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1

Alcosser, Sandra. "Motherese." Prairie Schooner 93, no. 4 (2019): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2019.0112.

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2

Weistuch, Lucille, and Betty Byers Brown. "Motherese as therapy." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 3, no. 1 (1987): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026565908700300104.

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3

Cassel, Raquel S., Catherine Saint-Georges, Ammar Mahdhaoui, et al. "Course of maternal prosodic incitation (motherese) during early development in autism." Interaction Studies 14, no. 3 (2013): 480–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.14.3.08cas.

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We examined the course of caregiver (CG) motherese and the course of the infant’s response based on home movies from two single cases: a boy with typical development (TD) and a boy with autistic development (AD). We first blindly assessed infant CG interaction using the Observer computer-based coding procedure, then analyzed speech CG production using a computerized algorithm. Finally we fused the two procedures and filtered for co-occurrence. In this exploratory study we found that the course of CG parentese differed based on gender (father vs. mother) and child status (TD vs. AD). The course
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4

Monnot, Marilee, Robert Foley, and Elliott Ross. "Affective prosody: Whence motherese." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04390114.

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Motherese is a form of affective prosody injected automatically into speech during caregiving solicitude. Affective prosody is the aspect of language that conveys emotion by changes in tone, rhythm, and emphasis during speech. It is a neocortical function that allows graded, highly varied vocal emotional expression. Other mammals have only rigid, species-specific, limbic vocalizations. Thus, encephalization with corticalization is necessary for the evolution of progressively complex vocal emotional displays.
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5

Shute, H. Brenda. "Vocal Pitch in Motherese." Educational Psychology 7, no. 3 (1987): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144341870070303.

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6

Shim, Hee-Jeong, GeonJae Lee, JinKyung Hwang, and Do-Heung Ko. "Acoustic characteristics of Motherese." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 6, no. 4 (2014): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2014.6.4.189.

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7

Rice, Mabel L., and Patti L. Haight. ""Motherese" of Mr. Rogers." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 51, no. 3 (1986): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5103.282.

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8

Fair, D. "New medical words: Motherese." BMJ 316, no. 7133 (1998): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7133.753.

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9

Nelson, Deborah G. Kemler, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Peter W. Jusczyk, and Kimberly Wright Cassidy. "How the prosodic cues in motherese might assist language learning." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 1 (1989): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001343x.

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ABSTRACTThe function of motherese has become a pivotal issue in the language-learning literature. The current research takes the approach of asking whether the prosodic characteristics that are distinctive to motherese could play a special role in facilitating the acquisition of syntax. Hirsh-Pasek, Kemler Nelson, Jusczyk, Cassidy, Druss & Kennedy (1987) showed that infants aged 0;7–0;10 are sensitive to prosodic cues that would help them segment the speech stream into perceptual units that correspond to clauses. The present study shows that infants' sensitivity to segment-marking cues in
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10

Falk, Dean. "Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: Whence motherese?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04000111.

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In order to formulate hypotheses about the evolutionary underpinnings that preceded the first glimmerings of language, mother-infant gestural and vocal interactions are compared in chimpanzees and humans and used to model those of early hominins. These data, along with paleoanthropological evidence, suggest that prelinguistic vocal substrates for protolanguage that had prosodic features similar to contemporary motherese evolved as the trend for enlarging brains in late australopithecines/early Homo progressively increased the difficulty of parturition, thus causing a selective shift toward fem
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11

Piérart, Bernadette, and Kathy Huet. "Le motherese quand l’enfant bégaie." Enfance 2013, no. 03 (2013): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4074/s0013754513003078.

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12

Masataka, Nobuo. "Motherese in a signed language." Infant Behavior and Development 15, no. 4 (1992): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(92)80013-k.

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13

Newman, John D. "Motherese by any other name: Mother-infant communication in non-hominin mammals." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04400119.

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The definition of motherese is extended to infant-directed vocalizations in non-hominin mammals. In many species, vocal interactions between mothers and their infants are common. The neural substrates mediating these interactions include the rostral limbic cortex of the frontal lobe. Spoken language may have arisen from hominin females vocalizing to their infants.
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14

Rosenberg, Karen R., Roberta M. Golinkoff, and Jennifer M. Zosh. "Did australopithecines (or early Homo) sling?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04430118.

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Two arguments are critiqued here. The first is that hominin mothers “parked” their offspring; the evidence does not support that position. The second is that motherese developed to control the behavior of nonambulatory infants. However, Falk's case is stronger if we apply it to children who are already walking and more likely to be influenced by verbal information.
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15

Burling, Robbins. "Prosody does not equal language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04280116.

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Prosody, in motherese as in all forms of language, has a very different form and a very different use than the central lexical, phonological, and syntactic components of language. Whereas the prosodic aspects of motherese probably derive from primate vocalization, this does not help us to understand how the more distinctive parts of language emerged.
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16

BEHEYDT, Ludo. "The 'Semantic Primacy Principle' in Motherese." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 12, no. 3 (1986): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/cill.12.3.2017073.

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17

Bouissac, Paul. "How plausible is the motherese hypothesis?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04250117.

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Falk's hypothesis is attractive and seems to be supported by data from primatology and language acquisition literature. However, this etiological narrative presents a fairly low degree of plausibility, the result of two epistemological fallacies: an implicit reliance on a unilinear model of causality and the explicit belief that ontogeny is homologous to phylogeny. Although this attempt to retrace the early emergence of prelinguistic capacities in hominins falls short of producing a compelling argument, it does call attention to an aspect of linguistic behavior which may indeed have evolved un
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18

Gilissen, Emmanuel. "Aspects of human language: Where motherese?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04340112.

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Human language is a peculiar primate communication tool because of its large neocortical substrate, comparable to the structural substrates of cognitive systems. Although monkey calls and human language rely on different structures, neural substrate for human language emotional coding, prosody, and intonation is already part of nonhuman primate vocalization circuitry. Motherese could be an aspect of language at the crossing or at the origin of communicative and cognitive content.
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19

Falk, Dean. "Prelinguistic evolution in hominin mothers and babies: For cryin' out loud!" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04250105.

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Unlike chimpanzees, human infants engage in persistent adult-directed (AD) crying, and human mothers produce a special form of infant-directed vocalization, known as motherese. These complementary behaviors are hypothesized to have evolved initially in our hominin ancestors in conjunction with the evolution of bipedalism, and to represent prelinguistic substrates that paved the way for the eventual emergence of protolanguage.
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20

Bortfeld, Heather. "Which came first: Infants learning language or motherese?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04240110.

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Although motherese may facilitate language acquisition, recent findings indicate that not all aspects of motherese are necessary for word recognition and speech segmentation, the building blocks of language learning. Rather, exposure to input that has prosodic, phonological, and statistical consistencies is sufficient to jump-start the learning process. In light of this, the infant-directedness of the input might be considered superfluous, at least insofar as language acquisition is concerned.
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21

Reilly, Judy Snitzer, and Ursula Bellugi. "Competition on the face: affect and language in ASL motherese." Journal of Child Language 23, no. 1 (1996): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010163.

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ABSTRACTResearch on early mother-child interaction has documented the crucial role affect plays in the content and modulation of early interactions. For hearing mothers, voice quality is considered to be the single most informative channel for affective expression. For deaf caregivers who use American Sign Language (ASL), the vocal channel is unavailable, and facial expression is critically important. Not only do facial behaviours signal affective and communicative information, but specific facial behaviours also function as obligatory grammatical markers. This multifunctionality of facial exp
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22

VanDam, Mark, Paul De Palma, and William E. Strong. "Fathers' use of fundamental frequency in motherese." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137, no. 4 (2015): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4920275.

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23

Cooper, Robin Panneton, Jane Abraham, Sheryl Berman, and Margaret Staska. "The development of infants' preference for motherese." Infant Behavior and Development 20, no. 4 (1997): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(97)90037-0.

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24

Hampson, June, and Katherine Nelson. "The relation of maternal language to variation in rate and style of language acquisition." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 2 (1993): 313–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008308.

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ABSTRACTThe main thrust of this paper is to question whether in earlier studies the ‘motherese hypothesis’ has been adequately tested. The present study first explores concurrent relations between maternal and child language at an early age, using the Soyder, Bates & Bretherton (1981) questionnaire to assess vocabulary at 1;1. With a large sample of 45 subjects, videotaped at 1;1 and 1;8, it was possible to analyse earlier talkers separately from later talkers. The results indicate pre-existing differences between the mothers of earlier and later talkers as early as 1;1 – some 5 months bef
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25

Bettes, Barbara A. "Maternal Depression and Motherese: Temporal and Intonational Features." Child Development 59, no. 4 (1988): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130275.

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26

Fernald, Anne, and Patricia Kuhl. "Acoustic determinants of infant preference for motherese speech." Infant Behavior and Development 10, no. 3 (1987): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(87)90017-8.

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27

Hisanaga, Satoko, Kaori Kuroda, Satoko Ikeda, Hirokazu Doi, and Kazuyuki Shinohara. "The change of characteristics of motherese in rearer." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): 2EV—2–029–2EV—2–029. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_2ev-2-029.

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28

Grimminger, Angela, Katharina J. Rohlfing, and Prisca Stenneken. "Children’s lexical skills and task demands affect gestural behavior in mothers of late-talking children and children with typical language development." Gesture and Multimodal Development 10, no. 2-3 (2010): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.10.2-3.07gri.

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To evaluate the influence of lexical development and task demands on maternal gestural behavior, we observed 17 German-speaking mothers and their children with typically language development (TD) and 9 mothers with their late talkers (LT) aged 22–25 months in task-oriented dialogues. Mothers instructed their children to put two objects together; canonical and — as more difficult tasks — noncanonical spatial relationships were requested. Deictic gestures were dominant in both groups and were used to reinforce speech. However, LT’s mothers gestured more than TD’s mothers and tended to hold their
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29

Shute, Brenda, and Kevin Wheldall. "Pitch alterations in British motherese: some preliminary acoustic data." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 3 (1989): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010680.

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ABSTRACTSpeech samples from eight British female adults addressing young children and another adult were analysed in terms of vocal pitch. Increases in vocal pitch when addressing young children were observed but were smaller than the increases noted by North American researchers, and variability across speakers was marked. Some adults only slightly raised their vocal pitch to young children. Pitch increases were generally more marked for mean as against modal pitch measures, and for free speech as against reading aloud conditions.
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30

Hayes, Donald P., and Margaret G. Ahrens. "Vocabulary simplification for children: a special case of ‘motherese’?" Journal of Child Language 15, no. 2 (1988): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012411.

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ABSTRACTA new corpus of spontaneous conversations between adults and children is examined for evidence that adults simplify their vocabulary choices when speaking with young children. If these simplifications are found to be age-dependent, then they would broaden the pattern of simplifications characteristic of ‘motherese’ to include lexical choice as well. For the age-range newborns to 12 years, the results are both consistent with and contrary to the attested set of grammatical simplifications. In this corpus, MLU and TTR are strongly age-dependent, but adults do not choose their words from
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31

Fernald, Anne. "Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese." Infant Behavior and Development 8, no. 2 (1985): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(85)80005-9.

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32

Chang, Rosemarie Sokol, and Nicholas S. Thompson. "Whines, cries, and motherese: Their relative power to distract." Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology 5, no. 2 (2011): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0099270.

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33

Gogate, Lakshmi, Madhavilatha Maganti, and Lorraine E. Bahrick. "Cross-cultural evidence for multimodal motherese: Asian Indian mothers’ adaptive use of synchronous words and gestures." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 129 (January 2015): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.002.

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34

Aboitiz, Francisco, and Carolina G. Schröter. "Prelinguistic evolution and motherese: A hypothesis on the neural substrates." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04220118.

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In early hominins, there possibly was high selective pressure for the development of reciprocal mother and child vocalizations such as proposed by Falk. In this context, temporoparietal-prefrontal networks that participate in tasks such as working memory and imitation may have been strongly selected for. These networks may have become the precursors of the future language areas of the human brain.
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35

Wass, Sam V., and Tim J. Smith. "Visual motherese? Signal‐to‐noise ratios in toddler‐directed television." Developmental Science 18, no. 1 (2014): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.12156.

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36

Provine, Robert R. "Walkie-talkie evolution: Bipedalism and vocal production." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04410115.

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A converging pattern of evidence from laughter, tickling, and motherese suggests that bipedal locomotion plays a critical and unanticipated role in vocal evolution. Bipedalism frees the thorax of its support role during quadrupedal locomotion, which permits the uncoupling of breathing and striding necessary for the subsequent selection for vocal virtuosity and speech.
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37

Longhi, Elena, and Annette Karmiloff-Smith. "In the beginning was the song: The complex multimodal timing of mother-infant musical interaction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04370111.

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In this commentary we raise three issues: (1) Is it motherese or song that sets the stage for very early mother-infant interaction? (2) Does the infant play a pivotal role in the complex temporal structure of social interaction? (3) Is the vocal channel primordial or do other modalities play an equally important role in social interaction?
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38

Yurong, WANG. "A Comparison between Motherese in the West and in Chinese Mandarin." International Journal of Language and Linguistics 1, no. 4 (2013): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20130104.15.

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39

Peláez-Nogueras, Martha, Jacob L. Gewirtz, and Michael M. Markham. "Infant vocalizations are conditioned both by maternal imitation and motherese speech." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90724-9.

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40

Lim, Angelica, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. "The MEI Robot: Towards Using Motherese to Develop Multimodal Emotional Intelligence." IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development 6, no. 2 (2014): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tamd.2014.2317513.

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41

Papoušek, Mechthild, Hanuš Papoušek, and David Symmes. "The meanings of melodies in motherese in tone and stress languages." Infant Behavior and Development 14, no. 4 (1991): 415–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(91)90031-m.

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42

Dissanayake, Ellen. "Motherese is but one part of a ritualized, multimodal, temporally organized, affiliative interaction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0432011x.

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Visual (facial), tactile, and gestural, as well as vocal, elements of mother-infant interactions are each formalizations, repetitions, exaggerations, and elaborations of ordinary adult communicative signals of affiliation – suggesting ritualization. They are temporally organized and enable emotional coordination of the interacting pair. This larger view of motherese supports Falk's claim that the social-emotional elements of language are primary and suggests that language and music have common evolutionary foundations.
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43

Falk, Dean. "The “putting the baby down” hypothesis: Bipedalism, babbling, and baby slings." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0448011x.

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My responses to the observations and criticisms of 26 commentaries focus on the coregulated and affective nature of initial mother/infant interactions, the relationship between motherese and emergent linguistic skills and its implication for hominin evolution, the plausibility of the “putting the baby down” hypothesis, and details about specific neurological substrates that may have formed the basis for the evolution of prelinguistic behaviors and, eventually, protolanguage.
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44

Murphey, Tim, and Jean Luc Alber. "A Pop Song Register: The Motherese of Adolescents as Affective Foreigner Talk." TESOL Quarterly 19, no. 4 (1985): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3586679.

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45

DAVE, Shruti, Ann M. MASTERGEORGE, and Lesley B. OLSWANG. "Motherese, affect, and vocabulary development: dyadic communicative interactions in infants and toddlers." Journal of Child Language 45, no. 4 (2018): 917–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000917000551.

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AbstractResponsive parental communication during an infant's first year has been positively associated with later language outcomes. This study explores responsivity in mother–infant communication by modeling how change in guiding language between 7 and 11 months influences toddler vocabulary development. In a group of 32 mother–child dyads, change in early maternal guiding language positively predicted child language outcomes measured at 18 and 24 months. In contrast, a number of other linguistic variables – including total utterances and non-guiding language – did not correlate with toddler
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46

Zhao, Tian, Christine Moon, Hugo Lagercrantz, and Patricia Kuhl. "Prenatal Motherese? Newborn Speech Perception May Be Enhanced by Having a Young Sibling." Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 16, no. 2 (2011): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.jn16.2.90.

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47

Scarborough, Hollis, and Janet Wyckoff. "Mother, I'd still rather do it myself: some further non-effects of ‘motherese’." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 2 (1986): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008163.

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48

Nwokah, Evangeline E. "Maidese Versus Motherese — Is The Language Input of Child and Adult Caregivers Similar?" Language and Speech 30, no. 3 (1987): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002383098703000303.

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49

Masataka, Nobuo. "Perception of motherese in a signed language by 6-month-old deaf infants." Developmental Psychology 32, no. 5 (1996): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.5.874.

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50

Masataka, Nobuto. "Perception of motherese in Japanese sign language by 6-month-old hearing infants." Developmental Psychology 34, no. 2 (1998): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.241.

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