. As the provision on General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade embodies the principle of non-discrimination, the result of the study shows the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 has violated the international trade principles. Furthermore, the general exceptions of GATT 1994 contained in Article XX (b) also doesn’t justify the measure.

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