Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Motivació per a la teràpia'
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Toledo, Soler Miriam. "Teràpia multimodal per al tractament de la caquèxia cancerosa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/296794.
Full textThe presence of a tumour is very often associated with wasting in the host. The percentage of cachexia in cancer patients is quite high: 50 to 80%, and is a useful tool for survival prediction, being held responsible for more than 20% of the deaths of cancer patients. Patient’s ability to tolerate anticancer therapy will, in turn, be affected by their nutritional status preceding treatment, and it will determine the success of the therapy. So, nutritional support has to be considered rather as part of the oncological treatment than as a separated action. In spite of this, several studies demonstrated that nutritional strategies are not sufficient to reverse the cachectic syndrome. This points out the need that, any therapeutic approach has to be multifactorial to counteract metabolic changes. The aim of the present thesis has been to assess the efficacy of a multifactorial treatment in cachectic tumour-bearing animals. The effectiveness of drugs aimed at counteracting cancer cachexia is generally tested in preclinical rodent models where only the tumour-induced alterations are taken into account, excluding the co-presence of anti-tumour molecules that could worsen the scenario and/or interfere with the treatment. As a consequence, the use of inappropriate preclinical models complicates and limits the transfer of basic discoveries from the bench to the bedside. These results incorporates antitumour (sorafenib) together with anticachectic treatments (formoterol and megestrol acetate) this being proved to be a promising strategy for treating cancer cachexia in a preclinical setting that better resembles the human condition, thus providing a strong rationale for the use of such combination in clinical trials involving cachectic cancer patients. In conclusion, the present results reinforce the idea that a successful cachexia treatment has to be multifactorial.
Rusiñol, i. Rodriguez Judit. "Repercussions del sentit en la volició i les seves aplicacions en teràpia ocupacional : el cas de l'activitat de teixir per un mateix/a o per a altres." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456092.
Full textEsta tesis pretendía describir los efectos que la actividad de tejer tiene sobre las persones, identificar y comprender las repercusiones que tienen tejer en grupo sobre la volición así cómo analizar las diferencias en la volición en función de la finalidad (para uno mismo o para otros) que tienen las piezas elaboradas de la actividad de tejer. Metodología La metodología siguió un enfoque mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo), llevado a cabo mediante tres estudios, los participantes fueron tejedores/as que dominaban la técnica de tejer y estudiantes que no habían tejido nunca. Las técnicas de recogida de datos tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas fueron: Observación no-participante (cuestionario volicional), entrevistas semiestructuradas y diarios personales. Resultados Los participantes manifestaron que la actividad de tejer les aportó bienestar, relajación y les permitió desarrollar su creatividad, elaborando una pieza artesanal. Realizar esta actividad en grupo, además permitió, socializarse y activarse, aparte de tener la posibilidad de aprender de otros y enseñar. Pero la dificultad para concentrarse y la frustración al comparar la propia capacidad con la de los otros, actuó como barreras para tejer en grupo. En relación con la finalidad, los participantes mostraron que tejer para otros aumentó la involucración, el esfuerzo y la concentración, diferentes aspectos claves de la volición. Así mismo les permitió estar conectados con la persona querida. No obstante esto, tejer para otros, les genero más presión, de tal manera que los participantes manifestaron con menos intensidad el hecho de probar técnicas nuevas o arriesgarse de alguna otra manera. Conclusiones La actividad de tejer puede ser una buena herramienta para la práctica de la terapia ocupacional ya que proporciona bienestar y relajación. El hecho de tejer en grupo y tejer para otras personas, además, puede convertir esta actividad en una actividad significativa para la persona porque permite incrementar la causalidad personal, reflejar sus valores y conectar con otras personas queridas. No obstante esto, tejer en grupo puede limitar la concentración y tejer para otros puede dar lugar a más presión, lo que no es recomendable cuando no hay un buen dominio de la técnica y/o baja causalidad personal.
This dissertation sought to describe the effects that knitting has on people, to identify and understand the repercussions of knitting in a group about the volition as well as analysing the differences in volition according to the purpose (by oneself or by someone else) that the resulting pieces made through the knitting. Methodology The methodology followed a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) approach, carried out through three studies; the participants were weavers who dominated the technique of knitting and students that had never woven. The techniques for collecting both qualitative and quantitative data were non-participant observation (volitional questionnaire), semi-structured interviews and personal diary. Results The participants stated that knitting provided them well-being, relaxation and allowed them to develop their creativity, by making an artisan piece. Doing this activity as a group also allowed them to socialize and be active, as well as having the opportunity to learn from others and teach. Nevertheless, the difficulty to concentrate and the frustration when comparing their own capacity with others, acted as barriers to knitting in a group. In relation to the purpose, the participants showed that knitting for others increased the involvement, effort and concentration, different key aspects of the volition. It also allowed them to be connected to the loved ones. However, knitting for others generated more pressure, in such a way that the participants showed in less intensity the fact of trying new techniques or risking in some other way. Conclusions The knitting activity can be a good tool for the practice of occupational therapy as it provides well-being and relaxation. The fact of knitting in a group and knitting for others in addition, can turn this activity into a significant activity for the person because it allows increasing personal causation, reflecting its values and connecting with other loved ones. However, weaving in a group can limit concentration and knit for others can lead to increased pressure, which is not recommended when there is no good command of the technique and/or low personal causation.
Gálvez, Sánchez Jordi. "Desenvolupament i anàlisi d'un bioprocés per a l'obtenció de vectors adenovirals per a teràpia gènica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5334.
Full textEl present treball aborda el desenvolupament complet d'un bioprocés per a l'obtenció de vectors adenovirals per a teràpia gènica: estudia els diferents aspectes que conformen el bioprocés, i analitza la implementació a escala industrial de la millor alternativa possible.
Com a punt de partida, es realitzen estudis previs per conèixer la interacció dels vectors adenovirals amb les línies cel·lulars productores existents. S'aprofundeix en les tècniques de cultiu de dos candidats cel·lulars concrets: HEK293 (adherent) i HEK293S (no adherent). A partir de la infecció d'ambdós amb el vector adenoviral, es caracteritzen els principals paràmetres del cicle infectiu, els quals permeten concloure que la línia cel·lular HEK293S resulta més apropiada en base a una major productivitat.
Aquestes dades proporcionen la base per desenvolupar l'etapa de producció del bioprocés. Aquesta s'estructura entorn als tres factors fonamentals que descriuen la bioreacció (el monitoratge, l'estratègia i el sistema de producció), els quals s'analitzen en profunditat. Es demostra la validesa del mètode de la velocitat de consum d'oxigen (OUR) per realitzar el monitoratge en línia de l'activitat cel·lular durant les fases de creixement i d'infecció. Posteriorment, es decideix avaluar dues estratègies de producció: l'estratègia en discontinu (estratègia de referència) i l'estratègia en continu amb perfusió (estratègia que proporciona les condicions el més semblants possibles a les que tindria la cèl·lula in vivo). Finalment, s'apliquen els anteriors factors en l'anàlisi del sistema de producció, en concret, amb la utilització de dues alternatives: l'anomenat sistema convencional (bioreactor de tanc agitat Biostat Bplus) i el sistema no convencional (bioreactor basat en tecnologia d'un sol ús Wave Bioreactor). A partir dels resultats obtinguts, es pot constatar que l'estratègia de producció en continu amb perfusió proporciona elevades concentracions cel·lulars, incrementant-se també tant la productivitat com la concentració vírica final. D'altra banda, també es posen de manifest els avantatges operacionals del sistema de cultiu no convencional, encara que sacrificant la possibilitat d'utilitzar la mesura de la velocitat de consum d'oxigen (OUR).
Per tal de completar el treball, es desenvolupa l'etapa de purificació del bioprocés. En aquesta s'analitzen les propietats del producte i del brou de cultiu, i s'avaluen dues estratègies de purificació. Aquestes es diferencien fonamentalment per la seva possibilitat de facilitar el canvi d'escala, de manera que es designen com a estratègia de purificació no escalable (basada en la ultracentrifugació) i escalable (basada en la cromatografia). La primera és comunament emprada a escala de laboratori; donat que es recull específicament la banda de densitat que conté el vector adenoviral, s'implementa per obtenir material amb una elevada puresa que serveixi com a referència a l'hora de comparar els resultats obtinguts amb l'estratègia escalable. Per portar a terme aquesta última, es dissenyen les operacions que la integren, i es determinen els paràmetres de purificació, entre ells el rendiment global de recuperació del producte final. Posteriorment, es realitza la caracterització del producte per determinar el seu grau de puresa. Els resultats obtinguts deixen palès que l'estratègia escalable presenta un rendiment global superior al de la no escalable, tot i que el grau de puresa aconseguit és inferior.
Les dades experimentals, tant de la producció com de la purificació, permeten disposar de quatre alternatives amb l'objectiu d'analitzar la potencial implantació del bioprocés a escala industrial. El disseny i la comparació de les mateixes es realitza d'acord amb el seu dimensionament seguint unes bases de disseny comunes, i la seva valoració final es projecta en termes econòmics. A partir dels resultats obtinguts, l'alternativa més aconsellable d'ésser portada a la pràctica és la basada en el bioprocés integrat pel sistema de producció no convencional operant en continu amb perfusió.
Aquesta memòria s'estructura, doncs, de manera que inicialment es fa una introducció (capítol 2), on es revisen les característiques de la teràpia gènica, dels vectors adenovirals i de les línies cel·lulars productores, així com del bioprocés i de l'estricta normativa de producció GMP que el regeix. Seguidament (capítol 3), es plantegen els principals objectius del treball. A continuació (capítol 4), es concentren els estudis previs que caracteritzen tant la línia cel·lular productora com la infecció amb el vector adenoviral. Al capítol 5, es presenta el desenvolupament de l'etapa de producció del bioprocés. Anàlogament, en el capítol 6, es desenvolupa l'etapa de purificació del mateix. En el capítol 7, es realitza l'anàlisi de procés de les alternatives sorgides. En el capítol 8, s'exposen les principals conclusions extretes del treball. Finalment, es presenten els materials i mètodes emprats (capítol 9), i s'afegeix l'apèndix (capítol 10), on es complementen alguns aspectes concrets d'aquest treball.
For the last two decades, gene therapy has allowed to bring up new approaches in personal medicine. Its goal is to cure illnesses through the introduction of genetic material to the nucleus of a target cell in order to allow, increase or suppress the expression of a specific gene with therapeutic purpose. The vector is the agent that plays the principal role in this mechanism. Among the possible types (viral and non viral), the adenoviral vector is one of the most important due to its pre-eminence in the current preclinical human assays.
The present work achieves the complete development of a bioprocess for the obtention of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy: it studies the different aspects that conform the bioprocess, and analyzes the industrial implementation of the best alternative.
As a starting point, previous studies are carried out for knowing the interaction of the adenoviral vectors with the existing producing cellular lines. Techniques are studied for culturing two cellular candidates: HEK293 (adherent) and HEK293S (non adherent). From the infection of both with the adenoviral vector, main parameters of the infective cycle are characterized, which allow to conclude that the cellular line HEK293S is more appropriate due to its higher productivity. These data provide the basis to develop the production of the bioprocess. This stage is based on the study of three fundamental factors that describe bioreaction (monitoring, culture strategy and production system), which are deeply analyzed. The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) method is developed to monitor the cellular activity during the phases of growth and infection. Later on, two culture strategies are evaluated: batch (reference stretegy) and perfusion (strategy that provides most similar conditions to those in vivo). Finally, the former factors apply to the analysis of the production system, in particular, with the utilization of two alternatives: the so called conventional system (stirred tank bioreactor Biostat Bplus) and the non conventional system (single use technology based Wave Bioreactor). From the results, it can be concluded that the perfusion strategy provides high cellular densities, increasing the productivity as well as the final viral concentration. On the other hand, some operational advantages of the non conventional system are outlined, in spite of losing the OUR measure.
In order to complete the work, the purification stage of the bioprocess is developed. The properties of the product and the culture broth are analyzed, and two strategies of purification are evaluated. These differ in the possibility of increasing scale, so they are designated as non scalable strategy (based on ultracentrifugation) and scalable strategy (based on filtration and chromatography). The first one is commonly used at laboratory scale; given that the final product contains specifically the adenoviral vector, it is implemented to obtain referencie material with high purity when comparing the obtained results with the scalable strategy. The last one is developed based on the design of several operations. The characterization of the final product is carried out to determined its purity. The obtained results conclude that the scalable strategy shows higher global yield than the non scalable one, even though the degree of purity achieved is lower.
The production and purification data allow to have four alternatives in order to analyze the potential implantation of the industrial bioprocess. The design and the comparison of these are carried out according to the same bases of design, and the final discussion is based on economical terms. From the results, the most advisable alternative of being brought to practice is the one based on the bioprocess operating in perfusion using the non conventional system.
This memory is structured so it initially contains an introduction (chapter 2), where the characteristics of gene therapy, adenoviral vectors and the producing cellular lines, as well as the bioprocess are outlined. Next (chapter 3), the main objectives of the work are described. Next (chapter 4), the previous studies that characterize the producing cellular line as well as the infection with the adenoviral vector are concentrated. In chapter 5, the development of the production stage is presented. Analogously, in chapter 6, the purification stage is developed. In chapter 7, the process analysis of the alternatives is carried out. In chapter 8, main conclusions extracted from the work are set forth. Finally, the materials and methods used (chapter 9) are shown, and the appendix (chapter 10) is added, where some aspects of this work are complemented.
Peña, Bello Andrea. "Motivació dels immigrants adults per aprendre català. Un estudi a la ciutat de Girona, La." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1298.
Full textEls 272 participants de la mostra provenent de les tres entitats a Girona que oferien classes de català tot l'any; l'Escola d'Adults de Girona, l'Escola Oficial d'Idiomes i el Centre de Normalització Lingüística.
L'estudi, a més de mostrar diferències individuals dels participants segons la procedència geogràfica (llengua parlada), la llengua de treball, la permanencia i la voluntat de permanència, considera correlacions entre variables motivacionals i mostra que el model de Gardner (2001) és aplicable en l'estudi d'una llengua minoritària (català) i en un context immigrant.
La presente tesis analiza de forma cuantitativa, a partir del SPSS (Statistical Package Social Sciences) la motivación de los inmigrantes adultos que aprenden catalán en la ciudad de Girona, ciudad donde el uso habitual de la lengua supera el de la media catalana.
Los 272 participantes provienen de todo el mundo y estaban inscritos en febrero-marzo 2005 en una de las tres entidades que enseñaban catalán anualmente durante el curso 2004-2005 (Escuelas de adultos, Escuela Oficial de Idiomas, Normalización Lingüística).
El estudio además de mostrar diferencias individuales según: la procedencia geográfica ( lengua hablada), lengua de trabajo, el tiempo de permanencia y la voluntad de permanencia; considera correlaciones entre variables motivacionales y demuestra que el modelo de Gardner (2001), es aplicable en el estudio de una lengua minoritaria como el catalán y en un contexto de L2 inmigrante.
The study analyzes the immigrant's motivation to learn Catalan in Girona, where the daily use of Catalan is higher than the Catalan mean.
The 272 participants, coming from around the world, were enrolled during the academic year 2004-2005 in one of the three public schools where it is possible to learn Catalan during the whole year (Escola d'Adults de Girona, Escola Oficial d'Idiomes and Centre de Normalització Lingüística).
The study, using a quantitative methodology (SPSS), not only shows individual differences according: cultural background (language spoken), working language, the length of residence and willing of residence, but also considers correlations among motivational variables and it demonstrates that the Gardner Model (2001) it is applicable in the study of a minority language (Catalan) in an L2 immigrant context.
Aymerich, Franch Laura. "Efecte de la complexitat de l'aplicació i del tipus d'incentiu sobre la motivació en publicitat interactiva per a televisió." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4160.
Full textEn l'estudi, es plantegen quatre hipòtesis d'investigació inicials:
H1 En les condicions en què s'ofereixi sol·licitar una mostra gratuïta els subjectes experimentals mostraran una actitud més positiva vers l'acció d'interactuar, vers la publicitat interactiva a la TV i vers el mecanisme de resposta en comparació a les condicions en què s'ofereixi sol·licitar més informació sobre el producte.
H2 Les aplicacions de tipus DAL satisfaran en major mesura les expectatives de complexitat (complexitat percebuda) dels subjectes.
H3 En les condicions en què es navegui una aplicació de complexitat alta (DAL) els subjectes experimentals mostraran una actitud més positiva vers l'acció d'interactuar, vers la publicitat interactiva en TV i vers el mecanisme de resposta en comparació a les condicions en què es navegui una aplicació de complexitat baixa (Mini-DAL).
H4 No es produiran diferències significatives en la percepció d'adequació dels sistemes de resposta del DAL i el Mini-DAL.
Per tal de donar resposta a aquestes hipòtesis, i als objectius principals i secundaris plantejats es va dur a terme un estudi experimental amb quatre condicions experimentals que combinaven la complexitat de l'aplicació amb el tipus d'incentiu ofert a l'usuari. 111 subjectes van participar en l'estudi de forma voluntària testant una de les aplicacions de forma aleatòria. Les quatre aplicacions utilitzades en l'experiment es van dissenyar específicament amb aquesta finalitat. Dues de les aplicacions eren de tipus DAL i dues de tipus Mini-DAL. La motivació va ser avaluada indirectament a través d'escales d'actitud mitjançant un qüestionari de post-test. Les escales utilitzades van ser desenvolupades i validades en el context de la investigació. Els resultats es van analitzar utilitzant el paquet estadístic SPSS.
Pel que fa als resultats obtinguts, es refuta la primera de les hipòtesis, s'obté un suport parcial per a la segona i la tercera i s'aprova la darrera hipòtesi.
The doctoral thesis entitled "Effect of application complexity and incentive type on motivation in interactive advertising for television" explores consumer motivations towards interactive advertising applications for television and interacting with its applications. Specifically, the influence of application complexity and incentive type on users' motivation is analyzed.
In the study, four initial investigation hypotheses are presented:
H1 In the conditions in which a free sample is offered, experimental subjects will show more positive attitude towards interacting, interactive advertising for TV and the reply mechanism compared to conditions in which more information is offered.
H2 DAL applications will satisfy in great measure expectations of complexity (perceived complexity) of the subjects.
H3 Subjects surfing high complexity application (DAL) will show a more positive attitude towards interacting, interactive advertising for TV and reply mechanism compared to subjects surfing low complexity application (Mini-DAL).
H4 No significant differences are expected in the perception of adequacy of the reply mechanism between DAL and Mini-DAL.
In order to give response to the hypotheses and objectives, an experimental study was carried out with four experimental conditions that combined application complexity and incentive type. 111 subjects voluntarily took part in the study and tested one of the applications randomly. Applications were designed for this purpose only. There were two DAL and two Mini-DAL. Motivation was measured indirectly using attitude scales in the pos-test. Scales were developed and validated in the context of the investigation. Results were analyzed using SPSS.
Results did not support first hypothesis. Partial support was obtained for second and third hypotheses. Fourth hypothesis was supported.
Marazuela, Duque Anna. "Identificació de seqüències peptídiques específiques per a cèl·lules de càncer de pròstata metastàtic. Direccionament de vectors adenovirals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3581.
Full textEls Adenovirus són els vectors més utilitzats tant en teràpia gènica del càncer com en teràpia gènica del càncer de pròstata ja que presenten una elevada transferència del transgen sense introduir el seu genoma al de la cèl·lula hoste, poden transportar fragments grans de DNA i es poden infectar una gran varietat de cèl·lules i teixits. Aquest extens tropisme és alhora que una avantatge una limitació ja que es pot produir la infecció de cèl·lules i teixits no diana degut a l'expressió ubiqua del seu receptor primari: el Coxsackie's and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). Així doncs, el direccionament específic d'aquests vectors és de gran interès.
En aquest treball, mitjançant el cribratge in vitro de la llibreria de Phage Display PhD-C7C sobre cèl·lules de càncer de pròstata metastàtic (PC3MM2) hem seleccionat 3 seqüències peptídiques (CTPQNTTMC, CYPSRSPLC i CPLHQRPMC) que han demostrat una major eficiència d'unió a les variants metastàtiques de càncer de pròstata que a les altres línies cel·lulars analitzades. Per tal de determinar si aquestes seqüències podrien ser funcionals pel direccionament específic de vectors terapèutics, les hem introduït a l'HI loop de la fibra de l'Adenovirus 5. Hem obtingut 3 Adenovirus recombinants: l'AdTLCTPQ (amb la seqüència CTPQNTTMC a l'HI loop), l'AdTLCYPS (amb la seqüència CYPSRSPLC a l'HI loop) i l'AdTLCPLH (amb la seqüència CPLHQRPMC a l'HI loop) i hem comprovat la seva infectivitat tant en sistemes in vitro com in vivo. Tot i que no hem obtingut diferències estadísticament significatives en la infecció de tumors i metàstasis en sistemes in vivo, els resultats obtinguts in vitro demostren que l'AdTLCTPQ i l'AdTLCPLH poden infectar les cèl·lules emprant un receptor diferent a CAR i que, per tant, utilitzant un vector terapèutic adequat, aquestes seqüències podrien ser funcionals pel direccionament de vectors terapèutics.
Prostate cancer is most commonly diagnosed in adult men and is the second cause of death after lung cancer. Radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy only are effective in localized disease, being metastasis the principal cause of patient's death. Therefore, it's necessary the development of novel therapies to improve prostate cancer treatment. Gene therapy -which consists in the transfer of genetic material to restore, promote or replace biological functions of cells and tissues- has been proposed as an alternative to prostate cancer treatment. The major part of prostate cancer gene therapy studies use intratumoral injection, limiting the therapy to localized disease and being necessary the systemic administration to reach disseminated disease. In order to administrate systemically a vector it is necessary to avoid transgen transfer to non-target cells, and so it will have to be specifically directed to target cells.
Adenoviruses are the vectors more used in cancer gene therapy and in prostate cancer gene therapy because present an elevated transgen transfer, can accommodate large DNA fragments and can infect a large variety of cells and tissues. This extended tropism is an advantage but a limitation too because non-specific transgen transfer due to ubiquitous expression of the primary receptor: Coxsackie's and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). So on, there's a big interest in specific targeting of these vectors.
In this work, through the screening in vitro of the Phage Display library PhD-C7C on metastatic prostate cancer cells PC3MM2, we have selected 3 peptide sequences (CTPQNTTMC, CYPSRSPLC and CPLHQRPMC) that have demonstrate a higher binding efficiency to metastatic prostate cancer cells than to the rest of cell lines analyzed. To determine if these peptide sequences could be functional in specific targeting of therapeutic vectors we have introduced them into the HI loop of Ad5 fiber. We have generate 3 recombinant adenoviruses: AdTLCTPQ (CTPQNTTMC sequence into the HI loop), AdTLCYPS (CYPSRSPLC sequence into the HI loop) and AdTLCPLH (CPLHQRPMC sequence into the HI loop) and analyzed its infectivity in vitro and in vivo. Although we have not observed and increase in tumor and metastasis infectivity in vivo, in vitro results demonstrate that AdTLCTPQ and AdTLCPLH can transduce cells using a CAR independent pathway and, so on, using an adequate therapeutic vector these sequences could functions as target specific peptides.
Bosch, Pont Mª Neus. "Desenvolupament d’una teràpia anti-amiloide per a la malaltia d’Alzheimer en el gos amb disfunció cognitiva." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84055.
Full textDevelopment of an anti-amyloid therapy for Alzheimer Disease in dogs with Cognitive Dysfunction Introduction: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease where the cognitive deficits are due to the accumulation of the different forms of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) (oligomers, fibrils and plaques). They also induce neuroinflamation and the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles. Aged dogs with Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) also present cognitive deficits associated to the accumulation of the different forms of Aβ into the brain. Because of the similarities with AD, dogs with CDS are considered a good model for the study of aging human and the first stages of AD. Active anti-amyloid immunotherapy is one of the strategies proposed with the aim to ameliorate the cognitive deficits through the clearance of the amyloid burden from the central nervous system to the periphery. After the harmful side effects due to the administration of the immunotherapy AN1792 in the 21st century, studies with different anti-amyloid immunotherapies have been performed with the aim to prevent and/or ameliorate AD and avoiding the side affects. Objective: This work considers the development of an immunotherapy designed with a Th2 adjuvant and C-terminal fragments of the fibrillar Aβ to induce a cognitive improvement in CDS dogs avoiding the side effects of the immunotherapies tested in humans. Results: The immunization study was performed after the selection of the V5 vaccine designed using the mixture of the Aβ1-40 + KLH-Aβy-40 fragments and the Aluminium Hydroxide (Alum®) as the adjuvant. V5 vaccine was administrated during a fifty days period to CDS dogs (n=12) and housed adult beagle dogs (n=9). Changes in cognitive deficits, in biochemistry and haematologist biomarkers were observed during the follow-up period. With the aim to observe the changes in neuroinflamation responses, a comparative study between brain samples form unimmunized and immunized dogs was performed as well. Increases in the Aβplasma/ AβLCR ratio associated to the reduction of the neuroinflamation responses could diminish the neuronal damage leading to a cognitive improvement without side effects in CDS dogs.
Subirana, Montserrat 1989. "Motivació pel canvi i adherència terapèutica en els programes de tractament per a homes maltractadors contra la parella." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123898.
Full textIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a social problem which affects millions of women around the world and the growing social awareness concerning gender violence has triggered an urgent demand for professionals from different disciplines to challenge this kind of violence. Among this group of professionals there is a consensus that the best strategy to combat violence against women is prevention and the World Health Organization has focused significant resources during the last few years in relation to this. One of the key preventive measures and social actions in favour of victims which has a core role in the treatment of IPV is the intervention with men who batter. Batterer intervention programmes (BIP) emerged in the late 1970’s in the USA and quickly spread to Canada, the UK and anglosaxon countries. A wide range of studies with different methodological approaches and statistical analyses have forged an important background and continually enlarge literature base related to BIP. Eventhough, one of the biggest problems facing treatment programmes, regardless of their content, is the high dropout rate (Chang & Saunders, 2002; Daly, Power & Gondolf, 2001; Hamberger & Hastings, 1988). The literature review shows that treatment programmes are useful in cases where the perpetrator is aware of his problem, acknowledges his responsibility, is motivated to change and completes the treatment programme (Echeburúa & Amor, 2010; Helton, 2011; Jewell & Wormith, 2010). Furthermore, it is crucial to the success of the programme that the men have a high level of motivation to change their abusive behaviour (Miller & Rollnick, 2002). In our research we sep to analyse the factors related to the therapeutic compliance in BIPs. We study attitudinal and motivational factors previous to the treatment as well as the proactive retention and support techniques as determining factors regarding therapeutic compliance. The results obtained after analysis of the predictor variables highlights internal motivation as a key factor to the treatment programmes’ adherence and on the other hand point that proactive retention and support techniques can be useful to increase therapeutic compliance.
Homs, i. Avila Judit. "Teràpia gènica per neuropatia diabètica mitjançant vectors adeno-associats codificant pel factor de creixement similar a la insulina i (IGF-I)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3633.
Full textEls vectors Adeno-associats són uns dels vectors de teràpia gènica interessants per assajos clínics en humans, ja que són capaços de dirigir l'expressió del transgen a llarg plaç, mantenint-se de forma episomal a la cèl·lula hoste. A més no presenten toxicitat associada al virus silvestre, el que augmenta la bioseguretat d'aquests vectors i es poden produir a títols alts. La recent descripció de nous serotips de vectors Adeno-associats, els quals entren a les cèl·lules humanes mitjançant diferents receptors cel·lulars, ha obert la possibilitat de delimitar selectivament la infecció de diferents tipus cel·lulars dins d'un mateix òrgan.
Amb la finalitat de caracteritzar vectors com a eines de teràpia gènica eficients per neuropatia diabètica es van utilitzar els serotips AAV1 i AAVrh10 per infectar cultius organotípics de ganglis de l'arrel dorsal (DRG) de ratolí. Ambdós vectors van mostrar un tropisme preferencial per neurones sensorials petites, correlacionant després amb el tipus de neurones transduïdes més eficientment mitjançant injecció intratecal in vivo en ratolins. L'estabilitat dels vectors AAV1 i AAVrh10 in vivo es va confirmar fins a setmana 10, duració màxima de l'experiment. No obstant l'eficiència d'AAVrh10 era molt superior a la d'AAV1 tant a neurones sensorials com motores, aconseguint un percentatge de transducció al voltant del 50% en DRG i del 30% en motoneurones amb el serotip rh10.
A més a més, s'ha demostrat que AAV1 és més immunogènic que AAVrh10 quan s'injecten a líquid cefaloraquidi, doncs l'administració d'AAV1 genera un títol molt més elevat d'anticossos neutralitzants en sang contra aquest serotip.
Com a assaig preclínic de teràpia gènica es van administrar els vectors AAV1 i AAVrh10 codificant per el factor de creixement similar a la insulina I (IGF-I) o codificant per la proteïna GFP com a control, en el líquid cefaloraquidi d'un model murí per neuropatia diabètica, que combina diabetis induïda amb estreptozotozina (STZ) junt amb lesió a nervi ciàtic (crush). IGF-I és un factor de creixement que juga un paper important en la supervivència i diferenciació de neurones, oligodendròcits i cèl·lules de Schwann i també en la formació de la mielina. Aquest factor de creixement ha estat utilitzat com a tractament d'una gran varietat de patologies del sistema nerviós, incloent neuropaties diverses, degut a la seva acció com a potent agent en la supervivència i diferenciació cel·lular.
L'anàlisi molecular dels nervis perifèrics dels animals tractats amb AAV-IGF-I mostrava un augment de l'expressió del gen terapèutic IGF-I, que correlacionava amb l'activació de la via de senyalització d'aquest factor de creixement, així com dels gens implicats en la regeneració (GAP43) o els gens relacionats amb la mielina (P0, PMP22, MAG, MBP), en comparació amb els animals control. A diferència d'AAV1, AAVrh10 mostrava expressió del transgen també en neurones motores de la medul·la espinal. La correlació entre les dades bioquímiques obtingudes i els tests neurofisiològics realitzats en els animals injectats amb AAV-IGF-I, va permetre observar una millora de la velocitat de conducció nerviosa sensorial en els animals tractats amb AAV1-IGF-I i una millora de la velocitat de conducció nerviosa sensorial i motora en els animals transduïts amb AAVrh10-IGF-I, respecte els animals diabètics control. Per tant, l'administració intratecal dels vectors AAV1 i principalment AAVrh10 codificant per IGF-I ofereixen una visió prometedora pel tractament o prevenció de les neuropaties perifèriques, en general, i de la neuropatia diabètica, en concret.
Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. It is a peripheral nervous system disease that causes a progressive inability of sensory and motor nerve function in diabetic patients. Abnormalities are characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve fibres and a delay in the regeneration process of damaged fibres. Symptoms of neuropathy include loss of sensitivity, stiffness, burning sensation and sometimes pain in feet and hands. Intensive insulin therapy reduces the incidence of complications in diabetic patients but diabetic neuropathy continues to develop at long-term. Current treatments for diabetic neuropathy are not effective and are targeted primarily to alleviate neuropathic pain. Gene therapy could be an alternative treatment for this disease.
Adeno-associated (AAV) vectors are interesting gene therapy vectors for human clinical trials since they are capable of directing expression of the transgene in the long term, maintained as episomal in the host cell nuclei. Besides, they do not show toxicity associated with wild-type virus, which increases the bio-safety of these vectors, and they can be produced at high titters in the laboratory. The recent description of new serotypes of adeno-associated vectors, which enter the human cells by different cellular receptors, has opened the possibility to selectively infect particular cell types in a defined organ.
In order to characterize AAV vectors as tools for gene therapy for diabetic neuropathy, AAV1 and AAVrh10 serotypes were used to infect organotypic cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Both vectors showed a preferential tropism for small sensory neurons, correlating with the type of neurons more efficiently transduced by intrathecal injection in mice. The stability of AAV1 and AAVrh10 vectors in vivo were confirmed up to 10 weeks, maximum duration of the experiments. However, AAVrh10 efficiency was significantly higher than AAV1, both in motor and sensory neurons, reaching transduction levels of about 50% in DRG neurons and 30% in motoneurons with serotype rh10.
In addition, we have demonstrated that AAV1 is more immunogenic than AAVrh10 when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, as administration of AAV1 generates significantly higher titre of circulating neutralizing antibodies against this serotype in blood.
As a preclinical trial of gene therapy, was administered AAV1 and AAVrh10 vectors coding for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or for green fluorescent protein (GFP), as a control, in the cerebrospinal fluid of a mouse model for diabetic neuropathy, combining streptozotozin-induced diabetes with sciatic nerve injury (crush). IGF-I is a growth factor that plays an important role in the survival and differentiation of neurons, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and in the formation of myelin. This growth factor has been used to treat a variety of diseases affecting the nervous system, including various neuropathies, due to its role in cell differentiation and survival.
Molecular analysis of the peripheral nerves of animals treated with AAV-IGF-I showed increased expression of the therapeutic gene, IGF-I, which correlates with activation of the signalling pathway of this growth factor and genes involved in regeneration (GAP43) or myelin-related genes (P0, PMP22, MAG, MBP), compared with control animals. Unlike AAV1, AAVrh10 also showed expression of the transgene in motor neurons of the spinal cord. The correlation between data obtained from biochemical and neurophysiological tests conducted in animals injected with AAV-IGF-I, showed an improvement in sensory nerve conduction velocity in mice treated with AAV1-IGF-I and improved motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in animals transduced with AAVrh10-IGF-I, compared to control diabetic animals. Therefore, intrathecal administration of AAV1 and, mainly, AAVrh10 vectors coding for IGF-I offer a promising approach for the treatment or prevention of peripheral neuropathies, in general, and diabetic neuropathy, in particular.
Balagué, Cabasés Eudald. "Teràpia gènica basada en un vector viral adenoassociat per al tractament d’un model de ratolí d’atàxia de Friedreich." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671640.
Full textLa ataxia de Friedreich (FRDA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa, hereditaria autosómica recesiva, causada por la deficiencia de la proteína frataxina (FXN) debida a la expansión patológica del triplete GAA intrónico en el gen FXN. Se caracteriza principalmente por una ataxia progresiva, pérdida sensorial y cardiomiopatía hipertrófica. La neurodegeneración se identifica en las neuronas de los DRG, los nervios sensoriales periféricos, las columnas posteriores y el núcleo dentado cerebeloso. En la actualidad no existe tratamiento, pero varias pruebas de concepto han evidenciado el potencial terapéutico de la terapia génica con AAV para la FRDA. Sin embargo, estos estudios han utilizado vías de administración de los AAV ineficientes para tratar la neurodegeneración y han utilizado promotores sintéticos que proporcionan niveles muy elevados de FXN. Datos recientes señalan la importancia de mantener los niveles de frataxina dentro de un rango fisiológico debido a la toxicidad celular que ha demostrado su sobreexpresión. En este estudio se ha desarrollado un nuevo vector de terapia génica AAV9 (rAAV9-FXN) con una secuencia de ADN que codifica para la frataxina, regulada por el promotor hPGK1 y el elemento WPRE. Una única administración intratecal de rAAV9-FXN en ratones con FRDA de 10 semanas de edad ha demostrado una amplia biodistribución y transducción en los tejidos neurológicos afectados en la FRDA como los DRG, los nervios periféricos, la médula espinal y también en los tejidos sistémicos como el corazón y el hígado. Esta estrategia de terapia génica proporciona una expresión de frataxina recombinante sostenida y de larga duración, con niveles seguros, no tóxicos, similares a los niveles endógenos de frataxina en ratones WT durante al menos 22 meses después de la administración. Los ratones con FRDA tratados con rAAV9-FXN han demostrado la prevención significativa de las características patológicas de la enfermedad como la coordinación motora, los potenciales de acción sensitivos de los nervios periféricos, el reflejo de agarre, la neurodegeneración en los DRG, la médula espinal y el núcleo dentado cerebeloso, junto con la corrección de la cardiomiopatía, la reducción de la acumulación de depósitos de hierro y la preservación de la función mitocondrial manteniendo la actividad de la cadena de transporte de electrones. En conclusión, este estudio demuestra la eficacia terapéutica de la administración intratecal del vector rAAV9-FXN para el tratamiento a nivel preclínico de un modelo de ratón con la enfermedad y proporciona evidencia del potencial terapéutico para el tratamiento de la ataxia de Friedreich.
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a recessive inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by frataxin (FXN) deficiency due to the pathological intronic GAA-repeat expansion within the FXN gene. FRDA is characterised by progressive ataxia, sensory loss and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Neurodegeneration is identified in DRG neurons, peripheral sensory nerves, the posterior column, and cerebellar dentate nucleus. To date, there is no treatment available, but proof-of-concept approaches have highlighted the therapeutic potential of AAV-gene therapy in FRDA. However, these studies have used inefficient AAV delivery routes to treat the neurodegeneration, and used synthetic promoters providing high-yields of FXN levels. Recent data point to the importance of maintaining frataxin levels within a physiological range due to cellular toxicity that cause its overexpression. In this study, a new AAV9-gene therapy vector (rAAV9-FXN) has developed including a DNA sequence that codify for frataxin regulated by the hPGK1 promoter and the WPRE element. A single intrathecal administration of rAAV9-FXN into ten-week-old FRDA mice has demonstrated a wide biodistribution and transduction into affected neurological tissues in FRDA like DRG, peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and also systemic tissues as liver and heart. This gene therapy strategy provides sustained and long-term frataxin expression, with safe non-toxic levels, similar to endogenous frataxin levels in the WT mice at least 22 months after administration. rAAV9-FXN treated FRDA mice has demonstrated significant prevention of pathological characteristics of the disease as the motor coordination, the sensory action potentials of peripheral nerves, the hindlimb clasping reflex, prevents the neurodegeneration of the DRG, spinal cord and cerebellar dentate nucleus, along with cardiomyopathy correction, reduction of iron deposits accumulation and preservation of mitochondrial function by maintaining the electron transport chain activity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of intrathecal administration of the rAAV9-FXN vector for the preclinical treatment of a mouse model with the disease and provides evidence for the clinical therapeutic potential for the treatment of Friedreich ataxia.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina
Mas, Monteys Alexandre. "Aproximacions de teràpia gènica per al tractament de la diabetis mellitus centrada en la manipulació genètica del múscul esquelet." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3507.
Full textPer tal de desenvolupar aquesta aproximació, inicialment s'ha utilitzat un model dobletransgènic on l'expressió selectiva de la insulina i la glucoquinasa en cèl·lules musculars s'aconsegueix mitjançant l'utilització del promotor del gen de la cadena lleugera de la miosina. Cal fer palés que en condicions normals, els ratolins doble transgènics mostren una resposta més eficient davant canvis sobtats en la concentració de glucosa en sang. L'estudi realitzat en animals diabètics ha mostrat que la inducció de la malaltia mitjançant el tractament amb múltiples baixes dosis d'estreptozotocina produeix en els ratolins control el desenvolupament d'una diabetis aguda amb una marcada hiperglucèmia, mentre que en els ratolins doble transgènics l'expressió d'insulina i glucoquinasa contraresta l'aparició d'hiperglucèmia, sense induïr hipoglucèmia, i les alteracions associades amb la malaltia. Això indica que l'expressió d'insulina i de glucoquinasa pot constituir una nova aproximació de teràpia gènica per al tractament de la diabetis de tipus 1. A continuació, es va estudiar l'aplicació d'aquesta nova aproximació en ratolins diabètics mitjançant l'utilització d'estratègies de teràpia gènica (Electrotransferència). En aquest cas, es s'ha observat que després de la electrotransferència, la modificació genètica del 8% de la massa muscular dóna lloc a la normalització de la glucèmia, la recuperació dels nivells d'insulina circulants, així com un augment del metabolisme muscular i hepàtic de la glucosa, el qual contribueix a millorar l'estat general del animal. Per tant aquests resultats suggereixen que la manipulació genètica del múscul esquelètic per a produir insulina i incrementar la captació i la utilització de glucosa mitjançant l'expressió del enzim hepàtic glucoquinasa, pot esdevenir una teràpia alternativa als tractaments actuals per a la diabetis de tipus 1.
In this work we developed a new gene therapy approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. This approach is focused on the genetic manipulation of skeletal muscle to express insulin and glucokinase genes in order to obtain a constitutive production of the hormone and to increase the glucose uptake. As in type 1 diabetes the glucose uptake by muscle mass is reduced, this new approach seeks to increase the glucose uptake capacity in this disease.
To develop this approach we use a double transgenic mouse model where the specific expression of insuline and glucokinase in the skeletal muscle were obtained driven under the control of miosine light chain promoter. The results showed that in the healthy conditions, the double transgenic mice has a normal oral glucose tolerance test. Furthermore, after treatment with multiple low dose of streptozotocine, control mice develop a severe diabetes with a high hiyperglycemia. In contrast, insuline and glucokinase expression in the double transgenic mice counteracted the hyperglycemia, without induce hypoglycemia and the alterations associated to diabetes. This results suggest that insuline and glucokinase expression could be a new gene therapy approach for the treathment of type 1 diabetes. Once obtained these results, we decided to carry out a novel gene transfer technique by using electrotransfer DNA in diabetic (non transgenic) mice. In this case, we observed that with just an 8% of skeletal muscle electrotroporated is sufficient to recover the normoglicemia, normoinsulinemia and restore the glucose metabolism of the skeletal muscle and liver, and the general health of this mice. Thus, all this results suggest that the manipulation of skeletal muscle to express insuline and to increase the glucose uptake by glucoquinase expression could be an alternative therapy for the diabetes type 1.
Pereira, Soares Maria Luísa. "Contribuições da investigação de díades de terapeutas e clientes portugueses." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9256.
Full textEn el sentido de contribuir al desarrollo de la investigación en el área del proceso y el resultado terapéutico al nivel nacional, este estudio observó características del terapeuta y del cliente, así como varios aspectos del proceso y el resultado terapéutico: i) el estilo de terapeuta y el estilo de coping, grado de resistencia y motivación del cliente para la terapia; al nivel del proceso, ii) la alianza terapéutica y, al nivel del resultado terapéutico, iii) evaluó el bienestar general y la condición de sintomatología en el cliente. La muestra es compuesta por 39 díadas de terapeutas y clientes evaluadas cuanto a estas dimensiones en cuatro momentos distintos: en la 1ª, la 3ª, la 5ª y la 8ª sesiones. Los hallazgos se presentan a partir de tres estudios. El primer estudio procuró delinear la ruta estadística de los distintos instrumentos utilizados ("Determinar el confort estadístico"). El segundo estudio observó de forma más detallada "El encuentro inicial de las díadas" y procuró conocer factores iniciales que pudieran explicar las desistencias precoces de los clientes. Por último, ha sido posible elaborar un estudio de caso sobre un único terapeuta que reunía a 19 clientes, estudio ese que se intituló "El terapeuta campeón", que permitió conocer más a fondo el estilo y los efectos terapéuticos de un único terapeuta. Los resultados sugieren consideraciones interesantes sobre el estilo del terapeuta y el estilo de los clientes. Ayudar a los terapeutas en formación a conocer su estilo y a entender sus compatibilidades y tasas de mayor éxito con determinados estilos de clientes, podrá ayudarles a mejorar su desempeño con un mayor número de clientes. Conocer, Flexibilizar y Ajustar (C.F.A.) su estilo a cada cliente deberá considerarse un principio orientador de la psicoterapia. Del conocimiento de este grupo de clientes, se pudo también inferir que el género femenino y un perfil exteriorizador de cliente parecen adherir más al proceso terapéutico que el género masculino y el perfil interiorizador. Identificar los niveles de auto-determinación para la terapia en el cliente podrá aumentar el éxito terapéutico y la alianza terapéutica demostró ser un buen indicador de la evolución del proceso terapéutico. En el ámbito de los resultados terapéuticos, se constata que ante una muestra clínica sin patología grave, tan solo se puede utilizar el CORE-OM, que reveló indicadores del resultado terapéutico semejantes a los del SCL90R. Se concluye que la evaluación del resultado terapéutico debe implementarse como práctica regular en psicoterapia y que las 3ª y 5ª sesiones parecen ser puntos de inflexión para los clientes, y podrán considerarse como momentos terapéuticos de redireccionamiento de la propia intervención.
In order to increase the development of the process and the therapeutic result at a national level, this study observed several characteristics of the therapist and the client, as well as some sources of the process and the therapeutic result: i) the style of therapist and the style of client, degree of resistance and motivation of the client for therapy; at the level of the therapeutic process observed the ii) therapeutic alliance and, at the level of the therapeutic result, iii) the assessment of the general well-being and the condition of sintomatology of the client. The sample is composed by 39 dyads of therapists and clients evaluated in these dimensions at four moments of the process, on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and on the 8th session. The results are presented through three studies. The first study delineates the statistical way of the different instruments used ("Determine the statistical comfort"). The second study observed "the initial meeting of dyads" and looked for initial factors that could explain the earlier drop outs of the clients. Finally, it was possible to elaborate a case study of only one therapist who congregated 19 clients, entitled "the champion therapist", which allowed to know better the style and the therapeutic effects of a single therapist. The results suggest interesting considerations concerning the style of therapist and the style of the client. Moreover, to help the therapist in early stages of formation to recognize his style, to perceive his compatibility and levels of higher success with certain style of clients can improve his performance with a number of clients. Identify, be Flexible and Adjust (I.F.A.) each style to each client will have to be a guiding principle of psychotherapy. Of the knowledge of this group of clients, it equally results to know that the feminine gender and externalised profile of clients seemed to remain more in the therapeutic process than the masculine and the internalized profile. Also, identify the levels of self-determination for therapy in the client could increase the therapeutic success and a strong therapeutic alliance is a good predictor of a high-quality outcome in therapy. In the scope of the therapeutic results, evidence that emerges is that in face of a clinical sample without severe pathology, the CORE-OM could be used as a single assessment instrument, since that it disclosed similar pointers of the therapeutic result as the SCL90R. It is concluded that the evaluation of the therapeutic result must be implemented as regular practice in the psychotherapy and that the 3rd and 5th sessions seemed to be moments of turn over for the clients, and should be considered therapeutic moments of redefinition for the therapist.
No sentido de contribuir para o desenvolvimento da investigação na área do processo e do resultado terapêutico a nível nacional, este estudo observou características do terapeuta e do cliente, bem como várias vertentes do processo e do resultado terapêutico: i) o estilo de terapeuta e o estilo de coping, grau de resistência e motivação do cliente para a terapia; a nível do processo, ii) a aliança terapêutica e, a nível do resultado terapêutico, iii) avaliou o bem-estar geral e a condição de sintomatologia no cliente. A amostra é composta por 39 díades de terapeutas e clientes avaliadas nestas dimensões em quatro momentos de avaliação, na 1ª, na 3ª, na 5ª e na 8ª sessão. Os resultados são apresentados a partir de três estudos. O primeiro estudo procurou delinear o caminho estatístico dos diferentes instrumentos utilizados ("Determinar o conforto estatístico"). O segundo estudo observou de forma mais minuciosa "O encontro inicial das díades" e procurou conhecer factores iniciais que pudessem explicar as desistências precoces dos clientes. Por último, foi possível elaborar um estudo de caso, sobre um único terapeuta que reunia 19 clientes, estudo este intitulado de "O terapeuta campeão", que permitiu conhecer mais a fundo o estilo e os efeitos terapêuticos de um único terapeuta. Os resultados sugerem considerações interessantes acerca do estilo de terapeuta e do estilo de clientes. Ajudar os terapeutas em formação a conhecerem o seu estilo, a perceberem as suas compatibilidades e taxas de maior sucesso com determinados estilos de clientes, poderá melhorar a sua performance com um maior número de clientes. Conhecer, Flexibilizar e Ajustar (C.F.A.) o seu estilo a cada cliente deverá ser um princípio orientador da psicoterapia. Do conhecimento deste grupo de clientes, resulta igualmente saber que o género feminino e um perfil externalizador de cliente parecem aderir mais ao processo terapêutico do que o masculino e o internalizado. Identificar os níveis de auto-determinação para a terapia no cliente poderá aumentar o sucesso terapêutico e a aliança terapêutica revelou ser um bom indicador da evolução do processo terapêutico. No âmbito dos resultados terapêuticos, constata-se que perante uma amostra clínica sem patologia severa, poder-se-á apenas utilizar o CORE-OM, que revelou indicadores do resultado terapêutico semelhantes aos do SCL90R. Conclui-se que a avaliação do resultado terapêutico deve ser implementada como uma prática regular na psicoterapia e que a 3ª e a 5ª sessão parecem ser momentos de viragem para os clientes, poderão ser considerados momentos terapêuticos de redireccionamento da própria intervenção.
Morró, Larrubia Meritxell. "Manipulació genètica del pàncrees per a l'estudi de la diabetis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284937.
Full textDiabetes is one of the most common diseases. The two main types are the Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and are characterized by the development of hyperglycaemia. In type 1 Diabetes, the increase in glucose levels results from a decrease in β-cell mass and loss of islet functionality. Therefore, recover the β cell mass to maintain an appropriate glucose homeostasis is one of the main challenges of regenerative medicine for diabetes treatment. To evaluate the effectiveness of these new diabetes treatments it would be of great interest to have tools to analyse pancreas cells (endocrine and exocrine) in vivo. In this study, we have developed three key approaches to analyse the pancreatic β cell mass and acinar cells: a RIP-I/β-Gal transgenic mouse that overexpresses β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) specifically in pancreatic β cells and adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) and Adenoviral helper-dependent vectors (HdAd) expressing different markers. First, we generated the transgenic mice RIP-I/β-Gal to assess possible changes in β cell mass over the time and/or pathological processes such as diabetes. Only one of obtained lines, L5, with lower copy number, showed a high expression of β-Gal in pancreatic islets, being approximately 90% of β cells double positive for Ins+/β-Gal+. Furthermore, we have designed and produced HdAd and AAV viral vectors expressing reporter genes such as GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or seAP (secreted Alkaline Phosphatase) specifically in β cells or in exocrine cells, according to the promoter used, insulin (hIns) or elastase promoter, respectively. The HdAd, unlike AAV, has higher cloning capacity, but the production is more complex. After the transduction of the pancreas following the intraductal administration of HdAd-CMV-GFP or HdAd-elastase-GFP vectors, a significant decrease in GFP expression was shown few days after injection, due to a strong lymphocyte infiltration caused mainly by overexpression of GFP. However, when we used the seAP non-immunogenic marker, the seAP expression was detected long term. These results demonstrate for the first time that the endocrine and exocrine pancreas transduction by HdAd vectors is possible and that the expression of the gene of interest is maintained for a long period of time. In parallel with HdAd studies, the endocrine and exocrine pancreas transduction has also been achieved when AAV serotype 9 vectors (AAV9) have been administered intravenously or intraductaly. The animals injected intraductaly with AAV9-elastase-seAP vectors showed long term higher seAP circulating levels. These vectors have been useful for assessing differences in transduction levels according to the administration route and the mouse strain used. Therefore, we have observed a high transduction in C57Bl6 mice regardless of the route of administration. The in vivo β cell regeneration has become a promising method for Type 1 Diabetes treatment. Given the efficiency and safety of gene transfer strategies using AAV viral vectors, these vectors were used to transfer key genes with the aim to reprogram pancreatic acinar cells into β phenotype cells, in immunocompetent diabetic mice. In this study we used three key transcription factors involved in the development of β cell: Pdx1 (Pancreas and duodenal homeobox gene-1), Neurog3 (Neurogenin3) and Mafa. We observed a significant increase of the pancreas ectopic expression of the three factors resulting in enhanced insulin expression, although the hyperglycaemia was not reduced in diabetic C57Bl/6 mice. When we coinjected AAV9-PNM (Pdx1, Neurog3, Mafa) vectors with an Ad5-null non-coding vector, partial reprogramming of exocrine cells into insulin-producing cells was achieved with a significant expression of Ins1 (Insulin 1) gene and a decrease on glycaemia of diabetic mice. Therefore, the approaches developed in this thesis have shown that the genetic manipulation of the pancreas, exocrine and endocrine cells, could be very useful for evaluating potential therapies for diabetes or other pancreatic diseases.
Ribera, Sánchez Albert. "Teràpia gènica amb vectors virals adenoassociats per al tractament de la patologia neurològica i somàtica de la mucopolisacaridosi tipus IIIB." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284936.
Full textMucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) is a rare Lysosomal Storage Disease (LSD) caused by the lack of the α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) activity, an enzyme involved in the stepwise degradation of the Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Heparan Sulfate (HS). This leads to a pathological accumulation of HS in the lysosomes of cells that ultimately results in cell dysfunction and/or death. MPSIIIB is mainly a neurodegenerative disease, and has a mild somatic involvement compared with other LSDs. After an initial asymptomatic period during the first few months of life, the disease manifests between the first and fourth year with slowing of mental development. This is followed by severe behavioral problems along with intellectual impairment during the second phase, which starts around the third or fourth year of life. Finally, with the onset of severe dementia, behavioral alterations begin to disappear and a progressive impairment of motor functions starts, which ultimately results in a total loss of locomotion, dysphagia and pyramidal system lesions. Death usually occurs between the second and third decades of life, although milder forms of the disease with slower progression and longer life expectancies have been described. There is currently no effective treatment for MPSIIIB. All available therapies and treatments are symptomatic and aimed at improving the quality of life of patients and their families. For this reason, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies for this disease. In this regard, in vivo gene therapy based on the administration of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) offers an attractive alternative for the treatment of rare genetic diseases such as MPSIIIB. On the one hand, strategies based on AAV gene therapy have shown promising results as a tool for gene transfer in vivo. On the other hand, these strategies have showed long term expression in animal models as well as in patients affected of genetic diseases after a single vector administration. In addition, and due to their low immunogenicity, their long-term expression and their ability to transduce different cell types in the brain, AAV vectors are good candidates for the treatment of genetic diseases with CNS involvement. Among all the AAV serotypes described and characterized so far, those derived from serotype 9 (AAV9) show a broad tropism. Administration of AAV9 directly to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in transduction of different cell types in the CNS with a widespread distribution. Moreover, after its passage through the CNS, part of the vector reaches the bloodstream, resulting in transduction of the liver and other somatic tissues, allowing transgene expression not only in the CNS but also in the periphery. Therefore, the aim of the present Doctoral Thesis was to develop a therapeutic strategy based on the intra-CSF delivery of an AAV9 vector coding for murine NAGLU (mNAGLU) to treat both CNS and somatic MPSIIIB pathology. A single intra-CSF administration of AAV9-mNAGLU viral vector to MPSIIIB male and female mice resulted in a broad transduction of CNS and liver which led to an increase of NAGLU activity above normal levels in those organs and correction of neurologic and somatic pathology. At a CNS level, the restoration of NAGLU activity in MPSIIIB-treated mice lead to normalization of the content of GAGs in the brain. AAV9-mNAGLU administration also completely corrected all signs of neuroinflamation characteristic of this animal model, with disappearance of astrocytosis and microgliosis in MPSIIIB-treated mice. Moreover, the AAV9 treatment also normalized brain lisosomal homeostasis as reflected by the normalization of the activities of other lisosomal enzymes. Gene expression analysis were performed on whole brain and revealed a dysregulation of gene expression of genes related to innate immunity, lisosomal functions and oxidative stress in untreated MPSIIIB. Interestingly, a representative group of up-regulated genes (~50%) were related to microglia, indicating the critical role of this cellular type in the development of the disease. Treatment with AAV9-mNAGLU normalized gene expression of the majority of these deregulated genes, so that the expression profile of AAV9-treated MPSIIIB mice resembled that of healthy WT littermates, providing further evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of the approach. At a somatic level, the NAGLU enzyme produced by the liver led to increased NAGLU circulating activity, making the enzyme available for all the affected organs and tissues. This led to the normalization of GAG content in most of the somatic organs and tissues analyzed. Intra-CSF AAV9-mNAGLU administration also normalized typical behavioral deficits observed in MPSIIIB untreated mice and increased survival both in males and females. Once the efficacy of the AAV9 treatment was demonstrated in the mouse model, we evaluated the feasibility of the approach in a larger animal model. Healthy adult Beagle dogs were used for this purpose, since the brain of dogs is closer in size to that of the human pediatric patients who are the target of this therapy. A high and stable production and secretion of active NAGLU was documented in the CSF of dogs that received an intracisternal administration of AAV9 vectors coding for the canine NAGLU, in the absence of any signs of toxicity. In addition, due to the fact that a high percentage of the human population is seropositive for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the AAV9 capsid proteins, which could potentially limit the efficacy of the treatment by clearing the vector from the circulation before it enters any cell, we also evaluated the effect of pre-existing immunity on the levels of NAGLU activity measured in the CSF. The results showed that the levels of enzymatic activity achieved in the CSF were the same regardless of the presence of high NAbs titers in serum prior to the treatment. Together, these results demonstrate the efficacy of intra-CSF AAV9-mNAGLU delivery in correcting MPSIIIB disease and the scalability of the approach to larger animal models, as well as the lack of effect of pre-exiting immunity on CNS efficacy when the vector is delivered directly to the CSF. Thus, the therapeutic approach described herein may become a possible treatment not only for MPSIIIB, but also for other LSDs with CNS involvement.
Rigau, i. Gay Maria Montserrat. "Efectivitat de l’entrevista motivacional per a millorar la higiene oral en pacients d’ortodòncia fixa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667788.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Maintaining good oral hygiene is a challenge for the general population and even more for teens and young adults undergoing fixed appliance orthodontic treatment. The absence of a proper brushing can have oral consequences such as enamel demineralization, gingival inflammation and caries. Regarding to general health, a relationship between gingivitis and the incidence of arteriosclerotic disease has been found. Conventional education, which focuses on giving normative advice, is insufficient to achieve sustained behavioral changes. However, motivational interviewing has been found to be effective in changing a broad range of behaviors related to lifestyle and it has recently been introduced into changing oral health behaviors. An evaluation of the stage of change in which participants feel identified with, may help to frame the direction that must be followed towards changing habits. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the results of oral hygiene at baseline, 1- month and 6-months in adolescents and young adults wearing fixed appliances assigned to the motivational interviewing group combined with conventional education compared to adolescents and young adults assigned to the group that received conventional education alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, open clinical study, of parallel groups has been carried out at the Orthodontic Service of the l’Hospital Odontològic Universitat de Barcelona, from September 2016 to December 2017. All patients wearing fixed appliances aged 12-25 years were eligible to participate in the study. They were randomly selected and allocated to the control group, that received a conventional education session, or to the intervention group that received the same education and a session of motivational interviewing delivered by an orthodontist trained in motivational interviewing. The plaque and gingival index Löe & Silness were evaluated, in both groups at baseline, at 1-month and at 6-months follow-up. All the sessions were audiotaped, and 20% of them were coded by an independent reviewer member of the Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers. Duration of the motivational interviewing sessions was recorded at baseline and values of importance scale and confidence scale were evaluated as well as the stage of change at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 130 participants were recruited and 59 were allocated to the conventional education group and 71 of them were allocated to the group that received the same conventional education session followed by a session of motivational interviewing. This group showed significant differences when comparing the plaque and gingival indexes at 1-month and 6-months; reduced values were found reflecting an improvement in oral hygiene (P < 0.001). A total of 56% of participants felt identified with more advanced stages of change at 6-months compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Motivational interviewing combined with conventional education is more effective than conventional education alone to improve oral hygiene in adolescents and young adults wearing fixed appliances at 1-month and 6-months follow-up, measured by a decrease of plaque and gingival indexes.
Vilalta, Colomer Marta. "Cèl·lules mare mesenquimàtiques humanes derivades de teixit adipós per a la teràpia cel·lular. Seguiment "in vivo" mitjançant procediments d'imatge no invasius." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1018.
Full textPer a dur a terme aquest objectiu es van marcar permanentment les cèl·lules hAMSC amb un vector lentivíric que contenia dos gens traçadors. Per una banda contenia el gen de la proteïna verda fluorescent (GFP) que ens va permetre la selecció de les cèl·lules marcades mitjançant la separació de cèl·lules activada per fluorescència, i per altra, el gen de la luciferasa de Photinus Pyralis (PLuc) que ens va permetre el seguiment no invasiu in vivo mitjançant la bioluminescència no invasiva (BLI). Aquestes cèl·lules, marcades i seleccionades, es van injectar en ratolins immunodeprimits on es van mantenir durant 8 mesos. Durant aquest període de temps, es va observar que aquestes cèl·lules es mantenien estables, que no formaven tumors i que no presentaven desequilibris cromosòmics greus.
Posteriorment vam observar que les cèl·lules hAMSC també podien viure en tumors de pròstata (PC-3), inoculats en els músculs dels ratolins immunodeprimits, durant llargs períodes de temps i mantenir-se de manera estable. La detecció simultània de les cèl·lules tumorals i de les hAMSC va ser possible gràcies al marcatge de les cèl·lules amb diferents luciferases, la PLuc i la luciferasa de Renilla reniformis (RLuc). D'aquí es va concloure que aquestes cèl·lules eren vehicles segurs per a la teràpia cel·lular.
Per portar a terme una teràpia gènica citotòxica en tumors, les cèl·lules hAMSC es van marcar amb un gen suïcida (timidina quinasa), de manera que gràcies a la mort d'aquestes cèl·lules suïcides quan s'administrava la prodroga (Ganciclovir) es produïa un efecte adjacent sobre les cèl·lules veïnes tumorals, fet que provocava la reducció dels tumors fins a un 98,5%. Amb la visualització dels dos tipus cel·lulars va ser possible determinar la dosi necessària de cèl·lules suïcides per obtenir un efecte adjacent major. A més, també es va poder quantificar la modulació del creixement que produïen les cèl·lules hAMSC en diferents tumors injectats de manera ortotòpica.
Paral·lelament, el procediment de la BLI també ens va permetre determinar canvis en l'expressió d'un gen, el col·lagen 2 (COL2A1), el qual té un paper clau durant la condrogènesi: Les cèl·lules hAMSC es van transduir permanentment amb el gen de la PLuc, dirigit a partir del promotor específic del COL2A1, i es va observar una inducció de l'expressió de l'aquesta luciferasa, acompanyada també d'un canvi
fenotípic característic dels condròcits, quan es diferenciaven in vitro al llinatge condrogènic. Per tal de poder fer un seguiment in vivo, no invasiu, aquestes cèl·lules marcades es van transduir també amb la luciferasa RLuc, expressada constitutivament, per tal que fos l'indicador de la proliferació d'aquestes cèl·lules. Les cèl·lules hAMSC doblement marcades i sembrades en matrius d'os desmineralitzat (DBM) implantades subcutàniament en ratolins immunodeprimits van demostrar diferents patrons de diferenciació condrogència d'acord amb els resultats de les anàlisis histològiques. Aquest model, doncs facilitaria el desenvolupament de combinacions entre cèl·lules progenitores i esquelets per a la reparació de teixits.
The aim of this thesis was to study the behaviour of the human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue (hAMSCs) implanted in animals during prolonged time to determine their functionality as vehicles for genetic therapy in tumours and for tissue regeneration.
For this purpose the hAMSCs were labelled by a permanent transduction with lentiviral vectors for the expression of two reporter gens. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene which proved to be useful for the enrichment of labelled cells, histological analysis and recovery of cells from tissue implants and the Photinus pyralis luciferase (PLuc) gene which allowed us the long term monitoring with the non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI).
The labelled and selected hAMSCs were injected in immunosupressed mice and maintained during 8 months. During this period, cells maintained a steady state and no detectable chromosomal abnormalities nor tumours formed during the 8 months of residence in the host's tissues.
We also observed that hAMSCs could live long periods when implanted within PC-3 tumours, inoculated in the thighs of immunosupressed mice. The use of two luminescent reporters, allowed the simultaneous and independently monitoring in real time of two different cells populations implanted in the same anatomical site of the animal. Thus, from these observations we conclude that the hAMSCs could be safe vehicles for cell therapy.
In order to perform a citotoxic gene therapy in PC-3 tumours, hAMSCs were labelled with a suicide gene (thymidine kinase). The addition of the prodrug (Gangiclovir) produced the death of these cells and killing of the neighbouring tumour cells (Bystander effect). This bystander effect produced a reduction of the tumours treated with suicide cells of 98.5% comparing with the control ones. The use of BLI and the dual labelling allowed us to optimize the ratio of the suicide vehicles to tumour cells to obtain a major bystander effect. Furthermore it was possible to quantify the tumour growth modulation produced by the injection of hAMSCs within different types of tumour cells.
BLI procedures allowed us to analyze changes in gene expression and monitor cell differentiation in a live animal model of cartilage and bone formation.
Medina, Casanovas Núria. "English Rap: Una proposta interdisciplinària d'anglès i de música per a Primària." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285085.
Full textThis thesis presents a piece of ethnographic classroom-based qualitative research from an ecological perspective. The aim was, on one hand, to explore the potential of an interdisciplinary (English and Music) project and, on the other, the effect of creating their own English rap on pupils’ motivation. The theoretical framework examines current thinking on foreign language acquisition, music learning, and the relationship between music, language and motivation. The research relates motivation to other concepts such as emotion, interest and creativity, out of which aprioristic categories are established for use in the analysis. The work includes a description of the project, carried out in a Year 6 Primary school classroom, and an analysis of the data obtained. This data was gathered by using a range of different instruments which include the observations, from the varying perspectives, of the participants in the project.
Arís, i. Giralt Anna. "Desenvolupament de proteïnes quimèriques multifuncionals com a vectors de transferència gènica mediada per receptor." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3863.
Full textEls principals estudis en aquesta línia d'investigació estan dirigits al desenvolupament de vectors eficients en la transferència gènica. En els últims anys, l'ús de vectors no vírics en teràpia gènica ha anat prenent importància, ja que tot i que s'ha demostrat que els vectors vírics són eines molt eficients en la transferència de DNA, presenten limitacions associades, com ara la difícil obtenció de títols elevats de partícules víriques, la inducció de respostes immunològiques i riscs de seguretat biològica com la mutagènesi insercional i la possible reversió a vectors recombinants competents en replicació.
És molt important assegurar dins del ús de sistemes no vírics, processos de transferència gènica mediada per receptor, no tan sols per dirigir el procés d'internalització cel·lular eficientment, sinó per poder mantenir l'especificitat per un tipus cel·lular diana. Les proteïnes quimèriques recombinants són candidats molt interessants en la transferència gènica no vírica. La generació d'aquests vehicles ha estat poc explorada dins la teràpia gènica, i es basa en la combinació de diverses proteïnes o dominis proteics bioactius en una sola cadena polipeptídica. Aquestes regions heteròlogues combinades, aporten capacitat d'unir molècules de DNA, el reconeixement i la internalització cel·lular i possibles funcions potenciadores de la transferència cel·lular com ara la llisi d'endosomes i el transport nuclear. Els senzills processos de producció i purificació a gran escala i la seva naturalesa modular, fan que siguin vehicles fàcilment optimitzables i adequables a noves aplicacions de teràpia gènica i amb un elevat potencial com a vectors alternatius als sistemes vírics. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral s'han desenvolupat un grup de proteïnes quimèriques prototip, basades en l'enzim b-galactosidasa d'Escherichia coli, que presenten en la seva superfície una cua de lisines com a domini d'unió a DNA i la regió de reconeixement cel·lular del virus de la febre aftosa basada en motius RGD. A més a més, l'enzim b-galactosidasa funciona com a domini de purificació del constructe resultant i permet detectar i quantificar les proteïnes quimèriques mitjançant assaigs colorimètrics senzills. La presència de forma natural en aquest enzim d'una seqüència de localització nuclear críptica permet a aquestes proteïnes dirigir eficientment la transferència de DNA en cèl·lules de mamífer. La primera construcció obtinguda va ser anomenada 249AL i es va demostrar que unia i condensava DNA eficientment i era capaç de dirigir específicament, mitjançant el reconeixement de la integrina avb3, la seva transferència en cultius cel·lulars. Després d'optimitzar el procés de transferència gènica in vitro es van realitzar aproximacions in vivo injectant complexes de proteïna-DNA intracerebralment en rates. Els resultats mostraven que la proteïna 249AL és un prototip de vector alternatiu al ús de vectors vírics en el SNC, especialment en aplicacions terapèutiques a zones lesionades en les que es produeix un increment de l'expressió dels gens de les integrines avb3. Derivats de la proteïna 249AL, com la proteïna NLSCt, demostren que mitjançant la incorporació de nous dominis com ara altres senyals de localització nuclear, com la del Antigen-T de SV40, és poden obtenir nivells d'expressió gènica més elevats. Aquests resultats conviden a aprofundir en l'aproximació modular al disseny de vectors recombinants no vírics per a teràpia gènica.
Recent advances in molecular and cellular biology have contributed to the knowledge of the molecular bases of some diseases and have provided new technologies for gene manipulation in vivo. Thus, gene therapy arises as a therapeutic strategy for gene delivery applied to the genetic and infectious diseases treatment, replacing, repairing or stimulating the biological function of affected tissues. The main studies in gene therapy have focused on the development of gene transfer vectors to ensure the efficiency in gene delivery processes.
Some engineered viruses have been largely explored as such transfer vehicles with an important degree of success. However, a set of adverse reactions such as the difficult production of high viral particles titres, the induction of immune response and the associated biological risks such as insertional mutagenesis and the generation of replication competent viral particles, have strongly encouraged the use of non-viral vehicles for gene transfer.
In the context of non-viral vectors, it is important to maintain receptor mediated gene transfer processes to ensure an efficient cellular internalisation and specificity. Chimerical recombinant proteins are interesting candidates in non-viral gene transfer and they have been constructed by combining bioactive proteins, or proteins domains, from different origins in a single polipeptidic chain. These joined regions supply DNA-condensing, cell-binding, internalisation and eventually endosome-disrupting and nuclear targeting activities. Although this family of constructs is still in an early stage of development, its intrinsic flexibility, the simplicity in the production and purification processes and the possibility of further improvement by protein engineering offers wider perspectives in gene therapy.
In this Thesis it has been developed a new set of prototype chimerical proteins based on Escherichia coli b-galactosidase enzyme carrying a polylisine-based DNA binding domain and an integrin-targeting RGD cell binding peptide from Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The b-galactosidase acts as a purification domain of the final construct and permits its detection and quantification by simple colorimetric assays. The natural presence in this enzyme of a cryptic nuclear localisation signal (NLS) contributes to the efficiency of gene transfer to mammalian cells. The protein 249AL was the first construction obtained and it showed DNA binding and condensing abilities and led cellular gene transfer through the recognition of avb3 cellular integrins. After in vitro optimisation of gene delivery processes, in vivo approaches were carried out by injecting P9 rats intracerebrally with DNA-protein complexes. The results showed that 249AL protein is a promising alternative to viral vectors for CNS gene therapy, mainly in injured areas where the avb3 gene expression is increased. The 249AL derivatives, such as NLSCt protein, demonstrate that the incorporation of new functional domains such as other NLS, like that from SV40 T-antigen, could improve the obtained gene expression levels and invites explore in more detail this modular approach for the design of non-viral vectors in gene therapy.
Vila, Julià Ferran. "Avenços en la teràpia gènica per al MNGIE amb vectors adenoassociats: validació en un model millorat de la malaltia i optimització de seqüència del gen terapèutic." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671813.
Full textEl MNGIE (Mitochondrial NeuroGastroIntestinal Encephalomyopathy) es una enfermedad mitocondrial de herencia autosómica recesiva causada por mutaciones en el gen TYMP, que codifica la enzima timidina fosforilasa (TP). La TP cataliza la degradación de timidina (dThd) y desoxiuridina (dUrd), y su ausencia en pacientes causa la acumulación sistémica de estos metabolitos, tóxica para la función mitocondrial. Hoy en día, las únicas terapias efectives son el trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas y el trasplante de hígado. No obstante, los trasplantes están limitados por la necesidad de un donante compatible y tienen una tasa de mortalidad y morbididad asociada especialmente elevada en pacientes de MNGIE. Para superar estos inconvenientes, hace tiempo propusimos la terapia génica mediante vectores adenoasociados (rAAV) dirigidos al hígado como alternativa terapéutica, y demostramos su viabilidad en el modelo animal de MNGIE, el ratón doble knockout (dKO) Tymp-/-Upp1-/-. Pero este modelo solo presenta fenotipo bioquímico, de forma que solo pudimos demostrar la corrección de este fenotipo. En 2014 se describió que aumentando el desequilibrio metabólico mediante la administración oral de dThd y dUrd al modelo dKO durante toda su vida provocaba la aparición de algunos rasgos que reproducían la sintomatología clínica de los pacientes. En esta tesis hemos estudiado el uso de la terapia génica en este modelo mejorado, mediante el tratamiento con tres rAAVs que expresan la secuencia codificante de TYMP bajo el control de tres promotores hepáticos a distintas dosis. El tratamiento con rAAV incrementó la actividad TP hepática y disminuyo la concentración sistémica de nucleósidos de los ratones dKO, (sin tratamiento eren 30 veces superiores a los valores normales). A nivel fenotípico, en la mayoría de los ratones, el tratamiento también previno el aumento del volumen de los ventrículos cerebrales y el deterioro motor observados en los ratones no tratados. Cuando comparamos los tres vectores utilitzados, el rAAV con el promotor de la alfa-1-antitripsina (AAT) fue el más eficaz. Estos resultados confirman que la terapia génica por rAAV dirigida al hígado restaura la homeóstasis bioquímica y demuestran la prevención de la aparición del fenotipo clínico del modelo animal mejorado de MNGIE. Otro aspecto importante para la translación de la terapia a la práctica clínica es optimizar el vector para reducir la dosis efectiva. En este sentido, hemos testado dos aproximaciones: la modificación de la secuencia codificante (ADNc) del gen según la frecuencia de uso de codón para aumentar su expresión, y la eliminación de los dinucleótidos CpG del ADNc del gen para reducir la immunogenicidad del vector. Diseñamos cuatro secuencies optimizadas del ADNc de TYMP utilitzando 4 algoritmos diferentes. Generamos vectores lentivirales para transducir 4 líneas celulares humanas y determinar la eficiencia de expresión de cada secuencia comparada con la secuencia natural, teniendo en cuenta el grado de actividad TP, el número de copias del vector y los niveles relativos de ARNm. De todos los experimentos, solo una secuencia optimizada mejoró el grado de expresión de TYMP comparado con el de la secuencia natural, en la línea celular hepática Huh7. En cuanto a la reducción de la immunogenicidad del vector, eliminamos los dinucleótidos CpG de las secuencias diseñadas y analizamos el nivel de expresión de TYMP. Solo la secuencia natural sin dinucleótidos CpG se acercó a la expresión de la secuencia natural. Aunque se observa una reducción de expresión aproximada del 20%, se compensa con la ventaja que aporta en términos de reducción de la respuesta inmunológica de cara al uso clínico del vector. En conclusión, entre las opciones testadas, recomendamos el rAAV que contiene el ADNc natural de TYMP sin dinucleótidos CpG bajo el control del promotor AAT para un uso eventual en la práctica clínica.
MNGIE (Mitochondrial NeuroGastroIntestinal Encephalomyopathy) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in TYMP, which encodes for the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TP). TP catalyses the first step of the catabolism of the nucleosides thymidine (dThd) and deoxyuridine (dUrd). The lack of TP activity causes systemic nucleoside accumulation which is toxic for mitochondrial function. Nowadays, the only available therapies for MNGIE are allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation or liver transplantation. However, these treatments are limited by the need of a compatible donor and are associated to high mortality and morbidity rates in MNGIE patients. To overcome these limitations, our laboratory proposed adenoassociated virus (rAAV) mediated gene therapy targeted to the liver for MNGIE and demonstrated its feasibility in the Tymp-/- Upp1-/- (dKO) mouse model of the disease. However, dKO mice show biochemical phenotype only, therefore we could only demonstrate the efficacy of our approach at the biochemical level. In 2014 it was reported that increasing the biochemical imbalances of the dKO model by chronic oral administration of dThd and dUrd to dKO mice over their entire life induced some features that recapitulate part of the clinical manifestations observed in patients. In this thesis we have studied the effect of gene therapy in this enhanced model, by treating the animals with three rAAVs expressing the human TYMP coding sequence under the control of three different liver-specific promoters. rAAV treatment increased liver TP activity and limited the systemic nucleoside concentration present in the dKO enhanced model, which was 30-fold higher as compared with non-exposed wild-type mice. AAV-treatment also prevented, in most animals, the enlarged brain ventricles and the motor impairment observed in the exposed dKO mice. When we compared the three promoters tested, the rAAV containing the AAT promoter showed the best efficacy. These results confirm that AAV-mediated gene therapy restores the biochemical homeostasis and demonstrate that this treatment prevents the clinical phenotype developed by the enhanced murine model of MNGIE. Another key point for the clinical translation of gene therapy is the optimization of the therapeutic gene expression to reduce the vector dose. For this reason, we tested two approaches: modification of the coding sequence of TYMP based on the codon use frequency to increase the expression of the gene, and CpG dinucleotide removal from the coding sequence to reduce immunogenicity of the vector. We designed four different codon-optimized sequences of the TYMP coding sequence, using four different algorithms. We cloned each optimized sequence in a lentiviral vector and transduced 4 different human cell lines. We analysed the degree of expression achieved with each sequence, as compared with the non-optimized wild-type TYMP sequence through evaluation of TP activity, vector copy number, and mRNA levels in the cell lines. Among all the sequences studied, only one optimized sequence resulted in higher TP activity when expressed per vector copy number in the hepatic cell line Huh7. To reduce the immunogenicity of the vector we removed the CpG dinucleotides from the wild-type coding TYMP sequence and two codon-optimized TYMP sequences. The wild-type sequence without CpG was the only one showing expression levels similar to those of the wild-type sequence. Even though the CpG free sequence shows a reduced expression of about 20% of that observed in the wild-type sequence, it is compensated by the advantages associated to the absence of CpG sites in terms of reduction of the immunological response when considering the vector for clinical use. In conclusion, among the different options tested, we recommend the rAAV vector containing the wild-type coding TYMP CpG-free sequence under the control of the AAT promoter for its use in the clinical practice.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina
Mallol, Domínguez Cristina. "Estudi del paper de la sobreexpressió pancreàtica d’IGF-1 en ratolins NOD per contrarestar la diabetis tipus 1." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285361.
Full textType 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The incidence of T1D is increasing worldwide and is being diagnosed at increasingly younger ages. T1D becomes clinically apparent after a preclinical period of varying length, during which autoimmune destruction reduces the mass of β cells in the pancreatic islets such that blood glucose levels can no longer be maintained in a normal physiologic range. T1D patients require life-long insulin treatment and have a high risk of suffering from medical complications. Therefore, preventative or curative therapies are urgently needed. Among them, gene therapy offers a new tool with great potential treatment opportunities for T1D. Among the possible candidate genes for the treatment of diabetes, the insulin growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) is known for its immunomodulatory properties and its control over the proliferation and survival of β cell mass. Our laboratory has previously reported that the overexpression of IGF-1 in β cells of transgenic animals counteracts cytotoxicity and insulitis induced by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment and promotes islet regeneration. We also described that pancreatic expression of IGF-1 prevents islet destruction and β cell death in a transgenic mouse overexpressing IFNβ (Interferon β) in β cells, a model of lymphocytic infiltration in endocrine pancreas. The first part of this thesis is focused on the study of the role of IGF-1 in the preservation of β cell mass in a spontaneous model of autoimmune diabetes: NOD mouse (Non obese Diabetic). With the aim of studying the mechanism by which the overexpression of IGF-1 in β cells can prevent the autoimmune destruction of the endocrine pancreas, we generated NOD transgenic mice that overexpress IGF-1 under the control of RIP-1 promoter (Rat Insulin Promoter-1) (NOD-IGF1). Our results showed that IGF1-NOD mice were resistant to develop diabetes. As the prevalence of diabetes was of 70% in NOD mice, only 3% of the IGF1-NOD mice developed diabetes at 30 weeks of age. This prevention was mediated by the local effect of IGF-1 in pancreas given that the circulating levels of the factor were not increased. The reduction in the incidence of diabetes observed in NOD-IGF1 animals was in parallel with lower islet lymphocytic infiltration, reduced inflammatory cytokine expression and reduced number of apoptotic β cells, suggesting a blockage of the autoimmune attack against the pancreas. This arrest could be mediated by a reduction of antigen-presenting molecules in islets and an increase in regulatory T cells in the pancreas. IGF1-NOD mice preserved β cell mass with time, showed normal insulinemia and a normal glucose tolerance profile after an intraperitoneal glucose load administration. These results indicate that the local production of IGF-1 protected β cells from the destruction induced by the immune system and counteracted diabetes in a variety of models of the disease, including the spontaneously diabetic NOD mouse. Therefore, IGF-1 gene transfer to the pancreas could be a safe approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, studies in our laboratory have shown that intraductal administration of adeno-asociated viral vectors with serotype 8 (AAV8) can efficiently transduce long term both the exocrine pancreas and the islet β cells. Thus, the aim of the second part of this study was to combine the use of AAV8 vectors with the protective effects of IGF-1 to develop a gene therapy approach directed to the pancreas in order to counteract autoimmune diabetes in NOD mouse. For this purpose, we generated an AAV8 vector expressing IGF-1 under the control of the ubiquitous CAG promoter. In order to restrict IGF-1 expression in the pancreas, the target sequences of microRNA 122a (expressed in the liver) and micrRNA 1 (expressed in the heart) were incorporated to the 3’-UTR of the construct. It was observed that the intraductal administration of this vector was able to prevent diabetic hyperglycaemia in NOD mouse. Thus, most animals administered with the AAV8 vector encoding the IGF-1 gene showed normal blood glucose values during 28 weeks and a significant reduction in the incidence of diabetes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the key role of IGF-1 protecting β cell mass against the autoimmune destruction, and indicates that gene transfer of IGF-1 in the pancreas by AAV vectors could represent a new gene therapy approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
Rodríguez, Aguilar Ester. "Caracterització i anàlisi del potencial terapèutic de l’Adenovirus 5/40 quimèric de tropisme específic intestinal com a vector de teràpia gènica per al tractament de la malaltia inflamatòria intestinal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377475.
Full textInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) comprises a group of diseases (such as CD and UC) characterized by a chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. The IBD requires a personalized medical and pharmacological approach, and although currently there are different therapies to improve the quality of life of patients, none of these has healed the disease. Gene therapy is one of the most promising biomedical disciplines for the treatment of genetic diseases, but also for other diseases in which the pathology is not determined by a single gene, but there is an alteration of the homeostasis of the system, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological diseases. Therefore, gene therapy seems a promising alternative to administer local therapy in the intestine for IBD. Within the family of adenovirus vectors, the most used vectors in gene therapy, there is subgroup F adenovirus (Ad40 and Ad41) with intestinal tropism. These adenoviruses are characterized by the presence of two different size fibers and its poor growth in vitro. By pseudotyping technique, you can replace the genes encoding the Ad5 fiber protein, one of the most used adenoviral vector, for the genes encoding the protein of Ad40 short fiber. Thus, besides changing the natural tropism of Ad5 tropism by the new fiber, it improves production and simplify the cloning of therapeutic genes. Therefore, we decided to analyse and characterize the therapeutic potential of chimeric adenovirus 5/40 specific intestinal tropism for future use as gene therapy vectors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. In the first part of this work, we focused on characterizing the chimeric vector to determine the real possibilities to become gene therapy vectors. Firstly, we optimize the protocol for the vectors production, increasing the efficiency from 2-4 times to 20 and 25 times per cycle, and we studied what new features the Ad40 short fiber transferred to Ad5 particles. In the second part, we evaluate the ability of chimeric vectors as gene therapy vectors in the intestine. We found that the presence of fiber increased vectors resistance to acidic pH (but not to proteases) and we studied the biodistribution and biosafety of these vectors in mice by three different routes: oral, rectal and intravenous by quantifying the expression of β-gal luminometry and by histology and immunohistochemistry analysis of adenoviral transfection. The results showed that the chimeric adenovirus administered by rectal route were more efficient than Ad5, transfecting intestinal epithelial cells in villi and crypts, and enteroendocrine cells and local macrophages in intestinal mucosa. After evaluating the ability of chimeric adenovirus to infect the intestines of healthy mice, we proceeded to assess their infectivity capacity in a MMI animal model of MMI, choosing the model of DSS-induced colitis mice. In the third part of this work, we generate new chimeric vectors that allow easy and fast cloning of any therapeutic gene. In summary, this work shows that the short fiber of the Ad40 pseudotipying transferred many of the unique characteristics of enteric adenovirus, and it proposes an optimized protocol for production levels equivalent to the Ad5. Our results also suggest that the chimeric adenovirus F/40S is an excellent candidate as a gene therapy vector for for the local administration of therapeutic genes in the gut
Martínez, Chía Mª Carmen. "La importància de la implicació dels pares en el procés d’ensenyament-aprenentatge durant l’Educació Primària, per a assolir amb èxit les Competències Bàsiques a 6è." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132163.
Full textEstrada, Tejedor Roger. "Desenvolupament del programari ArIS (Artificial Intelligence Suite): implementació d’eines de cribratge virtual per a la química mèdica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51367.
Full textEl diseño molecular de sistemas de interés para la química médica y para el diseño de fármacos siempre ha estado condicionado por la disponibilidad sintética de los resultados. Desde el momento en que la química combinatoria se incorpora en el esquema sintético, cambia el papel de la química computacional: la diversidad de estructuras que pueden sintetizarse hace necesaria la introducción de métodos, como el cribado virtual, que permitan evaluar la viabilidad de grandes quimiotecas virtuales en un tiempo razonable. Los métodos quimioinformáticos responden a la necesidad anterior, ofreciendo al usuario métodos eficaces para la predicción teórica de actividades biológicas o propiedades de interés. Entre ellos destacan los métodos basados en la relación cuantitativa de estructura-actividad (QSAR), que han demostrado ser eficaces para establecer modelos de predicción en el ámbito farmacológico y biomédico. Se ha evaluado la utilización de métodos QSAR no lineales en terapia fotodinámica del cáncer, dado que es una de las líneas de investigación de interés del Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular (GEM) del IQS. El diseño de fotosensibilizadores se puede realizar a partir de la predicción de propiedades fisicoquímicas (como su espectro de absorción o su hidrofobicidad) y del estudio de su localización subcelular preferente, la cual ha demostrado recientemente jugar un papel muy importante en la eficacia del proceso global. Por otro lado, las redes neuronales artificiales son actualmente uno de los métodos mejor valorados para establecer modelos QSAR no lineales. Es por ello que resulta muy interesante disponer de un programa capaz de aplicar estos métodos y que, además, sea lo suficientemente versátil y adaptable como para poder aplicarse a distintos problemas, según las necesidades del usuario. Por este motivo se ha desarrollado el programa ArIS, el cual incluye los principales métodos de redes neuronales artificiales para realizar tareas de clasificación y predicción cuantitativa, necesarios para el estudio de problemas de interés como la predicción de la actividad anti-VIH de análogos del AZT, la optimización de formulaciones químicas o el reconocimiento estructural de grandes sistemas moleculares.
Molecular modelling of interesting systems for medicinal chemistry and drug design highly depends on availability of synthetic results. Since combinatorial chemistry was incorporated into the synthetic scheme, the role of computational chemistry has changed: the structural diversity of candidates to be synthesized requires the introduction of computational methods which are able to screen large virtual libraries. Answering to this requirement, chemoinformatics offers many kinds of different methods for predicting biological activities and molecular properties. One of the most relevant techniques among them is Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR), which can be used to establish prediction models for both, pharmacological and biomedical sectors. The use of non- linear QSAR methods has been evaluated in photodynamic therapy of cancer, one of the research areas of the Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular (GEM) at IQS. Molecular design of photosensitizers can be performed by computational studies of their physicochemical properties (absorption spectra or hydrophobicity, for example) and subcellular localization, which becomes a key factor in the efficacy of the overall process. Furthermore, artificial neural networks are nowadays rated as one of the very best methods for establishing non-linear QSAR models. Developing software that includes all these methods would be certainly interesting. Implemented algorithms should be versatile and easily adaptable for their use in any problems. We have developed ArIS software, which includes the most important methods of artificial neural networks for classification and quantitative prediction. ArIS has been used to predict anti-HIV activity of AZT-analogues, for optimization of chemical formulations and for structural recognition in large molecular systems, among others.
Bacca, Acosta Jorge Luis. "Framework for the design and development of motivational augmented reality learning experiences in vocational education and training." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/432788.
Full textUna de las ventajas de la Realidad Aumentada (RA) en educación, es que la RA incrementa la motivación. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios sobre lineamientos para orientar el diseño y desarrollo de experiencias de RA motivadoras. En esta tesis doctoral, se introduce un framework para orientar el diseño y desarrollo de experiencias de aprendizaje con RA motivadoras en el nivel educativo de formación profesional (FP). El proceso de investigación comenzó con dos estudios exploratorios que fueron desarrollados en el programa de FP en carrocería en el cual la aplicación Paint-cAR fue co-creada con profesores. Posteriormente, un estudio sobre predictores de la motivación fue desarrollado y el framework fue posteriormente definido. El framework fue validado en el programa de FP en Operaciones de Laboratorio en el área de química y concluimos que la experiencia de aprendizaje impactó positivamente las 4 dimensiones del modelo de motivación ARCS (Atención, Relevancia, Confianza y Satisfacción)
Casanova, Gonzalvo Carles. "Efecte d’un programa d’Intervenció Assistida amb Gossos en persones majors de 65 anys amb trastorns de l’aparell locomotor." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401542.
Full textObjetivo. Analizar la eficacia de una intervención Asistida con Perros, en población mayor de 65 años con trastornos del aparato locomotor. Método. Estudio Clínico Aleatorizado (n=52), con Grupo Control (n=22) con un Programa de 12 sesiones grupales de Fisioterapia de 60 minutos, y Grupo Experimental (n=30) con el mismo programa e incluyendo Terapia Asistida con Perros. Resultados. Mejora generalizada intragrupo, siendo mayor en Grupo Experimental. En el análisis intergrupo, la Terapia Asistida con Perros resultó significativa en diferentes ítems de capacidad funcional, dolor articular, intensidad del dolor general y estado de ansiedad/depresión de la calidad de vida. Conclusiones. La Fisioterapia en Atención Primaria obtiene resultados positivos en salud, siendo la Terapia Asistida con Perros la Intervención que obtiene más ganancias en salud sobre capacidad funcional, estado álgico y calidad de vida, en participantes mayores de 65 años con trastornos crónicos del aparato locomotor. La Terapia Asistida con Perros debe ser considerada como una terapia complementaria innovadora que cumple con los principios de equidad, eficiencia, sostenibilidad y satisfacción de los ciudadanos.
Objective. Analyze the effectiveness of an intervention Assisted Dogs in population over 65 with musculoskeletal disorders. Method. Randomized clinical study (n=52), with Control Group (n=22) with a 12 group sessions of physiotherapy 60 minutes, and Experimental Group (n=30) with the same program and including Assisted Therapy Dogs. Results. Intragroup widespread improvement was higher in Experimental Group. In the intergroup analysis, Assisted Therapy Dogs significant in different items of functional ability, joint pain, general pain intensity and state of anxiety/depression quality of life. Conclusions. Physiotherapy in Primary Care achieves positive health outcomes, with the Assisted Therapy Dogs Intervention you get more health gains on functional capacity, painful status and quality of life, over 65 participants with chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Assisted Therapy Dogs should be considered as an innovative complementary therapy that complies with the principles of equity, efficiency, sustainability and citizen satisfaction.