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Journal articles on the topic 'Motor neurons ; Muscle receptors ; Neural transmission'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Majeed, Zana R., Esraa Abdeljaber, Robin Soveland, et al. "Modulatory Action by the Serotonergic System: Behavior and Neurophysiology inDrosophila melanogaster." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7291438.

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Serotonin modulates various physiological processes and behaviors. This study investigates the role of 5-HT in locomotion and feeding behaviors as well as in modulation of sensory-motor circuits. The 5-HT biosynthesis was dysregulated by feedingDrosophilalarvae 5-HT, a 5-HT precursor, or an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase during early stages of development. The effects of feeding fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during early second instars were also examined. 5-HT receptor subtypes were manipulated using RNA interference mediated knockdown and 5-HT receptor insertional

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Pflüger, Hans-Joachim, and Carsten Duch. "Dynamic Neural Control of Insect Muscle Metabolism Related to Motor Behavior." Physiology 26, no. 4 (2011): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00002.2011.

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Skeletal muscle innervation differs between vertebrates and insects. Insect muscle fibers exhibit graded electrical potentials and are innervated by excitatory, inhibitory, and also neuromodulatory motoneurons. The latter form a unique class of unpaired neurons with bilaterally symmetrical axons that release octopamine to alter the efficacy of synaptic transmission and regulate muscle energy metabolism by activating glycolysis. Octopaminergic neurons that innervate muscles with a high energy demand, for example, flight muscles that move the wings of a locust up and down, are active during rest

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Fung, Candice, Petra Unterweger, Laura J. Parry, Joel C. Bornstein, and Jaime P. P. Foong. "VPAC1 receptors regulate intestinal secretion and muscle contractility by activating cholinergic neurons in guinea pig jejunum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 306, no. 9 (2014): G748—G758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00416.2013.

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In the gastrointestinal tract, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is found exclusively within neurons. VIP regulates intestinal motility via neurally mediated and direct actions on smooth muscle and secretion by a direct mucosal action, and via actions on submucosal neurons. VIP acts via VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors; however, the subtype involved in its neural actions is unclear. The neural roles of VIP and VPAC1 receptors (VPAC1R) were investigated in intestinal motility and secretion in guinea pig jejunum. Expression of VIP receptors across the jejunal layers was examined using RT-PCR. Submuco

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Smith, Terence Keith, and Sang Don Koh. "A model of the enteric neural circuitry underlying the generation of rhythmic motor patterns in the colon: the role of serotonin." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 312, no. 1 (2017): G1—G14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00337.2016.

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We discuss the role of multiple cell types involved in rhythmic motor patterns in the large intestine that include tonic inhibition of the muscle layers interrupted by rhythmic colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) and secretomotor activity. We propose a model that assumes these motor patterns are dependent on myenteric descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) interneurons. Asynchronous firing in 5-HT neurons excite inhibitory motor neurons (IMNs) to generate tonic inhibition occurring between CMMCs. IMNs release mainly nitric oxide (NO) to inhibit the muscle, intrinsic primary aff

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Kim, Jin Wook, Su Jin Kim, and Khae Hawn Kim. "Past, Present, and Future in the Study of Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract." International Neurourology Journal 24, no. 3 (2020): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5213/inj.2040318.159.

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The neurological coordination of the lower urinary tract can be analyzed from the perspective of motor neurons or sensory neurons. First, sensory nerves with receptors in the bladder and urethra transmits stimuli to the cerebral cortex through the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain. Upon the recognition of stimuli, the cerebrum carries out decision-making in response. Motor neurons are divided into upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs) and UMNs coordinate storage and urination in the brainstem for synergic voiding. In contrast, LMNs, which originate in the spinal cor

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Fox, Lyle E., and Philip E. Lloyd. "Glutamate is a Fast Excitatory Transmitter at Some Buccal Neuromuscular Synapses in Aplysia." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (1999): 1477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1477.

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Studies of the modulation of synaptic transmission in buccal muscle of Aplysiawere limited because the conventional fast transmitter used by a number of large buccal motor neurons was unknown. Most of the identified buccal motor neurons are cholinergic because they synthesize acetylcholine (ACh) and their excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) are blocked by the cholinergic antagonist hexamethonium. However, three large identified motor neurons (B3, B6, and B38) do not synthesize ACh and their EJPs are not inhibited by hexamethonium. To identify the fast excitatory transmitter used by these non

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Yavuz, Utku Ş., Francesco Negro, Robin Diedrichs, and Dario Farina. "Reciprocal inhibition between motor neurons of the tibialis anterior and triceps surae in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 5 (2018): 1699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00424.2017.

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Motor neurons innervating antagonist muscles receive reciprocal inhibitory afferent inputs to facilitate the joint movement in the two directions. The present study investigates the mutual transmission of reciprocal inhibitory afferent inputs between the tibialis anterior (TA) and triceps surae (soleus and medial gastrocnemius) motor units. We assessed this mutual mechanism in large populations of motor units for building a statistical distribution of the inhibition amplitudes during standardized input to the motor neuron pools to minimize the effect of modulatory pathways. Single motor unit a

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Wang, Zhong-Min, Anna Carolina Zaia Rodrigues, María Laura Messi та Osvaldo Delbono. "Aging Blunts Sympathetic Neuron Regulation of Motoneurons Synaptic Vesicle Release Mediated by β1- and α2B-Adrenergic Receptors in Geriatric Mice". Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, № 8 (2020): 1473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa022.

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Abstract This study was designed to determine whether and how the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulates motoneuron axon function and neuromuscular transmission in young (3–4-month) and geriatric (31-month) mice. Our approach included sciatic-peroneal nerve immunolabeling coregistration, and electrophysiological recordings in a novel mouse ex-vivo preparation, the sympathetic-peroneal nerve-lumbricalis muscle (SPNL). Here, the interaction between the motoneuron and SNS at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and muscle innervation reflect the complexity of the living mouse. Our data show that

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Perez-Medina, Alberto L., and James J. Galligan. "Optogenetic analysis of neuromuscular transmission in the colon of ChAT-ChR2-YFP BAC transgenic mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, no. 5 (2019): G569—G579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00089.2019.

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Propulsion of luminal content along the gut requires coordinated contractions and relaxations of gastrointestinal smooth muscles controlled by the enteric nervous system. Activation of excitatory motor neurons (EMNs) causes muscle contractions, whereas inhibitory motor neuron (IMN) activation causes muscle relaxation. EMNs release acetylcholine (ACh), which acts at muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells and adjacent interstitial cells of Cajal, causing excitatory junction potentials (EJPs). IMNs release ATP (or another purine) and nitric oxide to cause inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs

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Carpenter, David O. "Neural mechanisms of emesis." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 2 (1990): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-036.

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Emesis is a reflex, developed to different degrees in different species, that allows an animal to rid itself of ingested toxins or poisons. The reflex can be elicited either by direct neuronal connections from visceral afferent fibers, especially those from the gastrointestinal tract, or from humoral factors. Emesis from humoral factors depends on the integrity of the area postrema; neurons in the area postrema have excitatory receptors for emetic agents. Emesis from gastrointestinal afferents does not depend on the area postrema, but probably the reflex is triggered by projections to some par

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MIFTAHOF, R. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ROLE OF CO-TRANSMISSION BY ACETYLCHOLINE AND SEROTONIN ON MOTILITY OF THE GUT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 06, no. 04 (2006): 399–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519406002035.

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Electrophysiological mechanisms of co-transmission by serotonin (5-HT) and acetylcholine (ACh), co-expression of their receptor types, i.e., 5-HT type 3 and 4, nicotinic cholinerginc (nACh) and muscarinic cholinergic (μACh), and effects of selective and non-selective 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor agonists/antagonists, on electromechanical activity of the gut were studied numerically. Two series of numerical experiments were performed. First, the dynamics of the generation and propagation of electrical signals interconnected with the primary sensory (AH) neurons, motor (S) neurons and smooth muscle

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Rees, S., I. Nitsos, and J. Rawson. "Prenatal development of somatosensory primary afferent connections in the sheep." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 3 (1995): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950427.

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A summary is presented of recently published studies on the structural and functional development of cutaneous and muscle receptors and the connections of their afferent fibres in fetal sheep (n = 26) aged between 67 and 143 days gestation (term, 146 days). In these studies it was shown that primary afferent fibres projected to, and made synaptic connections with, dorsal horn neurons in lumbosacral spinal cord by 56-61 days gestation. Sensory innervation of the skin occurred later by about 75 days gestation and, at this age, stimulation of the skin first activated cutaneous afferent fibres and

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Thompson, John A., and David J. Perkel. "Endocannabinoids mediate synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses on spiny neurons within a basal ganglia nucleus necessary for song learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 3 (2011): 1159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00676.2010.

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Activation of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R) in many central nervous system structures induces both short- and long-term changes in synaptic transmission. Within mammalian striatum, endocannabinoids (eCB) are one of several mechanisms that induce synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic terminals onto medium spiny neurons. Striatal synaptic plasticity may contribute a critical component of adaptive motor coordination and procedural learning. Songbirds are advantageous for studying the neural mechanisms of motor learning because they possess a neural pathway necessary for song learning and adu

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Gil, Víctor, Diana Gallego, Laura Grasa, María Teresa Martín, and Marcel Jiménez. "Purinergic and nitrergic neuromuscular transmission mediates spontaneous neuronal activity in the rat colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 299, no. 1 (2010): G158—G169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00448.2009.

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Nitric oxide (NO) and ATP mediate smooth muscle relaxation in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the involvement of these neurotransmitters in spontaneous neuronal activity is unknown. The aim of the present work was to study spontaneous neuromuscular transmission in the rat midcolon. Microelectrode experiments were performed under constant stretch both in circular and longitudinal directions. Spontaneous inhibitory junction potentials (sIJP) were recorded. Tetrodotoxin (1 μM) and apamin (1 μM) depolarized smooth muscle cells and inhibited sIJP. Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA, 1 mM) depolarized

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Soja, Peter J., Niwat Taepavarapruk, Walton Pang, Brian E. Cairns, Shelly A. McErlane, and Miguel C. Fragoso. "Transmission through the Dorsal Spinocerebellar and Spinoreticular Tracts." Anesthesiology 97, no. 5 (2002): 1178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200211000-00023.

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Background Most of what is known regarding the actions of injectable barbiturate anesthetics on the activity of lumbar sensory neurons arises from experiments performed in acute animal preparations that are exposed to invasive surgery and neural depression caused by coadministered inhalational anesthetics. Other parameters such as cortical synchronization and motor ouflow are typically not monitored, and, therefore, anesthetic actions on multiple cellular systems have not been quantitatively compared. Methods The activities of antidromically identified dorsal spinocerebellar and spinoreticular

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Shaylor, Lara A., Sung Jin Hwang, Kenton M. Sanders, and Sean M. Ward. "Convergence of inhibitory neural inputs regulate motor activity in the murine and monkey stomach." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 311, no. 5 (2016): G838—G851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00062.2016.

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Inhibitory motor neurons regulate several gastric motility patterns including receptive relaxation, gastric peristaltic motor patterns, and pyloric sphincter opening. Nitric oxide (NO) and purines have been identified as likely candidates that mediate inhibitory neural responses. However, the contribution from each neurotransmitter has received little attention in the distal stomach. The aims of this study were to identify the roles played by NO and purines in inhibitory motor responses in the antrums of mice and monkeys. By using wild-type mice and mutants with genetically deleted neural nitr

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DiCello, Jesse J., Pradeep Rajasekhar, Emily M. Eriksson та ін. "Clathrin and GRK2/3 inhibitors block δ-opioid receptor internalization in myenteric neurons and inhibit neuromuscular transmission in the mouse colon". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, № 2 (2019): G79—G89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2019.

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Endocytosis is a major mechanism through which cellular signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is terminated. However, recent studies demonstrate that GPCRs are internalized in an active state and continue to signal from within endosomes, resulting in effects on cellular function that are distinct to those arising at the cell surface. Endocytosis inhibitors are commonly used to define the importance of GPCR internalization for physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here, we provide the first detailed examination of the effects of these inhibitors on neurogenic contractions o

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Wiley, J. W., Y. X. Lu, and C. Owyang. "Evidence for a glutamatergic neural pathway in the myenteric plexus." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 261, no. 4 (1991): G693—G700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.4.g693.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether L-glutamate (L-Glu) may serve as a neurotransmitter candidate in the guinea pig myenteric plexus. We observed that [3H]Glu and gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid were synthesized from [3H]glutamine and released from neurons of the myenteric plexus during K+ and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium-evoked depolarization in a concentration-dependent manner. Muscle tension studies performed on ileal longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (LM-MP) preparations revealed that L-Glu [mean effective dose (ED50) 2.5 x 10(-5) M] produced concentration-dependent co

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McCulloch, Katherine A., Yingchuan B. Qi, Seika Takayanagi-Kiya, Yishi Jin, and Salvatore J. Cherra. "Novel Mutations in Synaptic Transmission Genes Suppress Neuronal Hyperexcitation in Caenorhabditis elegans." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7, no. 7 (2017): 2055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.117.042598.

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Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (AChR) regulate neural circuit activity in multiple contexts. In humans, mutations in ionotropic acetylcholine receptor (iAChR) genes can cause neurological disorders, including myasthenia gravis and epilepsy. In Caenorhabditis elegans, iAChRs play multiple roles in the locomotor circuit. The cholinergic motor neurons express an ACR-2-containing pentameric AChR (ACR-2R) comprised of ACR-2, ACR-3, ACR-12, UNC-38, and UNC-63 subunits. A gain-of-function mutation in the non-α subunit gene acr-2 [acr-2(gf)] causes defective locomotion as well as spontaneous c

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Näslund, E., M. Ehrström, J. Ma, P. M. Hellström, and A. L. Kirchgessner. "Localization and effects of orexin on fasting motility in the rat duodenum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 282, no. 3 (2002): G470—G479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00219.2001.

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The orexins [orexin A (OXA) and orexin B (OXB)] are novel neuropeptides that increase food intake in rodents. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of orexin and orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) in the rat duodenum and examine the effects of intravenous orexin on fasting gut motility. OXA-like immunoreactivity was found in varicose nerve fibers in myenteric and submucosal ganglia, the circular muscle, the mucosa, submucosal and myenteric neurons, and numerous endocrine cells of the mucosa. OXA neurons displayed choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, and a subset containe

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Hazari, Mehdi S., Jenny H. Pan, and Allen C. Myers. "Nerve growth factor acutely potentiates synaptic transmission in vitro and induces dendritic growth in vivo on adult neurons in airway parasympathetic ganglia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 292, no. 4 (2007): L992—L1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00216.2006.

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Elevated levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF-mediated neural plasticity may have a role in airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although NGF is known to affect sensory and sympathetic nerves, especially during development, little is known regarding its effect on parasympathetic nerves, especially on adult neurons. The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute and chronic effects of NGF on the electrophysiological and anatomical properties of neurons in airway parasympathetic ganglia from adult guinea pigs. Using single cell recording, di

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Nakamura, Shiro, Tomio Inoue, Kan Nakajima, et al. "Synaptic Transmission From the Supratrigeminal Region to Jaw-Closing and Jaw-Opening Motoneurons in Developing Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 4 (2008): 1885–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01145.2007.

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The supratrigeminal region (SupV) receives abundant orofacial sensory inputs and descending inputs from the cortical masticatory area and contains premotor neurons that target the trigeminal motor nucleus (MoV). Thus it is possible that the SupV is involved in controlling jaw muscle activity via sensory inputs during mastication. We used voltage-sensitive dye, laser photostimulation, patch-clamp recordings, and intracellular biocytin labeling to investigate synaptic transmission from the SupV to jaw-closing and jaw-opening motoneurons in the MoV in brain stem slice preparations from developing

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Burkin, D. J., J. E. Kim, M. Gu, and S. J. Kaufman. "Laminin and alpha7beta1 integrin regulate agrin-induced clustering of acetylcholine receptors." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 16 (2000): 2877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.16.2877.

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The clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the post-synaptic membrane of skeletal muscle is an early developmental event in the formation of the neuromuscular junction. Several studies show that laminin, as well as neural agrin, can induce AChR clustering in C2C12 myofibers. We recently showed that specific isoforms of the alpha7beta1 integrin (a receptor normally found at neuromuscular junctions) colocalize and physically interact with AChR clusters in a laminin-dependent fashion. In contrast, induction with agrin alone fails to promote localization of the integrin with AChR cluster

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Moezzi, Bahar, Natalie Schaworonkow, Lukas Plogmacher, et al. "Simulation of electromyographic recordings following transcranial magnetic stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (2018): 2532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00626.2017.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique that enables noninvasive manipulation of neural activity and holds promise in both clinical and basic research settings. The effect of TMS on the motor cortex is often measured by electromyography (EMG) recordings from a small hand muscle. However, the details of how TMS generates responses measured with EMG are not completely understood. We aim to develop a biophysically detailed computational model to study the potential mechanisms underlying the generation of EMG signals following TMS. Our model comprises a feed-forward network of corti

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Bruenech, Jan Richard, Inga-Britt Kjellevold Haugen, Ulla Bak, Marianne Maagaard, and Frans VanderWerf. "The Oculomotor Systems Ability to Adapt to Structural Changes Caused by the Process of Senescence: A Review." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 5, no. 1 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol5i1p1-14.

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Age-related binocular vision anomalies are frequently encountered during clinical examination of mature patients. Observations of both concomitant and incomitant restrictions in eye motility indicate that all oculomotor system levels are implicated, from cortical neurons down to extraocular muscles. The system can make adaptations in response to changes induced by growth and ageing, which it does by monitoring and adjusting its own performance. This adaptive mechanism, which is important for maintaining motility, spatial orientation, and perceptual stability, seems to rely on extra-retinal inf

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Bottjer, Sarah W. "Silent Synapses in a Thalamo-Cortical Circuit Necessary for Song Learning in Zebra Finches." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (2005): 3698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00282.2005.

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Developmental changes in synaptic properties may act to limit neural and behavioral plasticity associated with sensitive periods. This study characterized synaptic maturation in a glutamatergic thalamo-cortical pathway that is necessary for vocal learning in songbirds. Lesions of the projection from medial dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus (DLM) to the cortical nucleus lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN) greatly disrupt song behavior in juvenile birds during early stages of vocal learning. However, such lesions lose the ability to disrupt vocal behavior in norma

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Clementi, Francesco. "LA RISPECIFICAZIONE DEL TRASMETTITORE E DEL RECETTORE È UNA NUOVA FORMA DI PLASTICITÀ DEL SISTEMA NERVOSO NELL’ADULTO." Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio, July 18, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2018.358.

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After some words on the scientific role of Professor Paolo Mantegazza atthe University of Milan (4, 5, 6), I briefly illustrate some studies related to the occurrence of neurotransmitter and receptor re-specification in the adult animals. The greatdiscoveries of the early twentieth century on neuronal communication have established that the majority of communication between nerve cells occurs through a special structure, the synapse, allowing the one-way transfer of information between twocells through the release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell and its recognition by receptors

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Solomon, Emilia, Katie Davis-Anderson, Blake Hovde, et al. "Global transcriptome profile of the developmental principles of in vitro iPSC-to-motor neuron differentiation." BMC Molecular and Cell Biology 22, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12860-021-00343-z.

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Abstract Background Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have opened new avenues for regenerative medicine. Consequently, iPSC-derived motor neurons have emerged as potentially viable therapies for spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative disorders including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. However, direct clinical application of iPSC bears in itself the risk of tumorigenesis and other unforeseeable genetic or epigenetic abnormalities. Results Employing RNA-seq technology, we identified and characterized gene regulatory networks triggered by in vitro chemical reprogramming of iPSC into

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Sumi, Tomonari, and Kouji Harada. "Mechanism underlying hippocampal long-term potentiation and depression based on competition between endocytosis and exocytosis of AMPA receptors." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71528-3.

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Abstract N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of signal transmission form neural circuits and thus are thought to underlie learning and memory. These mechanisms are mediated by AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking in postsynaptic neurons. However, the regulatory mechanism of bidirectional plasticity at excitatory synapses remains unclear. We present a network model of AMPAR trafficking for adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons, which reproduces both LTP and LTD. We show that the induction of both LTP and LTD is regulated by the c

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"Innervation of dipteran eclosion muscles: ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, physiology and death." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 341, no. 1298 (1993): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1993.0122.

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The thoracic eclosion muscles of flies die by cytotoxic attack under neural control. We have investigated the innervation, ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of the ventral eclosion muscle of Glossina . Two neurons located in the thoracic ganglion innervate this muscle. One of these is immunoreactive for serotonin and does not provide motor innervation. It appears to terminate near the attachment of an immunocyte involved in the dismantling of the muscle. The neuromuscular junction has features that distinguish it from any other chemical junction. A narrow, 3 nm gap separates pre- and pos

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Jabur Al-Janabi, Akram Hussein, and Hikmat Adil Aziz Al-Lami. "The Effect of P.N.F Exercises in Repeated Contraction in Improving Muscle Balance and Speed of Neural Signaling for Persons with Special Needs (C.P37) and Completion of (400 m)." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, SPL1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v9ispl1.1350.

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The paralysis of the brain is one of the categories suffering from paralysis of the upper and lower extremities. This paralysis makes the body unbalanced in terms of the range of motor and the amounts of muscle strength either between the extremities of the body and the injured or the right side of the muscles between the material and the second side of the affected party and this affects significantly In many of the amounts of strength and flexibility that have a large role in the kinetic variables during the 400 m race and the exercises of sensory sensory muscle (pnf) of the exercises that h

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Karaki, Shin-Ichiro, and Ryo Tanaka. "Role of PGE2 in colonic motility: PGE2 attenuates spontaneous contractions of circular smooth muscle via EP4 receptors in the rat colon." Journal of Physiological Sciences 71, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12576-021-00791-4.

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AbstractColonic motor activity is important for the formation and propulsion of feces. The production of prostaglandins (PGs) in colonic tissue is considered to play a critical role in the generation and regulation of colonic motility. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of PGE2 and selective agonists of four EP receptors on the spontaneous phasic contractions, called ‘giant contractions’ (GCs), of mucosa-free circular smooth muscle strips from the rat middle colon. Neural blockade with tetrodotoxin (TTX) increased the frequency and amplitude of the GCs by about twofold. Howe

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Patricio, Felipe, Alan Axel Morales-Andrade, Aleidy Patricio-Martínez, and Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón. "Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Target: Evidence of its Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Function in Parkinson’s Disease." Frontiers in Pharmacology 11 (December 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.595635.

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The phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. have, since ancient times, been proposed as a pharmacological alternative for treating various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Interestingly, cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are highly expressed in the basal ganglia (BG) circuit of both animals and humans. The BG are subcortical structures that regulate the initiation, execution, and orientation of movement. CBRs regulate dopaminergic transmission in the nigro-striatal pathway and, thus, the BG circuit also. The functioning of the BG is affected in pathologies related to movement disorders, espe

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Patricio, Felipe, Alan Axel Morales-Andrade, Aleidy Patricio-Martínez, and Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón. "Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Target: Evidence of its Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Function in Parkinson’s Disease." Frontiers in Pharmacology 11 (December 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.595635.

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Abstract:

The phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. have, since ancient times, been proposed as a pharmacological alternative for treating various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Interestingly, cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are highly expressed in the basal ganglia (BG) circuit of both animals and humans. The BG are subcortical structures that regulate the initiation, execution, and orientation of movement. CBRs regulate dopaminergic transmission in the nigro-striatal pathway and, thus, the BG circuit also. The functioning of the BG is affected in pathologies related to movement disorders, espe

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