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1
Paul, Sharon J. Art & Science in the Choral Rehearsal. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863760.001.0001.
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In recent decades, cognitive neuroscience research has increased our understanding of how the brain learns, retains, and recalls information. At the same time, social psychology researchers have developed insights into group dynamics, exploring what motivates individuals in a group to give their full effort, or conversely, what might instead inspire them to become freeloaders. This book explores the idea that choral conductors who better understand how the brain learns, and how individuals within groups function, can lead more efficient, productive, and enjoyable rehearsals. Armed with this knowledge, conductors can create rehearsal techniques which take advantage of certain fundamental brain and social psychology principles. Through such approaches, singers will become increasingly engaged physically and mentally in the rehearsal process. This book draws from a range of scientific studies to suggest and encourage effective, evidence-based techniques, and can help serve to reset and inspire new approaches toward teaching. Each chapter outlines exercises and creative ideas for conductors and music teachers, including the importance of embedding problem solving into rehearsal, the use of multiple entry points for newly acquired information, techniques to encourage an emotional connection to the music, and ways to incorporate writing exercises into rehearsal. Additional topics include brain-compatible teaching strategies to complement thorough score study, the science behind motivation, the role imagination plays in teaching, the psychology of rehearsal, and conducting tips and advice. All of these brain-friendly strategies serve to encourage singers’ active participation in rehearsals, with the goal of motivating beautiful, inspired, and memorable performances.
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Oyserman, Daphna. Pathways to Success Through Identity-Based Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195341461.001.0001.
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Everyone can imagine their future self, even very young children, and this future self is usually positive and education-linked. To make progress toward an aspired future or away from a feared future requires people to plan and take action. Unfortunately, most people often start too late and commit minimal effort to ineffective strategies that lead their attention elsewhere. As a result, their high hopes and earnest resolutions often fall short. In Pathways to Success Through Identity-Based Motivation Daphna Oyserman focuses on situational constraints and affordances that trigger or impede taking action. Focusing on when the future-self matters and how to reduce the shortfall between the self that one aspires to become and the outcomes that one actually attains, Oyserman introduces the reader to the core theoretical framework of identity-based motivation (IBM) theory. IBM theory is the prediction that people prefer to act in identity-congruent ways but that the identity-to-behavior link is opaque for a number of reasons (the future feels far away, difficulty of working on goals is misinterpreted, and strategies for attaining goals do not feel identity-congruent). Oyserman's book goes on to also include the stakes and how the importance of education comes into play as it improves the lives of the individual, their family, and their society. The framework of IBM theory and how to achieve it is broken down into three parts: how to translate identity-based motivation into a practical intervention, an outline of the intervention, and empirical evidence that it works. In addition, the book also includes an implementation manual and fidelity measures for educators utilizing this book to intervene for the improvement of academic outcomes.
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Nassauer, Anne. Situational Breakdowns. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922061.001.0001.
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This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.
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Miller, Tim, Jinzhong Niu, Martin Chapman, and Peter McBurney. An Overview and Evaluation of the Cat Market Design Competition. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.18.
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The rise of online commerce has led to an emerging discipline at the intersection of economics and computer science, a discipline which studies the properties and dynamics of automated trading in online marketplaces. The CAT Market Design Tournament was created to promote research into the design and deployment of economic mechanisms for such online marketplaces, particularly mechanisms able to adapt automatically to dynamic competitive environments. This research competition, which ran from 2007 to 2011), was won by four different teams and had entrants from thirteen countries. This chapter describes the motivation and history of the tournament and presents research that has arisen from it. The winners were experimentally “played off” to evaluate whether the state of the art in automated mechanism design improved during the CAT competition. The results show a clear and consistent improvement, supporting the belief that the competition has encouraged research in the field.
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Siebert, Scott E., and David S. DeGeest. The Five Factor Model of Personality in Business and Industry. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.1.
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Personality traits have played a central role in industrial/organizational psychology, human resource management, and organizational behavior, the key fields in the application of psychology to business and industry. In the early years, excessive optimism led scholars to unrealistic expectations about the value of personality traits at work. This was followed by a period of profound pessimism regarding the value of personality as an explanatory variable when the unrealistic expectations were inevitably disappointed. More recently, advances in theory and methodology have led scholars to re-examine the role of personality with more realistic expectations. The Five Factor Model (FFM) has predominated as an integrative personality structure for conceptualizing and researching the relationship of personality to workplace outcomes. Five specific domains of research are considered herein: personnel selection; employee motivation, attitudes, and behavior; leadership; teams; and entrepreneurship. The chapter ends with open questions for future research in this domain.
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du Toit, Fanie. When Political Transitions Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881856.001.0001.
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Reconciliation emphasizes relationships as a crucial ingredient of political transition; this book argues for the importance of such a relational focus in crafting sustainable political transitions. Section I focuses on South Africa’s transition to democracy—how Mandela and De Klerk persuaded skeptical constituencies to commit to political reconciliation, how this proposal gained momentum, and how well the transition resulted in the goal of an inclusive and fair society. In developing a coherent theory of reconciliation to address questions such as these, I explain political reconciliation from three angles and thereby build a concept of reconciliation that corresponds largely with the South African experience. In Section II, these questions lead the discussion beyond South Africa into some of the prominent theoretical approaches to reconciliation in recent times. I develop typologies for three different reconciliation theories: forgiveness, agonism, and social restoration. I conclude in Section III that relationships created through political reconciliation, between leaders as well as between ordinary citizens, are illuminated when understood as an expression of a comprehensive “interdependence” that precedes any formal peace processes between enemies. I argue that linking reconciliation with the acknowledgment of interdependence emphasizes that there is no real alternative to reconciliation if the motivation is the long-term well-being of one’s own community. Without ensuring the conditions in which an enemy can flourish, one’s own community is unlikely to prosper sustainably. This theoretical approach locates the deepest motivation for reconciliation in choosing mutual well-being above the one-sided fight for exclusive survival at the other’s cost.
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Schwaiger, Clemens. Baumgarten’s Theory of Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783886.003.0004.
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This chapter explains the key elements in the dispute between the Pietists and Wolff, and defends the thesis that as a figure situated at the boundary between these two parties, Baumgarten played a historically decisive role in the debate. To demonstrate this, Schwaiger shows in detail how, in attempting to build a middle path, Baumgarten is led to offer an original and fundamental modification of the theory of freedom. This includes reworking the Wolffian conception of a rule of willing, further developing the theory of motivational indifference, and recasting the distinctions between “spontaneity,” “choice,” and “freedom.”
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Hickey, Raymond. Retention and Innovation in Settler Englishes. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.020.
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The transportation of English overseas in the colonial period, between approximately 1600 and 1900, from different parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland led to the rise of diverse varieties of English depending on the source area from which most of the founder generation originated from as well as on the mixture of dialects at the overseas locations and the ecologies of these sites. This study is concerned with the extent to which features of English input to new overseas varieties were retained and what factors were instrumental in this process (e.g., whether the areas are relic or diaspora locations). Further issues in this complex are considered, for example, focusing, reanalysis of variation, internal dialect patterning, and the refunctionalization and reallocation of features. Innovation, as the reverse process of retention, is then considered, specifically the internal and external motivation for this. In addition, shared innovations across the Anglophone world are looked at. Finally, the various models for accounting for the genesis of new varieties of English are examined.
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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Ecosystems processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0007.
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Ecosystems are assemblages of organisms interacting with one another and their environment (Chapter 1). Key to the functioning of ecosystems is the flow of energy, carbon, mineral nutrients, and water in these systems. The numerous processes involved are chiefly driven by climate, soil, and fire (Chapter 2). In cases where the key drivers are the same in different areas, then ecosystems should converge in their structure and function, which has been a motivation for comparing across mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions. Convergence of MTC regions has been evaluated, but such comparisons at the ecosystem level are challenging because ecosystems are complex and dynamic entities. Here we review carbon, nutrient, and water dynamics of mediterranean-type ecosystems in the context of ecosystem function. As nutrients in soils are low in some MTC regions, we review how this has led to unique adaptations to meet this challenge.
10
Cameron, C. Daryl. Compassion Collapse. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.20.
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In the current chapter, I will discuss a phenomenon known as “compassion collapse”: people tend to feel and act less compassionately for multiple suffering victims than for a single suffering victim. This phenomenon contradicts many people’s expectations about how they would and should respond to situations in which the most victims are suffering, as in natural disasters and genocides. Precisely when it seems to be needed the most, compassion is felt the least. In the chapter, I describe studies documenting the effect, and compare two explanations of why compassion collapse occurs: one that focuses on basic capacity limitations on compassion, and another that focuses on motivational factors that lead people to strategically avoid compassion. I close by discussing open questions and future directions for study on this phenomenon.
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Murphy, Mark C. God's Own Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796916.001.0001.
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Every version of the argument from evil requires a premise concerning God’s motivation—about the actions that God is motivated to perform or the states of affairs that God is motivated to bring about. The typical source of this premise is a conviction that God is, obviously, morally perfect, where God’s moral perfection consists in God’s being motivated to act in accordance with the norms of morality by which both we and God are governed. The aim of this book is to challenge this understanding by giving arguments against this view of God as morally perfect and by offering an alternative account of what God’s own ethics is like. According to this alternative account, God is in no way required to promote the well-being of sentient creatures, though God may rationally do so. Any norms of conduct that favor the promotion of creaturely well-being that govern God’s conduct are norms that are contingently self-imposed by God. This revised understanding of divine ethics should lead us to revise sharply downward our assessment of the force of the argument from evil while leaving intact our conception of God as an absolutely perfect being, supremely worthy of worship.
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Jay, Jason, Sara Soderstrom, and Gabriel Grant. Navigating the Paradoxes of Sustainability. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.18.
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“Sustainability” is a domain of theory and practice in which people seek “win–win” opportunities for business and society, short- and long-term prosperity, humans and the natural environment. Lurking within the concept are some challenging paradoxes surrounding these parts and wholes of social systems that lead to tragedies of the commons. These paradoxes become salient when natural and organizational resources become scarce, when diverse societal stakeholders give voice to their interests and perspectives, and when efforts at organizational change bring these latent concerns to light. As people navigate these paradoxes of sustainability, they can manage them defensively, or actively engage paradox toward two positive outcomes. One is trade-off-breaking innovation that achieves win–win solutions. The other is flourishing of people who realize their contradictory sets of cares and motivations. Achieving the goals of the sustainability paradigm may therefore require “champions of ambivalence” who foster paradoxical thinking and action in organizations.
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Guthrie, Graeme. Narrowing the Gap. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.003.0004.
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Manager-shareholder conflict arises due to low levels of managerial ownership and the resulting wide separation of ownership and control. However, strong boards of directors can make even small ownership stakes more effective at motivating executives to work in shareholders’ best interests by granting stock options, repurchasing shares, and issuing debt. Ultimately they can approve a leveraged buyout, although a strong board is needed to overcome the conflicts of interest involved in management-led buyouts. This chapter uses events at HCA, the for-profit hospital chain that undertook the world’s largest leveraged buyout followed a few years later by the largest private equity IPO, to explain how boards can narrow the gap between ownership and control. It uses a novel representation of a firm’s capital structure to analyze the techniques for boosting ownership-generated incentives at relatively low cost to shareholders.
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Hardin, Russell. Normative Methodology. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0002.
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This article shows that one should start social science inquiry with individuals, their motivations, and the kinds of transactions they undertake with one another. It specifically discusses four basic schools of social theory: conflict, shared-values, exchange, and coordination theories. Conflict theories almost inherently lead into normative discussions of the justification of coercion in varied political contexts. Religious visions of social order are usually shared-value theories and interest is the chief means used by religions to guide people. Individualism is at the core of an exchange theory. Because the first three theories are generally in conflict in any moderately large society, coercion is a sine qua non for social order. Coordination interactions are especially important for politics and political theory and probably for sociology, although exchange relations might be most of economics, or at least of classical economics. Shared-value theory may possibly turn into the most commonly asserted alternative to rational choice in this time as contractarian reasoning recedes from center stage in the face of challenges to the story of contracting that lies behind it and the difficulty of believing people actually think they have consciously agreed to their political order.
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Goodier, Susan, and Karen Pastorello. Women Will Vote. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705557.001.0001.
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This book celebrates the 2017 centenary of women's right to full suffrage in New York State. The book highlights the activism of rural, urban, African American, Jewish, immigrant, and European American women, as well as male suffragists, both upstate and downstate, that led to the positive outcome of the 1917 referendum. The book argues that the popular nature of the women's suffrage movement in New York State and the resounding success of the referendum at the polls relaunched suffrage as a national issue. If women had failed to gain the vote in New York, the book claims, there is good reason to believe that the passage and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment would have been delayed. This book makes clear how actions of New York's patchwork of suffrage advocates heralded a gigantic political, social, and legal shift in the United States. Readers will discover that although these groups did not always collaborate, by working in their own ways toward the goal of enfranchising women they essentially formed a coalition. Together, they created a diverse social and political movement that did not rely solely on the motivating force of white elites and a leadership based in New York City. The book convincingly argues that the agitation and organization that led to New York women's victory in 1917 changed the course of American history.