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Prieto, Joel Manuel. "Psychological state of runners. Differences between federated and non-federated." Revista Guillermo de Ockham 16, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/22563202.3845.
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The purpose of this study is to meet the motivations and psychological state of the popular runners, differentiating between federated and non-federated, and between men and women. The sample was composed of 473 popular runners, using Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS) and CSAI-2R to evaluate motivation and anxiety. The results indicate that federated runners present higher scores in sense of life and lower scores in self-confidence, achievement of personal goal, self-esteem and recognition search. On the other hand, the men obtained significantly higher scores on physical fitness, social interaction and attraction to the competition, convenience and competition and lower scores on the meaning of life.
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Heazlewood, I., J. Walsh, M. Climstein, M. DeBeliso, K. Adams, J. Kettunen, and K. Munro. "The motivations of marathoners scales instrument for evaluating motivational factors in a variety of mainstream sports." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (December 2012): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.331.
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Starzak, Joanna, and Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski. "Motivation of Marathon Runners in Poland." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2019-0023.
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AbstractIntroduction. In recent years, the growing number of marathon runners in the world has raised questions about the factors which motivate them. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the motivations of runners and to examine how sex, age, level of experience, and number of kilometers run per week affect motivation.Material and methods. Motivation was assessed in 240 subjects using a questionnaire (the Polish adaptation of the Motivations of Marathoners Scales), which was completed during the three biggest marathons held in Poland in 2016.Results. The results revealed that in general people taking part in marathon races were primarily motivated by health and well-being, women had greater endorsement of health and psychological motives, and younger runners were motivated by competition, personal goal achievement, and self-esteem. The importance of the last two motives decreased with experience. Personal goal achievement and life meaning were predictors of training volume. Surprisingly, weight concern was a predictor of lower weekly training mileage.Conclusions. The present findings indicated that particular motives differed between females and males and between younger and older participants. The research results are going to help to develop effective techniques to enhance exercise motivation, depending on age, sex, and training characteristics.
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Masters, Kevin S., Benjamin M. Ogles, and Jeffrey A. Jolton. "The Development of an Instrument to Measure Motivation for Marathon Running: The Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS)." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 64, no. 2 (June 1993): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1993.10608790.
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Nikolaidis, Pantelis T., Aïna Chalabaev, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Motivation in the Athens Classic Marathon: The Role of Sex, Age, and Performance Level in Greek Recreational Marathon Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142549.
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The aim of the present study was to examine the motivation of recreational runners and its variation by sex, age, and performance level. Finishers (female: n = 32, age 40.1 ± 9.0 years old, height 162 ± 7 cm, body mass 57.7 ± 7.5 kg, race record 4:34 ± 0:39 h:min; male: n = 134, 44.2 ± 8.6 years, 176 ± 6 cm, 77.0 ± 9.3 kg, 4:02 ± 0:44 h:min) in the Athens Classic Marathon 2017 completed the Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS) 56-item questionnaire. The highest scores in the MOMS were observed in the general health orientation and personal goal achievement categories, and the lowest in the recognition and competition areas. Female participants scored higher in coping, self-esteem, and goal achievement than their male counterparts (p < 0.05). The <30 age group scored higher than the 35–40 and 40–45 age groups in “competing with other runners” for male participants (p < 0.05). The average performance group outscored the slowest group in “achieving personal goals” and “competing with other runners” in female participants, whereas an effect of performance on these two themes was shown in male participants as well (p < 0.05). In summary, we partially confirmed that female and male marathon runners differ for their motivations. In addition, novel findings were the identification of age and performance level as correlates of motivations. The knowledge of these trends would be of great practical value for practitioners to optimize the motivation of their athletes.
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Walsh, Joe, Ian Timothy Heazlewood, Mark DeBeliso, and Mike Climstein. "Application of t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) to clustering of social affiliation and recognition psychological motivations in masters athletes." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.4101.
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An exploration of clustering of psychological motivations for participation in sport was conducted using t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE). The data source used for this investigation was survey data gathered on World Masters Games competitors using the Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS). The aim of this research was to assess the suitability of applying t-SNE to creating two-dimensional scatter plots to visualise the relationship between different psychological motivators for the Social Motives category of the MOMS. Application of t-SNE plots could assist in visually mapping psychological constructs and gaining greater understanding of the underlying patterns in the MOMS tool. Although there was more disparity in the clustering of categories within Social Motives than was hypothesised, some clustering patterns were observed. Some items in the MOMS Social Motives category were connected in a logical manner that complied with those originally proposed by the developers of the MOMS. Two-dimensional scatter plots produced using t-SNE may assist in creating hypotheses about the relationships present between psychological constructs in such high-dimensional data.
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Sancho, Antonio Zarauz, Francisco Ruiz-Juan, Félix Arbinaga Ibarzábal, José Carlos Jaenes Sánchez, and Gabriel Flores-Allende. "Modelo predictor de las motivaciones para correr: análisis con corredores de ruta españoles vs. mexicanos." Universitas Psychologica 14, no. 2 (September 7, 2015): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy14-2.mpmc.
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En la práctica de ejercicio físico, estudiar las motivaciones implicadas en que un sujeto desarrolle tal actividad, se ha convertido en uno de los temas fundamentales de la psicología del deporte y el ejercicio. Se pretendía conocer qué relaciones predictivas presentaban el compromiso a correr, la ansiedad competitiva y la percepción de éxito en las carreras en ruta sobre los motivos para realizarlas. Participaron 1.795 corredores de fondo en ruta (1.105 españoles, 690 mexicanos). De ellos el 85.65% fueron hombres con una edad de M=38.98 (DT=10.45), y 14.35% mujeres, con una edad M=37.88 (DT=9.80). La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante las adaptaciones al castellano de las Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34), la Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11), el Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) y el Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ). Se ha obtenido que los mexicanos, frente al grupo de españoles, alcanzaron mayores puntuaciones en todas las subescalas de las MOMS-34, en la CR-11, en el POSQ y en las subescalas Autoconfianza del CSAI-2R, pero menor puntuación en ansiedad somática, no habiendo diferencias significativas en ansiedad cognitiva. Por último, los siete modelos predictivos basados en los análisis de regresión fueron muy similares cuando se compararon las dos nacionalidades agrupadas por el sexo del participante, obteniéndose unas varianzas explicativas muy altas. Pero se mostraron como modelos predictivos diferenciales cuando se compararon los hombres vs. las mujeres.
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Malchrowicz-Mośko, Ewa, François Gravelle, Agata Dąbrowska, and Patxi León-Guereño. "Do Years of Running Experience Influence the Motivations of Amateur Marathon Athletes?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020585.
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The aim of the study was to investigate if years of running experience influence the motivations of marathon athletes. An empirical study was conducted during the last (20th) PKO Poznan Marathon, one of the largest and most popular mass running events in Poland, which was held in Poznan (Poland) in October 2019. A total of 493 marathon runners (29% of whom were female, and 71% of whom were male) took part in the cross-sectional study, which used the diagnostic survey method. The questionnaire employed the division of motives from the motivation of marathoners scale (MOMS) by Masters et al., adapted to the Polish language by Dybala. Running motivations have already been analysed for variables such as age, gender and place of residence, but there is a research gap regarding existing research, as the relationship between motivations and running experience has not yet been studied. One-way analysis of variance for independent samples was used to verify statistical hypotheses. Prior to making the relevant calculations, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was checked via Levene’s test. Variances were assessed with an F-test, and if they were unequal, Welch’s correction was applied. Eta squared (η2) was used as a measure of effect size. The calculations carried out showed that running experience was not a statistically significant factor in the motivations of runners taking part in a marathon.
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Zarauz Sancho, Antonio, and Francisco Ruiz-Juan. "Motivaciones de los maratonianos según variables socio-demográficas y de entrenamiento (Motivations of Marathoners by socio demographic and training variables)." Retos, no. 24 (March 7, 2015): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i24.34524.
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En la creciente población de corredores españoles y mexicanos de ruta se analizan sus principales motivaciones para correr y sus principales características bio-socio-demográficas. También se analiza la influencia en la puntuación de dichas variables en cada una de las subescalas motivacionales, tanto en la muestra española de corredores de ruta, como en la mexicana. Se obtienen valiosos datos descriptivos de sus motivaciones y características socio-demográficas y de entrenamiento, y se concluye que en la muestra mexicana de corredores de ruta se han obtenido puntuaciones significativamente más altas que en la de españoles en cada una de las motivaciones para correr analizadas. Además, las dos motivaciones más valoradas por ambas muestras son las más autodeterminadas (significado de la vida-autoestima y orientación a la salud) y la menos valorada ha sido la menos autodeterminada (reconocimiento). También que en las variables bio-socio-demográficas de la muestra mexicana, hay numerosas diferencias significativas por sexo, mientras que en la muestra española sólo las hay en la actividad laboral principal y en el IMC. Por último, en la influencia que tienen las variables bio-socio-demográficas en las puntuaciones de cada una de las subescalas motivacionales analizadas, existen numerosas diferencias significativas, tanto por sexo como entre las muestras española y mexicana. Palabras clave: MOMS-34; variables socio-demográficas; autodeterminación.Abstract: in the growing population of Spanish and Mexican route runners we analyze their main motivations for running and their main bio-socio-demographic characteristics. It also analyzes the influence on the score of these variables in each of the motivational subscales in both Spanish as in Mexican route runners sample. This gives valuable data describing their motivations and socio-demographic characteristics and training, and concludes that in the Mexican sample route runners were obtained significantly higher scores than in the Spanish in each of the motivations for running analyzed . Moreover, the two motivations accounted for both samples are the most self-determined (meaning of life, self-esteem and health orientation) and least valued was the least self-determined (recognition). Also that in bio-socio-demographic characteristics of the Mexican sample, there are many significant differences by gender, while the Spanish sample there are only on primary work activity and BMI. Finally, the influence of biological variables sociodemographic scores on each of the motivational subscales analyzed, there are many significant differences, both by gender and between Spanish and Mexican samples. Key words: MOMS-34; socio-demographic variables, self-determination.
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Satia, Jessie A., Alan R. Kristal, Susan Curry, and Elyse Trudeau. "Motivations for healthful dietary change." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 5 (October 2001): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001157.
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AbstractObjective:To describe scales that measure motivations for changing dietary behaviour, and to examine associations of these scales with current diet and dietary change.Design:A secondary analysis of a randomised trial of a self-help intervention to promote lower fat and higher fruit and vegetable consumption.Participants and setting: Participants were 1205 adults selected at random from enrolees of a large Health Maintenance Organization. At baseline, data were collected on motives for changing diet, fruit and vegetable intake, fat-related dietary habits, and demographic characteristics. Participants were then randomised to receive the intervention or to receive no materials. A follow-up survey was administered at 12 months.Results:A majority of participants reported that it was very important to make dietary changes to feel better (72%) and to control an existing medical problem (57%), but very few (4%) were motivated by pressure from others. Factor analysis of the diet motivation items yielded two intrinsic (‘self-image’ and ‘personal health’) and one extrinsic (‘social pressure’) scales with fair internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's α = 0.59 to 0.68). Motivation scales were statistically significantly associated with demographic characteristics and baseline diet. For example, desire for a better self-image was a stronger motivator for changing diet among females, while personal health was more important to older persons and men (P< 0.001). Social pressure to change diet was statistically significantly associated with higher fat intake (r = 0.11) and self-image was associated with lower fat intake (r = −0.14, bothP< 0.001). Motivation by social pressure and self-image were both significantly associated with greater fat reduction at 12 months post-intervention (P< 0.05).Conclusions:The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation scales were weakly associated with current diet and predicted response to dietary intervention. More research is needed to better characterise and measure motives for dietary change, and to test whether tailoring interventions based on individuals' motives for dietary change would improve intervention effectiveness.
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Brown, Candace S. "Motivation Regulation among Black Women Triathletes." Sports 7, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7090208.
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There is a paucity of information on motivation among U.S. minority triathletes. This study aimed to understand the extrinsic motivation and regulators of Black women triathletes using a modified version of the valid Motivations of Marathoners Scale and semi-structured interviews, for triathletes. The Self Determination Theory guided the dual method assessment of the extrinsic motivators and the regulators external, introjection, and integrated. Using MANOVA, data from (N = 121) triathletes were compared across participant categories of age, body mass index, and distance. Results showed a significant age difference with younger women displaying more motivation. Descriptive means indicated integration as the greatest regulator of motivation. The statements ‘to compete with myself’ and ‘to be more fit,’ had the highest means among the women. A sub-sample of 12 interviews were conducted revealing 16 extrinsic themes. Six were related to the regulator integration and two unexpectantly related to the regulator, identified. Integrated themes, including coping mechanisms, finishing course, improvement, accomplishment, and physical awareness were most represented. This research fills gaps of understanding extrinsic motivation and the regulators of a group not previously explored. Future research on motivation among triathletes may benefit knowing how motivations are regulated, as to promote personalized training and participation.
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Martínez-López, Francisco J., Cintia Pla-García, Juan Carlos Gázquez-Abad, and Inma Rodríguez-Ardura. "Utilitarian motivations in online consumption: Dimensional structure and scales." Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 13, no. 3 (May 2014): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2014.02.002.
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Vinnicombe, Thea, and Yu Chen Wu. "Generalizing motivation measurement indexes: the case of Midi Music Festival volunteers." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 11, no. 3 (May 7, 2020): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-09-2019-0046.
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PurposeTo date, researchers examining the motivations of volunteers at festivals and events have used a range of measurement indexes, most of which appear to have common antecedents in the psychology literature. It is not clear if different events actually require different scales, or if individual scales are more generalizable than is currently recognized so that the proliferation of scales is largely an academic exercise. The current study takes a preliminary step in exploring this issue by using an existing scale developed to measure the motivations of volunteers at western sporting events to examine the motivations of volunteers at a music festival in China.Design/methodology/approachThe Volunteer Motivation Scale for International Sporting Events (VMS-ISE) is administered to volunteers at the Midi Music Festival in China. The 467 respondents are divided into two subgroups. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is applied to the first subsample to explore the factor structure of the index. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is then applied to the second subsample to test the factor structure of the resolved scale.FindingsThe results of the EFA are promising, yielding a resolved factor structure, which is very close to the hypothesized index. The resolved scale is reasonably well supported by the subsequent CFA.Originality/valueThe findings suggest it may be possible for researchers to use a smaller number of scales on a larger range of festivals leading to a better understanding of similarities and differences in motivations across event volunteers. The results should also be helpful to festival organizers in their continuing efforts to recruit volunteers.
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Sudhir, Subin, and Anandakuttan B. Unnithan. "Measuring Consumer Motivations to Share Rumors." International Journal of Online Marketing 4, no. 3 (July 2014): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2014070104.
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Rumors are often shared in the marketplace about products, services, brands or organizations; both in the online as well as in the offline scenarios. These rumors get communicated from consumer to consumer in the form of Word of Mouth (WOM). An exhaustive review of literature identified four motivations for consumers to share rumors in the marketplace; which included anxiety management motivation, information sharing motivation, relationship management motivation and self enhancement motivation. The review was not conclusive in identifying any scales for the measurement of these motivations. The article develops a scale for measuring these four motivations. Structured interviews were initially conducted to identify 33 items that motivate a consumer to share rumors. Based on an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis four factors were identified and the final scale retained 21 items. The scale displayed good scores of reliability and validity.
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Straka, Brenda C., Sarah E. Gaither, Shawn K. Acheson, and H. S. Swartzwelder. "“Mixed” Drinking Motivations: A Comparison of Majority, Multiracial, and Minority College Students." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 5 (November 19, 2019): 676–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619883294.
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Social exclusion is associated with substance use, but the specific link between majority and minority racial group membership and substance use is unknown. We examined how social exclusion among racial majority (White), Multiracial, and racial minority (Native American, Latino, Asian, and Black) college students relates to self-reported alcohol use and motivations. Using the AlcoholEdu for College™ survey, Study 1a reports five factors related to motives for initiating or inhibiting alcohol use. Study 1b analyzes majority, Multiracial, and minority college students’ comparative endorsement of these motivations. Study 2 compares these factors with established belonging scales using a separate undergraduate sample. White, Multiracial, Native American, and Latino students displayed the highest proportion of problematic alcohol use. White students endorsed belonging-based drinking motivations, while Multiracial and Asian students endorsed motivations similar to both majority and minority groups. Native American, Latino, and Black students endorsed abstaining motivations more than other groups.
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Moneta, Giovanni B., and Fanny Ho Yan Wong. "CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF THE CHINESE ADAPTATION OF FOUR THEMATIC SCALES OF THE PERSONALITY RESEARCH FORM." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 5 (January 1, 2001): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.5.459.
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Personality research conducted in China has largely ignored the role of thematic motivations in explaining behavior. The goal of this paper is to begin a systematic investigation of thematic motivations by analyzing the construct validity of thematic scales from the Personality Research Form (PRF). One hundred and ninety-three Hong Kong college students completed a Chinese translation of the PRF-E scales Achievement, Affiliation, Dominance, and Nurturance, Gudykunst's scale measuring independent and interdependent self-construal, the Sino-American Person Perception Scale (SAPPS) measuring Chinese traits, and the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) that provided 12,761 snapshots of daily positive and negative affect (PANA) and potency (feeling strong, active, and sharp) across social contexts. The PRF inter-scale correlations matched those of U.S. college students except for an unexpectedly high correlation between Affiliation and Nurturance. The PRF scales had the predicted relationships with the other dispositional measures. Achievement predicted higher PA and lower NA in academic/ work activities, Affiliation higher PA in face-to-face communication, Dominance higher potency in extra-curricular activities. With the partial exception of Nurturance, the Chinese thematic PRF scales have strong construct validity.
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Singh, Devinder Pal. "Integration of materialism with shopping motivations: motivations based profile of Indian mall shoppers." Journal of Asia Business Studies 12, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 381–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-05-2016-0075.
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PurposeThe paper aims to investigate materialism as one of the retail shopping motives along with utilitarian/hedonic motivations in the Indian context. It aims to identify the key shopping motivations, which explain the shopping value in the context of malls. Furthermore, it intends to develop a shopping motivations-based typology of Indian mall shoppers, and to profile the motivational and demographic characteristics of the discerned segments.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected through a mall intercept survey. The shopping motivations were identified through literature, and established scales were utilised to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis was used to understand the underlying structure of mall shopping motives. Hierarchical and K-means clustering were used to cluster the consumers. Additionally, ANOVA along withpost hoctests were used to explore the mean differences between the various clusters. Cross-tabulation along with the chi-square statistic was used to understand the demographic characteristics of the clusters.FindingsIndian mall shoppers are motivated by hedonistic, materialistic and utilitarian motives. They can be primarily classified into four clusters, namely, balanced shoppers, materialist shoppers, hedonistic shoppers and value shoppers.Research limitations/implicationsKnowledge of distinct consumer segments will aid marketers in formulating marketing and promotional strategies for augmenting mall footfalls.Originality/valueAlthough past research has accentuated hedonic and utilitarian motivations as the primary shopping motives, little research has been conducted to examine materialism as a shopping motive. Rise of materialism in the emerging Indian market has metamorphosed the consumer behaviour. The study examines the utilitarian, hedonistic and materialistic dimensions of shopping and unfolds a typology of mall shoppers. It contributes to the repository of cross-national research on shopping behaviour by unravelling the shopping motivations of Indian consumers.
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García-Rodríguez, M. Pilar, José Carmona, M. Luisa Fernández-Serrat, and Joan Teixidó-Saballs. "Spanish principals: Motives for accession and difficulties in enacting the role." Educational Management Administration & Leadership 48, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143218781071.
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This work explores the relationships between principals’ motivations for entering the principalship and the difficulties they experienced during their first year as principals. Survey data were collected from a sample of 2042 Spanish principals. They answered a questionnaire assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, difficulties experienced when doing instructional, informational, and administrative tasks, and other personal and contextual characteristics. The scales developed to measure motivations and difficulties displayed adequate psychometric properties. The results showed the preponderance of intrinsic motivations. Administrative mundane tasks were perceived as the most difficult ones. We also found that non-administrative instructional tasks were more difficult for those principals who were more extrinsically motivated. Some gender differences were observed in motivations and difficulties. Women placed lower value on extrinsic motivations than men. Furthermore, while the difficulty of administrative tasks in their first year as principal was placed higher by women than men, those tasks that are more relationship-oriented (i.e. informative and instructional tasks) were rated as more difficult by men than women. Although internal incentives and administrative overload characterize most of the public Spanish principals, some findings pointed to the possibility of other profiles of principals that should be investigated in further studies. Implications for the design of principalship training are also discussed.
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Ertz, Myriam, Fabien Durif, and Manon Arcand. "Life after death? Study of goods multiple lives practices." Journal of Consumer Marketing 34, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-07-2015-1491.
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Purpose Marketing scholars have devoted little attention to the study of practices which grant multiple lives to goods. However, these practices can considerably extend products lifecycles with far-reaching implications for traditional retailers and the economy. Accordingly, this paper aims to provide scales for perceived impact and motivations of goods multiple lives practices and to investigate the influence of impacts on motivations. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative phase (three discussion groups and 15 in-depth interviews) identified consumers’ motivations and perceived impacts of goods multiple lives practices. Two online surveys were then conducted on online panels, involving more than 2,200 consumers, to develop the measurement scales and test the structural model. Findings Results show that impacts measured only marginally influence economic motives but account significantly for a broad range of other motivations (ecological, protester and social contact motives). Research limitations/implications The study design is cross-sectional, therefore lacking causality. Replication studies could cross-validate the findings by means of experimental research. Practical implications The findings may prove of specific interest to marketers and organizations in the goods multiple lives sector seeking to harness consumer interest in these types of practices for reasons above and beyond lone economic incentives. Originality/value This study is innovative in two regards: it explores a relatively under-theorized field in marketing, namely, goods multiple lives practices; and it proposes a challenging theoretical perspective which supposes that consumers’ perceived impact of their practices plays a significant role in motivating them to engage in practices of the like.
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Robinson, Laura F., and Mark Siddall. "Palaeoceanography: motivations and challenges for the future." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1980 (December 13, 2012): 5540–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0396.
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The ocean interacts with the atmosphere, biosphere and cryosphere in a complex way, modulating climate through the storage and transport of heat, nutrients and carbon. As such, it is important that we understand the ways in which the ocean behaves and the factors that can lead to change. In order to gain this understanding, we need to look back into the past, on time scales from recent decadal-scale change, through the abrupt changes of the Pleistocene and back to times when the Earth's climate was significantly different than the Holocene. A key challenge facing the field of palaeoceanography is to combine data and modelling in a common framework. Coupling palaeo-data and models should improve our knowledge of how the Earth works, and perhaps of more direct societal relevance, might enable us to provide better predictive capabilities in climate modelling. In this discussion paper, we examine the motivations, past successes and challenges facing palaeoceanographic studies. We then suggest a number of areas and approaches that we believe will allow palaeoceanography to continue to provide new insights into processes that affect future climate change.
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Li, Xingan. "A Review of Motivations of Illegal Cyber Activities." Kriminologija & socijalna integracija 25, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/ksi.25.1.4.
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Illegal cyber activities have been developing in past three decades with the mounting number of users of the computer and mobile networks. Potential perpetrators obtained more opportunities to instigate cyber attacks at different targets, at different scales, and from different motives. The existence of motivated attackers is one of an underlying trinity (together with the potential victims and weak guardianship) that leads to illegal activities (Cohen and Felson, 1979). In order to deal with illegal cyber activities, it is indispensable to have a better understanding of motivations of those potential attackers. The purpose of this article is to explore into motivation behind sophisticated illegal cyber activities, with an emphasis on reviewing findings in law enforcement as well as previous scholarly research. It was found that the motives of illegal cyber activities might diverge significantly from one another, but they might also have enormous similarity in that they were frequently directed to grey areas of social lives.
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McCall, Ryan J., Stan Franklin, Usef Faghihi, Javier Snaider, and Sean Kugele. "Artificial Motivation for Cognitive Software Agents." Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 38–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jagi-2020-0002.
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AbstractNatural selection has imbued biological agents with motivations moving them to act for survival and reproduction, as well as to learn so as to support both. Artificial agents also require motivations to act in a goal-directed manner and to learn appropriately into various memories. Here we present a biologically inspired motivation system, based on feelings (including emotions) integrated within the LIDA cognitive architecture at a fundamental level. This motivational system, operating within LIDA’s cognitive cycle, provides a repertoire of motivational capacities operating over a range of time scales of increasing complexity. These include alarms, appraisal mechanisms, appetence and aversion, and deliberation and planning.
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Niebuur, Liefbroer, Steverink, and Smidt. "Translation and Validation of the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) among the General Dutch Older Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173106.
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Improvement of volunteering rates in the Netherlands is important because increased productivity among older adults would contribute to societal sustainability in the light of population aging. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivations of Dutch older adults is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Dutch translation yet exists. The aim of the current study is to validate the VFI for use in the Dutch older population (60 years and over). The Dutch-translated VFI (6 scales, 30 items) is included in the Lifelines ‘Daily Activities and Leisure Activities add-on Study’, which was distributed among participants aged 60 to 80. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) are performed to assess the validity of the translated VFI. Internal consistency is assessed by computing Cronbach’s α’s. Results of the EFA (N = 4208) point towards a six-factor solution with a nearly perfectly clean structure. Deletion of three problematic items results in a clean factor structure. CFA results indicate moderate model fit (RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.89). Cronbach’s α’s (0.78 to 0.85) indicate good internal consistency. Goodness-of-fit indices are sufficient and comparable to those obtained in the validation of the original VFI. The current study provides support for use of the Dutch-translation of the VFI (6 scales, 27 items) to assess volunteer motivations among Dutch volunteers aged 60 years and over.
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Demirtaş, Vesile Yildiz. "A Study on Teacher Candidates’ Self-Efficacy, Motivation and Affection Levels for Children." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 12 (October 17, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12.3661.
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The purpose of this research is to reveal the levels of affection for children, teaching motivations and self-efficacy beliefs of the teacher candidates studying in special education, pre-school and primary school teaching departments based on their gender, classroom and academic branches to showcase the correlations between the levels of the teachers’ affection for children, their self-efficacy beliefs and teaching motivations. The study group was determined with the criterion sampling method. 368 teacher candidates participated in this study: 108 from special education department, 136 from pre-school department and 136 from primary school teacher department. The data were collected by means of ‘Barnett Liking Children, Teaching Motivations and Perception of Teacher Self-efficacy Scales’. The data were analyzed using independent group t-tests, one –way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis. The results show that the teacher candidates from the three departments have a high level of affection for children. Their motivations to teach and self-efficacy beliefs are higher than the average value. It is revealed that there is an average positive correlation between liking children and teacher self-efficacy in using teaching strategies. However, the data results disclosed that the teacher candidates’ self-efficacy beliefs, students’ participation, teaching motivations, and teaching strategies predict their affection for children significantly and positively. Teacher candidates should be enabled to establish direct experiences with the group they shall work with in order to develop the self-efficiency beliefs of them.
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Tung, Yi-Fan, and Harry C. Zinn. "Motivations of Volunteer Interpreters in Taiwan: A Survey of Natural Trails Society Volunteers." Journal of Interpretation Research 9, no. 1 (April 2004): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720400900103.
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We surveyed volunteer interpreters in the Natural Trails Society of Taiwan, an environmental education organization. Seventy-four of the 104 interpreters returned questionnaires, resulting in a response rate of 71%. We compared the importance of different motivations, tested for relationships between motivations and volunteer characteristics, and evaluated motivation items developed specifically for environmental education volunteers. On average, volunteers attached most importance to enjoying nature, followed by learning, doing something to benefit nature and society, religious-spiritual reasons, social contact, achievement, teaching-leading-sharing, filling an empty nest, and fulfilling social obligations. Volunteers with lower household incomes attached more importance than others to enjoying nature. Achievement was more important to those without a college degree than to those with college degrees. Teaching-leading-sharing was most important to those who were younger, single, and without children at home. Filling an empty nest was most important to those without a college degree. Fulfilling social obligations was more important to males than females. Both learning and teaching-leading-sharing were more important to those who had been volunteering for two years or less than to those who had been volunteering longer. The patterns of motivations we found suggest strategies managers can use to recruit and retain volunteers. Additional research will be needed to explain why motivations differ between subgroups, compare motivations across organizations and cultures, and further develop and refine motivation scales for environmental education volunteers.
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Llodra-Riera, Isabel, María Pilar Martínez-Ruiz, Ana Isabel Jiménez-Zarco, and Alicia Izquierdo-Yusta. "Assessing the influence of social media on tourists’ motivations and image formation of a destination." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 7, no. 4 (November 16, 2015): 458–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-03-2014-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyse how tourists form the cognitive, affective and unique images of a tourism destination, taking into account that: travellers use user-generated content (UGC) as one of the more important sources of information about the destination, sources of information influence on travellers’ motivation to visit some destination and motivations influence on the dimensions of the destination image. Design/methodology/approach – Taking into account the works of Beerli and Martin (2004), Seabra et al. (2007) and Qu et al. (2011), this paper proposes an integrative model that shows how different types of information sources influence on individuals’ motivations, as well as the different dimensions of the image of the tourist destination are influenced by tourists’ motivations. Moreover, the design and validation of new scales of measures, adapted to the new tourist profile 2.0, is proposed. The model is empirical tested by analysis of 541 national and international tourists, as well as residents in Mallorca: data were analysed using a structural equations model. Findings – The results confirm the strength and robustness of the constructed theoretical model, and contrasting the assumptions made in the work. Likewise, also confirms the validity and adequacy of the proposed new scales of measurement to the current reality of the tourism sector. The principal conclusions obtained are: motivations for visiting a place are influenced by information sources consulted by tourists, among which social media can be included; cognitive image is influenced by travellers’ motivations; and affective image is influenced by cognitive one. From these results, some managerial recommendations are suggested. Research limitations/implications – The present study offers important contributions for both researchers and managers in the field of destination brand image management. At theoretical level, the work provides a deep review of the literature, that has permitted the construction of a strong and robust theoretical model, as well as the design and validation of new measurement tools. Both are designed from the rigour and precision that provides scientific research, allowing the understanding and analysis of the current situation of the tourism sector. On the other hand, the work has important implications on a practical level, providing strategic management and travellers destination marketing organization stakeholders. Originality/value – This study constitutes an initial, but also newness approach to this line of research. The construction of a theoretical model that: contemplates UGC as information source, and considers the direct and moderating relationships between different variables such as information sources, motivations and the various dimensions of the image.
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Duarte, Henrique, and Diniz Lopes. "Career stages and occupations impacts on workers motivations." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 746–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2017-0026.
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Purpose The career concept has become fuzzier due to changing work patterns, the ageing workforce and the environmental changes occurring during workers lifespans. Together this requires a renewed and broader reaching contextualization of this concept. The purpose of this paper is to set out an integrative approach arguing that the integration of career stage models with occupational groups proves more explanative of intrinsic and extrinsic worker motivations. Design/methodology/approach Secondary data from 23 European countries were drawn from the European Social Survey 2006. The construct validity and reliability of indicators was analyzed. Hypotheses were tested using discriminant analysis. Findings Results showed that neither occupations nor career stages are determinants per se of intrinsic motivations, but are better explained by their mutual integration. Career stages were shown to predict per se extrinsic motivations. Research limitations/implications The recourse to the European Social Survey pre-determined scales and the application of age ranges as proxies for careers stages suggested the usage of more specific measures in future studies. Practical implications Career management and compensation policies might be better tailored to worker motivations by considering the age ranges (as proxies of career stages) and workers’ occupations. Originality/value Findings evidenced the explanatory value of occupations for worker motivations and allowed putting into perspective the contextualization of not only boundaryless and protean career concepts, but also career stage theories. Data support the ecological validity of applying a career stages and occupations framework to a highly diversified and representative sample of European countries.
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Schroeder, Bradford L., Shannon K. T. Bailey, Daphne E. Whitmer, and Valerie K. Sims. "Measurement of Technology Behaviors: A Look at Texting Scales." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601784.
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The measurement of technology behaviors occurs in everyday interactions with websites and smart devices, and can be applied to customize interfaces to improve users’ experiences as well as increasing revenues via targeted ads. This is possible because technology behaviors can reflect underlying personal and psychological characteristics about users that can be utilized to deliver custom-tailored content to each user. Texting is a one technology behavior that has been shown to be associated with a variety of psychological variables, including personality, depression, and anxiety, and has been shown to relate to socio-developmental differences among different age groups. Thus, the measurement of texting behaviors could have potential applications for researchers and practitioners. The present study examined a new scale to measure texting behavior: the Texting Behaviors Index (TBX; Schroeder & Sims, 2017), alongside two scales that measure problematic aspects of mobile phone use (Merlo, Stone, & Bibbey, 2013) and motivations for texting (Reid & Reid, 2007). Results indicate that measures from the TBX converge with the other texting scales, and support the TBX’s usefulness as a measure of texting behavior.
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Biasi, Valeria, Paolo Bonaiuto, and Anna Maria Giannini. "Measures of Emotional and Motivational Processes Activated by Stress or Comfort Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.540.
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Under stress conditions, obtained in the field or experimentally induced, changes occur in the nature and intensity of affective processes (emotions, motivations). Symmetrical changes occur under opposite (comfort) conditions. One of the first procedures for determining temporary stress states consists of administering difficult logical tasks (15 minutes), with erroneous or ambiguous feedback and social pressure. For example, some very difficult Raven Matrices were individually assigned to participants. The first two authors later found another procedure equally effective and even more advantageous for certain aspects: the “drawing recollection” of personal stressful experiences. The corresponding comfort treatments are, firstly, a progressive relaxation session in penumbra; or, in the second case, the “drawing recollection” of personal pleasant and positive experiences. To assess the emotional changes, we prepared seven-point bipolar scales centering on the main opposing emotions. As regards motivations, we used a list of nine motivational systems [1]. The whole set of items made up the so-called Self-Appraisal Scales, administered before and after a specific treatment, thereby obtaining a measure through the differences between the two successive assessments. Factor analyses were conducted for selecting the main emotional and motivational factors. Affective reverberations on cognitive processes were also studied and measured.
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Huynh, Pauline P., Masaru Ishii, Michelle Juarez, Nicholas Fung, Kristin Bater, Halley Darrach, Jason C. Nellis, Luke W. Bonham, P. Chase Lay, and Lisa E. Ishii. "Exploring Patient Motivations and Impact of Asian Blepharoplasty." Facial Plastic Surgery 36, no. 03 (December 18, 2019): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401804.
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AbstractTo date, patient motivations for Asian blepharoplasty and the surgery's impact on quality of life have not been quantified. Here, we employed structured interviews and a web-based survey to better characterize patient motivations for Asian blepharoplasty and the impact of Asian blepharoplasty on self-reported domains of happiness, self-esteem, attractiveness, social life, and professional life. Structured interviews were conducted to inform a web-based survey regarding Asian blepharoplasty. Survey respondents used visual analog scales to rate their satisfaction with their eye shape, motivations for undergoing Asian blepharoplasty, and perceived outcomes after surgery. A total of 315 participants (mean 25.7 [18–58] years) of East or Southeast Asian descent were included. 185 participants expressed no desire for Asian blepharoplasty, 76 expressed some desire, and 54 had already undergone surgery. There were statistically significant differences regarding baseline satisfaction, perceived social limitation, and perceived professional limitations regarding eye shape (p < 0.0001). The Looking Glass Self index (comprised of media exposure, low self-esteem, and negative stereotypes related to eye shape) is negatively associated with preoperative satisfaction with eye shape (rho = −0.29, p < 0.01). The desire for social-professional advancement and the Looking Glass Self index significantly predict self-reported improvements in professional and social life, respectively (both p < 0.01). Asian blepharoplasty may be driven by functional, social, or economic patient motivations. Some patients may see Asian blepharoplasty as a potential solution for sociological concerns. These expectations should be further explored in physician–patient discussions regarding candidacy for surgery and establishing expectations for postoperative outcomes.
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Thach, Liz, and Janeen Olsen. "Luxury wine: analyzing motivations of luxury wine buyers in the US market." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 13, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2019/3-4/6.
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The purpose of this research study was to describe motivations and demographics of luxury wine buyers in the US market. An online survey was completed by 1081 US wine consumers, of which 473 were designated to be luxury buyers based on price spent on wine. Standard demographic and wine consumer scales were utilized for profiling. Results show that the luxury wine buyer is more likely to be male, aged 30 to 50, with a higher income and education level. Motivations of the luxury wine buyer are different than the non-luxury wine buyer, and reasons for purchasing luxury wine go beyond mere collecting. This research is one of the first to analyze the luxury wine consumer in the US market, and provides useful information for wine marketers and researchers on the profile of the luxury wine buyer in America.
JEL Classification: M31
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Niebuur, Jacobien, Aart C. Liefbroer, Nardi Steverink, and Nynke Smidt. "The Dutch Comparative Scale for Assessing Volunteer Motivations among Volunteers and Non-Volunteers: An Adaptation of the Volunteer Functions Inventory." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 5047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245047.
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Currently, no valid scales exist to compare volunteer motivations between volunteers and non-volunteers. We aimed to adapt the Dutch version of the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) in order to make it applicable for the comparison of volunteer motivations between Dutch older volunteers and non-volunteers. The Dutch version of the VFI was included in the Lifelines ‘Daily Activities and Leisure Activities add on Study’, which was distributed among participants aged 60 to 80. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were estimated for volunteers and non-volunteers separately, and subsequently a CFA model was created based on all observations irrespective of volunteer status. Finally, group-based CFA models were estimated to assess measurement invariance. The resulting measurement instrument (6 factors, 18 items), containing both a volunteer version and a non-volunteer version, indicated an acceptable model fit for the separate and the combined CFA models (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.95). Group-based models demonstrated strong invariance between the samples. The current study provides support for the validity of the Dutch Comparative Scale for Assessing Volunteer Motivations among Volunteers and Non-Volunteers, among Dutch older adults.
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Stelzer, Eva-Maria, Frieder R. Lang, Melanie Hörl, Stefan T. Kamin, and Stephen Claxton-Oldfield. "German Version of the Inventory of Motivations for Hospice Palliative Care Volunteerism: Are There Gender Differences?" American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 35, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909117706958.
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The present study examined gender differences in motivations for volunteering for hospice using a German version of the Inventory of Motivations for Hospice Palliative Care Volunteerism (IMHPCV). The IMHPCV was translated into German and back-translated into English following the World Health Organization’s guidelines for the translation and adaptation of instruments. In an online survey, 599 female and 127 male hospice volunteers from hospice organizations throughout Germany completed the translated version of the IMHPCV, the Scales of the Attitude Structure of Volunteers as well as questions pertaining to their volunteer experience. Based on an exploratory structural equation modeling approach, adequate model fit was found for the expected factor structure of the German version of the IMHPCV. The IMHPCV showed adequate internal consistency and construct validity. Both female and male hospice volunteers found altruistic motives and humanitarian concerns most influential in their decision to volunteer for hospice. Personal gain was least influential. Men rated self-promotion, civic responsibility, and leisure as more important than women. Analyses provided support for the use of the IMHPCV as a measurement tool to assess motivations to volunteer for hospice. Implications for recruitment and retention of hospice volunteers, in particular males, are given.
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Guiné, Raquel P. F., Elena Bartkiene, Viktória Szűcs, Monica Tarcea, Marija Ljubičić, Maša Černelič-Bizjak, Kathy Isoldi, et al. "Study about Food Choice Determinants According to Six Types of Conditioning Motivations in a Sample of 11,960 Participants." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070888.
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Many aspects linked to personal characteristics, society and culture constitute some of the motivators that drive food choice. The aim of this work was to determine in what extent the eating behaviors of individuals are shaped by six different types of determinants, namely: health, emotions, price and availability, society and culture, environment and politics, and marketing and commercials. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, involving a non-probabilistic sample of 11,960 participants from 16 countries. The objective of this work was to validate the questionnaire, so as to make it suitable for application in different contexts and different countries. For that, six scales were considered for validation by confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modelling. The obtained results showed that the six individual scales evaluated presented good or very good fitting indices, with saturation in goodness-of-fit index in all cases. The values of chi-square ratio were 6.921 (for health), 0.987 (environment), 0.610 (emotions) and 0.000 in the remaining cases (convenience, society, marketing). Furthermore, the fit was perfect, with saturation for all indices, in three of the six models (convenience, society and marketing). The results of this wok allowed the validation of the six scales, and the assessing of different types of factors that can influence food choices and eating behaviors, namely in the categories: health, emotions, price and availability, society and culture, environment and politics, and marketing and commercials.
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Diaz-Bernardo, Ramon. "The Effect Of The Economic Downturn On The Way People Travel For Leisure And For Business: The Case Of Spain." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 19, no. 2 (March 18, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v19i2.9196.
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This study contributed to existing literature by investigating how business and leisure travelers make travel-related decisions. By developing scales to measure travel behavior and travel decision-making criteria, this study contributes to the literature on business travelers vs. leisure travelers. Finally, this study proves a convergence in the behavior of business travelers vs. leisure travelers, in their motivations and decision-making criteria, and provides possible explanations for this trend and avenues for potential future research lines.
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Keshwani, Jennifer R., and Evan Curtis. "Motivating Undergraduate Engineering Students through Real-World Applications of Biological Materials." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 5 (2017): 1421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12056.
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Abstract. Agricultural and biological engineering combines the application of biological principles with engineering practices. This combination requires a special set of skills and provides opportunities for professionals to solve a distinctive range of challenges at multiple scales related to food, energy, water, and human health. Accordingly, undergraduate students pursuing these degrees are driven by unique motivations and are likely to respond to teaching methods that reflect these motivations. The objectives of this study were to characterize the motivations of agricultural and biological engineering students and assess their perceptions of engineering and biological materials through their participation in a sophomore-level Engineering Properties of Biological Materials course. Student assignments were collected and analyzed to identify themes. In many ways, the characteristics of the students in this study were consistent with previously published accounts of the Millennial Generation. The majority of students (55%) indicated that their motivation for pursuing an engineering degree was to make a difference or positively impact the world. The students relied on real-world connections to make sense of theory. Over half of the students (57%) reported an increase in understanding of the real-world applications related to testing of biological materials. Overall, the results of this study provide valuable guidance for adapting undergraduate experiences to complement student motivations and prepare graduates to become impactful professionals in agricultural and biological engineering. Keywords: Agricultural engineering, Biological engineering, Biological material, Communication, Education, Millennial, Motivation, Properties, Student.
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Reich, John W., and Jason Williams. "Exploring the Properties of Habits and Routines in Daily Life." OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 23, no. 2 (April 2003): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944920302300202.
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This study investigated the properties of habit and routine in daily living, extending prior studies exploring people's judgments about the stability of patterns in their lives. Scales assessing sensory, behavioral, and motivational aspects of habit were included, and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were employed to determine the presence of underlying constructs relating the various measures of habit and routine. A sample of 126 college students responded to a set of 11 scales and subscales of previous measures of habit. The resulting measurement structure incorporated 10 of those scales into a two-factor model: one factor represented cognitions and beliefs about one's routine and habits, and the other represented sensory stimulation and sensory reactions, habitual behaviors, and motivations of approach and avoidance. The results were discussed in the framework of a more comprehensive picture of the nature of habit. It was also suggested that this model potentially will have value for further exploration of measurement issues and for developing more effective interventions for improving people's daily well-being.
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Miller, Joseph C. "Epilogue." Journal of Global Slavery 2, no. 3 (2017): 337–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00203006.
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A historiographical introduction to slaving, worldwide, accents the productivity of the social sciences in expanding its study from the modern Americas to fully global scales, but also raising challenges to maintaining a single abstract definition for “slavery” applicable to increasingly diverse contexts. An epistemological shift to historical analyses built from human motivations and strategies, richly contextualized in particular times and places, characterizes the four innovative essays in this collection, which advance the field by historicizing early maritime slave trading in the southern Atlantic.
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Chambers, Josephine, Margarita Del Aguila Mejía, Raydith Ramírez Reátegui, and Chris Sandbrook. "Why joint conservation and development projects often fail: An in-depth examination in the Peruvian Amazon." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 365–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619873910.
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Conservation projects commonly claim to convert local people into long-term environmental stewards and improve their well-being. Yet, evidence frequently contradicts these win-win claims. The “multiple environmentalities” framework outlines distinct approaches that projects often use to foster environmental motivation and behavior: (1) neoliberal: constructing material incentives, (2) sovereign: imposing protective laws, and (3) disciplinary: fostering norms and values. We use a mixed method approach to examine how combinations of these environmentalities shape the land use motivations and behavior of 270 families living in 15 project settings in the Peruvian Amazon. We identify four direct reasons why these projects often fail to achieve their intended outcomes, regardless of the environmentalities employed: (1) self-selection of like-minded individuals, (2) limited ability of extrinsic motivators (i.e. material incentives and protective laws) to reduce reported deforestation behaviors, (3) limited internalization of motivations for conservation, and (4) ignored broader economic drivers of deforestation. We argue that these challenges stem from the typical external design of conservation projects based on fixed and limited interpretations of human motivation. Our findings point to the importance of deliberative processes that can support local and external actors to navigate and reframe competing motivations to co-design approaches to conservation governance at local and broader scales.
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George Saadé, Raafat, and Jamal Abdulaziz AlSharhan. "Discovering the Motivations of Students when Using an Online Learning Tool." Journal of Information Technology Education: Research 14 (2015): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2271.
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In an educational setting, the use of online learning tools impacts student performance. Motivation and beliefs play an important role in predicting student decisions to use these learning tools. However, IT-personality entailing playfulness on the web, perceived personal innovativeness, and enjoyment may have an impact on motivations. In this study, we investigate the influence of IT-personality traits on motivation and beliefs. The study includes 95 participants. A survey was conducted after using the learning tool for one semester. Assessment of the psychometric properties of the scales proved acceptable and confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed hypotheses. With the exception of the impact of enjoyment on motivation, all other hypotheses demonstrate behavior different from other contexts: playfulness on the web and perceived personal innovativeness have little to no impact on motivation; motivation in turn has the opposite strong and significant effect on beliefs. Specifically, we found that motivation has a strong impact on students’ attitudes and consequently attitudes were found to determine intentions where the variance explained is 50% (attitude) and 28% (intentions). These results give way to interesting interpretations as they relate to learning.
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Burgess, Steven M., and Mari Harris. "Values, optimum stimulation levels and brand loyalty: New scales in new populations." South African Journal of Business Management 29, no. 4 (December 31, 1998): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v29i4.779.
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The optimum stimulation level (OSL) and value priorities of 3 493 South Africans were measured in the first administration of Steenkamp and Baumgartner's new shortened Change Seeker Index (CSl) and Schwartz' new Portraits Questionnaire (PQ) in a nationally-representative developing nation sample. Both instruments performed well in a demanding cross-cultural test as part of a syndicated research study. The results indicate that high and low OSL consumers exhibit value differences consistent with Schwartz' theory about the content and structure of values suggesting that the shortened CSI may be tapping value differences. The predicted sinusoid pattern between value priorities and OSL also emerged. The association between values and brand loyalty exhibited three general sinusoid patterns. Comparative sample partitions based on value priorities and OSLs suggest that values may be sensitive to a wider range of motivations that underlie differences in exploratory product acquisition, shopping behaviour and brand loyalty. The results suggest that value priorities and OSL are important influences on brand loyalty behaviour.
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Malhotra, Rahul, Ad Maulod, June May Ling Lee, Grand Hak-Land Cheng, Si Yinn Lu, Leng Leng Thang, and Angelique W. M. Chan. "Development of Scales for Generative Concern and Generative Acts Among Older Singaporeans." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2954.
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Abstract Generativity (concern in establishing and guiding the next generation) at older ages is increasingly relevant with population ageing and realization of older people as a resource for younger generations. Generativity encompasses two aspects, concern (attitudes/motivations for generativity) and acts (activities to enact/achieve generativity). Existing scales for generative concern and acts pertain to Western populations, limiting their valid measurement in Asian populations. We conducted 12 focus group discussions with 103 older adults in Singapore, to inform a conceptual model of generativity. A striking finding was the family-centric focus of generativity. It led to the development of content-validated scales for generative concern (38-items; e.g. I am concerned that younger people are too pampered) and generative acts (56-items; e.g. In past 3 months, how many times did you teach younger people right from wrong), in English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil. Future work will establish their structural, convergent/divergent and predictive validity, and reliability.
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Hinton, J. A., and R. L. C. Starling. "High-energy emission from transients." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1992 (June 13, 2013): 20120279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0279.
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Cosmic explosions dissipate energy into their surroundings on a very wide range of time scales: producing shock waves and associated particle acceleration. The historical culprits for the acceleration of the bulk of Galactic cosmic rays are supernova remnants: explosions on approximately 10 4 year time scales. Increasingly, however, time-variable emission points to rapid and efficient particle acceleration in a range of different astrophysical systems. Gamma-ray bursts have the shortest time scales, with inferred bulk Lorentz factors of approximately 1000 and photons emitted beyond 100 GeV, but active galaxies, pulsar wind nebulae and colliding stellar winds are all now associated with time-variable emission at approximately teraelectron volt energies. Cosmic photons and neutrinos at these energies offer a powerful probe of the underlying physical mechanisms of cosmic explosions, and a tool for exploring fundamental physics with these systems. Here, we discuss the motivations for high-energy observations of transients, the current experimental situation, and the prospects for the next decade, with particular reference to the major next-generation high-energy observatory, the Cherenkov Telescope Array.
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Quintana-Orts, Cirenia, Lourdes Rey, María Teresa Chamizo-Nieto, and Everett L. Worthington. "A Serial Mediation Model of the Relationship between Cybervictimization and Cyberaggression: The Role of Stress and Unforgiveness Motivations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 7966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217966.
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Cyberaggression is often triggered by cybervictimization. However, little attention has been given to the underlying mechanisms in this relationship. Specifically, this study examined the mediating roles of stress as well as unforgiveness (i.e., revenge and avoidance motivations) in the cybervictimization-cyberbullying aggression link. The main goal is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of cybervictimization on cyberbullying aggression while modeling a process in which cybervictimization causes stress, which in turn causes unforgiveness motivations concluding with cyberbullying aggression as the consequent. A total of 979 adolescents (Mage = 13.72, SD = 1.31) completed the relevant scales at two time points spaced four months apart. The results confirm that stress and revenge motivation at Time 1 act as serial mediators between cybervictimization at Time 1 and cyberbullying behaviors at Time 2. Additionally, the results reveal that avoidance at Time 1 was not a significant mediator in the links between cybervictimization at Time 1 and cyberbullying aggression at Time 2. Our findings provide support for the stress-and-coping model of forgiveness in adolescence and offer original insight into the developmental process of bully-victims in cyberbullying context. These results suggest the importance of efforts addressing motivations and emotion-focused coping strategies in adolescents who have been bullied to prevent and reduce those adolescents’ future stress and aggressive behaviors. The contributions and implications of the results are discussed.
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Rozmiarek, Mateusz, Joanna Poczta, and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko. "Motivations of Sports Volunteers at the 2023 European Games in Poland." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116406.
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Volunteering is fundamental in the organization of sporting events of any rank, and there is no doubt that without volunteers, the realization of such events would not be possible. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between selected socio-demographic factors (gender, age, place of residence, professional activity, and—rarely researched—previous experience in sports volunteering) and the motivation of people who have signed up to be volunteers at the 2023 European Games in Poland. In total, 535 respondents completed the Olympic Volunteer Motivation Scale (OVMS) designed to assess the motivation of volunteers at multi-sport events in the Olympic tradition. A questionnaire survey was conducted among a group of students of the University of Physical Education in Krakow, who had signed up as volunteers via an online form. The respondents were required to provide data on their gender, age, place of residence, professional activities, and sports volunteering experience. The volunteers’ motivations did not differ with regard to gender, place of residence, and professional activity; however, significant differences were found with regard to sports volunteering experiences. The scores by respondents with previous experience in sports volunteering were the highest for the Olympic related, egoistic, and purposive scales of the OVMS. The research findings can be used by sports event organizers to improve the effectiveness of volunteer recruitment and management strategies. Understanding the factors that encourage potential candidates to volunteer may also facilitate collaboration with them during future events.
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Ulyukin, I. M., N. M. Pilnik, V. N. Emelyanov, V. N. Bolekhan, E. S. Orlova, S. G. Kuzmin, and V. B. Dergachev. "Fundamental life motivations and prerequisites for their realization in young men." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12283.
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Аbstract. Quality of life of young men in the view of existential compliance is considered. In its most general form, the term «existence» means «specifically human way of being», the main characteristic of which is the freedom of choice, that is the way of being a person, when he is constantly in a situation that asks him: «How does a man will be a person in this situation?». А person’s subjective assessment of his life was investigated by the technique of A. Langle and K. Orgler «Scale of Existence» in 42 practically healthy young men (24,12±1,1 years). Scores diagnosed on such scales as Self-distancing, Self-Transcendence, Freedom, Responsibility, Personality, Existentiality, and Fulfillment testify to the absence of grounds for the development of existential crisis (for a crisis of subjective evaluation of one’s own life). Thus, with the right medical and psychological support of young people, they have the ability to cope with themselves and with the world, and the feasibility of interaction with the internal and external demands and proposals presented to circumstances, correlating with their own values. At the same time, one should keep in mind that a possible conflict can lead to nervous breakdowns, decrease in the level of professional health (a professional fitness). In order to prevent this, it is necessary to identify persons at risk and prevent possible psychosocial adaptation disorders in advance, using direct methods of psychodiagnostic. To this end, both methods of psycho-counseling and solving personal problems through the provision of advice or other assistance are recommended.
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Ignacio, Angelie, and Gerald C. Cupchik. "Therapeutic Benefits of Adult Doll Play." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 41, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276236621989227.
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This study explored the episodic memories and therapeutic benefits associated with adult doll play. Forty adult collectors described a significant interaction they had with their dolls and interpreted the meaning of the episode. They rated both their narratives and interpretations on 7-point scales. Then they completed four questionnaires reflecting on their motivations for joining the doll hobby, the aesthetic and therapeutic aspects of doll play, as well as play and fantasy and self-perception questionnaires developed in an earlier study. Principal components factor analyses were performed on all scales and questionnaires, and the factors were correlated. In addition, the narratives and interpretations were coded and thematically analyzed. Results show that attachment forms with imagined and situated characters during the customization and story making process. This bonding process was critical in creating meaning and rituals within the ball-jointed doll hobby. Implications for the clinical field and AI mediated devices were discussed.
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Fujita-Starck, Pamela J. "Motivations and Characteristics of Adult Students: Factor Stability and Construct Validity of Tie Educational Participation Scale." Adult Education Quarterly 47, no. 1 (November 1996): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074171369604700103.
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Effective and responsive adult education programming requires a clear understanding of the characteristics, needs, and aspirations of program participants. This study investigated the factor stability and construct validity of Boshier's Educational Participation Scale (EPS), as part of a series of studies designed to better understand a diverse adult student body participating in a broad program of continuing education. Responses from 1,142 students in programs at a large state university were utilized in the analysis. The results confirmed Boshier's seven factor typology. Reliability of the EPS scales was found to be acceptable. Construct validity of the EPS was investigated by predicting membership in three curricular groups. The findings revealed a distinctive set of student characteristics and reasons for participation between the defined curricular groups.
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Bessant, Kenneth C. "Factors Associated with Types of Mathematics Anxiety in College Students." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 26, no. 4 (July 1995): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.26.4.0327.
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This article investigates the interrelatedness of various types of mathematics anxiety with attitudes toward mathematics, learning preferences, study motives, and strategies. An 80-item version of the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS) was completed by 173 university students enrolled in one of three introductory statistics courses offered by the departments of mathematics, psychology, or sociology. Mathematics attitude scales were also administered in conjunction with the Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ), which depicts students' motivations to use study methods associated with contrasting learning approaches. Factor analysis of the MARS identified six factors labeled as General Evaluation Anxiety, Everyday Numerical Anxiety, Passive Observation Anxiety, Performance Anxiety, Mathematics Test Anxiety, and Problem-Solving Anxiety.
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Cunha, Ana Raquel, Ana Luísa Soares, Miguel Brilhante, Pedro Arsénio, Teresa Vasconcelos, Dalila Espírito-Santo, Maria Cristina Duarte, and Maria Manuel Romeiras. "Natural and Historical Heritage of the Lisbon Botanical Gardens: An Integrative Approach with Tree Collections." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2021): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071367.
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Botanical gardens have long contributed to plant science and have played a leading role in ex situ conservation, namely of threatened tree species. Focusing on the three botanical gardens of Lisbon (i.e., Botanical Garden of Ajuda—JBA, Lisbon Botanical Garden—JBL, and Tropical Botanical Garden—JBT), this study aims to reveal their natural heritage and to understand the historical motivations for their creation. Our results showed that these gardens contain a total of 2551 tree specimens, corresponding to 462 taxa, within 80 plant families. Of these, 85 taxa are found in the three gardens, and more than half of the taxa are hosted in JBL (334 taxa), whereas 230 and 201 taxa were recorded in JBT and JBA, respectively. The motivations for the creation of each garden are reflected in the different geographic origins of the trees they host in their living collections. The Palearctic species are dominant in JBA and JBL, and Tropical trees prevail in JBT. With more than 250 years of history, these gardens hold an invaluable natural and historical heritage, with their living collections providing valuable sources of information for the conservation of threatened plant species, at local and global scales.