Academic literature on the topic 'Motor learning and execution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Motor learning and execution"
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Diedrichsen, Jörn, and Katja Kornysheva. "Motor skill learning between selection and execution." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 19, no. 4 (2015): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.003.
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Torriero, Sara, Massimiliano Oliveri, Giacomo Koch, et al. "Changes in Cerebello-motor Connectivity during Procedural Learning by Actual Execution and Observation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 2 (2011): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21471.
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The cerebellum is involved in motor learning of new procedures both during actual execution of a motor task and during observational training. These processes are thought to depend on the activity of a neural network that involves the lateral cerebellum and primary motor cortex (M1). In this study, we used a twin-coil TMS technique to investigate whether execution and observation of a visuomotor procedural learning task is related to modulation of cerebello-motor connectivity. We observed that, at rest, a magnetic conditioning pulse applied over the lateral cerebellum reduced the motor-evoked potentials obtained by stimulating the contralateral M1, indicating activation of a cerebello-motor connection. Furthermore, during procedural learning, cerebellar stimulation resulted in selective facilitation, not inhibition, of contralateral M1 excitability. The effects were evident when motor learning was obtained by actual execution of the task or by observation, but they disappeared if procedural learning had already been acquired by previous observational training. These results indicate that changes in cerebello-motor connectivity occur in relation to specific phases of procedural learning, demonstrating a complex pattern of excitatory and inhibitory drives modulated across time.
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Jäger, Anna-Thekla P., Julia M. Huntenburg, Stefanie A. Tremblay, et al. "Motor sequences; separating the sequence from the motor. A longitudinal rsfMRI study." Brain Structure and Function 227, no. 3 (2021): 793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02412-7.
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AbstractIn motor learning, sequence specificity, i.e. the learning of specific sequential associations, has predominantly been studied using task-based fMRI paradigms. However, offline changes in resting state functional connectivity after sequence-specific motor learning are less well understood. Previous research has established that plastic changes following motor learning can be divided into stages including fast learning, slow learning and retention. A description of how resting state functional connectivity after sequence-specific motor sequence learning (MSL) develops across these stages is missing. This study aimed to identify plastic alterations in whole-brain functional connectivity after learning a complex motor sequence by contrasting an active group who learned a complex sequence with a control group who performed a control task matched for motor execution. Resting state fMRI and behavioural performance were collected in both groups over the course of 5 consecutive training days and at follow-up after 12 days to encompass fast learning, slow learning, overall learning and retention. Between-group interaction analyses showed sequence-specific decreases in functional connectivity during overall learning in the right supplementary motor area (SMA). We found that connectivity changes in a key region of the motor network, the superior parietal cortex (SPC) were not a result of sequence-specific learning but were instead linked to motor execution. Our study confirms the sequence-specific role of SMA that has previously been identified in online task-based learning studies, and extends it to resting state network changes after sequence-specific MSL.
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Torriani-Pasin, Camila, Gisele Carla dos Santos Palma, Cristiane Matsumoto Jakabi, Cinthya Walter, Andrea Michele Freudenheim, and Umberto César Correa. "Motor Learning of a cognitive-motor task after stroke." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 34, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-5509202000010001.
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The aim of this study was investigated a maze learning in stroke individuals. Forty participants assigned into two groups: experimental (stroke participants; n = 20) and control (neurologically healthy participants; n = 20). The study involved an acquisition phase, a transfer test, and a short-and longterm retention tests. The task consisted in complete a maze, with paper and pen, in the shortest time possible. The dependent variables were execution time and error. Data were analyzed with an Anova- two way with Repeated Measures for these variables. Results showed learning for both groups, but with the experimental group having worse performance compared to control group mainly related error. It was also seen the impact promoted in the task has impaired both groups in the transfer test performance.
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Torriani-Pasin, Camila, Gisele Carla dos Santos Palma, Cristiane Matsumoto Jakabi, Cinthya Walter, Andrea Michele Freudenheim, and Umberto César Correa. "Motor Learning of a cognitive-motor task after stroke." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 34, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-4690.v34i1p1-9.
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The aim of this study was investigated a maze learning in stroke individuals. Forty participants assigned into two groups: experimental (stroke participants; n = 20) and control (neurologically healthy participants; n = 20). The study involved an acquisition phase, a transfer test, and a short-and longterm retention tests. The task consisted in complete a maze, with paper and pen, in the shortest time possible. The dependent variables were execution time and error. Data were analyzed with an Anova- two way with Repeated Measures for these variables. Results showed learning for both groups, but with the experimental group having worse performance compared to control group mainly related error. It was also seen the impact promoted in the task has impaired both groups in the transfer test performance.
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Domingues, Clayton Amaral, Sergio Machado, Emerson Garcia Cavaleiro, et al. "Alpha absolute power: motor learning of practical pistol shooting." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 66, no. 2b (2008): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2008000300010.
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The present study aimed at investigating changes in behavior (shooting precision) and electrophysiological variables (absolute alpha power) during the motor learning of practical pistol shooting. The sample was composed of 23 healthy subjects, right-handed, male, between 18 and 20 years of age. The task consisted of four learning blocks. A One-way ANOVA with repeated measures and a post hoc analysis were employed to observe modifications on behavioral and electrophysiological measures (p<0.05). The results showed significative differences between blocks according to motor learning, and a significant improvement in shooting's accuracy from both blocks. It was observed a decrease in alpha power in all electrodes examined during task execution when compared with baseline and learning control blocks. The findings suggest that alpha power decreases as the function of the motor learning task when subjects are engaged in the motor execution.
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Sobierajewicz, Jagna, Sylwia Szarkiewicz, Anna Przekoracka-Krawczyk, Wojciech Jaśkowski, and Rob H. J. van der Lubbe. "To What Extent Can Motor Imagery Replace Motor Execution While Learning a Fine Motor Skill?" Advances in Cognitive Psychology 12, no. 4 (2016): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/acp-0197-1.
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Stoter, Arjan J. R., Erik J. A. Scherder, Yvo P. T. Kamsma, and Theo Mulder. "Rehearsal Strategies during Motor-Sequence Learning in Old Age: Execution vs Motor Imagery." Perceptual and Motor Skills 106, no. 3 (2008): 967–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.106.3.967-978.
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Ariani, Giacomo, and Jörn Diedrichsen. "Sequence learning is driven by improvements in motor planning." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 6 (2019): 2088–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00041.2019.
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The ability to perform complex sequences of movements quickly and accurately is critical for many motor skills. Although training improves performance in a large variety of motor sequence tasks, the precise mechanisms behind such improvements are poorly understood. Here we investigated the contribution of single-action selection, sequence preplanning, online planning, and motor execution to performance in a discrete sequence production task. Five visually presented numbers cued a sequence of five finger presses, which had to be executed as quickly and accurately as possible. To study how sequence planning influenced sequence production, we manipulated the amount of time that participants were given to prepare each sequence by using a forced-response paradigm. Over 4 days, participants were trained on 10 sequences and tested on 80 novel sequences. Our results revealed that participants became faster in selecting individual finger presses. They also preplanned three or four sequence items into the future, and the speed of preplanning improved for trained, but not for untrained, sequences. Because preplanning capacity remained limited, the remaining sequence elements had to be planned online during sequence execution, a process that also improved with sequence-specific training. Overall, our results support the view that motor sequence learning effects are best characterized by improvements in planning processes that occur both before and concurrently with motor execution. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Complex skills often require the production of sequential movements. Although practice improves performance, it remains unclear how these improvements are achieved. Our findings show that learning effects in a sequence production task can be attributed to an enhanced ability to plan upcoming movements. These results shed new light on planning processes in the context of movement sequences and have important implications for our understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie skill acquisition.
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Cho, Nam Jun, Sang Hyoung Lee, Jong Bok Kim, and Il Hong Suh. "Learning, Improving, and Generalizing Motor Skills for the Peg-in-Hole Tasks Based on Imitation Learning and Self-Learning." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (2020): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082719.
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We propose a framework based on imitation learning and self-learning to enable robots to learn, improve, and generalize motor skills. The peg-in-hole task is important in manufacturing assembly work. Two motor skills for the peg-in-hole task are targeted: “hole search” and “peg insertion”. The robots learn initial motor skills from human demonstrations and then improve and/or generalize them through reinforcement learning (RL). An initial motor skill is represented as a concatenation of the parameters of a hidden Markov model (HMM) and a dynamic movement primitive (DMP) to classify input signals and generate motion trajectories. Reactions are classified as familiar or unfamiliar (i.e., modeled or not modeled), and initial motor skills are improved to solve familiar reactions and generalized to solve unfamiliar reactions. The proposed framework includes processes, algorithms, and reward functions that can be used for various motor skill types. To evaluate our framework, the motor skills were performed using an actual robotic arm and two reward functions for RL. To verify the learning and improving/generalizing processes, we successfully applied our framework to different shapes of pegs and holes. Moreover, the execution time steps and path optimization of RL were evaluated experimentally.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Motor learning and execution"
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Marchant, David Christopher. "The effects of internally and externally directed attention during motor skill execution and learning." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11168.
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Focusing attention onto the intended outcome or goal of a movement (an External focus of attention) has been shown to be more beneficial to the learning and performance of movements than focusing onto the components of the movement being carried out (an Internal focus of attention). In this thesis, four studies assessed the effects of attentional focusing strategies on the learning and execution of motor skills during different situations. Study 1 demonstrated that an internal focus of attention during a suprapostural pointing task resulted in degraded postural control as well as larger movements of the hand and arm. In Study 2 novices using an external focus were more accurate in a dart throwing task than those using an internal focus, but no different from a control condition. In Study 3 two experiments investigated the effects of attentional focuses on postural control at rest and whilst fatigued. Postural control was no better using external focus when compared to an internal focus at rest, but was better than baseline. When fatigued (localised and generalised), balance was significantly deteriorated using an external focus, but not when an internal focus was used. In two experiments during Study 4 novices carrying out a dart throwing task used different attentional focusing instructions during practice and later performance. During practice sessions in Experiment 4.1 and 4.2 accuracy was not affected by attentional focusing instructions. Using an external focus during performance resulted in significantly better accuracy than using an internal focus. In Experiment 4.2, novices who preferred an internal focus but used an external focus during performance performed less accurately than participants who preferred the external focus. Findings demonstrate that the benefits of an external focus of attention is evident in performance situations, whereas an internal focus may be beneficial whilst fatigued and is not detrimental during practice.
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Ko, Raymond. "The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Executing and Learning Complex Motor Sequences." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493272.
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We learn and perform precise motor sequences to interact with the environment. This ability underlies much of what we do, from playing musical instruments and using new tools to producing fluent speech. Understanding the neural circuits involved in producing these sequences is a central objective of the field of motor learning.
In this dissertation, I study the role of the basal ganglia in complex motor sequence learning and execution, and how they coordinate with the rest of the brain to fulfill both functions. First, I investigate whether the striatum is involved in complex sequence execution by lesioning the dorsolateral striatum (DLS, or sensorimotor striatum) and the dorsomedial striatum (DMS, or associative striatum) in rats trained to execute spatiotemporally precise lever-pressing sequences. Kinematics analysis revealed that DLS lesions significantly disrupted performance, while the DMS was largely dispensable for executing the motor skill. Next, I examined the role of the basal ganglia output in the same task by lesioning the globus pallidus interna (GPi). Third, I explored the role of the DLS and DMS in learning by lesioning the structures prior to training. DLS lesions severely disrupted learning in the task, whereas DMS lesions did not abort learning. Lastly, I examined the role of primary and secondary motor cortices in tutoring the basal ganglia by lesioning them before training. Both cortices have, to at least a degree, redundant functions with respect to learning the task. Overall, this dissertation suggests that the sensorimotor part of the basal ganglia is critical for both executing and learning complex motor sequences.<br>Biology, Organismic and Evolutionary
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Parziale, Antonio. "A neurocomputational model of reaching movements." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2341.
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2013 - 2014<br>How the brain controls movement is a question that has fascinated researchers from
different areas as neuroscience, robotics and psychology. To understand how we
move is not only an intellectual challenge, but it is important for finding new
strategies for nursing people with movement diseases, for rehabilitation and to
develop new robotic technology.
While there is an agreement about the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in the
execution of voluntary movements, it is still debated what (and how) is encoded by
the neural activity of the motor cortex.
To unveil the "code" used for executing voluntary movements we investigated the
interaction between the motor cortex and the spinal cord, the main recipient of the
descending signals departing from M1 neurons. In particular, the research presented
in this thesis aims at understanding how primary motor cortex and spinal cord
cooperate to execute a reaching movement, and whether a modular organization of
the spinal cord can be exploited for controlling the movement.
On the basis of physiological studies about the primary motor cortex organization, we
have hypothesized that this brain area encodes both movement's parameters and
patterns of muscle activation.
We argue that the execution of voluntary movements results from the cooperation of
different clusters of neurons distributed in the rostral and caudal regions of primary
motor cortex, each of which represents different aspects of the ongoing movement. In
particular, kinetic aspects of movement are directly represented by the caudal part of
primary motor cortex as activations of alpha motoneurons, while kinematic aspects of
the movement are encoded by the rostral region and are translated by spinal cord
interneurons into alpha motoneurons activation. The population of corticomotoneuron
(CM) cells in the caudal part of M1 creates muscle synergies for a direct
control of muscle activity, useful to execute highly novel skills that require a direct
control of multijoint and single joint movements by the central nervous system
(CNS). On the other side, clusters of neurons in the rostral M1 are devoted to the
activation of different subpopulations of interneurons in the spinal cord organized in
functional modules. Each spinal module implements hardwired muscle synergies
regulating the activity of a subset of muscles working around one or more joints. The
way a module regulates the muscles activations is related to its structural properties.
One area recruits the hard-wired motor primitives hosted in the spinal cord as
spatiotemporal synergies, while the other one has direct access to the alpha
motoneurons and may build new synergies for the execution of very demanding
movements. The existence of these two areas regulating directly and indirectly the
muscle activity can explain the controversy about what kind of parameter is encoded
by the brain.
In order to validate our conjecture about the coexistence of an explicit representation
of both kinetic and kinematics aspects of the movement, we have developed and
implemented the computational model of the spinal cord and its connections with
supraspinal brain. The model incorporates the key anatomical and physiological
features of the neurons in the spinal cord (interneurons Ia, Ib and PN and Renshaw
cells, and their interconnections). The model envisages descending inputs coming
from both rostral and caudal M1 motor cortex and cerebellum (through the rubro- and
reticulo-spinal tracts), local inputs from both Golgi tendon organs and spindles, and
its output is directed towards alfa motoneurons, which also receive descending inputs
from the cortex and local inputs from spindles. The musculoskeletal model used in
this study is a one degree-of-freedom arm whose motion is restricted to the
extension/flexion of the elbow. The musculoskeletal model includes three muscles:
Biceps Short, Brachialis and Triceps Lateral.
Our simulations show that the CNS may produce elbow flexion movements with
different properties by adopting different strategies for the recruitment and the
modulation of interneurons and motoneurons. The results obtained using our
computational model confirm what has been hypothesized in literature: modularity
may be the organizational principle that the central nervous system exploits in motor
control. In humans, the central nervous system can execute motor tasks by recruiting
the motor primitives in the spinal cord or by learning new collections of synergies
essential for executing novel skills typical of our society.
To get more insights about how brain encodes movements and to unveil the role
played by the different areas of the brain we verified if the movement generated by
our model satisfied the trade-off between speed and accuracy predicted by the Fitts’
law. An interesting result is that the speed-accuracy tradeoff does not follow from the
structure of the system, that is capable of performing fast and precise movements, but
arises from the strategy adopted to produce faster movements, by starting from a prelearned
set of motor commands useful to reach the target position and by modifying
only the activations of alfa motoneurons. These results suggest that the brain may use
the clusters of neurons in the rostral M1 for encoding the direction of the movement
and the clusters of CM cells in the caudal M1 for regulating the tradeoff between
speed and accuracy.
The simulation performed with our computational model have shown that the
activation of an area cannot exclude the activation of the other one but, on the
contrary, both the activations are needed to have a simulated behaviour that fits the
real behavior. [edited by Author]<br>XIII n.s.
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Pompéu, José Eduardo. "Melhora funcional de pacientes com doença de Parkinson após treinamento em ambientes real e virtual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-05102012-113814/.
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O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos de dois tipos de programas de treinamento de equilíbrio, um baseado no Nintendo Wii Fit e o outro baseado nos exercícios tradicionais sem a utilização de videogame, no equilíbrio, funcionalidade e cognição de pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico cego e randomizado realizado na Associação Brasil Parkinson e no Centro de Docência e Pesquisa dos Cursos de Fonoaudiologia, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo 32 pacientes com doença de Parkinson nos estágios 1 a 2,5 da escala Hoehn e Yahr. Os pacientes foram randomizados nos grupos controle e experimental, 16 em cada grupo. Ambos os grupos realizaram 14 sessões individuais de treinamento, duas vezes por semana, por sete semanas. Cada sessão foi composta por 30 minutos de exercícios globais, incluindo alongamento e fortalecimento musculares e mobilidade axial. Logo após, ambos os grupos realizaram mais 30 minutos de treinamento de equilíbrio: o treinamento do grupo controle foi realizado por meio de exercícios de equilíbrio sem a utilização de pistas externas, retroalimentação visual ou auditiva ou estimulação cognitiva associada; o grupo experimental realizou o treinamento de equilíbrio por meio de 10 jogos do Nintendo Wii Fit, os quais estimularam as funções motoras e cognitivas. As principais medidas do estudo foram (1) seção II da Escala Unificada da Doença de Parkinson, (UPDRS); (2) Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB); (3) Unipedal Stance Test (UST) e (4) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). A análise estatística foi realizada por meio da ANOVA de medidas repetidas e o pós hoc teste de Tukey para a verificação de possíveis diferenças entre os grupos e avaliações realizadas antes, depois e após 60 dias do final do treinamento. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora na seção II da UPDRS, na EEB, no UST e na MoCA. Conclui-se que os pacientes com doença de Parkinson apresentaram melhora no equilíbrio e na cognição com efeitos positivos sobre a funcionalidade relacionada com as atividades de vida diária após 14 sessões de treinamento de equilíbrio sem vantagens adicionais para o treinamento em ambiente virtual<br>The objective of this work was to compare the effects of two balance training programs, one Nintendo Wii Fit-based and the other traditionally-based without the use of a gaming system, on the balance, functionality and cognition of patients with Parkinson´s disease. It was a prospective, single blinded, randomized clinical trial performed at Brazil Parkinson Association and Center of Research of the courses of Speech Therapy, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy of São Paulo University. 32 patients with Parkinson´s disease on stages 1 and 2,5 of Hoehn e Yahr participated of this work. Patients were randomized in control and experimental group, 16 each one. Both groups performed 14 training sessions, twice a week, for seven weeks. Each session was composed of a 30 minute-global-exercise series including stretching, muscle strengthen and axial mobility exercises. After this, both groups performed more 30 minutes of balance training: the control group performed balance exercises without external cues, visual or auditory feedbacks or cognitive stimulations; the experimental group performed the balance training with 10 Wii Fit games which stimulated motor and cognitive functions. The main outcome measures were: (1) Unified Parkinson´s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS); (2) Berg Balance Scale (BBS); (3) Unipedal Stance Test (UST) and (4) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The statistical analysis was done by repeated measures ANOVA in order to assess the possible differences among the analyzed variables. Both groups showed improvement in the section II of UPDRS, BBS, UST and MoCA. Patients with Parkinson´s disease showed balance and cognitive improvement with positive repercussion on daily living activities after 14 sessions of balance training without additional advantages to the virtual training
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Weinberg, Isobel Claire. "Expectation in motor planning and execution." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10049246/.
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Expectation has been studied extensively in the decision-making field and its possible implementation in influential decision-making models has been formulated. Decision-making has historically been studied separately to motor planning. However, recent data suggest decisionmaking and motor planning overlap in time, with competing action plans in motor cortex biased by the ongoing decision. There has therefore been increasing interest in studying the interplay between decision-making and motor planning. Past experiments have typically studied the decision between two movements, when each movement is equally likely to be chosen. This aims to mimic the everyday situation in which we prepare a movement before knowing which it will be. However, a more common situation is that we expect to make one movement with a high likelihood, but also know there is a low likelihood of making a different movement. It is this uneven expectation across potential movements, and its effect on motor planning and execution, that is the focus of this thesis. I first investigate expectation in motor planning. I propose expectation may play the same role in motor cortical excitability as it is proposed to in theoretical decision making models. A series of experiment did not support this hypothesis; I discuss possible reasons for this. I next turn to an aspect of action execution: motor variability. There has been increasing interest in the idea that noise during motor planning is an important cause of motor variability. One theory has proposed that neural resources are divided when there are multiple motor plans, increasing motor variability. I propose that expectation interacts with this process by sharing these neural resources unevenly, so that variability is lower in the high-likelihood movement. I conduct two experiments to test this idea, and, based on the results, propose that expectation interacts with the motor control policy to determine motor variability.
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Kadlec, Daniel. "Motor capacity and sidestepping execution strategies in female athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2536.
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Non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries during sidestepping occur when the imposed knee joint loading exceeds the load tolerance of the tissues. The load tolerance thresholds can be modified with appropriate training (e.g., resistance training and plyometrics) and thus increase injury resilience. However, despite such insights, the incidence of ACL injury has not decreased in recent years. Injury is of particular concern for female athletes who present with significantly higher rates than male athletes.
Understanding how different constraints shape an athlete’s movement strategy and affect the resultant joint loading when designing training interventions can help to mitigate injury risk. Motor capacities, such as muscular strength and power, act as boundaries on the safe execution of motor skills and shape the acquisition of movement strategies. Therefore, increasing single- and multi-joint strength enables a broader solution space for movement strategies and mitigates joint loading impact. Exposing athletes simultaneously to the motor skills intended to be improved is critical to effectively transfer new levels of motor capacities into the movement competency. Manipulating task constraints during sidestepping can be used in the training process to expose athletes to high joint loading and prepare them for “worst-case” scenarios. Such “worst-case” scenarios are characterised by certain segment alignments and joint positions previously determined as ACL risk factors in sidestepping movements (e.g., lateral foot placement, lateral trunk flexion or knee flexion at initial contact). Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to increase the understanding of how to prepare athletes for “worst-case” sidestepping scenarios.
Chapter 2 established a theoretical framework for how different constraints can be utilised to a) manipulate the joint loading profile, such as the magnitude and distribution of joint loading, when sidestepping, thus specifically overloading, in particular, the knee joint, b) prepare for the imposed loading experienced during unplanned sidestepping, and c) how to facilitate a transfer from increases in motor capacities (e.g., single- and multi-joint strength) to improved motor skill (e.g., sidestepping). Subsequently, Study 1 demonstrated the reliability of single- and multijoint lower-body strength tests in recreationally trained female athletes. Such tests can be a valuable component of athlete monitoring for readiness and a component of a comprehensive physical test battery. Study 2 demonstrated that an individualised resistance training approach attenuates knee joint loading during unplanned sidestepping. The results of study 2 highlighted that individual strategies existed at the joint level when performing sidestepping that should be considered in subsequent training interventions. Study 3 demonstrated that the execution strategy, assessed by the single joint loading, changed based on external task constraints, particularly at the knee joint. Understanding how different task constraints affect the execution strategy is crucial when aiming to elicit specific adaptations around single joints.
The concepts and results of this thesis may have important implications for scientists and practitioners and shift how we think of athletic preparation. Exposing athletes progressively, continuously, and systematically to “worst-case” demands and the associated joint loading may increase injury resiliency and ultimately prepare for in situ demands. Further, possible approaches to facilitate the rate of transfer from increases in motor capacities (e.g., maximal muscle strength and maximal muscle power) to improvements in motor skills (e.g., jumping, sidestepping, sprinting) have been suggested. The results from this thesis provide support to seek the enhancement of an athlete’s ability to adapt and perform a multitude of execution strategies when completing the same motor task and withstand “worst-case” scenarios through increases in motor capacity and exposure to task variability.
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Dahlén, Olle, and Axel Rantil. "Optimized Trade Execution with Reinforcement Learning." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150186.
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In this thesis, we study the problem of buying or selling a given volume of a financial asset within a given time horizon to the best possible price, a problem formally known as optimized trade execution. Our approach is an empirical one. We use historical data to simulate the process of placing artificial orders in a market. This simulation enables us to model the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). Given this MDP, we train and evaluate a set of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms all with the objective to minimize the transaction cost on unseen test data. We train and evaluate these for various instruments and problem settings, such as different trading horizons. Our first model was developed with the goal to validate results achieved by Nevmyvaka, Feng and Kearns [9], and it is thus called NFK. We extended this model into what we call Dual NFK, in an attempt to regularize the model against external price movement. Furthermore, we implemented and evaluated a classical RL algorithm, namely Sarsa(λ) with a modified reward function. Lastly, we evaluated proximal policy optimization (PPO), an actor-critic RL algorithm incorporating neural networks in order to find the optimal policy. Along with these models, we implemented five simple baseline strategies with various characteristics. These baseline strategies have partly been found in the literature and partly been developed by us, and are used to the evaluate the performance of our models. We achieve results on par with those found by Nevmyvaka, Feng and Kearns [9], but only for a few cases. Furthermore, dual NFK performed very similar to NFK, indicating that one can train one model (for both the buy and sell case) instead of two for the optimized trade execution problem. We also found that Sarsa(λ) with a modified reward function performed better than both these models, but is still outperformed by baseline strategies for many problem settings. Finally, we evaluated PPO for one problem setting and found that it outperformed even the best of the baseline strategies and models, showing promise for deep reinforcement learning methods for the problem of optimized trade execution.
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Morris, Nicole K. "Perception, Cognition, and Action in the Execution of a Motor Skill." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1303917744.
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Shalabi, Kholood Matouq. "Motor learning and inter-manual transfer of motor learning after a stroke." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.768491.
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Aims: 1) To measure automatically in stroke survivors and neurologically intact adults, learning, inter-manual transfer (ImT) and retention of learning (Ret.) of a task requiring two sequential actions embedded with-in a video game. 2) To assess the effect of age and side of stroke on learning, ImT, and Ret. of a motor task consisting of two sequentially linked actions. Participants: All participants were right hand dominant and included: A) 112 neurologically intact adults comprising: 72 younger adults (41 females), mean±SD age, 27.06±4.8 years, range 20-36 years and 40 older adults (26 females), mean±SD age 66.2±8.4 years, range 52- 86 years. B) 21 previously right-handed stroke survivors (7 females; 9 left hemiparesis), mean±SD age 66.7±9.3 years, range 54-82 years. Methods: We developed a video game that requires the player to perform two sequential actions to complete a task that mimics natural manipulation tasks. The players must first move a spaceship to a meteor (the Lock-in time phase), using isometric forces applied to game controllers using their hand muscles. The player must then track the trajectory of the meteor; (Hold/Track phase). The Lock-in time phase is assessed as the time from target presentation to achieving the target. The Hold/Track phase is assessed as the accuracy of Tracking within the meteor during the hold/Track phase. Performance is measured as the mean accumulative distance of the centre of the space ship from the outer edge of the target during periods when spaceship is outside the target. For both phases indicators, shorter distances represent higher performance. The Lock-in time and Hold/Track data were recorded for pre-training performance for the non-trained hand (nTH), pre-training performance for the trained hand (TH), training trials of the TH, reassessment after training of both the TH and the nTH, and a reassessment of both the TH and the nTH seven days after the baseline assessment. Statistical Analysis: Repeated-measures ANOVA was used; Time was the within-participant factor to examine learning. Two separate analyses were undertaken; to examine initial learning -Time (Pre, and Post Training) and to examine retention/consolidation - Time (Post- Training and Retention at one week). Age (Young, Older), Training Hand (right or left), and Group (neurologically intact or stroke survivors) were the between-participant factor. The dependent variables were Lock-in Time or Track.
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侯江濤 and Kong-to William Hau. "Artificial neural networks, motor programs and motor learning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31240227.
Full textBooks on the topic "Motor learning and execution"
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Rothstein, Anne L. Motor learning. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 1987.
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Rothstein, Anne L. Motor learning. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 1987.
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Kober, Jens, and Jan Peters. Learning Motor Skills. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03194-1.
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A, Crutchfield Carolyn, and Barnes Marylou R, eds. Motor control and motor learning in rehabilitation. Stokesville Pub. Co., 1993.
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Latash, Mark L., and Francis Lestienne, eds. Motor Control and Learning. Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28287-4.
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1948-, Reid Greg, and Collier Douglas Holden 1953-, eds. Motor learning and development. Human Kinetics, 2011.
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A, Wrisberg Craig, ed. Motor learning and performance. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics, 2004.
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Wayne, Shebilske, and Worchel Stephen, eds. Motor learning and control. Prentice Hall, 1993.
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A, Wrisberg Craig, ed. Motor learning and performance. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Motor learning and execution"
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Delgado-García, J. M., A. Gruart, J. A. Domingo, and J. A. Trigo. "Quantal neural mechanisms underlying movement execution and motor learning." In Biological and Artificial Computation: From Neuroscience to Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0032470.
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Wulf, Gabriele. "Motor Learning." In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_869.
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Morgan, Michael M., MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, et al. "Motor Learning." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_3411.
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Goertzel, Ben. "Motor Learning." In The Structure of Intelligence. Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4336-6_11.
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Carrière, Beate. "Motor Learning." In The Swiss Ball. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58864-8_3.
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Boehm, Matthias, Arun Kumar, and Jun Yang. "Execution Strategies." In Data Management in Machine Learning Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01869-5_5.
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Kokai, Yuki, Isao Nambu, and Yasuhiro Wada. "Identifying Motor Imagery-Related Electroencephalogram Features During Motor Execution." In Neural Information Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63836-8_8.
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Sherwood, David E. "Motor Control and Motor Learning." In Introduction to Exercise Science. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315177670-10.
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Sheridan, Martin R. "Initiation and Execution of Movement: A Unified Approach." In Tutorials in Motor Neuroscience. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3626-6_26.
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Annett, John. "Motor Learning: A Review." In Motor Behavior. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69749-4_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Motor learning and execution"
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Aslan, Oğuzhan, Kurt Kağan Kurtoğlu, Kutay Yeşilalan, and Sinem Burcu Erdoğan. "Machine Learning Based Prediction of Motor Imagery and Motor Execution Tasks from Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Signals." In Optics and the Brain. OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/brain.2020.bm4c.2.
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Corlaci, Ionut, and Mihaela Puiu. "THE WAYS FOR IMPROVING THE USE OF VISUAL FEEDBACK BY E-PROGRAMMES IN MEN'S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS." In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-225.
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An important element for improving technical performances in sport is the access of coaches and athletes to objective information regarding the form and content of specific movements. In artistic gymnastics, the organisation and regulation of motor behaviour, necessary to improve the perceptual motor skills, are based mainly on proprioceptive information. Hypothesis: We want to highlight through this research the fact that by using visual feedback we can shorten or improve time for learning elements, combinations of elements, but also create attractive exercises in high performance training. However, an important role is played by visual information in the awareness of spatial characteristics of movements and bodily sensations correctly associated with the phases that compose the technical structures. In this paper we intend to introduce a training method, successfully applied on learning, correcting and perfecting the art of men's artistic gymnastics, based on visual feedback. For this method we used a modern technical system that enables the recording, storage and playback of actions executed by athletes as a video image. Visual information was provided to athletes and coaches in different ways. Thus, they tracked and analysed both their own technical execution of the structures made in the same exercise as well as different training and execution models made by elite gymnasts compared to their own executions. Improving the attractiveness of work on training apparatus in conjunction with desire for self-improvement and reporting their evolutions to the top values of the world order represent the aim of this research. The results found a shorter learning time or correcting technical elements with greater stability executions correct them after the consolidation phase.
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Casellato, Claudia, Marta Gandolla, Alessandro Crippa, and Alessandra Pedrocchi. "Robotic set-up to quantify hand-eye behavior in motor execution and learning of children with autism spectrum disorder." In 2017 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2017.8009372.
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Belov, Dmitry, Samba BA, Ji Tang Liu, Anton Kolyshkin, and Sergio Daniel Rocchio. "Data-Driven PHM Solution for Health Monitoring of Mud Motor Power Sections While Drilling." In SPE Europec featured at 82nd EAGE Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205219-ms.
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Abstract Mud motors are widely used for directional and performance drilling. Due to the extremely challenging operating conditions, they are prone to failures, resulting in unnecessary maintenance repair costs as well as unpredictable and very costly drilling failure. Until now, the oil and gas industry has lacked reliable procedures to monitor and maintain the health of the mud motor power sections. Recently, we systematically addressed this problem with an industry unique prognostic health management solution, which not only tracks remaining useful life (RUL), but also creates a new failure prevention scheme for operators. The key objective of this solution is to reduce maintenance costs and improve mud motor fleet reliability. It's based on a high-fidelity model and uses a hybrid approach by combining a high-fidelity physics-based model of a power section and data-driven approaches with machine learning techniques for real-time applications. The new methodology was tested in the field with great success. The verification of the created solution was completed based on numerous field data from Saudi Arabia and Argentina. Comparison of the predicted mud motor fatigue values with the actual observed post-job conditions and job failures demonstrated high fidelity of the developed models. The whole solution is currently being integrated into a drilling platform including the maintenance system, the well construction planning, and the execution. The first application of the workflow was deployed in the field in Colombia targeting reduction of maintenance cost and failure avoidance. The result was outstanding, with the initial deployment bringing about 27% of projected yearly maintenance savings and 10% of projected yearly failure reduction. It enables using the equipment to the full extent with increased drilling performance without sacrificing reliability. In addition, it optimizes the entire fleet management with reduced cost of logistics and maintenance. The findings of this paper demonstrate the value of the mud motor PHM solution for the oil and gas industry by providing accurate prognosis of power section health, leading to reduced costs, minimized NPT, and increased operational reliability.
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Yadav, Singh Anurag, and Imran Muhammad Chohan. "Offset Data Analysis and Seam Less Execution Through Real Time Monitoring Results in Step Change in Drilling Performance." In SPE Europec featured at 82nd EAGE Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205152-ms.
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Abstract In oil and gas drilling, consistency of performance delivery heavily depends upon rig capability and its ability to maintain performance assurance through its execution cycle. It's not an uncommon occurrence that a rig is found with an underperforming top drive, one such scenario was observed in an in-fill oil well drilling project. This project was essentially drilling horizontal wells with bottom hole assemblies which had primary drive mechanism as a top drive. The rig in question was struggling to provide not only the requisite RPM but also not been able to deliver consistent torque needed to drill the well. This study analyzes how severe rig limitations were overcome through an optimization plan in which most optimal BHA was designed and drilling practices were customized for safe and successful execution of wells. In order to understand root cause of the challenge, an offset well analysis was conducted, it identified that high torque was mostly generated while drilling through inter-bedded formations which typically caused top drive to stall. In addition, multiple tool failures were encountered due to the high stick slip which rig couldn't mitigate due to the low RPM yield of the top drive. To manage the rpm and torque limitations, a motorized RSS BHA was designed as a solution. Further, based on micro-stall events of motor only BHA's across the inter-bedded formations in the field, a stick slip management tool was placed below the motor so that a potential twist-off and/or motor damages can be avoided. Also, different bottom hole assembly's drilling dynamics response were analyzed to come up with optimal stabilization and connection practices to avoid back reaming while trip outs. This paper would showcase actual results which highlight improvements achieved in stagnant drilling performance of the project. The analysis would demonstrate how multiple wells were drilled in one run following the risk assessment developed from the optimization study and subsequent real time monitoring of mitigating actions while execution. The comprehensive bottoms-up drilling optimization approach helped save 4 planned days for each well, this really paves way to pursue applied-engineering solutions to achieve step change in drilling performances, especially on rigs which are severely limited either due to capacity or malperformance issues. The bottoms up approach taken to understand the drilling challenges followed by a methodical approach to address each of the challenges demonstrate importance of effective pre-job planning. Learnings from this study can be adopted as a template to mitigate similar drilling challenges.
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Gong, J. Q., and Bin Yao. "Indirect Neural Network Adaptive Robust Control of Linear Motor Drive System." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33420.
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In this paper, an indirect neural network adaptive robust control (INNARC) scheme is developed for the precision motion control of linear motor drive systems. The proposed INNARC achieves not only good output tracking performance but also excellent identifications of unknown nonlinear forces in system for secondary purposes such as prognostics and machine health monitoring. Such dual objectives are accomplished through the complete separation of unknown nonlinearity estimation via neural networks and the design of baseline adaptive robust control (ARC) law for output tracking performance. Specifically, recurrent neural network (NN) structure with NN weights tuned on-line is employed to approximate various unknown nonlinear forces of the system having unknown forms to adapt to various operating conditions. The design is actual system dynamics based, which makes the resulting on-line weight tuning law much more robust and accurate than those in the tracking error dynamics based direct NNARC designs in implementation. With a controlled learning process achieved through projection type weights adaptation laws, certain robust control terms are constructed to attenuate the effect of possibly large transient modelling error for a theoretically guaranteed robust output tracking performance in general. Experimental results are obtained to verify the effectiveness of the proposed INNARC strategy. For example, for a typical point-to-point movement, with a measurement resolution level of ±1μm, the output tracking error during the entire execution period is within ±5μm and mainly stays within ±2μm showing excellent output tracking performance. At the same time, the outputs of NNs approximate the unknown forces very well allowing the estimates to be used for secondary purposes such as prognostics.
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Nguyen, Van-Hanh, Fre´de´ric Me´rienne, Jean-Luc Martinez, and Thierry Pozzo. "An Approach for Measuring the Human Gesture Learning Ability in Third-Person View Virtual Environment for Motor Rehabilitation." In ASME 2010 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2010-3736.
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In this paper, we describe a novel and quantitative approach to assess the capability of performing training task in the third-person view virtual environment for motor rehabilitation. Our proposed approach is based on human gestures which are constructed from gesture-units according to levels of complexity. Experimented in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, human gestures are represented by a virtual human thus the training task of the subject is to memorize those gestures and then to reproduce them. Performance of executing this training task is measured by the similarity between the virtual human’s gesture and the subject one which is captured by an optical motion capture device. In practice, a combination of performance and the complexity of the gesture is carried out to evaluate the ability of learning the human gestures of the subject.
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Thomas Philip, Titto, and Sergey Ziatdinov. "Learnings from Building a Vendor Agnostic Automated Directional Drilling System." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205864-ms.
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Abstract The post COVID-19 era will undoubtedly present paradigm shifts in operational planning and execution and advanced automation will become an important factor. However, drilling automation without directional drilling (Cayeux 2020) capability will exclude the use of automation in a vast number of fields where precise placement of the wellbore has shifted from a luxury to a necessity. This is important in unconventional plays where automation can make a step change in operational outcomes (Chmela 2020). However, most efforts in automating directional drilling are using bespoke rigs (Slagmulder 2016) and bespoke bottom hole assembly (BHA) that limit operational options. The goal is in designing systems that enable directional drilling automation (Chatar 2018) with existing BHAs. This paper will look at three challenges that were identified and overcome to deploy a vendor agnostic system for automating the directional drilling (DD) process. The three challenges identified here are as follows:Using any mud motor including low-cost motors in a closed loopIntegration with an existing measurement and logging while drilling (MLWD) systemAbility to roll out automation systems on any operations with existing rigs The system is a modification of an operator’s autonomous drilling system (Rassenfoss 2011), designed to use existing rigs, BHAs and have minimum footprint on the rigs for operational use. The system will have a dedicated connection to the rig’s programmable logic controller (PLC) via common industrial protocols including Modbus, EthernetIP or Profinet, a physical connection the MLWD receiver and a brain box with a cloud connection to aggregate, process data and send commands to the rig PLC to execute directional commands. A vendor agnostic system will increase adoption of automated technologies and further drive improvements in operational and business performance.
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Grosu, Vlad teodor, Tatiana Dobrescu, and Emilia Grosu. "GENERAL AND HAND-EYES COORDINATION IN MENTAL TRAINING OF ALPINE SKIERS." In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-231.
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Abstract The aims of this study was: 1. to assess the influence of mental training on manual focused attention and manual response; 2. we analyzed the influence of mental training on the increase in motor coordonation and reactivity influenced, all in certain athletes (skiers). Problem Statement The samples of subjects tested are aged 12 and 16. The athletes who participated in this study are part of ski groups within School sports clubs. The experimental group comprises athletes from Gheorgheni (HR), Baia-Sprie (MM), while the control group includes of athletes from Topli?a (HR), Sibiu (SB), Predeal (BV) and Sinaia (PH). These tests we conducted our research in the application of mental training techniques in the experimental group and comparing them with the control group. Purpose of Study through this study we analyze the influence of mental training on: 1. the increase of concentration of attention and response to skiers manual; 2. increase motor coordination and reactivity. It is known that in alpine skiing the hit action of pennant is very important. Methods We used a device called: System for evaluation in transport and work psychology, version 04/2007, made by Professor H?v?rneanu C. (2007). According to integrated functional blocks, the proposed methodologic nucleus allows to obtain indices of informational, execution and self-regulation capacity, markers of behavior. We applied 2 tests: ACRM (concentrated attention with manual reaction), which provides information on the ability to pay attention in activities with required pace and dynamic field observations specific to alpine skiing. The other test applied was CMR (motor coordination and reactivity), which provides information on the ability of motor coordination - the adequacy and synchronizing of movements, speed and accuracy of complex reactions, motor learning, emotional balance - self-regulation, specific to alpine skiing. Findings and Results was performed using SPSS 15.0. For the comparison of means between groups of subjects we applied ANOVA and Post Hoc test. Correlation between variables was performed by Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The charts are made with the method Box plot showing: minimum and maximum value; median, percentiles 75 and 25; extreme scores. Testing for the hand-eye coordination capacity of skiers from mountain ski, by applying ACRM test (focused attention with manual reaction), hand-eye coordination. Indices measured with this test: VP - perception speed=number of omissions, EP- perception accuracy= number of errors, EX- focused attention Testing for motor coordination capacity and skiers of mountain ski reactivity, mental control of fatigue, using the test CRM. Indices measured with the test: IM- motor learning, CMC- movement coordination, ER- reaction accuracy, RR- reaction speed, CMD- movement coordination- dissociate movement synchronization, CMS- movement coordination- associate-dissociate movement synchronization, AR- self-regulation (tested in the beginning and end for both groups). Conclusions and Recommendations The comparative analysis of test scores applied to the studied groups and statistical significance we can say that by applying mental training improves outcome in focus and manual reaction in the experimental group. These results in turn causes increased athletic performance, as can be seen analyze competitions in January 2015, in the groups studied.
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Teodoru, Marian daniel, and Razvanliviu Petre. "THE EFFICIENT LEARNING OF STRIKES IN RELATION TO THE KARATE-DO STANCES BY MEANS OF THE PEDAR-X PLANTAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM." In eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-240.
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Relying on modern means, the objectivization of the essential characteristics of strikes in relation to fighter's stances can provide elements able to lead, on the one hand, to their efficiency in the improvement process and, on the other hand, to the establishment of some basic technical elements incorporated into the learning algorithm. Hypothesis: Plantar pressure determines the strike efficiency. Objectives: To determine the relation among the fighting stances, strikes, plantar pressure and the execution speed within a checking experiment using one single group of subjects. Subjects: The research included 10 performance athletes (males) aged 21 to 24 years old. Initially, they were part of a sample made up of 35 subjects. Among the selection criteria (others than age), we mention the following: performance level, weight class and urban/rural provenance. Methods: The characteristics of our research required us to use the basic methods: observation method, questionnaire-based inquiry method, conversation method, test method, computerized method, statistical-mathematical method, but also the Pedar-X plantar pressure measurement system. Among the measures valorizing the plantar pressure, we mention: maximum pressures, mean pressures, aria. Results: The device software can emphasize, at the display level, the following elements: plantar print, pressure distribution on each of the insole sensors, 3-D pressure distribution, 2-D pressure distribution, gate analysis etc. Conclusions: The device used in our research (Pedar-X) allowed us to emphasize technical aspects extremely important to the field of motor activities, which can be implemented both in the learning initial stage and in the performance stage (by correcting the technical elements). An appropriate stance determines an appropriate plantar pressure, respectively an increased speed potential concretized in an increased efficiency. Plantar pressure becomes thus a technical landmark which determines the possibility to perform at an increased speed potential. The obtained results validate our research hypothesis and reject the statistical (null) hypothesis, a fact that compels us to extend to other technical aspects some studies which can prefigure new perspectives in the performance athletes' training.
Reports on the topic "Motor learning and execution"
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Hudson, Kesha N., and Michael T. Willoughby. The Multiple Benefits of Motor Competence Skills in Early Childhood. RTI Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rb.0027.2108.
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Recent findings from the Kids Activity and Learning Study complement North Carolina’s multidimensional approach to promoting school readiness by emphasizing the integrated nature of motor and cognitive development in early childhood. Children whose motor skills improved the most over the course of an academic year also tended to demonstrate the biggest gains in executive function and numeracy skills. Children who participated in adaptive, group-based motor skill activities demonstrated gains in motor competence, executive function, and numeracy skills. Incorporating motor activities into established classroom practices has the potential to facilitate multiple aspects of children’s development and promote school readiness. The brief includes specific recommendations for early childhood educators.
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ji, yuqin, hao tian, qiang ye, zhuoyan ye, and zeyu zheng. Effectiveness of exercise intervention on improving fundamental motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0013.
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Review question / Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available randomized controlled trial studies concerning the effects of exercise interventions on fundamental motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Condition being studied: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complicated and highly prevalent neuro-developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The CDC reported that the prevalence of ASD was estimated to be 1 in 59 in the United States by 2020. Along with typical symptoms, a couple of studies have indicated that individuals with ASD encounter a variety of challenges, including sleep disturbance, obesity, executive function deficits, physical inactivity, and motor dysfunctions. Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are the unnaturally occurring basic motor learning model of the human body, which are the building blocks for advanced specialized motor skills and for children and adolescents to participate in sports, games, or other context-specific physical activity.FMS falls into three different categories: (a) locomotor skills (e.g., running and hopping), (b) object control skills (e.g., catching and throwing), and balance or stability skills (e.g., balancing and twisting).
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Thrun, Sebastian. MAPLE: Multi-Agent Planning, Learning, and Execution. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421529.
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Zhu, Song-Chun. MATHEMATICS OF SENSING, EXPLOITATION, AND EXECUTION (MSEE) Sensing, Exploitation, and Execution (SEE) on a Foundation for Representation, Inference, and Learning. Defense Technical Information Center, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011558.
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Thompson, Richard F. A Biological Neural Network Analysis of Learning and Memory: The Cerebellum and Sensory Motor Conditioning. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada304568.
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Nickerson, Jeffrey, Kalle Lyytinen, and John L. King. Automated Vehicles: A Human/Machine Co-learning Perspective. SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022009.
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Automated vehicles (AVs)—and the automated driving systems (ADSs) that enable them—are increasing in prevalence but remain far from ubiquitous. Progress has occurred in spurts, followed by lulls, while the motor transportation system learns to design, deploy, and regulate AVs. Automated Vehicles: A Human/Machine Co-learning Experience focuses on how engineers, regulators, and road users are all learning about a technology that has the potential to transform society. Those engaged in the design of ADSs and AVs may find it useful to consider that the spurts and lulls and stakeholder tussles are a normal part of technology transformations; however, this report will provide suggestions for effective stakeholder engagement.
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Jelsma, Dorothee, Reza Abdollahipour, Farhad Ghadiri, et al. Evidence-based practice interventions for children and young people with Developmental Coordination Disorder - A scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.2.0028.
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Review question / Objective: The aim of this review was to identify, qualify, evaluate and synthesise interventions used for children and young people with Developmental Coordination Disorder. The PCC was used to develop the review question: Population – children and young people with disorders of motor coordination aged to 25 years, not due to neurological disease or disorder eg. Cerebral Palsy. Concept - any method aimed to improve/treat/intervene in areas of motor learning, motor control, motor coordination or motor skill. Context - information on methods of delivery of interventions to consider context and cultural factors influencing delivery as well as details of intervention timing and outcomes. Primary Question: What interventions are being used for children and young people with DCD? Secondary Questions: How are these interventions being implemented? What outcomes are evident?
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SAINI, RAVINDER, AbdulKhaliq Alshadid, and Lujain Aldosari. Investigation on the application of artificial intelligence in prosthodontics. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0096.
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Review question / Objective: 1. Which artificial intelligence techniques are practiced in dentistry? 2. How AI is improving the diagnosis, clinical decision making, and outcome of dental treatment? 3. What are the current clinical applications and diagnostic performance of AI in the field of prosthodontics? Condition being studied: Procedures for desktop designing and fabrication Computer-aided design (CAD/CAM) in particular have made their way into routine healthcare and laboratory practice.Based on flat imagery, artificial intelligence may also be utilized to forecast the debonding of dental repairs. Dental arches in detachable prosthodontics may be categorized using Convolutional neural networks (CNN). By properly positioning the teeth, machine learning in CAD/CAM software can reestablish healthy inter-maxillary connections. AI may assist with accurate color matching in challenging cosmetic scenarios that include a single central incisor or many front teeth. Intraoral detectors can identify implant placements in implant prosthodontics and instantly input them into CAD software. The design and execution of dental implants could potentially be improved by utilizing AI.
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Kulhandjian, Hovannes. AI-based Pedestrian Detection and Avoidance at Night using an IR Camera, Radar, and a Video Camera. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2127.
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In 2019, the United States experienced more than 6,500 pedestrian fatalities involving motor vehicles which resulted in a 67% rise in nighttime pedestrian fatalities and only a 10% rise in daytime pedestrian fatalities. In an effort to reduce fatalities, this research developed a pedestrian detection and alert system through the application of a visual camera, infrared camera, and radar sensors combined with machine learning. The research team designed the system concept to achieve a high level of accuracy in pedestrian detection and avoidance during both the day and at night to avoid potentially fatal accidents involving pedestrians crossing a street. The working prototype of pedestrian detection and collision avoidance can be installed in present-day vehicles, with the visible camera used to detect pedestrians during the day and the infrared camera to detect pedestrians primarily during the night as well as at high glare from the sun during the day. The radar sensor is also used to detect the presence of a pedestrian and calculate their range and direction of motion relative to the vehicle. Through data fusion and deep learning, the ability to quickly analyze and classify a pedestrian’s presence at all times in a real-time monitoring system is achieved. The system can also be extended to cyclist and animal detection and avoidance, and could be deployed in an autonomous vehicle to assist in automatic braking systems (ABS).
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Avellán, Leopoldo, Zulima Leal Calderon, and Giulia Lotti. Why do some Development Projects Disburse Funds Faster than Others. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003839.
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The timely disbursement of funds is a necessary condition for the success of international development projects. Disbursements track the progress of projects in completing the products that ultimately will deliver the projects desired outcomes. Moreover, in a world with pressing needs for external financing, project disbursements are an important source of external liquidity for recipient countries. However, some projects start disbursing faster than others and at relatively larger amounts. Hence learning why some projects disburse faster than others is important to understand not only which projects are more likely to achieve development outcomes sooner, but also to assess their value as providers of external liquidity in times of distress. As it has become evident over the past year with the COVID-19 pandemic, multilateral lending has played a crucial role in helping emerging countries face the larger financing needs originated by the crisis. In 2020, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) disbursements increased 49% over 2019, reaching $13.4 billion, more than doubling the baseline disbursement projection. This paper assesses which observable characteristics of investment loans offered by the IDB are associated with faster disbursements. The results indicate substantial heterogeneity across countries, sectors, and loan modalities. All else constant, results-based loans and loans in the social sector are more likely to disburse within 2 years after being approved. Projects in countries where it takes longer to meet at least some of the clauses to start disbursing are less likely to start disbursing 2 years after approval. Projects that are expected to have longer execution times disburse at slower speeds within 24 months after approval. Overall, country factors seem to play a more relevant role than sectorial factors in explaining the probability that a project will disburse funds quickly. These and other findings in the paper can inform future programming exercises and help optimize the disbursement processes.