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Tesfu, Mebrihit Arefaine, Nega Berhe Belay, and Tilahun Teklehaymanot Habtemariam. "Co-infection of HIV or HCV among HBsAg positive delivering mothers and its associated factors in governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (2022): e0273300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273300.
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Background Blood borne viral infections such as Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. Viral hepatitis during pregnancy is closely related to high risks of maternal and neonatal complications. In Ethiopia, only a little information is available on co-infection of HCV or HIV among Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) positive pregnant mothers. Thus, the study aimed to determine HIV or HCV co-infection and associated risk factors among HBsAg positive delivering mothers. Method A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in five governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa among 265 HBsAg positive delivering mothers in the year 2019 and 2020. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Structured questionnaires and laboratory test results were used to collect the data. SPSS version 20 software was used to enter and analyze the data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of HIV or HCV co-infections. Results Of the HBsAg positive delivering mothers, 9 (3.4%) and 3 (1.1%) were co-infected with HIV and HCV, respectively. None of them were with triplex infection. All of the socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with both HIV and HCV co-infections. Mothers who had a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were 9.3 times more likely to have HBV-HIV co-infection (AOR = 9.3; 95% CI: 1.84–47.1). Mothers who had multiple sexual partners were 5.96 times more likely to have HIV co-infection (AOR = 5.96; 95% CI: 1.074–33.104). The odds of having HBV-HIV co-infection were 5.5 times higher among mothers who had a history of sharing shavers, razors, and earrings (AOR = 5.5;95% CI: 1.014–29.69). HCV co-infection was not significantly associated with any of the potential risk factors. Conclusion This dual infection rate of HBsAg positive delivering mother with HIV or HCV indicates that a substantial number of infants born in Ethiopia are at high risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV, HIV, and HCV. Thus, all pregnant mothers need to be screened for HBV, HCV, and HIV during antenatal care, and also need implementation of prevention mechanisms of MTCT of these viral infections.
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Rutayisire, Erigene, Ennest Safari, Micheal Habtu, et al. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV Infection among Children Born from HIV Positive Women Musanze District, Rwanda." Journal of Public Health International 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-21-3820.
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In Rwanda the prevalence of mother-to-child HIV transmission is 1.5%, the prevalence was found to be higher in rural area. The purpose of this study was to determine the Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV Infection among Children born from HIV Positive Women in Musanze District. The study findings help to decrease the rate of HIV infection among children born from mother HIV positive to zero. This study was conducted in Musanze District, Northern Province in Rwanda. The study targeted 420 HIV positive mothers who delivery in different health facilities located in Musanze district form January 2019 to December 2020 and their children. SPSS version 22 was used for analysis. Of 420 children born from HIV positive mothers 91.7% were aged between 18-24 months, 55.2% were female. The majority of HIV positive mothers 80.2% who participated in the study were married. The prevalence of HIV infection among children born from HIV positive women was 2.9%. Children whose mother had poor adherence to ART were 1.5 times more likely to get HIV at birth compared to those whose mother had good adherence (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: (1.12-2.21)). Children born from mothers in WHO stage II were more likely to get HIV from their mother (AOR = 1.24; 95% CI: (1.32-2.207)). Children born from HIV positive mother with one ANC visit were 2.5 times more likely to get HIV from their mothers (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: (2.31-5.17)).
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Morris, Baraka M., Mukome Nyamhagata, Edith Tarimo, and Bruno Sunguya. "Eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Tanzania calls for efforts to address factors associated with a low confirmatory test." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 3 (2023): e0001218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001218.
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Option B+ approach for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) has demonstrated the potential to eliminate pediatric HIV infections. Its success depends on early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV among the exposed infants within the first 6 weeks, and a subsequent confirmatory HIV test within 18 months. However, most mothers enrolling in option B+ in Tanzania do not come for such confirmatory tests. We examined factors associated with the turning-up of mother-baby pairs on the PMTCT program for a confirmatory HIV testing 18 months post-delivery in Tanzania. This study utilized longitudinal data collected between 2015 and 2017, from 751 mother-baby pairs enrolled in the PMTCT-option B+ approach in 79 health facilities from the 12 regions of Tanzania-mainland. Only 44.2% of 751 mother-baby records observed received the HIV confirmatory test by the 18th month. Mothers aged 25 years or above (adults’ mothers) were 1.44 more likely to turn up for confirmatory HIV testing than young mothers; mothers with partners tested for HIV were 1.74 more likely to have confirmatory HIV testing compared with partners not tested for HIV. Newly diagnosed HIV-positive mothers were 28% less likely to bring their babies for a confirmatory HIV-testing compared to known HIV-positive mothers. Mothers with treatment supporters were 1.58 more likely to receive confirmatory HIV-testing compared to mothers without one. Mother-baby pairs who collected DBS-PCR-1 were 3.61 more likely to have confirmatory HIV-testing than those who didn’t collect DBS-PCR-1. In conclusion, the confirmatory HIV testing within 18 months among mother-baby pairs enrolled in the Option B+ approach is still low in Tanzania. This is associated with low maternal age, having a male partner not tested for HIV, lack of experience with HIV services, lack of treatment supporters, and failure to take the DBS-PCR-1 HIV test within the first two months post-delivery.
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Chinyere, Fredrick Christy, Dennis Amaechi, Ini Patrick Ekpe, Mangpin Leviticus Dansura, and Nnolim Lucia Chidinma. "Prevalence and Management of HIV infection on infants from HIV-infected mother: A review." Journal of Applied Health Sciences and Medicine 5, no. 4-5 (2025): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.58614/jahsm551.
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Background: The prevalence of HIV infection in infants born to HIV-infected mothers is a pressing global health issue. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2018, 570,000 children under age 15 were newly infected with HIV, and the majority of those infections were attributed to mother to child transmission of the virus. HIV infection in infants born to HIV-infected mothers can have devastating and long-lasting effects on an affected child’s health as well as their psychological, social, and economic wellbeing. Methodology: This paper reviewed the current scientific literature examining the prevalence of HIV infection on infants from HIV-infected mothers. We focused on factors associated with a reduction or increase in the prevalence of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, such as the use of antiretroviral drugs, interventions during labor and delivery, and breastfeeding methods. Additionally, we providedan overview of the psychological, social, and economic implications of HIV infection on infants from HIV-infected mothers. Finally, we discussed strategies on prevention, management, and treatment of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Conclusion: The findings of this paper underscore the importance of improving local health systems and prioritizing resources to search for effective interventions to prevent the prevalence of HIV infection on infants from HIV-infected mothers. This research is critical to reducing the global burden of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and creating health equality for all.
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TAKURE, Odunayo Temitope (RN RM RPHN BNSc.), and Ngozi Anthonia (RN RM RPHN PhD Assoc. Prof.) OKAFOR. "Factors Associated with Compliance with Prevention of Mother – To – Child Transmission of HIV Among Mothers Attending Antenatal Clinics in University College Hospital, Ibadan." International Journal of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences (IJMNHS) ® 3, no. 5 (2022): 70–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6590053.
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Despite preventive strategies of mother-to-child HIV transmission, there are evidences of low compliance to prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission hence, the transmission of HIV from mother to child has not been successfully curtailed. This study was therefore designed to investigate the social, cultural and economic factors that influence the compliance to prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among mothers attending Antenatal clinics in University College Hospital, Ibadan. The study adopted the descriptive design of the survey type. The total number of HIV positive pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics in University College Hospital, Ibadan for the past nine months were 78. Total enumeration was used. The instrument for data collection was a self-structured questionnaire which was divided into six sections (sections A-F). The data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed that there were significant relationship between the level of knowledge and compliance to the PMTCT of HIV (r = .518, <em>p</em> = .000); and economic factors and compliance to the PMTCT of HIV (r = .315, <em>p</em> = .009) while there were no significant relationship between social factors and compliance to the PMTCT of HIV (r = .180, <em>p</em> >0.05); and cultural factors and compliance to the PMTCT of HIV (r = .056, <em>p</em>>0.05). The findings revealed that knowledge (ß = 0.480; t= 5.559; <em>p</em><0.05) and Economic Factors (ß = 0.303; t= 2.593; p<0.05) significantly contributed to on the compliance to the PMTCT of HIV among mothers attending antenatal clinics. It was recommended that an economically sustainable, culturally sensitive and primary prevention approach of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is promoted, especially among mothers of reproductive age. <strong>Keywords</strong>: Factors, Compliance, Prevention, Mother-to-Child, Transmission, HIV, Mothers,
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Guo, Fuying, and Lingzhou Yang. "Research Progress on HIV/AIDS with Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Infection International 4, no. 1 (2015): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0099.
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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involve similar transmission routes, namely, blood, sexual contact, and mother-baby contact. Therefore, HIV infection is usually accompanied by HBV and HCV infections. This observation poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of HIV/human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) accompanied by HBV and HCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been extensively applied. Hence, liverrelated diseases have become the main causes of complication and death in HIV-infected individuals. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology, mutual influence, and treatment of HIV/AIDS accompanied by HBV or HCV infection.
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Khamatova, A. A., I. P. Balmasova та T. A. Chebotareva. "Polymorphisms of interferon γ and NKG2D receptor genes in predicting vertical transmission of HIV/HCV coinfection". Medical Herald of the South of Russia 14, № 4 (2023): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2023-14-4-44-57.
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Objective: to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFNγ gene variant rs2430561 and in NKG2D gene variant rs2617160 as potential risk factors for mother-to-child viral transmission among HIV/HCV-coinfected women.Materials and methods: 65 mother-child pairs were examined, divided into 4 groups depending on the child's infection (HIV/ HCV infected, HIV or HCV infected, not infected). Methods: multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR for determining the viral load of HIV and HCV, flow cytometry for immunological studies, statistical analysis.Results: the single nucleotide polymorphism in IFNγ gene variant rs2430561 had no prognostic value when determined in the mothers. When recording the TT and AT genotypes of a single nucleotide polymorphism in this gene in a child, it was combined with the probability of the child's infection with HIV/HCV, HIV or HCV, depending on the magnitude of the viral load of HIV and HCV in the mother's blood in different trimesters of pregnancy. The presence of the AA and AT genotypes of the NKG2D gene variant rs2617160 in the mothers had a prognostic value as contributing tothe child infection with HIV/HCV or HIV alone. It was noted that the mechanisms of perinatal viral transmission included a certain level of decline in the absolute number of CD4+ lymphocytes in the woman blood in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.Conclusions: the presence of AA and AT genotypes of the NKG2D gene variant rs2617160 in woman co-infected with HIV/HCV makes it possible to predict the risk of child infection not only during pregnancy, but also at the planning stage.
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Tiruneh, Gebrehiwot Ayalew, and Emawayish Zeleke Dagnew. "Prevalence of HIV infection and associated factors among infants born to HIV-positive mothers in health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2021." Women's Health 18 (January 2022): 174550572211174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455057221117407.
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Background: Mother-to-child transmission of the HIV remains the main source of HIV infection in children. Targeting pregnant women attending antenatal care follow-up provides a unique opportunity for implementing prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs against HIV infection in newborn babies. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of HIV infection and associated factors among infants born to HIV-positive mothers in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission clinic in the Gondar city health institutions, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: Documents were reviewed at the facility. Infants who had been exposed to HIV were enrolled in the study from 1 May–20 June 2021 prevention of mother-to-child transmission service in Gondar health institutions. To collect data from the charts, a structured data extraction tool was developed. The data were entered and analyzed with SPSS version 25 software. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with HIV infection. The crude and adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval were calculated to determine the significance level. Result: The prevalence of HIV infection among infants born to HIV-positive mothers at the prevention of mother-to-child transmission level was found to be 8.1% (95% confidence interval = 7.3–12.9). Mixed infant feeding practice (adjusted odds ratio = 5.15, 95% confidence interval = 1.82–14.56), mothers’ lack of education (adjusted odds ratio = 3.43, 95% confidence interval = 2.26–5.0), absence of antenatal care follow-up (adjusted odds ratio = 1.82, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–4.02), and home delivery (adjusted odds ratio = 2.24, 95% confidence interval = 2.10–7.45) were statistically significantly associated with infants’ HIV infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV infection in babies born to HIV-positive mothers was found to be high. Significant factors include mixed infant feeding practice, mothers’ lack of education, antenatal care follow-up, and home delivery. We also proposed that skilled delivery care and community education could reduce HIV transmission from mother to child.
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Montoya-Ferrer, Ana, Astrid Marina Zorrilla, Johannes Viljoen, et al. "High level of HBV DNA virus in the breast milk seems not to contraindicate breastfeeding." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 7 (July 1, 2015): e2015042. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2015.042.
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Concerns of possible risk of mother to child HBV transmission through breastfeeding arouse when mothers present high levels of HBV DNA in breast milk. Here we describe the case of an HIV-HBV coinfected mother who presents a highly replicative HBV infection postdelivery and showed high level of HBV DNA in breast milk. Despite cumulative exposure to HBV infectious particles during breastfeeding, the child, who had been correctly vaccinated, was not infected by HBV.
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R. T., Bhagyalakshmi, T. P. Manjunath, C. R. Banapurmath, and Mruthunjaya S. "The outcome of exclusive breast feeding in infants born to HIV positive mothers on ART under SISU RAKSHA program, Bapuji child health institute, Davangere." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 4 (2017): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171371.
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Background: Under SISU RAKSHA program (a joint initiative by SAATHII, not-for-profit organization and Bapuji child health institute, Davangere) the HIV positive pregnant mothers are enrolled, counseled and motivated during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV. Objective is to study the outcome of EBF on infants born to HIV positive mothers on ART under SISU RAKSHA program, with Outcome variables: HIV seroconversion, Growth status, Health status. Methods: 86 infant born to HIV positive mothers who completed 18 months follow up were included in the study. A prestuctured proforma was used to collect information about ART adherence, infant feeding practice, HIV seroconversion, growth and health status. Results: The HIV seroconversion of children on EBF among ART adherent mothers, 94.2 % (66/70) were non-reactive at 18th month follow up and 4.28% (3/70) were reactive. 92.8% (65/70) children growth were normal at 18th month follow up and 5.6% (4/70) were under weight and had recurrent infections. All these observations were statistically significant according to Fisher’s exact test. Conclusions: The rate of mother to child transmission of HIV and rate of other infections among children born to HIV positive mothers is reduced and growth is normal if the mother is adherent to EBF & ART. HIV positive mothers are regularly counseled and motivated to do so under the program. Therefore the SISU RAKSHA program is very effective program for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV.
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Neza, BSc, Guillaine, Wilberforce Mwizerwa, BA, Jackline Odhiambo, BA, et al. "A Novel Combined Mother-Infant Clinic to Optimize Post-Partum Maternal Retention, Service Utilization, and Linkage to Services in HIV Care in Rural Rwanda." International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA) 6, no. 1 (2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.186.
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Background and Objectives: Despite recent improvements in accessibility of services to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, maternal retention in HIV care remains a challenge in the postpartum period. This study assessed service utilization, program retention, and linkage to routine services, as well as clinical outcomes for mothers and infants, following implementation of an integrated mother-infant clinic in rural Rwanda.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all HIV-positive mothers and their infants enrolled in the integrated clinics in two rural districts between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2013. At 18 months post-partum, data on mother-infant service utilization and program outcomes were reported.Results: Of the 185 mother-infant pairs in the clinics, 98.4% of mothers were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 30.3% used modern contraception at enrollment. At 18 months post-partum, 98.4% of mothers were retained and linked back to adult HIV program. All mothers were on ART and 72.0% on modern contraception. For infants, 93.0% completed follow-up. Two (1.1%) infants tested HIV positive.Conclusion and Global Health Implication: An integrated clinic was successfully implemented in rural Rwanda with high mother retention in care and low mother to child HIV transmission rates. This model of integration of services may contribute to improved mother-infant retention in care during post-partum period and should be considered as one approach to addressing this challenge in similar settings.Key words: HIV • Integrated Clinic • Combined Clinic • Antiretroviral Therapy • Post-partum Retention • Linkages • ART • PMTCT • Option B+ • AfricaCopyright © 2017 Neza Guillaine et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.affect economic and health promotion.
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Dr., K.Lavanya. "Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic." International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Research 4, no. 5 (2023): 93–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8354372.
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Human immuno deficiency virus is RNA retro virus. HIV infection can be transmitted by four ways, It can be transmitted from infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy, during delivery and through breastfeeding. Transmission of Treponema pallidum infection from syphilitic mother to her fetus through Placenta occurs at any stage of pregnancy. Transmission of Hepatitis B virus by vertical transmission to fetus occurs mostly in first trimester. Transmission of Hepatitis C infection occurs mainly by post transfusion in prenatal period. AIM: the aim of the study is to assess the sero prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis among pregnant women attending antenatal OP and Labor ward in GGH, Rajamahendravaram. Methods: This study was conducted by using standard guidelines of NACO And CLSI. The data was statistically analysed. Results: A total number of 2400 antenatal women are screened for HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis infection. Among those second gravida was higher with 50%, Most of the women from rural area, Seroprevalence of HIV is 0.66% HBV is 1.75% HCV is 0.041% and Syphilis is 0.04%.
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Bitnun, Ari, Laura Sauvé, and Sergio Fanella. "Reducing perinatal infection risk in newborns of mothers who received inadequate prenatal care." Paediatrics & Child Health 28, no. 5 (2023): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxad014.
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Abstract Inadequate prenatal care increases risk for maternal infections going undetected and untreated, putting both the mother’s health and that of her infant at risk. When pregnant women present late to care, routine testing that impacts infant management should include: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg); serology for hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis; and testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. If the mother was not tested before or after delivery and is not available for testing, the infant should undergo testing for HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis. Testing for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae should be undertaken if the infant develops compatible clinical manifestations. Rapid turnaround of test results for HIV, HBV, and syphilis is optimal because preventive treatment decisions are time-sensitive. Early and effective preventive interventions are available for newborns at risk for HIV, HBV, syphilis, or gonorrhea. Close clinical follow-up and follow-up testing of infants born to mothers with inadequate prenatal care are warranted, as not all infections can be fully excluded perinatally.
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Nwauche, Chijioke IN, and CA Nwauche. "HIV Infections in Mothers and their New-born Babies in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt Nigeria." Greener Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 3 (2016): 42–45. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJMS.2016.3.052616100.
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The strategic position of Nigeria in the global map of HIV calls for continuous and progressive study of HIV and its impact in the country particularly in pregnancy because of the risk of transmission to the foetus. Treatment of infected mothers is therefore very essential because of the dangers of transmitting the disease to their babies. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV antibodies in maternal and cord blood from pregnant mothers who presented at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt for delivery of their babies. Venous blood was collected from a total of 103 mother and neonatal cord pair at delivery. The sera were analysed by double ELISA techniques for HIV-1 and HIV-2. Eight (7.8%) out of the 103 mothers tested positive for HIV-1 and none for HIV-2. Five out of the eight mothers had antibody positivity in their babies’ cord blood, showing a transmission rate of 62.5%. All the mothers delivered per vagina. The study shows that mother to child transmission is high in the study area compared to the WHO rate of 30%. This underlines the importance of enforcing the prevention of mother to child transmission policy among HIV-infected mothers in the environment.
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Ernawati, Ernawati, Antono Suryoputro, and Syamsulhuda Budi Mustofa. "Niat Ibu Hamil untuk Tes HIV di UPT (Unit Pelayanan Terpadu) Puskesmas Alun-Alun Kabupaten Gresik." Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia 11, no. 1 (2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jpki.11.1.38-50.
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ABSTRACTThe spreading of HIV infection from mother to child is the main cause of HIV infection towards child below fifteen years old. The examination of HIV towards pregnant mother is a good opportunity to protect the spreading of HIV from mother to baby, wherein all pregnant mothers are suggested to have HIV test. This research aims to know factors of pregnant mother’s intention to get HIV test at UPT (Integrated Service Unit) of Public Health Center of Gresik Regency Town Square in 2015. Explanatory research which uses survey method with cross sectional approach. The samples of this research is pregnant mothers who carry out antenatal care examination at UPT (Integrated Service Unit) of Public Health Center of Regency Town Square uses purposive sampling technique with the amount of samples as many as 125 peoples. This research uses questionnaire instruments. Its relation analysis uses Chi Square and multivariate analysis by using logistic regression. Of research indicates that pregnant mothers who intend to get HIV test are 54,4%, while those less intend are 45,6%. Variables which are related to pregnant mother’s intention to do HIV test are knowledge about HIV/AIDS, HIV test, perception of severity, self efficacy, and midwife’s role in giving counseling. UPT (Integrated Service Unit) of Public Health Center of Gresik Regency Town Square is aimed to develop VCT socialization in cooperating with private healthcare institution, cadre, and village in giving information about VCT service.Keywords: intention of having HIV test, pregnant mother, Public Health Center
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Harahap, Meilani, Nikmatul Khoiriyah Pulungan, and Ennysah Hasibuan. "The Determinants of Behavior of HIV Testing in Pregnant Mothers." International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE) 1, no. 1 (2022): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55299/ijphe.v1i1.5.
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HIV infection in Indonesia is one of the health problems and infectious diseases that can affect maternal and child mortality. More than 90% of HIV-infected infants are infected by HIV-positive mothers. Transmission can occur during pregnancy, during delivery and during breastfeeding. Early detection of HIV is important so that antiretroviral virus (ARV) drug therapy is carried out more quickly to reduce the rate of HIV transmission from mother to baby. The research, which was conducted at the Balongan Subdistrict Health Center, Indramayu Regency, was conducted to determine the determinants associated with HIV testing behavior during pregnancy. This type of research is quantitative with a cross-sectional study design using the total population. The results of the univariate analysis showed that 71.1% of mothers did not take an HIV test during pregnancy. and education about HIV/AIDS, because the husband is the closest person to the mother so that the husband makes a big contribution to providing support to the mother
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Yang, Rongrong, Rui Yuan, Xien Gui, et al. "Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Syphilis Coinfection in People With HIV/AIDS Contracted Through Different Sources: Retrospective Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 10 (February 27, 2024): e46750. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/46750.
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Background The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis coinfections remains disproportionately high among people living with HIV/AIDS. Hubei province is located in central China, where there are distinct regional characteristics of the distribution of people living with HIV/AIDS acquired via diverse transmission routes and the AIDS epidemic itself. Objective We aimed to estimate the magnitude of HBV, HCV, or syphilis coinfections among people living with HIV/AIDS with blood-borne transmission, which includes former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, as well as among people with sex-borne HIV transmission (including heterosexual people and men who have sex with men) and people with mother-to-child HIV transmission. Methods From January 2010 to December 2020, people living with HIV/AIDS were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibodies, and syphilis-specific antibodies. The positive patients were further tested for HBV markers, HBV DNA, and HCV RNA, and received a rapid plasma reagin circle card test. All people living with HIV/AIDS were first divided into transmission groups (blood, sex, and mother-to-child); then, people with blood-borne HIV transmission were divided into former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, while people with sex-borne HIV transmission were divided into heterosexual people and men who have sex with men. Results Among 6623 people living with HIV/AIDS, rates of chronic HCV infection were 80.3% (590/735) in former paid blood donors, 73.3% (247/337) in intravenous drug users, 57.1% (444/777) in contaminated blood recipients, 19.4% (21/108) in people with mother-to-child HIV transmission, 8.1% (240/2975) in heterosexual people, and 1.2% (21/1691) in men who have sex with men. Chronic HBV infection rates were similar among all people with blood-borne HIV transmission. However, compared to heterosexual people, the chronic HBV infection rate was greater in men who have sex with men (213/1691, 12.6% vs 308/2975, 10.4%; χ21=5.469; P=.02), although HBV exposure was less common (827/1691, 48.9% vs 1662/2975, 55.9%; χ21=20.982; P<.001). Interestingly, the combination of HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was found in 11 patients with sex-borne HIV transmission, but in 0 people with blood-borne HIV transmission (11/196, 5.6% vs 0/521, 0%; χ21=29.695, P<.001). In people with sex-borne HIV transmission, the proportions of patients with a syphilis titer ≥1:16 and neurosyphilis were 8.6% (105/1227) and 7.8% (37/473), respectively, whereas these values were 0 in people with blood-borne HIV transmission. Conclusions In people living with HIV/AIDS, HCV transmission intensity was significantly associated with specific exposure modes of blood or sexual contact. The rate of chronic HBV infection among men who have sex with men was higher than in any other population. Attention should be paid to the high prevalence of neurosyphilis in people living with HIV/AIDS who contract HIV by sexual intercourse.
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Paul, Kakwangire. "Assessment of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS Services Utilization among Pregnant Mothers in Bushenyi District." IDOSR JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 10, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.59298/idosrjsr/2024/10.1.11.100.
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About 36.7 million people living with HIV are reported worldwide. In Eastern Africa, young women (aged 15–24 years) accounted for 26% of new HIV infections in 2016 despite making up just 10%of the population. These include 2.7million children less than fifteen years of age and 17.6 million women. Hence, due to high HIV prevalence rate in women and children, preventing of mother to child transmission of HIV has become an essential element worldwide HIV/AIDS control strategy. The study was to assess the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS services utilization among pregnant mothers in Bushenyi district. We used descriptive research design and qualitative method in data collection. It was a health facility-based study. Data was collected using questionnaire which were administered to the pregnant mothers and mothers of child bearing ages who attended Bushenyi health center IV. Data was collected from 88 respondents. Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences 16.0V) and Stata i.e. descriptive analysis and analyzed and presented in tables. Keywords: Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT); HIV/AIDS Prevention; Service Utilization; Pregnant Mothers; Bushenyi District
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Thimoty, James, and Kurnia Sari. "Infant Outcomes of HIV Positive Mothers Based on HIV PCR Test Result at Jayapura District Hospital." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 11, no. 3 (2025): 1095–102. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i3.10685.
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Mother Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the primary route of HIV infection in children under 14 years. Despite the expansion of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs and increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, 17,000 children aged 0–14 years were living with HIV in Indonesia in 2023. This retrospective study analyzed infants born to HIV-positive mothers between January 2018 and December 2022, including only those with HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results. Of 86 infants, 21 (24.4%) tested positive for HIV, while 65 (75.6%) tested negative. Among those with positive results, 76.2% had an APGAR score <7, 90.5% were term, and 85.7% had a birth weight of ≥2500 grams. All infants received ART prophylaxis, and 91.9% were formula-fed. Infants whose mothers did not receive ART before birth or during labor had a 15-fold higher risk of HIV infection. Additionally, discontinuation of ART prophylaxis before six weeks of age increased the risk fourfold. These findings highlight the importance of early detection of HIV in pregnant women, optimising ART adherence during pregnancy, and providing ART prophylaxis to infants to reduce HIV transmission. Strengthening prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programmes is needed to reduce infant HIV cases in high-prevalence areas such as Papua.
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Stijnberg, Deborah, Suze Holband, Regillio Charles, Dorien Ulenaers, Ward Schrooten, and Malti R. Adhin. "Evaluating elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Suriname: a mixed method study." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 47 (December 18, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2023.159.
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Objectives. To evaluate the cascade of care for the elimination of mother-to-child-transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Suriname and identify sociodemographic and clinical factors preventing transmission to exposed infants. Methods. A mixed-methods study design was used. Antenatal care data from the 2018 cross-sectional multi-indicator cluster survey on 1 026 women aged 15–49 years who had had a live birth in the previous 2 years were used. Furthermore, national data on a cohort of 279 mothers with HIV and their 317 infants born from 2016 to 2018 were evaluated. Additionally, 13 cases of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV were reviewed. Results. In 89.3% of cases, no mother-to-child HIV transmission occurred. Early cascade steps show that 28.4% of women had unmet family planning needs, 15% had no antenatal visits, 8% delivered outside a health facility, and 71.5% received an HIV test during antenatal care. Of the pregnant women with HIV, 84.2% received antiretroviral therapy, while 95.5% of their infants received HIV prophylactic treatment. Receiving antiretroviral therapy for the mother (odds ratio (OR) 45.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.6–215.3) and the child (OR 145.7, 95% CI 14.4–1477.4) significantly increased the odds of a negative HIV test result in infants. Conversely, living in the interior decreased the odds (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.4–0.7) compared with urban living. Conclusions. HIV medication for mothers with HIV and their infants remains key in the prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV. Early prenatal care with follow-up should be strengthened in Suriname.
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Ika, Eddy, Isaac Wonyima Okello, and Kizito Omona. "Eliminating Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Arua District Through Mother–Baby–Pair Points." International Journal of Studies in Nursing 6, no. 2 (2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v6i2.867.
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Introduction: Mother-to-child transmission is the leading cause of HIV infection in children. Without treatment, half of these HIV infected children die before their second birthday.Purpose: To establish the contribution of mother-baby-pair points approach to eMTCT outcomes in Arua District Uganda.Material and Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross sectional study design which employed mixed methods approach was used. 196 HIV positive breast feeding mothers from three government hospitals (Arua Regional Referral Hospital, Adumi Health Center IV and Oli Health Center IV) were interviewed. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and interviews guides.Results: Majority 168 (85.7%) of the respondents and their babies were enrolled to eMTCT care immediately after delivery and up to 17(8.7%) were enrolled beyond two weeks after delivery. Reasons for enrolment into care included; counseling before, during and after pregnancy on the importance of adherence to ART, early enrolment into care and delivery in a health facility. Most of the babies enrolled in mother-baby-points were HIV sero-negative (75.5%) with only 6.6% of them being sero-positive, thus signifying the contribution of mother-baby-points towards eliminating mother-child-transmission of HIV. Age of mothers was associated with retention on eMTCT care (χ2(5) =11.19, p=0.048). Again, having had any form of education on eMTCT was associated with retention on eMTCT care (p=0.001).Conclusion: The degree of enrollment in to eMTCT care was high but some mothers who still enrolled late. This affects early infant diagnosis, uptake of eMTCT services and retention of mothers and their infants.
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Bashir, Muhammad Faruk, Hassan Abdullahi Elechi, Mohammed Garba Ashir, et al. "Neonatal Tetanus Immunity in Nigeria: The Effect of HIV Infection on Serum Levels and Transplacental Transfer of Antibodies." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7439605.
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Background. Tetanus toxoid immunisation of pregnant mother has remained the most effective strategy in eliminating neonatal tetanus. Impaired production and/or transplacental transfer of antibodies may affect the effectiveness of this strategy. We studied the effect of maternal HIV infection on serum levels and transplacental transfer of anti-tetanus antibodies.Methods. A total of 162 mother-baby paired serum samples were taken and analysed for anti-tetanus antibody levels using ELISA. Maternal HIV status was also determined by double ELISA technique. Maternal TT vaccination status was also documented.Results. Thirty-eight (23.5%) mothers and 41 (25.3%) babies were seronegative, out of whom 8 mothers were HIV positive and 9 babies were HIV exposed. HIV infected mothers and HIV exposed infants were, respectively, 16.27 times (OR = 16.27, 95% CI = 3.28 to 80.61) and 33.75 times (OR = 33.75, 95% CI = 4.12 to 276.40) more likely to be seronegative for anti-tetanus antibody. Similarly, HIV positive mother-newborn pairs were 7.46 times more likely to have a poor transplacental transfer of tetanus antibodies (OR = 7.46, 95% CI = 1.96 to 28.41).Conclusions. Maternal HIV infection is associated with impaired maternofoetal transfer of anti-tetanus antibodies and seronegativity among mothers and their newborns. Hence, this may hinder efforts to eliminate neonatal tetanus.
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Kuugbee, Eugene D., Gloria Maaldu, Aseta Adamu, et al. "Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Sexually Transmitted Blood-Borne Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Jirapa, Upper West Region of Ghana." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2023 (April 30, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3157202.
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Background. Sexually transmitted blood-borne infections (STBBIs) contribute to negative outcomes of pregnancy. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis infections in pregnancy contribute significantly to maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. This study assessed the prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors of STBBIs (HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis) among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Jirapa. Methods. A cross-sectional study design involving 246 pregnant women was employed for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to solicit information about the knowledge, prevalence, and risk factors of STBBIs. Results. The overall prevalence of STBBIs was 11.4%; HBV prevalence was 9.8% and 0.8% each for HCV, HIV, and syphilis. About 66% of mothers were aware of mother-to-child transmission of infections during pregnancy. Knowledge of transmission of HIV (93.9%), hepatitis (67.1%), and syphilis (53.7%) in pregnancy was relatively high. Knowledge of risk factors for HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis was 97.6%, 74.4%, and 76.0%, respectively. More than 98% of respondents knew about the prevention of HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis. Significant risk factors associated with and predictive of STBBIs were female genital mutilation (FGM) and gravidity. Conclusion. The occurrence of STBBIs among pregnant women was strongly associated with FGM and gravidity. Public health education should be directed at stopping the practice of FGM and improving reproductive health in the study area.
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Behl, Shreya, Aaditya Behl, Pratibha Mane, Jyoti Sangwan, and Prakriti Vohra. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C co-infection in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative cases in a Tertiary care hospital in Southern Haryana." IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases 9, no. 2 (2023): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2023.019.
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HBV (Hepatitis B virus) and HCV (Hepatitis C virus) are the causative agents of acute as well as chronic hepatitis. Nearly, two billion people are suffering with HBV and approximately 170 million people are infected with HCV infection around the world. While patients who are infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) 2-4 million are found to be having chronic HBV co-infection and 4-5 million are having HCV coinfection. Due to common mode of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV like using shared needles, syringes, other injectable devices, sexual intercourse, or even mother to baby transmission, it is common to see HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV positive individuals. This was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study. This study was conducted in Department of Microbiology, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Nuh, Haryana. It was for one year. The sample size for HIV seropostive cases was 80 including 40 HIV positive and 40 HIV negative samples. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was identified on HIV positive and HIV negative samples. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was found to be higher in HIV positive individuals than HIV negative individuals. In HIV positive patients 10% individuals were HBsAg positive, 5% were HBeAg positive, 10% were positive by HBV RT-PCR. None of the HIV negative were coinfected with HBV. Similarly HCV-HIV coinfection was seen in 12.5% of individuals with Rapid test, ELISA and RT-PCR. None of the HIV negative were coinfected with HCV. In HIV positive individuals HBV and HCV coinfection was seen and Co-infection of HBV and HCV was absent in HIV negative individuals. Regular screening is recommended for HBV and HCV in HIV positive individuals.
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Francis, Mujurizi. "Factors Influencing EMTCT Service Utilization by HIV-Positive Pregnant Women at Karoli Lwanga Hospital, Rukungiri District, Western Uganda." IDOSR JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 8, no. 3 (2023): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/jbcp/23/11.1116.
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This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and health-related factors affecting the utilization of Early Mother-to-Child Transmission (EMTCT) services among HIV/AIDS pregnant women at Karoli Lwangi Hospital in Rukungiri district. Data was collected from 97 pregnant mothers with HIV/AIDS through questionnaires. The findings revealed that most participants had a good understanding of HIV transmission routes, particularly from mother to child during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding. The majority were aware that antiretroviral therapy (ARV) could prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) but disagreed that using condoms could prevent it. The study also showed a high willingness to separate from spouses if they tested positive for HIV and strong support for HIV-infected mothers delivering with skilled health workers. However, a significant barrier to the utilization of EMTCT services was the unaffordability of healthcare costs. This suggests that despite positive attitudes and knowledge, financial constraints remain a critical hindrance to EMTCT service utilization. Keywords: EMTCT, Pregnant women, HIV/AIDS, Healthcare, Health worker.
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Mala, LC, Henalish G Momin, Holisema, et al. "Knowledge of Transmission of HIV/AIDS from Mother to Child Among Pregnant Women." Nursing Journal of India CX, no. 03 (2019): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48029/nji.2019.cx308.
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Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV is the spread of HIV infection from women with HIV to her child either during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. Pregnant women with HIV who have knowledge and awareness, receive anti-retroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and childbirth to prevent occurrence of MTCT of HIV during delivery, to reduce the risk of infection. The present study sought to assess the knowledge of transmission of HIV from mother to child among 200 selected mothers attending the Gynae OPD of RIMS Hospital, Imphal (Manipur). Data was collected from 24 May to 2 June 2018 (10 days). The study brought out that educational status of mother is associated with knowledge of MTCT of HIV/AIDS, so that nurses and other health care functionaries should be actively engaged in imparting relevant health education.
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Arbune, Manuela, Alina Mihaela Calin, Alina Viorica Iancu, Caterina Nela Dumitru, and Anca Adriana Arbune. "A Real-Life Action toward the End of HIV Pandemic: Surveillance of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in a Center from Southeast Romania." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 17 (2022): 5020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175020.
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Preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission is a strategy to eliminate new infections to move toward a world free of HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the perinatal infection prevention program in a single center from southeast Romania. Newborns of HIV-positive mothers from 2005 to 2020 were followed-up until the age of two in a retrospective study. The transmission rate from HIV-positive mothers to living children was zero, but neonatal mortality, preterm birth and birth defects were still high. The peculiarity of our study is the high proportion of mothers with a nosocomial pattern of HIV transmission. Intensifying the efforts for accurate implementing the interventions for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, a long time follow-up for HIV-exposed uninfected children and new research on related HIV pregnancies are necessary to reach the objective of a new generation free of HIV.
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Kurniati, Nia, T. Nilamsari, and Arwin AP Akib. "Incidence of HIV-infected infants born to HIV- infected mothers with prophylactic therapy: Preliminary report of hospital birth cohort study." Paediatrica Indonesiana 46, no. 5 (2016): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi46.5.2006.209-13.
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Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is expandingrapidly and was reported double in several places in Indonesia Toour knowledge, reports regarding HIV-infected infants are stillscarce.Objectives To investigate the incidence of HIV-infected infantsborn to HIV- mothers who had received prophylaxis therapy at birth.Methods A prospective hospital-based cohort study was held fromJanuary 2003 until December 2004 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hos-pital, Jakarta. The inclusion criteria were mothers with positive HIVand their infants had been given anti retroviral (ARV) therapy. Thebabies were followed up monthly and the status of infection wasdetermined by PCR at the age of 4 weeks and 6 months. Outcomewas measured based on PCR assays or clinical signs of HIV in-fection.Results The mothers’ age ranged from 19 to 27 years. All of themwere carrying their first child and only 41% mothers took ARV pro-phylaxis. Almost all mothers underwent caesarean section and theinfants had formula feeding. HIV infection was diagnosed in 7 in-fants and 2 of them had RNA assays more than 5,000 copies/ml.Six infants were negatives whereas 3 infants were diagnosed asindeterminate HIV infection and needed further examination. Oneneeded no further investigation as the mother was seronegative.Conclusions Preventing HIV transmission from mother to infantcan be done by giving ARV during prenatal, intrapartum, and post-natal period to the newborn. In our hospital, transmission was con-firmed in 6 of 17 infants. Unison protocol must be used and popu-lation of HIV-pregnant mother must be registered in order to knowhow high the transmission rate among Indonesian HIV people
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Yedavalli, Venkat R. K., Colombe Chappey, and Nafees Ahmad. "Maintenance of an Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 vpr Gene following Mother-to-Infant Transmission." Journal of Virology 72, no. 8 (1998): 6937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.8.6937-6943.1998.
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ABSTRACT The vpr sequences from six human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected mother-infant pairs following perinatal transmission were analyzed. We found that 153 of the 166 clones analyzed from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA samples showed a 92.17% frequency of intact vpr open reading frames. There was a low degree of heterogeneity of vprgenes within mothers, within infants, and between epidemiologically linked mother-infant pairs. The distances between vprsequences were greater in epidemiologically unlinked individuals than in epidemiologically linked mother-infant pairs. Moreover, the infants’ sequences displayed patterns similar to those seen in their mothers. The functional domains essential for Vpr activity, including virion incorporation, nuclear import, and cell cycle arrest and differentiation were highly conserved in most of the sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of 166 mother-infant pairs and 195 other available vpr sequences from HIV databases formed distinct clusters for each mother-infant pair and for other vprsequences and grouped the six mother-infant pairs’ sequences with subtype B sequences. A high degree of conservation of intact and functional vpr supports the notion that vprplays an important role in HIV-1 infection and replication in mother-infant isolates that are involved in perinatal transmission.
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Degavi, Girish, Boko Loka Safayi, Shiferaw Gelchu Adola, et al. "A Retrospective Study of Incidence and Predictors on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV among HIV-Exposed Infants in West Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia." AIDS Research and Treatment 2022 (February 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2906490.
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Background. The transmission of HIV from mother to child among HIV-positive infants is estimated to be higher than 20%, despite the fact that antiretroviral treatment is available for antenatal mothers with HIV. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of HIV transmission from mother to child among infants aged one and a half years is estimated to be approximately 15.7 percent. Methods. A retrospective cohort analysis using a simple random sampling technique was incorporated among 422 HIV-exposed babies and their mothers who were randomly chosen and screened using OPD (outpatient card) from March 2019 to March 2021 in the general hospitals of West Guji zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. The data were coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for cleaning and analysis. Result. The study revealed that at the end of follow-up, 3.8% of the HIV-exposed infants were found to be HIV positive. Poor adherence of infant for CPT (AOR: 5.6; 95% CI: 1.010–27.24), father not enrolled to ART (AOR: 4.4; 95% CI: 1.187–15.724), age of infants at enrollment >6 weeks (AOR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.102–16.1), mother’s enrollment to PMTCT during labor and delivery or after (AOR: 6.84; 95% CI: 1.316–42.743), and mothers on the WHO clinical stage mild or advanced (AOR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.146–16.842) was found to be the most important significant predictors of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Conclusion. Several factors included in the study were the main predictors of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The study concluded that there are some lacunae in the prevention of MTCT of HIV but that the incidence of MTCT of HIV was significantly lower in this part of the world.
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Hamidah, Nadhifa Alya, Dewi Setyowati, and Gadis Meinar Sari. "Gambaran Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Tentang Pencegahan Penularan HIV pada Anak (PPIA) di Puskesmas Putat Jaya Kota Surabaya." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 24, no. 2 (2024): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v24i2.4867.
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The proportion of HIV-positive pregnant women in Indonesia rises annually. Pregnant women’s HIV test results in Indonesia fall a little short of the target for 2022. Knowledge is one of the most important aspects of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). The aim of this research is to determine the knowledge among pregnant women in Putat Jaya Community Health Care in Surabaya regarding the transmission of HIV from mothers to their children. Cross-sectional analysis is used in this descriptive study. There are 35 pregnant women who have responded. Mothers enrolled in trimesters 1, 2, and 3 who are getting antenatal care at Putat Jaya Community Health Care in Surabaya meet the inclusion criteria for this study. However, a mother with special needs is the sole requirement for this study. In September 2023, this study was carried out at Putat Jaya Community Health Care in Surabaya. The method for gathering samples is called purposive sampling. According to the findings, 77.1% were sufficiently aware of how to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child, followed by 14.3% who had high knowledge and 8.6% who had a lack of knowledge about the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV.
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Ahmad, Nafees, Aamir N. Ahmad, and Shahid N. Ahmad. "Features of Maternal HIV-1 Associated with Lack of Vertical Transmission." Open Virology Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357901710011008.
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HIV-1 is transmitted from mother-to-child (vertical transmission) at an estimated rate of approximately 30% without any antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, administration of ART during pregnancy considerably diminishes the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, which has become a standard of perinatal care in HIV-infected pregnant females in developed countries. Moreover, a majority of children born to HIV-infected mothers are uninfected without any ART. In addition, characteristics of HIV-1 and/or cellular factors in the mothers may play a role in influencing or preventing vertical transmission. Several studies, including from our laboratory have characterized the properties of HIV-1 from infected mothers that transmitted HIV-1 to their infants (transmitting mothers) and compared with those mothers that failed to transmit HIV-1 to their infants (non-transmitting mothers) in the absence of ART. One of the striking differences observed was that the non-transmitting mothers harbored a less heterogeneous HIV-1 population than transmitting mothers in the analyzed HIV-1 regions of p17gag,envV3,vifandvpr. The other significant and distinctive findings were that the functional domains of HIV-1vifandvprproteins were less conserved in non-transmitting mothers compared with transmitting mothers. Furthermore, there were differences seen in two important motifs of HIV-1 Gag p17, including conservation of QVSQNY motif and variation in KIEEEQN motif in non-transmitting mothers compared with transmitting mothers. Several of these distinguishing properties of HIV-1 in non-transmitting mothers provide insights in developing strategies for preventing HIV-1 vertical transmission.
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Susilowati, Yuanita Ani. "KAJIAN SITUASI PELAKSANAAN PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO CHILD TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) DI RSUD KOTA C JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Kesehatan 10, no. 1 (2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55912/jks.v10i1.42.
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Infection in pregnant women can be caused by several viruses, one of which is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Mother-to-child transmission of HIV reaches 2.6% of all cases of HIV-AIDs, and more than 90% of the incidence of HIV in children is transmitted by mothers. The increase in HIV cases in infants occurred in line with the increase in HIV cases in women, namely 20% in 2007, 25% in 2008, and 27% in 2011. Objectives, Programs are developed to reduce the risk of mother-to-child and mother-to-child transmission of HIV. health workers to achieve improvement in maternal health, reduce infant mortality and protect health workers in RSUD city C. Preparation stage, identification of problems in the midwifery unit, shared perceptions of PMTCT. Implementation, seminars on PMTCT, formation of an education team in early screening (early screening) of pregnant women about PMTCT, making standard operating procedures (SOPs) in prenatal HIV screening, SOPs for delivery in HIV positive patients, SOPs in breastfeeding, and techniques breastfeeding for infants with HIV-positive mothers. Finally, evaluating the results of work related to making SOPs and implementing HIV screening for every prenatal patient. In conclusion, the screening format that has been prepared can capture pregnant women who are at high risk of HIV. Suggestion, HIV screening format needs to be integrated with antenatal care form.
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Nurjanah, Nimas Ayu Lestari, and Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono. "Tantangan Pelaksanaan Program Prevention Of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT): Systematic Review." Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional 4, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.41998.
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Background: HIV / AIDS is still a global health problem which needs to be addressed including prevention of HIV / AIDS transmission from mother to child. Prevention of transmission is carried out by implementing the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission or PMTCT program. The PMTCT program is considered successful in reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission, but this has not been done well and thoroughly, various kinds of challenges have occurred in the implementation of the PMTCT program.Objective: To know the challenges that occur in implementing the PMTCT programMethod: This study uses a systematic review based on Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) to identify all the literature published using relevant keywords.Results: challenges in implementing the PMTCT program are the lack of information on HIV treatment, lack of family support, the heavy workload experienced by health workers and the limited availability of HIV testing equipment and drug stocks.Conclusion: The success of efforts to prevent HIV / AIDS transmission from mother to child does not depend on one party only, but involves several parties, the active role of health workers in providing education and information about HIV / AIDS to mothers and their families is not enough but must be added with active roles and support from family members to HIV mothers as the primary motivator for good behavior in accordance with the guidelines for PMTCT.
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Ashurova, Venera Irgashevna. "FEATURES OF PREGNANCY, DELIVERY AND THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD IN HIV-INFECTED WOMEN WHO RECEIVED ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY." Journal of reproductive health and uronephrology research 4, no. 3 (2023): 3. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8301217.
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The use of antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) makes it possible to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, reduce the number of complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period in HIV-infected women, as well as complications in newborns from such mothers. The risk of vertical transmission of HIV infection from mother to child is significantly reduced with ART during pregnancy and artificial feeding of the infant in the postpartum period.
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Cajetan Ifeanyi, Casmir Ifeanyichukwu, Janet Aribike, Nkiruka Florence Ikeneche, Lovina Nkechi Ukwueze, and Gladys Adaku Iroegbu. "Assessment of Exclusive Breast-Feeding Practice among HIV-Positive Mothers in Abuja Nigeria." European Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, no. 2 (2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2022.3.2.179.
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Background: Empirically, exclusive breastfeeding has proved invaluable in the reduction of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and infant mortality particularly of children under-five years. Regrettably, breastfeeding practice is not widespread in most resource-poor sub-Saharan countries in Africa including Nigeria.
 Objective: This study assessed the practice of exclusive breastfeeding of infants for the first-six months of life by HIV-positive mothers after receiving care for prevention of mother-to-child transmission.
 Methods: Between February 2019 and September 2021, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 388 HIV-positive mothers receiving care for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at the Gwarinpa General Hospital in Abuja Municipal Area Council. HIV-positive mothers were enrolled and assessed for their practice of exclusive breastfeeding for the first-six months of the infant life. Structured questionnaires were used to survey for their socio-demographics, reproductive history, HIV and exclusive breastfeeding characteristics. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version SPSS 24.
 Results: Overall, 68% of the HIV-positive mothers practiced exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Majority, 83% of the HIV-positive mothers had knowledge of the nutritional benefits of breast milk in the first-six months of infant’s life. In addition, 75% of them are aware that babies exclusively breastfed are healthier than those not so breastfed. Religious beliefs and education status positively influenced exclusive breastfeeding in 82% and 55% of the mothers respectively. However, 69% of HIV-positive mothers attest they had no communal norms and taboos against exclusive breastfeeding. In contrast, mothers’ occupation negatively influenced exclusive breastfeeding in 36% of the studied subjects.
 Conclusion: This study found a significant increase in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding by HIV-positive mothers. It is evident that the practice of exclusive breastfeeding by HIV-positive mothers is dependent on their level of knowledge and awareness of its benefits in the first-six months of infant’s life.
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Akinsanya, Olusegun Solomon, Jill Wiseman-Firtell, Goodman Akpomiemie, Oladele Vincent Adeniyi, and Ramprakash Kaswa. "Evaluation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme at a primary health care centre in South Africa." South African Family Practice 59, no. 2 (2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i2.4546.
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Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of the HIV programme at Levai Mbatha Community Health Centre (CHC), Evaton, South Africa.
 
 Methods: A retrospective analysis of HIV-infected mother–infant pairs was conducted between 1 August 2009 and 31 July 2010. The infants’ HIV status was determined using HIV-specific qualitative DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic characteristics, mode of mother to child transmission (MTCT), choice of infant feeding, mode of delivery and CD4 count were included.
 
 Results: Of the 206 mothers, 10 infants had positive DNA PCR results at 6 weeks. The MTCT rate was 4.9%. The mean age of HIV-infected mothers was 28 years (SD 5.7, range 16–42 years). Overall, 74.2% (152) of HIV-positive mothers received dual therapy
 and 28.8% (53) were on HAART alone. Mothers with CD4 count < 200cells/μl (OR = 0.09 [CI, 0.01–0.75]; p = 0.026) and lack of prophylaxis during labour (OR = 9.50 [CI, 1.59–56.66]; p = 0.013) were identified as significant risk factors associated with MTCT. 
 
 Conclusions: The PMTCT programme at Levai Mbatha CHC is effective in reducing the MTCT of HIV. Lack of ART prophylaxis and low CD4 count were the significant determinants of MTCT in the study.
 
 (Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)
 
 S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2016.1254933
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Isni, Khoiriyah, Zahroh Shaluhiyah, and Kusyogo Cahyo. "Pengetahuan Ibu HIV Mempengaruhi Perilaku Pencegahan Penularan HIV/AIDS dari Ibu ke Bayi di Provinsi Jawa Tengah." Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia 12, no. 2 (2017): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jpki.12.2.238-250.
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ABSTRAKPMTCT merupakan program pemerintah untuk menekan terjadinya penularan HIV/AIDS ke bayi. Inti dari kegiatan PMTCT adalah strategi mencegah terjadinya penularan HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke bayi pada ibu hamil yang telah terinfeksi HIV. Namun masih terdapat ibu HIV yang terlambat mengetahui status HIV sehingga tidak ikut serta dalam PMTCT. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perilaku ibu HIV dalam upaya mencegah penularan HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke bayi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 32 ibu HIV yang memiliki balita di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dengan distribusi frekuensi, bivariat menggunakan Chi-Square dan Fisher Exact, dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku ibu HIV dalam pencegahan penularan HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke bayi adalah usia bayi, waktu diketahui status HIV, waktu mulai mengikuti ARV, keikutsertaan PMTCT, waktu mulai mengikuti PMTCT, dan pengetahuan. Sedangkan faktor yang paling dominan terhadap perilaku ibu HIV dalam pencegahan penularan HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke bayi adalah pengetahuan. Dari penelitian ini, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan dapat mempengaruhi perilaku ibu HIV dalam pencegahan penularan HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke bayi.Kata kunci : Ibu HIV, Pencegahan Penularan HIV/ADS dari ibu ke bayi, Provinsi Jawa TengahABSTRACTBehavior of HIV-Positive Mothers in Prevention Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Central Java ProvincePMTCT was government program to suppres HIV/AIDS and child. The point of PMTCT activities was a strategy to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission from mothers living with HIV/AIDS to their child. However, there were mothers living with HIV/AIDS who have been too late knowing their status HIV status so that they did not join PMTCT. This study aims to learn about HIV-positive mothers behavior in preventing of HIV/AIDS transmission from mother to child. This research was a quantitative with cross sectional approach. The data was collected from 32 mothers living with HIV/AIDS who had toddler babies in Central Java Province. Data were analyzed using univariate with frequency distribution, bivariate with chi square and fisher exact, and multivariate with logistic regression. The result showed that the variable which correlated towards behavior of HIV-positive mothers in preventing HIV/AIDS transmission from mother to child were age of child, HIV status reveal time, time of joining ARV, joining PMTCT, time of joining PMTCT, and knowledge. While, knowledge was the main variable that has considerable influence on the behavior of HIV-positive mothers. From this research, can be conclude that knowledge can affect HIV-positive mother’s behavior.Keywords: HIV-positive mothers, PMTCT, Central Java Province
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Fernandes, Ana, Roberta Sanches, Francielly Matos, Juliana Massaro, and Eduardo Donadi. "HLA-G 14bp polymorphism on HIV-1 perinatal transmission (P3041)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (2013): 55.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.55.21.
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Abstract Background/aims: HLA-G is expressed at maternal-fetal interface and is strongly involved on maternal-fetal tolerance. The 3' untranslated region of HLA-G gene presents an insertion (INS) and/or deletion (DEL) of a 14bp fragment, which is associated with stability and expression levels of HLA-G mRNA. The aim of this study was to analyze the hypothesis that the 14bp polymorphism can influence the HIV vertical transmission. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 49 mother-child pairs (26 pairs with and 23 without vertical transmission). All children were born from HIV-positive mothers who did not receive antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. The 14 pp polymorphism was detected by PCR-amplified DNA using specific primers. Statistical analyses were made by Fisher's exact test. This study was approved by the local ethics committee. Results: We did not detect significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected child; however, the presence of the D/D homozygous genotype was more frequent among mothers with HIV-infected child (p=0.05). In addition, the 14pb similarity among mother and child pairs was more frequent on vertical transmission (69%) than on its absence. Conclusion: The presence of the genotype (DEL/DEL), associated with high production of HLA-G, and the similarities of the 14bp DEL/INS genotypes between mother and child may favor HIV mother to child transmission.
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Suwankhong, Dusanee, and Pranee Liamputtong. "The Meaning of Motherhood: Perception of Mothers Living with HIV in Southern Thailand." Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (2024): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.20.2.7.
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Introduction: Women should have their rights to become mothers regardless of their health conditions. The literature suggests that HIV-positive mothers want to become a mother but encounter many difficulties. However, little is known about the meaning of motherhood among southern Thai women living with HIV. This paper explores the perception of motherhood among these mothers. Methods: Semi-structured in-depth interviewing and drawing methods were combined to collect data from 30 HIV-positive mothers. Thematic method was employed to analyse the data. Results: Three themes were constructed from data analysis: 1) meaning of motherhood and desire to have children, 2) what makes women to be more confidence to have more children, and 3) the importance of children: A social capital value. Motherhood was perceived as an important role in producing children for the future of society and they desired to have children because becoming a mother signified their womanhood. Having a child could fulfill their married life as the child would nourish their relationship as a couple and provide social support for them. They were confident that their children would have high chance of survival rate because of the advanced modern medical care they had access to. Mothers strictly followed the advice and kept appointments to help reduce the chance of HIV transmission to babies. Conclusion: Children were seen as social capital to HIV-positive mothers and thus had a special meaning to them. However, the desire and the rights to become a mother among Thai HIV-positive mothers were common and deserved greater attention.
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Succi, Regina Célia de Menezes. "Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Brazil during the years 2000 and 2001: results of a multi-centric study." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, suppl 3 (2007): S379—S389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001500006.
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The objective of this study was to assess mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV in Brazil during the years 2000 and 2001, and to identify the maternal and neonatal variables that were associated with this transmission. It was a cross-sectional, observational study with retrospective data obtained from patient medical records. The children were followed at 63 medical sites situated in five geographical macro-regions of the country (20 States and the Federal Capital). Children enrolled were those that were born of HIV-infected mothers and it was necessary for the mothers to present documented proof of HIV-infection before or during pregnancy, at time of delivery or in the first three months after delivery. There were 2,924 children enrolled and mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV were 8.6% (95%CI: 7.2-10.2) for the year 2000 and 7.1% (95%CI: 5.8-8.6) for the year 2001. The following variables were associated with lower mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV: elective cesarean section, diagnosis of mother's infection before or during pregnancy, access to HIV viral load and T CD4+ lymphocyte count during prenatal care, greater birth weight and avoidance of breastfeeding.
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Ninson, Robert. "Assess the Knowledge Pregnant Women have on HIV/AIDS, Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS and How PMTCT Services are Utilized in a Tertiary Health Facility in the Gambia." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 11, no. 2 (2023): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.11.02.art016.
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Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is by far the largest source of HIV infection in children below the age of 15 years. The virus may be transmitted during pregnancy, child birth or breast feeding. Globally 2.7 million children under the age of 15 years have died of AIDS Over 9 in 10 were I infected by their mothers. Recently however, many interventions are available to reduce mother to child transmission, such as anti-retroviral drug and avoidance of breast feeding. To assess the knowledge pregnant women have on HIV/AIDS, mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS and how PMTCT services are utilized in a tertiary health facility in The Gambia. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 150 women that consecutively attended the antenatal clinic of Hands On Care. Approval was obtained from the Director of Hand On Care. Sexually active population (15 – 24yrs) constituted 34% whilst 72.0% were housewives. Myths and misconceptions of HIV/AIDS, 42.7% said mosquito bites can cause HIV; 25.3% said sharing of meals with infected person can transmit HIV. Utilization of PMTCT services was high with 92.7% tested for HIV. Out of those respondents 50.0% had ever discussed PMTCT services with their husband. Utilization of PMTCT services among pregnant women was high. However, knowledge on the causes and transmission of HIV was inadequate. Need to formulate policies aim at sensitizing women about the causes and transmission of HIV/AIDS. Promoting the uptake of PMTCT services will also go a long way reducing the transmission of unborn babies by infected mothers. Keywords: Antenatal Care; HIV/AIDS; Knowledge; Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission; Pregnant Wome; Utilization.
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Wilson, Cara C., R. Clark Brown, Bette T. Korber, et al. "Frequent Detection of Escape from Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Recognition in Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Transmission: the Ariel Project for the Prevention of Transmission of HIV from Mother to Infant." Journal of Virology 73, no. 5 (1999): 3975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.5.3975-3985.1999.
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ABSTRACT Host immunologic factors, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are thought to contribute to the control of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication and thus delay disease progression in infected individuals. Host immunologic factors are also likely to influence perinatal transmission of HIV-1 from infected mother to infant. In this study, the potential role of CTL in modulating HIV-1 transmission from mother to infant was examined in 11 HIV-1-infected mothers, 3 of whom transmitted virus to their offspring. Frequencies of HIV-1-specific human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted CTL responses and viral epitope amino acid sequence variation were determined in the mothers and their infected infants. Maternal HIV-1-specific CTL clones were derived from each of the HIV-1-infected pregnant women. Amino acid substitutions within the targeted CTL epitopes were more frequently identified in transmitting mothers than in nontransmitting mothers, and immune escape from CTL recognition was detected in all three transmitting mothers but in only one of eight nontransmitting mothers. The majority of viral sequences obtained from the HIV-1-infected infant blood samples were susceptible to maternal CTL. These findings demonstrate that epitope amino acid sequence variation and escape from CTL recognition occur more frequently in mothers that transmit HIV-1 to their infants than in those who do not. However, the transmitted virus can be a CTL susceptible form, suggesting inadequate in vivo immune control.
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Gibbs, Caroline, Diane Melvin, Caroline Foster, and Michael Evangeli. "‘I don’t even know how to start that kind of conversation’: HIV communication between mothers and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 10-11 (2018): 1341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105318755544.
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Young people with perinatally acquired HIV are now surviving into late adolescence and adulthood. We explored HIV communication within mother/adolescent dyads following naming of the adolescents’ HIV. Five adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV (14–16 years) and their biological mothers were interviewed separately. HIV communication between mothers and children was rare. Discussion most commonly related to biomedical aspects of HIV. Onward HIV disclosure was discouraged by mothers, which often contrasted with adolescents’ beliefs. Discussing emotional and sexual aspects of HIV was mutually avoided. Culturally sensitive support and guidance should be offered to families about discussing HIV, considering potentially differing perspectives.
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Ahmadu, Baba Usman, Umaru Inuwa, Umar Ibrahim Halima, Mshelbwala Bukar Simon, Sandabe Mustapha Kyari, and Jungudu Usman. "Birth weight outcome of babies whose mothers are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and on antiretroviral therapy at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria." Greener Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 2 (2013): 53–56. https://doi.org/10.15580/gjms.2013.2.103112184.
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Background: Low birth weight is an important risk factor for infant morbidity and mortality, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where HIV prevalence is still high. This review focuses on the birth weight outcome of babies whose mothers are infected with HIV and on ART at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), Nigeria. Methods: A total of 90 mother-baby pairs were studied. Babies birth weights were measured using the bassinet weighing scale and data of HIV mothers that are on ART as part of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) at UMTH were obtained from their ANC hospital record. Results: There were 47 (52.2%) males and 43 (47.8%) females. Most babies 73 (81.1%) had acceptable birth weights. Of the 17 (100 %) babies with LBW, 10 (58.8%) were HIV exposed babies. Association between HIV exposed and non HIV exposed (controls) with birth weight outcome of these babies were not significant (p = 0.419). Conclusion: Majority of babies with LBW were HIV exposed whose mothers are on ART for PMTCT. Effective ART for PMTCT in pregnant mothers during ANC may have made the LBW in our babies of no significance. We therefore recommend ART to HIV pregnant women.
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Agabu, Andrew, Andrew L. Baughman, Christa Fischer-Walker, et al. "National-level effectiveness of ART to prevent early mother to child transmission of HIV in Namibia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0233341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233341.
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Background Namibia introduced the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (MTCT) program in 2002 and lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant women (option B-plus) in 2013. We sought to quantify MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Methods During Aug 2014-Feb 2015, we recruited a nationally representative sample of 1040 pairs of mother and infant aged 4–12 weeks at routine immunizations in 60 public health clinics using two stage sampling approach. Of these, 864 HIV exposed infants had DNA-PCR HIV test results available. We defined an HIV exposed infant if born to an HIV-positive mother with documented status or diagnosed at enrollment using rapid HIV tests. Dried Blood Spots samples from HIV exposed infants were tested for HIV. Interview data and laboratory results were collected on smartphones and uploaded to a central database. We measured MTCT prevalence at 4–12 weeks post-delivery and evaluated associations between infant HIV infection and maternal and infant characteristics including maternal treatment and infant prophylaxis. All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design. Results Based on the 864 HIV exposed infants with test results available, nationally weighted early MTCT measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery was 1.74% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00%-3.01%). Overall, 62% of mothers started ART pre-conception, 33.6% during pregnancy, 1.2% post-delivery and 3.2% never received ART. Mothers who started ART before pregnancy and during pregnancy had low MTCT prevalence, 0.78% (95% CI: 0.31%-1.96%) and 0.98% (95% CI: 0.33%-2.91%), respectively. MTCT rose to 4.13% (95% CI: 0.54%-25.68%) when the mother started ART after delivery and to 11.62% (95% CI: 4.07%-28.96%) when she never received ART. The lowest MTCT of 0.76% (95% CI: 0.36% - 1.61%) was achieved when mother received ART and ARV prophylaxis within 72hrs for infant and highest 22.32% (95%CI: 2.78% -74.25%) when neither mother nor infant received ARVs. After adjusting for mother’s age, maternal ART (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03–0.29) and infant ARV prophylaxis (PR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10–0.998) remained strong predictors of HIV transmission. Conclusion As of 2015, Namibia achieved MTCT of 1.74%, measured at 4–12 weeks post-delivery. Women already on ART pre-conception had the lowest prevalence of MTCT emphasizing the importance of early HIV diagnosis and treatment initiation before pregnancy. Studies are needed to measure MTCT and maternal HIV seroconversion during breastfeeding.
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LeCroix, Rebecca Hill, Wing Yi Chan, Chris Henrich, Frances Palin, Jenelle Shanley, and Lisa Armistead. "Maternal HIV and Adolescent Functioning in South Africa: The Role of the Mother-Child Relationship." Journal of Early Adolescence 40, no. 1 (2019): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431618824726.
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Black South Africans are disproportionately affected by HIV compared with White counterparts. In their unique social context, South African families affected by HIV are vulnerable to adverse psychosocial effects. U.S.-based and emerging South African research suggests mothers living with HIV may experience compromised parenting. In the United States, mother-child relationship quality has been associated with internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (delinquency, acting out) child behaviors. This study adds to South African research with emphasis on the role of the mother-child relationship among HIV-affected South Africans from multiple communities. Structural equation modeling examined relationships between maternal health and child adjustment, operating through mother-child relationship. The best-fitting model suggested maternal health influences youth externalizing behaviors through the mother-child relationship, but that maternal health is directly related to child internalizing problems. Findings support and extend previous results. Further research would benefit from investigating ways the unique South African context influences these variables and their interactions.
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Augusto, Orvalho, Sheila Fernández-Luis, Laura Fuente-Soro, et al. "Using testing history to estimate HIV incidence in mothers living in resource-limited settings: Maximizing efficiency of a community health survey in Mozambique." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 5 (2023): e0001628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001628.
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Obtaining rapid and accurate HIV incidence estimates is challenging because of the need for long-term follow-up for a large cohort. We estimated HIV incidence among women who recently delivered in southern Mozambique by leveraging data available in routine health cards. A cross-sectional household HIV-testing survey was conducted from October 2017 to April 2018 among mothers of children born in the previous four years in the Manhiça Health Demographic Surveillance System area. Randomly-selected mother-child pairs were invited to participate and asked to present documentation of their last HIV test result. HIV-testing was offered to mothers with no prior HIV-testing history, or with negative HIV results obtained over three months ago. HIV incidence was estimated as the number of mothers newly diagnosed with HIV per total person-years, among mothers with a prior documented HIV-negative test. Among 5000 mother-child pairs randomly selected, 3069 were interviewed, and 2221 reported a previous HIV-negative test. From this group, we included 1714 mothers who had taken a new HIV test during the survey. Most of mothers included (83.3%,1428/1714) had a previous documented HIV test result and date. Median time from last test to survey was 15.5 months (IQR:8.0–25.9). A total of 57 new HIV infections were detected over 2530.27 person-years of follow-up. The estimated HIV incidence was 2.25 (95% CI: 1.74–2.92) per 100 person-years. Estimating HIV incidence among women who recently delivered using a community HIV-focused survey coupled with previous HIV-testing history based on patients’ clinical documents is an achievable strategy.
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Munambah, Nyaradzai, Pam Gretschel, and Amshuda Sonday. "Being a mother of a child with HIV-related Neurodevelopmental disorders in the Zimbabwean Context." South African Journal of Occupational Therapy 50, no. 1 (2020): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833-2020/vol50no1a6.
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Background: There is a growing population of mothers caring for their biological children who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), in Zimbabwe. Many of these children present with HIV-related Neuro Developmental Delays (NDDs). The occupation of being a mother is a complex and multifaceted role geared towards caring for and nurturing children. The different ways in which mothers negotiate the unique circumstances linked to the occupation of being a mother to a child with diagnosis of HIV-related NDDs warrants exploration.Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the mother's experiences of engaging in daily occupations relating to caring for their with HIV-related NDDs.Methodology: A descriptive qualitative study using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to uncover the mothers' lived experiences of caring for their child with HIV-related NDDs. Data generated from phenomenological interviews conducted with five mothers were analysed inductively using a simplified version of the StevickColaizzKeen method.Findings: Two major themes, namely 'Ndozvazviri' (Resilient Acceptance) and 'Rekindled hope for the future' emerged from the findings. These themes revealed that caring for a child with HIV-related NDDs is a difficult and demanding role. Despite this, mothers accepted and found meaning in this caring role. Their meaning was expressed through the opportunity to care for their own child and to observe their progress in occupational development and engagement. These interactions created positive experiences for the mothers and rekindled their hope for the future of their child.Discussion and recommendations: Despite the huge demands associated with being a mother of a child with HIV-related NDDs. mothers were committed to this role and were reluctant to entrust this role to others. The findings of this study encourage occupational therapists designing interventions for families, to carefully consider how the mothering role positively shapes the identities of mothers caring for children with HIV-related NDDs. Key words: mothering, HIV-related NDDs, caregiver
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Munambah, Nyaradzai, Pam Gretschel, and Amshuda Sonday. "Being a mother of a child with HIV-related Neurodevelopmental disorders in the Zimbabwean Context." South African Journal of Occupational Therapy 50, no. 1 (2020): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833-2020/vol50n1a6.
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Background: There is a growing population of mothers caring for their biological children who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), in Zimbabwe. Many of these children present with HIV-related Neuro Developmental Delays (NDDs). The occupation of being a mother is a complex and multifaceted role geared towards caring for and nurturing children. The different ways in which mothers negotiate the unique circumstances linked to the occupation of being a mother to a child with diagnosis of HIV-related NDDs warrants exploration.Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the mother's experiences of engaging in daily occupations relating to caring for their with HIV-related NDDs.Methodology: A descriptive qualitative study using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to uncover the mothers' lived experiences of caring for their child with HIV-related NDDs. Data generated from phenomenological interviews conducted with five mothers were analysed inductively using a simplified version of the StevickColaizzKeen method.Findings: Two major themes, namely 'Ndozvazviri' (Resilient Acceptance) and 'Rekindled hope for the future' emerged from the findings. These themes revealed that caring for a child with HIV-related NDDs is a difficult and demanding role. Despite this, mothers accepted and found meaning in this caring role. Their meaning was expressed through the opportunity to care for their own child and to observe their progress in occupational development and engagement. These interactions created positive experiences for the mothers and rekindled their hope for the future of their child.Discussion and recommendations: Despite the huge demands associated with being a mother of a child with HIV-related NDDs. mothers were committed to this role and were reluctant to entrust this role to others. The findings of this study encourage occupational therapists designing interventions for families, to carefully consider how the mothering role positively shapes the identities of mothers caring for children with HIV-related NDDs. Key words: mothering, HIV-related NDDs, caregiver