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1
Oti-Boadi, Mabel. "Exploring the Lived Experiences of Mothers of Children With Intellectual Disability in Ghana." SAGE Open 7, no. 4 (2017): 215824401774557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017745578.
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This study explored the experiences of mothers of children with intellectual disability in Ghana. Specifically, the study sought to determine the challenges and coping strategies associated with raising a child with intellectual disability. Using the phenomenological approach, 11 mothers were purposively selected from mothers whose children attended a “special” school. Semistructured interviews were used to collect data on the experiences of mothers of children with intellectual disability. Data were analyzed and interpreted into six themes including emotional reactions, caregiving challenges, societal reactions, knowledge of the condition, perceived cause of the condition, and coping strategies. The findings of the study demonstrate that being a mother of a child with intellectual disability is beset with several negative experiences of stress; however, mothers recounted the valuable nature of their coping strategies including spiritual beliefs, support, and hope in raising their children with intellectual disability. This study highlighted the challenging nature of having a child with intellectual disability and the beneficial roles of coping strategies in helping mothers traverse the caregiving journey with their children. This study provides relevant information for mental health practice, policy, and research, and serves as a guide in developing intervention programs for parents of children with intellectual disability in Ghana.
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Rinaldi, Martaria Rizky, and Sofia Retnowati. "Program “Mindful Parenting” untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Subjektif Ibu yang Memiliki Anak Retardasi Mental." Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) 2, no. 2 (2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.33362.
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Parenting child with intellectual disability is associated with physical and psychological problems that influence mother’s subjective well-being. The evidence is show that mindfulness based intervention can increase of life satisfaction, elicit positive affect, dan minimize negative affect, so that it can increase subjective well-being. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of “Mindful parenting” program in increasing subjective well-being mother who has child with intellectual disability. This study uses a one-group pretest-posttesttt design using a double pretest. “Mindful Parenting” program was administered to ten mothers of children with intellectual disability. Participant attend 8 sessions of “Mindful parenting” program in four meeting. Analysis using Friedman test showed significance result (Fr(2) = 11.13, p< 0.05). It conclude that there was significant effect of “Mindful parenting” program on promotes subjective well-being of mothers of children with intellectual disability.
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Wedgwood, Nikki, Susan Collings, Margaret Spencer, and Gabrielle Hindmarsh. "Mother of a problem! Are the Needs of Mothers with Intellectual Disability Being Addressed in the NDIS Era?" Journal of Social Inclusion 12, no. 2 (2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36251/josi226.
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The National Disability Insurance Scheme was introduced to provide a rights-based entitlement to support for Australians with disability, replacing the previous welfare-based policy framework. However, there are indications this rights-based support has not eventuated for mothers with intellectual disability, with growing reports of their reduced access to the parenting support to which they are entitled under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. Despite the NDIS promise of an equitable disability care system that would seamlessly complement State-funded services, reports from mothers with intellectual disability and their advocates suggest that cost-shifting between the Commonwealth and State Governments has reinforced service silos and opened up service gaps for a group of women who need support from both the disability and family support systems. Moreover, a concerning absence of reliable, transparent data makes it difficult to monitor the wellbeing of families headed by mothers with intellectual disability and also suggests these families are no longer a priority for Australian Governments. In this commentary, we advocate for: i) publicly available data on how the NDIS identifies and addresses the support needs of mothers with intellectual disability; ii) the integration of State and Commonwealth funding mechanisms to enable mothers with intellectual disability to access a parenting supplement linked to their NDIS funding and; iii) the rebuilding of national capacity in evidence-based parenting education and support to mothers with intellectual disability across all Australian service systems.
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Ningrum, Devy Sekar Ayu, Yuspendi Yuspendi, and Endeh Azizah. "Program Emotional Coaching Menggunakan Tipe Coping Problem Focus Responses dalam Menghadapi Emosi Negatif Anak Intellectual Disability di SLB BC Yatira." Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi) 3, no. 1 (2019): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/hjp.v3i1.2074.
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The research will be published in a scientific journal of humanity taken from a thesis research. The purpose of this research is to know emotional coaching program for mother to use coping type problem focus responses in facing negative emotion of child intellectual disability at SLB BC Yatira. The sample in this study were 5 mothers who have children Intellectual Disability. This study is an experimental quasi by using one group pre-post test design. Measurements were made by Coping with Children's Emotion Scale (CCNES) from Fabes and colleagues (1990s), who described coping type of problem focus responsess. Reliability the measuring used expert. The results showed that there were different types of coping mothers in facing the negative emotional child intellectual disability in SLB BC Yatira before and after given emotional coaching program. The statistical test was done by using Wilxocon different test with p = 0,042 <0.05. The conclusion of research there are change of coping type used by mother in facing negative emotion child intellectual disability at SLB BC Yatira after given intervention in the form of emotional coaching program. Practical advice for mothers emotional coaching program can be used by mothers to cultivate a sense of empathy and foster closeness with children, so that mothers can be more positive in the face of negative emotions that children show 
 Keywords: emotional coaching program, coping type of problem focus responsess, negative emotion in child with intellectual disability
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Βουγιούκας, Κωνσταντίνος, Μαρία Τζουριάδου, Γεώργιος Μενεξές, Μαρία Γκέκα, and Λητώ Ελένη Μιχαλοπούλου. "Intellectual disability and mothers' stressors: A Greek Paradigm." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 21, no. 4 (2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23510.
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Ongoing research has demonstrated higher levels of stress for parents of children with intellectual disabilities than in parents of typically developed children. Three major source domains of parental stress include comorbid conditions, parental characteristics and parents’ life situations. The aim of this study was the investigation of Greek mothers’perceptions of the characteristics of their intellectually disabled children and their life situations as stressors. The research was carried out in Rhodes, Greece. The study sample consisted of fifty-nine mothers ofchildren diagnosed with moderate intellectual disabilities with and without comorbid conditions. Interviews were used to collect the data. Main findings were that stress varies among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and that children comorbid conditions appear to be the most important maternal stress factor. Family support should be based on the partnership-empowerment model. Further research on family needs of children with intellectual disabilities is needed in Greece, so that children find partnership and support throughout their lives.
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Blacher, Jan, Gazi F. Begum, George A. Marcoulides, and Bruce L. Baker. "Longitudinal Perspectives of Child Positive Impact on Families: Relationship to Disability and Culture." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 118, no. 2 (2013): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-118.2.141.
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Abstract This study examined mothers' perceptions of the positive impact of having a child with an intellectual disability. Trajectories of positive impact from 7 time points were developed using latent growth modeling and 2 predictors: culture (Anglo, Latino) and child disability status (intellectual disability, typical development). Data were from 219 mothers of children from age 3 to 9 years. Growth trajectories reflected a general decline in positive impact on Anglo mothers. On average, at age 3, Anglo mothers reported significantly lower initial values on positive impact when their children had an intellectual disability, but Latino mothers did not. Across all time points, Latino mothers had higher scores on the positive impact, regardless of whether they had a child with an intellectual disability or a typically developing child.
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Powell, Robyn M., Susan L. Parish, and Ilhom Akobirshoev. "Health of Young Children Whose Mothers Have Intellectual Disability." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 121, no. 4 (2016): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-121.4.281.
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Abstract Understanding the needs and experiences of parents with intellectual disability (ID) and their children is critical to ensuring that policies can effectively support these families. This research analyzed data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the health outcomes of U.S. children whose mothers have (n = 263) and do not have ID (n = 1,298). Compared to mothers without ID, mothers with ID experienced worse outcomes related to socioeconomic status, limited support networks, and poor self-reported health. However, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, mother's intellectual disability was not associated with a child having fair or poor health, asthma, or being overweight or obese.
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Kishore, M. Thomas. "Disability impact and coping in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and multiple disabilities." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 15, no. 4 (2011): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744629511431659.
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Understanding the disability impact on parenting and caregiving is important for intervention. The present study was designed to understand the differences in perceived disability impact and related coping in mothers having children with intellectual disabilities alone compared to those having children with intellectual disabilities and additional disabilities. Accordingly, 30 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and 30 mothers of children with intellectual and additional disabilities were assessed for disability impact and coping. Group differences for disability impact were present in specific domains but not overall. Despite variations in coping pattern, both positive and negative coping strategies were observed in both groups. The results may imply that the impact of intellectual disability is so pervasive that except in certain domains mothers may not perceive the further impact of additional disabilities. Positive coping does not rule out negative coping strategies. These findings have specific relevance to service delivery in a cultural context.
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Chaudhary, Shreya. "MY CHILD’S DISABILITY AND ME”: IMPACT OF CHILD DISABILITY ON MATERNAL QUALITY OF LIFE AND COPING STRATEGY." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (2021): 1406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07331.
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The birth of differently-abled child brings huge impact on the life of parents. This condition results in adverse impact on quality of life of parents. The study examined the components of quality of life and coping strategies of mothers of children with visual impairment, hearing impairment, locomotor disability, and intellectual disability. This was a cross-sectional, ex-post facto research study. The statistical population included the mothers of differently abled children. 200 mothers of differently-abled children participated in the study. WHOQOL-BREF and Coping strategies scale was used for data collection. Findings revealed that the quality of life has statistically significant difference among the mothers of visually impaired, hearing-impaired children and mothers of locomotor disabled and intellectually disabled children. The mothers of visually impaired and hearing-impaired children use approach coping more than the mothers of intellectually disabled and locomotor disabled children. The avoidance coping is used more by mothers of locomotor disabled children followed by mothers of intellectually disabled children. Efficient social skill training programs should be provided to enhance their social network and quality of life. The professionals should also assess the needs, potential problems of mothers and integrate effective strategies with the treatment of their children.
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Jacob, Udeme Samuel, Jace Pillay, and Bolanle Misitura Oyundoyin. "Quality of Life of Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability: Do Social Support, Maternal Stress and Socio-Economic Status Play a Role?" Engagement: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/engagement.v5i1.643.
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This study investigate the influence of perceived social support, maternal stress and socio-economic status on quality of life of mothers of children with intellectual disability, Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of 93 mothers of children with intellectual disability were respondents to a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that perceived social support and socio-economic status had significant positive relationship with quality of life of mothers of children with intellectual disability. Result showed that the relationship between maternal stress and quality of life was negative and significant. Moreover, the study revealed that perceived social support had the highest relative contribution on quality of life of mothers followed by socio-economic status while the least was by maternal stress. Furthermore, the joint contribution of perceived social support, maternal stress and socio-economic status on quality of life of mothers was significant; therefore, the three variables should be given proper consideration so as to enhance quality of life mothers of children with intellectual disability.
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Trihastuti, Maria Claudia Wahyu, Hana Panggabean, and Rustono Farady Marta. "Parenting Self-Efficacy Ibu dalam Mengasuh Anak dengan Disabilitas." INKLUSI 10, no. 1 (2023): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ijds.100103.
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Parenting self-efficacy ibu, tantangan dan peran lingkungan, disabilitas This article focuses on the dynamic process of acceptance and motivation as well as essential factors in a mother’s parentingself-efficacy. Six participants are mothers of children (above 6 years old) with either one of the three types of ability: intellectual, sensory, or mental disability. The data are gathered through semi-structured interviews. The result of this study shows that the experienceof being reared by parents becomes a representative experience that adds to mothers’ knowledge and expertise in mothers’ reared task, in that mother’ rearing duty, shows motivation to increase the competency in fostering children with disability in many ways, among others are reading from mass media, consulting with a therapist, and communicating intensively with the teacher. Affiliate stigma experienced by mothers, evokes mothers to be more selective in choosing a social environment that supports the development of children with disability. Spirituality and social support become factors that play a role in mothers’ parenting-self efficacy. Artikel ini membahas dinamika proses penerimaan dan motivasi sebagai faktor yang berperan dalam parenting self-efficacy ibu. Enam responden yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini merupakan ibu dari anak dengan disabilitas (berusia di atas enam tahun) yang memiliki salah satu jenis dari tiga jenis disabilitas yakni intelektual, sensorik, dan mental. Teknik wawancara semi terstruktur digunakan sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman diasuh oleh orang tua menjadi pengalaman perwakilan yang menambah pengetahuan dan kemampuan ibu dalam tugas pengasuhan. Ibu menunjukkan motivasi untuk meningkatkan kompetensi dalam mengasuh anak dengan disabilitas melalui berbagai cara, antara lain membaca informasi dari media massa, berkonsultasi dengan terapis, dan berkomunikasi secara intensif dengan guru. Affiliate stigma yang dialami ibu menggugah ibu untuk lebih selektif dalam menentukan lingkungan sosial yang mendukung perkembangan anak disabilitas. Spiritualitas dan dukungan sosial menjadi faktor yang berperan dalam parenting self-efficacy ibu.
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Chou, Yueh-Ching, Cheng-Yun Pu, Teppo Kröger, and Li-yeh Fu. "Caring, Employment, and Quality of Life: Comparison of Employed and Nonemployed Mothers of Adults With Intellectual Disability." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 115, no. 5 (2010): 406–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-115.5.406.
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Abstract The effects of caregiving on mothers of adults with intellectual disability was examined by determining whether there are differences in quality of life and related factors between mothers with different employment status. Study participants were 302 working-age mothers who had adult children with intellectual disability based on the 2008 census survey on intellectual disability carried out in Hsinchu, City, Taiwan. Results revealed that nonemployed mothers are more likely to have a lower level of health status, including the WHOQOL Physical Health domain, than are mothers employed fulltime. Multiple regression analysis showed that mothers' quality of life was significantly determined by the availability of a person with whom they could share care work, family income, social support, and employment status.
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Myśliwczyk, Iwona. "Motherhood of a woman with intellectual disability – retrospection of biographical experiences." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 49, no. 1 (2022): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v49i1.1028.
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Patentowo of people with intellectual disability is stilo a sensitive and controversial issue. Despite of implementation of the concept of normalization, subjectivity and emancipation, the right to fulfill parental roles is taken away from these people. It comes from a social perception of people with intellectual disabilities as unable to self-reliant and responsible functioning. Previous studies show needs of this group of people, who want not only to get married, but also to express themselves in parental roles.
 The aim of the article is to present the result of studies related to subjective interpreting and constructing biographies of mothers with intellectual disabilities. The researches were governed by those people’s insufficient knowledge about defining motherhood and willingness to get answers to questions related to things, which from mother’s perspective, are individual and inimitable. Researches were set in an interpretative paradigm and biographical method was used. In thematic narrative interviews took part six women/mothers with intellectual disability who have children. During analysis there were separated few categories, which shows motherhood from subjective mothers’ experiences perspective. Categories isolated during analysis and interpretation made a wide range of individual meanings given to motherhood, which is experienced by women with intellectual disability. The studies, based on mothers’ personal interpretations, showed different faces of motherhood, which is defined as love, happiness, satisfaction, dream, but also as duty, difficulty, fear, loneliness, helplessness or even failure. The studies also showed social and cultural context in which mothers were set. Meanings given to a motherhood were based on subjective women’s experiences and they may be a result of lack of full acceptance of people’s with intellectual disabilities relationships and their parenthood. It may also be a result of participants’ struggles not only with children’s behaviour and growth issues, but also with effects of their own disability.
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Fitriyah, Anis. "Ibu dan Politik Pengasuhan Anak Penyandang Disabilitas Intelektual." INKLUSI 7, no. 1 (2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ijds.070104.
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Parenting of children with intellectual disability is generally highlighted from the perspective of the mother’s psychological experience and contribution to parenting. In practice, only a few publications raise the issue from the perspective of the mother as a woman. This study aims to answer the question of how the politics of parenting and agency mothers in caring for children with intellectual disabilities in Yogyakarta. This study is based on ten months of fieldwork and the experience of ten mothers with intellectual disabilities children. The results showed: First, as caregivers without authority, mothers lack the right to educate children to be independent. Second, mothers are subject to the control of others who have a strong influence in determining the perceptions and processes of caring for the children. Mothers are often the ones to blame by professionals, activists, the community, families, and children when the care process does not go as they wish. Third, in terms of agency, mothers choose to educate the community, negotiate, and involve children in the creative activities. Fourth, the mother redefined the meaning of independence.[Pengasuhan anak penyandang disabilitas intelektual umumnya ditinjau dari perspektif pengalaman psikologis ibu dan kontribusinya dalam mengasuh. Praktiknya, hanya sedikit publikasi yang mengangkat isu pengasuhan dari perspektif ibu sebagai seorang perempuan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana politik pengasuhan dan agency ibu dalam mengasuh anak penyandang disabilitas intelektual di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini mengacu ke sepuluh bulan kerja lapangan dan pengalaman sepuluh ibu dengan anak penyandang disabilitas intelektual. Makalah ditulis dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dan dianalisis dengan teori feminist ethics. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, sebagai pengasuh tanpa otoritas, ibu tidak mendapat hak melatih anak menjadi independen. Kedua, ibu menjadi sasaran kontrol para profesional yang memiliki pengaruh kuat dalam menentukan persepsi dan proses pengasuhan anak penyandang disabilitas intelektual. Ibu sering kali menjadi pihak yang disalahkan oleh para profesional, aktivis organisasi difabel, masyarakat, keluarga, dan anak ketika proses pengasuhan tidak berjalan sebagaimana harapan mereka. Ketiga, dalam hal agency, ibu memilih melakukan edukasi kepada masyarakat, bernegosiasi, dan mengikutsertakan anak pada ajang kreativitas. Keempat, ibu meredefinisi makna independensi. ]
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Anjaly, K. S., and P. T. Baburaj Dr. "Psycho Social Aspects of Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability in Relation to Mother Empowerment Program." International Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Education 03, no. 04 (2024): 673–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11091352.
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The present study investigated the effect of mother empowerment programme on psycho social aspects of mothers having children with intellectual disability attending four special schools of Kottayam district . A descriptive survey cum experimental pretest post test control group research design was used for the study. The objective of the study was to find out the effect of mother empowerment programme on psycho social aspects of mothers having children with intellectual disability. The instrument used for the study was Psycho social scale, pretest was done, mother empowerment programme was given to 50 mothers who obtained low Psycho social score in the survey after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval and permission from the special school authorities. Post test was done using the same instrument, six months after the pre test. The results of ANCOVA showed there is a significant difference in post test Psycho social scores between the experimental and control group. ( F = 4.994, P =0.02 )
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Sharma, Rachit, Harpreet Singh, Kaushik Chatterjee, Pookala Shivaram Bhat, Kalpana Srivastava, and Rajiv Kumar Saini. "Anxiety and Depression in Parents of Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability." Annals of Indian Psychiatry 7, no. 4 (2023): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aip.aip_197_22.
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Abstract Background: Parents of the children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) are prone to psychological distress than as compared to parents of normally developing children and adolescents. Various biopsychosocial factors affect the perception and manifestation of this stress and influences difference in quality and severity in psychological outcomes. When a couple faces stress of caregiving as a unit, it is worthwhile to know and assess distribution pattern amongst the primary care giver and the other parent. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the proportional distribution of depression and anxiety in primary care giver and the other parent in parents of children and adolescents with ID. Materials and Methods: Using a Cross-sectional observational study design, 99 parents (99 fathers and 98 mothers) of 99 children and adolescents (up to 18 yrs of age) with Intellectual Disability were assessed for Depressive and Anxiety symptoms using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Comparison of proportional distribution of psychiatric morbidity among fathers and mothers (primary care giver) was done using 2 independent sample proportion tests. Results: The mothers were found to be the primary care givers. 35.4% of fathers and 66.3% of mothers had significant depressive symptoms. 57.6% of fathers and 91.8% of mothers had significant anxiety symptoms. In 33 couples, fathers did not report anxiety or depressive symptoms but corresponding 27 mothers reported significant anxiety or depressive symptoms or both. In rest of the couples in whom fathers reported anxiety and/or depressive symptoms, the corresponding mothers also reported. In six couples where mothers did not report anxiety or depression, the fathers also did not report any anxiety or depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Depressive and Anxiety symptoms are very prevalent in parents of children with ID. Their proportion is significantly high in primary care giver (mother) as comparedto corresponding other parent (father). There is unequal distribution of anxiety and depression in these parents with a skew towards mother.
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Buwade, Jagdish. "Correlation between Stress and Quality of Life of Mothers having Children with Intellectual Disability." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 3, no. 12 (2018): 374–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2483223.
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Background: Parenting a child with intellectual disability (ID) is stressful for the mothers and badly affects their Quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to examine the correlation between stress and QOL of mothers having children with ID. Methods: The research design employed was non-experimental descriptive cum correctional study. The sample consist 30 mothers of ID children. The study was conducted at Thakur Hari Prasad Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Mentally handicapped Children, Hyderabad, Telangana State. Stress was assessed by Questionnaire on Resources and Stress QOL and QOL examined by World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF / WHO QOL BREF, REV., 2012). The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation(r) through SPSS version-21. Results: Results showed that there was high negative correlation was found between stress and QOL(r=0.89) of mothers having children with ID. Conclusion: This study shows that stress affected QOL of mothers having children with ID. Therefore there is an urgency to develop stress management, and well being programme for mother to improve their QOL.
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Sari Nasirlo, Karim Aali, Farah Naderi, Rezvan Homaei, and Behnam Makvandi. "Effect of Dialectic Behavior Therapy on Self-conscious Emotions and Family Quality of Life in Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability." Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 12, no. 3 (2023): 446–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sjrm.12.3.3.
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Background and Aims having children with intellectual disability can cause psychological, emotional and social problems for the parents, especially mothers. The present study aims to examine the effect of dialectic behavior therapy (DBT) on self-conscious emotions and family quality of life (QoL) in mothers of children with intellectual disability. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/ follow-up design. The study population consists of all mothers of children with intellectual disability in Ardebil, Iran in 2021. Of these, 37 were selected using a purposive sampling method and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The mothers in the intervention group received eight sessions of DBT for two months. Tangney et al.’s test of self-conscious affect and the beach center family QoL scale were used in this study. The data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA. Results The DBT had a significant effect on positive self-conscious affect (F=75.20; Eta squared=0.68; P=0001), negative self-conscious affect (F=45.19; Eta squared =0.56; P=0001) and family QoL (F=71.74; Eta squared=0.67; P=0001) in mothers. Conclusion The DBT can improve self-conscious emotions and family QoL in mothers of children with intellectual disability by employing techniques such as distress tolerance, mindfulness, and emotional regulation.
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Singh, Kishan Kumar. "Resilience in Mothers having Children with Disabilities." Chettinad Health City Medical Journal 11, no. 03 (2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2278.2044.202225.
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In a developing society and community with limited rehabilitation and care services there are major challenges for mothers with disabled children and the responsibility of a child’s growth falls solely on the shoulders of the mother or caregivers. Understanding the resilience in mothers (caregivers) is becoming more important as a process in the area of disabilities, for quality development and caring of children with disabilities. The question tthat comes to mind is, what factors make some families do well in adverse conditions while others fight to keep their family life functional, when they are subjected to similar stresses? The aim of this research is to explore the role of resilience factors in mothers having children with disabilities. This study was conducted to assess the resilience of mothers who have children with disabilities. In this scientific study all 300 mothers (100 mothers with intellectual disability, 100 mothers with locomotor disability, and 100 mothers of normal children) were selected from northern India. The resilience scales were administered to assess the resilience variable; the scale has the 4-factor solution, which had 31 items: the alpha reliability coefficient was 0.95. The result of the study shows that the F-value for resilience in mothers of intellectually disabled children, children with locomotor disabilities and of normal children the F value for resilience is 198.379 which is significant at 0.001 levels of significance. This shows that there is difference within the group of mothers of intellectually disabled children, children with locomotor disabilities and normal children. Findings reveal that the level of resilience is different in mothers of intellectually disabled children, children with locomotor disablilities and normal children. The dentification of factors that promote resilience in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities is likely to advance clinical practice by providing new emphasis in clinical areas in family- centered care. Evidence supports the theory that resilience is linked to the availability and accessibility of culturally relevant resources. The results are especially important for building a group of resilient mothers who will be involved in their children’s recovery.
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Pownall, Jaycee Dawn, Andrew Jahoda, and Richard Patrick Hastings. "Sexuality and Sex Education of Adolescents with Intellectual Disability: Mothers' Attitudes, Experiences, and Support Needs." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50, no. 2 (2012): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.2.140.
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Abstract Few studies have considered families' views about adolescents' sexual development. The authors compared attitudes and behaviors of mothers of young people with (n = 30) and without intellectual disability (n = 30). Both groups placed similar importance on dealing with their children's developing sexuality and were similarly confident in doing so. Mothers of young people with intellectual disability held more cautious attitudes about contraception, readiness to learn about sex, and decisions about intimate relationships. Mothers expressed concerns about their children with intellectual disability and sexual vulnerability. They had also spoken about fewer sexual topics with their children and began these discussions when their children were older. The findings can inform more sensitive supports and materials to help families deal with the sexual development of their offspring.
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Białas, Marcin. "THERAPY OF MOTHERS RISING CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY." Rozprawy Społeczne 14, no. 2 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29316/rs/122022.
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Utami, Tiara Rizky, and Budi Andayani. "Mentari's guide validation as a guidelines in teaching bath skills for tunagrahita children." Journal of Psychology and Instruction 4, no. 3 (2021): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpai.v4i3.33706.
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Bathing skill was an important skill that should be possessed by intellectual disability children so that they become independent. The result of preliminary study indicates that mothers of the intellectual disability did not have knowledge and skills in teaching children’s bathing skill so they often help their children to take a bath. Based on the matter, it requires a guide to improve mothers’ knowledge and skill in teaching bath skill for intellectual disability children. This research is aimed to perform the validation of MENTARI guide through content validation with professional judgment and empirical validation which uses one-group pretest-posttest. Wilcoxon’s Signed Rank Test was utilized to test the score difference between knowledge and skill of teaching intellectual disability children to take a bath themselves. Nine mothers who have intellectual disability children become the participants. The research result indicates that MENTARI guide was contently and empirically valid. The guide has also satisfying content validity (Aiken’s V= 0,80-0.98). The data analysis which utilizes Wilcoxon’s Signed Rank Test indicates that there was an increase of score of bathing teaching knowledge and skill with Z =-2,670 and p<0.05 for knowledge score and Z value = 2,670 and p< 0.05 for bathing teaching skill score.
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Al-Shirawi, Mariam E. "A Comparison of Marital Satisfaction of Mothers Raising a Child with Intellectual Disability versus a Child with Autism Disorder in Bahrain: Mixed Method Study." Journal of Studies in Education 8, no. 2 (2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jse.v8i2.13100.
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The purpose of the current mixed method study was to explore marital satisfaction of mothers raising children with Intellectual disability (I.D), or Autism disorder Children (A.D).The participants were thirty seven mothers, 21 of them had a child with autism disorder and 16 had a child with Intellectual disability. Twenty two of the mothers participated in the semi-structured interviews using the marital satisfaction questionnaire (MSQ) which is a self-report questionnaire prepared to assess marital satisfaction. The results reported 70% of the mothers had high level marital satisfaction. Results showed no significant difference in the level of marital satisfaction between mothers of children with (I.D) and mothers of children with (A.D). The regression analyses indicated that social support, significantly predicted mothers' marital satisfaction, while other variables (income, child birth order, gender of a child, age of a child, age of mother, age of husband, social support, marital years) were not found to be influential in predicting marital satisfaction. Qualitative thematic analysis showed that most of the mothers have a high level of marital satisfaction and received support from their husbands, their families and their mothers’ in-law, as well as support from professional specialists like pediatricians, psychologists, special education teachers and some friends.
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McMahon, Mary, Karen Moni, Monica Cuskelly, Jan Lloyd, and Anne Jobling. "Aspirations held by young adults with intellectual disabilities and their mothers." Australian Journal of Career Development 29, no. 2 (2020): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1038416220916813.
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This study reports on Australian small-scale exploratory descriptive research into how young people with intellectual disability and their families construct their futures. The aims of this research were to (a) better understand the future aspirations held by young adults with intellectual disability and their parents, (b) identify enablers and barriers to the achievement of these aspirations, and (c) provide insights for career practitioners who support young people with intellectual disability and their parents to achieve their personal and career goals. Participants were four young people with intellectual disabilities aged between 18 and 30 years and their mothers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. Results provide a nuanced understanding of the issues facing young people with intellectual disabilities and their families in constructing their futures. Suggestions are offered that can inform career development practice and policy.
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Zaremba-Kosovych, Hanna. "Between Heroism and Marginality: Experiences of Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities." Visnyk V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series "Sociological studies of contemporary society: methodology, theory, methods", no. 46 (July 1, 2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-6521-2021-46-04.
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The article is analyzed the experiences of mothers who gave birth to children with intellectual disabilities during the 1970s and 1990s in Ukraine. The topicality is determined by the fact that almost no similar research has been conducted in Ukraine. The novelty of the publication is that the context of disability policy in Soviet times and its impact on public perceptions of intellectual disability have not been analyzed. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the theory of social constructivism. The empirical research was conducted by qualitative methods: semi-structured in-depth interviews and ethnographic included observation in Kyiv, Lviv and Lviv region during 2019-2021. Due to the qualitative content analysis, a number of typical experiences were identified for mothers who already have adult children with intellectual disabilities: meeting with health professionals as bearers of symbolic power to exclude children with (intellectual) disabilities and their families from social space and social interactions, stigmatization of a child with a disability and his / her family, permanent care of a child with an intellectual disability, financial difficulties, rethinking the disability of a child and his / her motherhood in social activities and social inclusion.
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Al-Oraini, Badrea Saleh. "Motherhood, Disability, and Employment: Understanding the Workplace Experiences of Mothers of Children With Intellectual Disabilities." International Journal of Business Administration 15, no. 3 (2024): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v15n3p63.
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This study investigates the workplace experiences of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. These mothers may face challenges in balancing motherhood, parenting a child with a disability, and employment. Therefore, it is important to understand the challenges they are facing and the mechanisms they use to cope with caregiving and work responsibilities in managing the stress that develops throughout this ongoing experience. The purpose of this research was to investigate the workplace experiences of single mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. A review of the literature was conducted. For this research, a qualitative methodology was adopted to gain an in-depth understanding of the mothers’ experiences. A qualitative method was used for data collection. Thematic analysis was utilized to obtain a clear understanding. The findings suggest that mothers of children with intellectual disabilities face difficulties in balancing caregiving for their child with a disability and their job responsibilities, in addition to showing that there is a lack of flexibility in the workplace, less awareness from colleagues and supervisors of the challenges these mothers face, and a lack of organizational legislation that supports these mothers. According to our findings, workplaces would assist mothers of children with intellectual disabilities to ensure that they are not disadvantaged in their employment.
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Tomczyszyn, Dorota. "Problems of mothers raising a child with intellectual disability." Health Problems of Civilization 13, no. 4 (2019): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/hpc.2019.89461.
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Chen, S. C., S. Ryan-Henry, T. Heller, and E. H. Chen. "Health status of mothers of adults with intellectual disability." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45, no. 5 (2001): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00352.x.
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Sreedevi, Basaboina, and G. Sri Krishna Dr. "A Study on Relationship between Mothers Personality Traits and Problem Behavior among Children with Mental Retardation." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Transactions 7, no. 3 (2025): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15188291.
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Present study assessed the association between mothers’ personality traits (assessed via NEO-FFI) and problem behaviors in their children with intellectual disabilities (measured by BASIC-MR). A sample of 30 mothers of children has selected purposive with mild, moderate, and severe intellectual disability revealed significant associations: maternal Neuroticism correlated with children's rebellious behaviors and fears, while Extroversion linked to repetitive behaviors. Conscientiousness showed an inverse relationship with problem behaviors. Study revealed that partially support Belsky's parenting model, suggesting maternal personality influences child behavior through direct and mediated pathways. Despite limitations (small sample size, self-report methodology), the study highlights the need for personality-informed parenting interventions in intellectual disability children.
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Perkins, Tiffany S., Steve Holburn, Kay Deaux, Michael J. Flory, and Peter M. Vietze. "Children of Mothers with Intellectual Disability: Stigma, Mother-Child Relationship and Self-esteem." Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 15, no. 4 (2002): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00140.x.
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Shrestha, Amrita, Rajdevi Adhikari, and Gopal Pokhrel. "Parental Stress and Coping Mechanisms in Rearing Children with Intellectual Disability: A Study Conducted in Kathmandu." Birat Journal of Health Sciences 7, no. 3 (2022): 1851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bjhs.v7i3.52636.
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Introduction: The birth of a child with an intellectual disability is the most traumatic event experienced by the parents and their families. The main objective of this study is to identify parental stress and coping in rearing children with intellectual disabilities in Kathmandu valley.
 Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 222 parents (either mothers or fathers) of children with an intellectual disability visiting nine organizations selected through probability proportionate to size sampling. Data were collected through interview techniques using the Nepali-translated Parental Stress Scale and cope tool developed.
 Results: Maximum respondents (76.1%) were mothers with an overall mean age of 46.28±12.73 years. The major stress expressed was anxiety-related to a child's future after parents' death (19.8%) and most used coping measure was sharing feelings (44.6%) were expressed as major stress and coping measures used respectively. The overall mean score of parental stress was 64.58±9.22 and parental coping was 106.45±9.72. Maximum respondents have a moderate level of stress (54.5%) followed by severe stress (43.2%) and a moderate level of coping (86.9%) followed by a maximum level of coping (13.1%). There was a significant association of level of stress with relationship to the child, parent’s education, and presence of co-disability in the intellectually disabled child. There was a significant association of level of coping with parents’ education.
 Conclusion: Maximum respondents had a moderate level of stress and a moderate level of coping mechanisms. Parental stress was high in mothers, illiterate parents, and parents having an intellectually disabled child of 17 years or younger. Parental coping was high among Hindu and literate parents.
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Neece, Cameron L., Jan Blacher, and Bruce L. Baker. "Impact on Siblings of Children With Intellectual Disability: The Role of Child Behavior Problems." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 115, no. 4 (2010): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-115.4.291.
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Abstract The impact on everyday life for siblings of children with intellectual disability or typical development was examined. Participants were families of children with intellectual disability (n = 39) or typical development (n = 75). Child behavior problems and sibling impact were assessed at child ages 5, 6, 7, and 8. Results indicate that siblings of children with intellectual disability were consistently reported by mothers and fathers to be more negatively impacted compared to siblings of typically developing children. When child behavior problems were accounted for, however, there was no longer a significant relationship between child intellectual status and sibling impact. For both intellectual disability and typical development groups, cross-lagged panel analyses indicate that early child behavior problems lead to increased sibling negative impact over time.
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Abuzaid, Suad M. O. "Consequences of Coronavirus as a Predictor of Emotional Security among Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities." Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 9, no. 4 (2021): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.04.6.
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Parents of children with intellectual disability (ID) suffer from comparatively emotional insecurity compared to parents of children without ID, especially during periods of crisis, such as the outbreak of coronavirus pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of Coronavirus as a predictor of emotional security among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Mothers of children with intellectual disabilities were considered for data collection. The study group of the research consists of 120 mothers who have children with intellectual disabilities. They aged 23-55 years, (M= 43.23, SE=0.075). Consequences of Coronavirus Questionnaire (CCQ-20) and Emotional Security Scale (ESS-20) were used to collect and analyze data. For this study, quantitative survey research was employed. The independent variable is the consequences of Coronavirus, and emotional security is the dependent variable. The independent variable is the consequences of Coronavirus, and emotional security is the dependent variable. To test the hypotheses of the study, Pearson correlation and Linear regression analysis were conducted. Findings indicate that the independent variable (Coronavirus) contributed to the prediction of emotional security among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Findings of the current study indicate that the greater the Consequences of Corona, the less emotionally secure the mother is likely to feel during the COVID-19 lockdown in Saudi Arabia.
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Gałuszka, Izabella, and Agnieszka Ochman. "Znaczenie pracy zawodowej dla matek dzieci z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną." Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja 23, no. 1 (2023): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kse.2023.23.1.11.
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Professional work for mothers of children with disabilities is described in the literature as a buffer factor that allows them to achieve a sense of satisfaction and self-realization. At the same time, mothers who want to return to this activity after maternity or parental leave encounter numerous difficulties, leading to resignation from further search. As a result, they most often switch to various types of benefits, dealing with the care and upbringing of their child. The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the importance of professional work for mothers of children with severe intellectual disabilities. The research studies determined the percentage of professionally active parents, the mother’s sense of satisfaction with her professional status, as well as the impact of the child’s disability on this activity and the relationship between professional work and parental attitude presented by the mother.
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Sukanya, S. Kamble, Gawande AvinashV, Gawande BhagyashreeS, and W. Narlawar Uday. "Depression and Quality of Life in Parents of Intellectually Disabled Children: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 12 (2023): 887–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11194211.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant impairment in cognitive and adaptive behavior. Delivery of a baby with intellectual retardation in one’s own family is generally an unanticipatory and unwelcome occasion. They have to make adjustments in their lifestyle, limit is imposed on their social existence, they’ve less time for themselves, and their recreational and leisure interest get compromised. So, this study was conducted to assess depression and quality of life in parents of intellectually disabled children. <strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 parents (100 mothers and 100 fathers) of intellectually disabled children at the district disability rehabilitation center (DDRC) and psychiatric OPD of a tertiary health care center in central India. Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) is used to document depression. Quality of life among parents of ID children assessed by WHOQOL-BREF scale by interview method. <strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of mothers was37.06 ±6.66 years and fathers were 41.79 ±7.75. The present study showed that 82 (82%) fathers & and 92 (92%) mothers had depression. Out of four domains of quality of life psychosocial, social, and environmental domains were found to be significant with depression in parents of ID children. (p<0.05). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since the proportion of depression in parents (mothers >fathers) of ID children is higher, it is recommended that the DDRC center and psychiatric department should have screened all those parents who came to register their ID children Through Psychological assessment.
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Mondol, Md Rasheduzzaman, Muhammad Tanvir Faysol, and Md Shaheen Sikder. "Developmental disabilities of children and their health outcomes." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 29, no. 1 (2016): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v29i1.29758.
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A study was conducted among 155 mothers of disabled children. The health outcome of disabled children in Bangladesh focuses overall on their health status. The cross sectional study was carried out in Bangladesh Protibondhi foundation and Society for the welfare of the Intellectual disability from august 2014 to March 2015. The analysis shows that age of most of the mothers of disabled children were between 30 and 39 years and the disabled children were their first baby. The mothers who had less than 3 antenatal visits have a great chance of having a developmental disabled child. Among 155 respondents, 27 per cent had autism and 72.9 per cent had other disabilities (Cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and intellectual disability). 35.5 per cent blood groups of fathers and mothers of children with developmental disabilities have different positive blood groups. After birth weight of 58.71 per cent baby with developmental disabilities were from 1.00 - 2.00 kg which is a low birth weight. About 70 per cent of mothers have not given exclusive breastfeeding to their disabled child. Only 29 per cent of mothers have given exclusive breastfeeding. There is a significant relationship between having delivery without skilled birth attendants and health outcomes of children. 57.7 per cent mothers with disabilities (Cerebral palsy, intellectual disability and Down syndrome) and 42.3 per cent mothers who had deliveries through non-skilled birth attendants gave birth to autistic babies. 9.1% mothers having history of violence during pregnancy gave birth to autistic babies and 90.9% mothers having history of violence during pregnancy gave birth to babies with other disabilities.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(1): 55-62, June-2016
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Goddard, Linda, Patricia M. Davidson, John Daly, and Sandra Mackey. "People with an intellectual disability in the discourse of chronic and complex conditions: an invisible group?" Australian Health Review 32, no. 3 (2008): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080405.
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People with an intellectual disability and their families experience poorer health care compared with the general population. Living with an intellectual disability is often challenged by coexisting complex and chronic conditions, such as gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions. A literature review was undertaken to document the needs of this vulnerable population, and consultation was undertaken with mothers of children with disabilities and with professionals working within disability services for people with an intellectual disability and their families. Based on this review, there is a need to increase the profile of people with an intellectual disability in the discourse surrounding chronic and complex conditions. Strategies such as guideline and competency development may better prepare health professions to care for people with disabilities and chronic and complex care needs and their families.
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Buwade, Jagdish, and Saroj Kothari. "Stress of the Mothers having Children with Intellectual Disability with Reference to Income of the Family." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 4, no. 1 (2019): 196–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2540844.
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Background and aim: Mothers of intellectual disabled (ID) children are always bearing a load of stress. The aim of this study is to assess stress of mothers having children with intellectual disability with reference to income of the family. Method: Sixty mothers were selected from Thakur Hari Prasad Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Mentally handicapped children, Hyderabad, Telangana State. Stress was assessed by using Short Form of Questionnaire on Resources and Stress/QRS-F (Friedrich, Greenberg Crnic, 1983): The data were analyzed by applying statistical techniques like frequency distribution, mean standard deviations; percentages and One Way ANOVA through SPSS 21 version. Results: Results revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) found in the mean stress scores of mothers having children with ID with reference to income of the family. Conclusion: Income of the family was significantly not related to Stress of mothers having ID children.
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Faizah, Firsta, Erniza Miranda Madjid, and Efriyani Djuwita. "Application of stepping stones triple-P on parents of intellectually disabled adolescent with emotional and behavioral problems." Psychological Research and Intervention 5, no. 2 (2023): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/pri.v5i2.53891.
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This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the Stepping Stones Triple-P (SSTP) intervention in a family of teenagers with moderate intellectual disability with emotional and behavioral problems. This intervention program aims to help prevent emotional and behavioral problems in children with moderate intellectual disability through positive parenting training. This intervention program is carried out in 9 sessions; each session lasts ± 60 – 120 minutes at each meeting and lasts ± three weeks, carried out online through the Zoom meeting. The intervention method in this study was implemented through lectures, discussions, worksheets, and roleplay methods. Children's behavior problems were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a diary of children's behavior filled in by parents during pre-post intervention and follow-up. The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) measures parents' perceptions of competence in parenting practices. This study's participants were the parents (mother) of a boy aged 16 years 4 months (N) diagnosed with moderate intellectual disability with emotional and behavioral problems. The results of this study indicate that the SSTP intervention program effectively reduces the emotional and behavioral problems shown by N by increasing the knowledge and skills of parents in implementing positive parenting strategies. In this study, there were positive changes in parenting practices applied by mothers to children, such as forming a harmonious and warm relationship between mothers and children. The positive changes achieved by mothers in implementing positive parenting also influenced the change in problematic behavior in children (N) to decrease and become more positive.
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Ben David, Vered. "Associations between Parental Mental Health and Child Maltreatment: The Importance of Family Characteristics." Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060190.
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The study expands the literature on parents’ mental health and risk of poor parenting by exploring the association between parental mental health diagnoses and types of child maltreatment among 522 parents who were adjudicated for child maltreatment by Israeli courts. The study was cross-sectional and used a manual for the content analysis of court cases. The results showed that 62% of the parents suffered from mental health problems, including emotional problems, personality disorders, mental illness or intellectual disability. Child neglect was associated with all types of mental health diagnoses for both the mothers and fathers. However, child abuse and specifically physical abuse were associated only with the mother’s mental health diagnoses. The mother’s mental illness and personality disorder predicted child neglect and the mother’s personality disorder predicted child abuse, after controlling for poverty, child’s intellectual disability and age. No mental health diagnosis of the father predicted child maltreatment. The study concluded that the effect of mental health condition is greater for mothers. A mother’s personality disorder and mental illness should raise a special concern. Screening for maternal mental health in every case involved in the child welfare system and implications of the findings for prevention of child maltreatment are discussed.
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Ustilaitė, Stasė, and Alina Petrauskienė. "Sexual Education of Adolescents with Moderate Intellectual Disability in Family: Experience of Mothers." Pedagogika 129, no. 1 (2018): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2018.07.
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The article analyses the aspects of sexual education of adolescents with a moderate intellectual disability in the family and the needs for the realisation of the role of mothers as educators. The experiences of mothers are revealed in order to understand the experiences of mothers, reactions towards the sexual maturation of the adolescents, educational efforts in the family, the search for assistance. The answers to the following problematic questions are sought: What experiences, which are related to the sexual maturation of the adolescents and sexual education in the family, do mothers experience? What are the efforts and assistance search of mothers as sexuality educators in the family? 8 mothers, who are bringing up children with a moderate intellect disability, participated in the study. To collect the data, the method of focus group discussion was employed, qualitative content analysis was used for the data analysis. Sexual education of the adolescents with a moderate intellectual disability in the family cause discomfort and inconvenience to the mothers, they experience doubts, confusion, a burden, when performing the role of a sexual educator. Their efforts, at the time of the initiation educational conversations on such themes as the dignity of a girl, the maintenance of sexual, romantic, love relationships, childbearing and parental responsibilities with the adolescent in a family environment, are cautious and unassertive. The needs for psychological and educational preparedness of the mothers to perform the role of a sexual educator are revealed: the understanding of personal reactions to the sexual maturation of the adolescents and seksual behavior, the acquisition of confidence to develop social and self-expression skills of the adolescents with a disability, value-related attitudes regarding family ethics, a man and a woman love, friendship, family relationships. The perspective of social assistance for the mothers is related to the expansion of the possibilities for their self-realization, professional career, leisure time and relief and the promotion of the participation of their family in community activities.
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Morgan, Vera A., Maxine L. Croft, Giulietta M. Valuri, et al. "Intellectual disability and other neuropsychiatric outcomes in high-risk children of mothers with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unipolar major depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 4 (2012): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093070.
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BackgroundRecent evidence points to partially shared genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders.AimsWe examined risk of intellectual disability and other neuropsychiatric outcomes in 3174 children of mothers with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or unipolar major depression compared with 3129 children of unaffected mothers.MethodWe used record linkage across Western Australian population-based registers. The contribution of obstetric factors to risk of intellectual disability was assessed.ResultsChildren were at significantly increased risk of intellectual disability with odds ratios (ORs) of 3.2 (95% CI 1.8–5.7), 3.1 (95% CI 1.9–4.9) and 2.9 (95% CI 1.8–4.7) in the maternal schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unipolar depression groups respectively. Multivariate analysis suggests familial and obstetric factors may contribute independently to the risk. Although summated labour/delivery complications (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–2.0) just failed to reach significance, neonatal encephalopathy (OR = 7.7, 95% CI 3.0–20.2) and fetal distress (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.7) were independent significant predictors. Rates of rare syndromes in children of mothers with mental disorder were well above population rates. Risk of pervasive developmental disorders, including autism, was significantly elevated for children of mothers with bipolar disorder. Risk of epilepsy was doubled for children of mothers with unipolar depression.ConclusionsOur findings provide epidemiological support for clustering of neuropsychiatric disorders. Further larger epidemiological studies are warranted.
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Konuk Er, Rukiye, and Şenay İlik. "Play skill levels and toy preferences of disabled children according to their mothers." Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 17, no. 2 (2022): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i2.6821.
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This study aims to examine the views of mothers regarding plays and toys which are of great significance also for children with intellectual retardation and learning disability. This study was conducted through a mixed method by using qualitative and quantitative methods together. Seventy-five mothers who participated in the study were chosen by using the purposive sampling method in the first stage and the random sampling method in the second stage. Data were collected through the ‘Play Skills Scale’ and ‘Mother Interview Form’. The quantitative data were analysed through Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis H tests and qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. In the qualitative dimension of the study following themes were found; playing with the child, the toys the child plays with, whether the child has a toy he/she always plays with, and whether giving the child the right to choose when buying toys. For the quantitative dimension of the study significant difference was found between the play skill levels, disability type, giving the child the right to choose when buying toys, and toy type variables.
 
 Keywords: Early childhood; intellectual retardation; learning disability; play; toy
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Lima, Fernando, Melissa O'Donnell, Jenny Bourke, et al. "Child protection involvement of children of mothers with intellectual disability." Child Abuse & Neglect 126 (April 2022): 105515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105515.
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김고은. "Caregiving Appraisal of Elderly Mothers of Adults with Intellectual Disability." Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare ll, no. 52 (2011): 369–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21194/kjgsw..52.201106.369.
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Heller, Tamar, Kelly Hsieh, and Louis Rowitz. "Grandparents as Supports to Mothers of Persons with Intellectual Disability." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 33, no. 4 (2000): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v33n04_03.
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Olsson, M. B., and C. P. Hwang. "Depression in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45, no. 6 (2001): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00372.x.
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McConnell, David, Gwynnyth Llewellyn, Rachel Mayes, Domenica Russo, and Anne Honey. "Developmental profiles of children born to mothers with intellectual disability." Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability 28, no. 2 (2003): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1366825031000147067.
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Wilson, Suzanne, Karen McKenzie, Ethel Quayle, and George C. Murray. "The postnatal support needs of mothers with an intellectual disability." Midwifery 29, no. 6 (2013): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.05.002.
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Anjaly, K. S., and P.T.Baburaj Dr. "Quality of Life of Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability in Relation to Mother Empowerment Program." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 04, no. 12 (2021): 1837–40. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i12-10.
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Background: The present study investigated the quality of life of 100 mothers of children with intellectual disability in selected special schools of Kottayam district, Kerala. Materials & methods: A descriptive survey was conducted among 100 mothers of children attending special schools of Kottayam district from February 2020 to September 2020.The Quality of Life was measured by using WHO QOL Malayalam questionnaire, after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee Approval and after seeking informed consent from the participants. . The purpose of the study was explained, socio demographic data collected by interview and the data recorded. The mothers filled up the instrument and returned back to the investigator. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviations and appropriate parametric test such as independent t test for parametric data. Results: Out of the 100 mothers studied, educational status of the mothers showed that 10 had primary education, 37 had high school education, 32 had higher secondary education and 21 graduates.; occupation of the mothers showed that , 18(18%) had Government job, 20 (20% ) had private job ,15(15%) were self employed and 47 (47%) were not employed. It was found that 95(95%) of children obtained financial assistance and other benefits from local self governing bodies. The Overall quality of life scores of mothers and financial assistance obtained from the local self governing bodies was studied .The overall QOL scores of mothers is influenced by the financial assistance obtained from local self governing bodies.(P=0.01, t= 2.51). The Overall QOL Score ranged from 2 to 130 with a mean of 69.93 and Standard Deviation of 20.13 Results shows that the highest mean value was obtained for Psychological Domain with a standard Deviation of 19.85 , the lowest mean value was obtained for social relationships domain with a mean value of 39.55 and a standard deviation of 26.30.