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1

Knight, C. A., and G. Kamen. "Superficial motor units are larger than deeper motor units in human vastus lateralis muscle." Muscle & Nerve 31, no. 4 (2005): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20265.

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2

Fuglevand, Andrew J., Rosemary A. Lester, and Richard K. Johns. "Distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic factors underlying firing rate saturation in human motor units." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (2015): 1310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00777.2014.

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During voluntary contraction, firing rates of individual motor units (MUs) increase modestly over a narrow force range beyond which little additional increase in firing rate is seen. Such saturation of MU discharge may be a consequence of extrinsic factors that limit net synaptic excitation acting on motor neurons (MNs) or may be due to intrinsic properties of the MNs. Two sets of experiments involving recording of human biceps brachii MUs were carried out to evaluate saturation. In the first set, the extent of saturation was quantified for 136 low-threshold MUs during isometric ramp contracti
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3

Brown, William F., Michael J. Strong, and Robert Snow. "Methods for estimating numbers of motor units in biceps-brachialis muscles and losses of motor units with aging." Muscle & Nerve 11, no. 5 (1988): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880110503.

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4

Bailey, E. Fiona, Keith W. Fridel, and Amber D. Rice. "Sleep/Wake Firing Patterns of Human Genioglossus Motor Units." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 6 (2007): 3284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00865.2007.

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Although studies of the principal tongue protrudor muscle genioglossus (GG) suggest that whole muscle GG electromyographic (EMG) activities are preserved in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, it is unclear what influence sleep exerts on individual GG motor unit (MU) activities. We characterized the firing patterns of human GG MUs in wakefulness and NREM sleep with the aim of determining 1) whether the range of MU discharge patterns evident in wakefulness is preserved in sleep and 2) what effect the removal of the “wakefulness” input has on the magnitude of the respiratory modulation of MU act
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5

Murtazina, Aysylu F., Aleksandra I. Belyakova-Bodina, and Amayak G. Brutyan. "Electrophysiological methods for estimation of the number of motor units." Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 11, no. 2 (2017): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.18454/acen.2017.2.8.

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Various neurological diseases involving motor neurons or their axons lead to decrease in the number of functioning motor units (MU). Counting the number of intact MUs plays significant role in assessing the progression of the pathological process associated with motor neuron death. Quantitative estimation of MUs using routine electromyography methods is usually impossible. Therefore, electrophysiological methods for estimation of the number of MUs, currently known under the common name MUNE (motor unit number estimation), are being discovered over the past decades. The first publication on MUN
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6

Murtazina, Aysylu F., Aleksandra I. Belyakova-Bodina, and Amayak G. Brutyan. "Electrophysiological methods for estimation of the number of motor units." Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 11, no. 2 (2017): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.17816/acen.2017.2.8.

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Various neurological diseases involving motor neurons or their axons lead to decrease in the number of functioning motor units (MU). Counting the number of intact MUs plays significant role in assessing the progression of the pathological process associated with motor neuron death. Quantitative estimation of MUs using routine electromyography methods is usually impossible. Therefore, electrophysiological methods for estimation of the number of MUs, currently known under the common name MUNE (motor unit number estimation), are being discovered over the past decades. The first publication on MUN
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7

Palmer, S. S., and E. E. Fetz. "Discharge properties of primate forearm motor units during isometric muscle activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 5 (1985): 1178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.5.1178.

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Activity of single motor units (MUs) was recorded in forelimb muscles of rhesus macaques while they generated isometric ramp-and-hold torques about the wrist. Multiunit electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from 10-12 identified flexor and extensor muscles of the wrist and digits with implanted EMG wire electrodes. Single MUs from these muscles were recorded with a remotely controlled tripolar microelectrode array. The parent muscle of each MU was determined by compiling MU-triggered averages of multiunit EMGs. The MU firing patterns during the isometric task were determined from respo
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8

Defreitas, Jason M., Travis W. Beck, Xin Ye, and Matt S. Stock. "Synchronization of low- and high-threshold motor units." Muscle & Nerve 49, no. 4 (2014): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.23978.

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9

Johns, Richard K., and Andrew J. Fuglevand. "Number of motor units in human abductor hallucis." Muscle & Nerve 43, no. 6 (2011): 895–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.22071.

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10

Sokoloff, Alan J. "Localization and Contractile Properties of Intrinsic Longitudinal Motor Units of the Rat Tongue." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 2 (2000): 827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.827.

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Tongue dysfunction is a hallmark of many human clinical disorders, yet we lack even a rudimentary understanding of tongue neural control. Here, the location and contractile properties of intrinsic longitudinal motor units (MUs) of the rat tongue body are described to provide a foundation for developing and testing theories of tongue motor control. One hundred and sixty-five MUs were studied by microelectrode penetration and stimulation of individual motor axons coursing in the terminal portion of the lateral (retrusor) branch of the hypoglossal nerve in the rat. Uniaxial MU force was recorded
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11

McNulty, Penelope A., and Vaughan G. Macefield. "Intraneural microstimulation of motor axons in the study of human single motor units." Muscle & Nerve 32, no. 2 (2005): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20324.

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12

Emeryk-Szajewska, Barbara, and Jerzy Kopeć. "PS-54-4 Reorganization of motor units (MUS) in motor neuron disease (MND)." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control 97, no. 4 (1995): S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-980x(95)93285-2.

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13

Palmer, S. S., and E. E. Fetz. "Effects of single intracortical microstimuli in motor cortex on activity of identified forearm motor units in behaving monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 5 (1985): 1194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.5.1194.

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We examined the magnitude and extent of output effects elicited from focal cortical sites on the activity of individual motor units (MUs) by delivering single-pulse intracortical microstimuli (S-ICMS) (5-15 microA) during isometric wrist activity. Stimulation sites in the precentral gyrus (area 4) were chosen for study if stimulus-triggered averages (stimulus-TAs) of multiunit electromyograms (EMGs) revealed poststimulus facilitation (PStimF) of EMG activity in any of the coactivated wrist muscles. Single MUs were then isolated in the facilitated muscles with a remotely controlled tripolar mic
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14

Gossen, E. Roderich, Tanya D. Ivanova, and S. Jayne Garland. "Ischemia sensitivity and motoneuron afterhyperpolarization in human motor units." Muscle & Nerve 30, no. 2 (2004): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20083.

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15

Callister, Robert J., Sanjay Sesodia, Roger M. Enoka, Patti M. Nemeth, Robert M. Reinking, and Douglas G. Stuart. "Fatigue of rat hindlimb motor units: Biochemical- physiological associations." Muscle & Nerve 30, no. 6 (2004): 714–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20158.

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16

Del Valle, Alejandro, and Christine K. Thomas. "Firing rates of motor units during strong dynamic contractions." Muscle & Nerve 32, no. 3 (2005): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20371.

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17

Roy, Roland R., Alan Garfinkel, Melinda Ounjian, et al. "Three-dimensional structure of cat tibialis anterior motor units." Muscle & Nerve 18, no. 10 (1995): 1187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880181015.

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18

Doherty, Timothy J., and William F. Brown. "Age-related changes in the twitch contractile properties of human thenar motor units." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 1 (1997): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.93.

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Doherty, Timothy J., and William F. Brown. Age-related changes in the twitch contractile properties of human thenar motor units. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 93–101, 1997.—The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aging on the contractile and electrophysiological properties of human thenar motor units (MUs). Percutaneous electrical stimulation of single motor axons within the median nerve was used to isolate and examine the twitch tensions, contractile speeds, and surface-detected MU action potential (S-MUAP) sizes of 48 thenar MUs in 17 younger subjects (25–53 yr) and 44 thenar MUs
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19

Spielmann, J. M., and E. K. Stauffer. "Morphological observations of motor units connected in-series to Golgi tendon organs." Journal of Neurophysiology 55, no. 1 (1986): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.1.147.

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The glycogen-depletion technique (17, 32) has been used to examine the functional and morphological relationships between single isolated motor units (MUs) and single isolated Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) that were excited by the MUs in the soleus muscle of the cat. All MUs whose twitch contraction generated a brisk discharge from the GTOs during the rising and plateau phase of force development had a muscle fiber attached specifically to the proximal end of the GTOs. A significant (P less than 0.05) linear relationship was found between GTO discharge rate and the cross-sectional area of the mus
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20

Rafuse, V. F., T. Gordon, and R. Orozco. "Proportional enlargement of motor units after partial denervation of cat triceps surae muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 4 (1992): 1261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.4.1261.

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1. To determine the capacity of motoneurons to increase their motor unit (MU) size by collateral sprouting and to assess this capacity in relation to the size of the motor nerve, we partially denervated soleus, lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles in adult and neonatal cats. Isometric force and extracellular nerve potentials were recorded from > or = 7% of the remaining MUs, 2.5-18 mo later. S1 or L7 roots were sectioned unilaterally and the number of remaining MUs was quantified by use of charge and force measurements. 2. The mean unit force increased inversely
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21

Konstanzer, A., R. Dengler, S. Hesse, J. Elek, and W. Wolf. "Weakness of motor units (MUs) in late amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 75 (January 1990): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(90)91986-y.

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22

Thomas, Christine K., Roland S. Johansson, and Brenda Bigland-Ritchie. "Incidence of F waves in single human thenar motor units." Muscle & Nerve 25, no. 1 (2001): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.10005.

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23

Tam, Siu Lin, Vey Archibald, Neil Tyreman, and T. Gordon. "Effect of exercise on stability of chronically enlarged motor units." Muscle & Nerve 25, no. 3 (2002): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.10057.

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24

Galea, Victoria, Darcy Fehlings, Susan Kirsch, and Alan McComas. "Depletion and sizes of motor units in spinal muscular atrophy." Muscle & Nerve 24, no. 9 (2001): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.1128.

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25

Dubose, Laniel, Teresa B. Schelhorn, and H. Peter Clamann. "Changes in contractile speed of cat motor units during activity." Muscle & Nerve 10, no. 8 (1987): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880100811.

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26

Dengler, Reinhard, Richard B. Stein, and Christine K. Thomas. "Axonal conduction velocity and force of single human motor units." Muscle & Nerve 11, no. 2 (1988): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880110209.

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27

Hamm, Thomas M., Patti M. Nemeth, Lata Solanki, Debra A. Gordon, Robert M. Reinking, and Douglas G. Stuart. "Association between biochemical and physiological properties in single motor units." Muscle & Nerve 11, no. 3 (1988): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880110309.

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28

Robinson, Andrew J., and H. Peter Clamann. "Effects of glucocorticoids on motor units in cat hindlimb muscles." Muscle & Nerve 11, no. 7 (1988): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880110706.

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29

Dorfman, Leslie J., Jane E. Howard, and Kevin C. McGill. "Triphasic behavioral response of motor units to submaximal fatiguing exercise." Muscle & Nerve 13, no. 7 (1990): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880130711.

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30

Dawson, A., J. Avraam, T. Thornton, C. Nicholas, and A. Jordan. "P039 Genioglossus motor control during mandibular advancement." Sleep Advances 4, Supplement_1 (2023): A48—A49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad035.123.

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Abstract Introduction High genioglossus muscle activity is thought to prevent/resolve upper airway collapse. Overall genioglossal activity results from the simultaneous firing of many motor units (MUs) which typically have one of 5 firing patterns: active only (IP) or at higher frequency (IT) during inspiration; active only (EP) or at higher frequency during expiration (ET); and constantly active without respiratory modulation (TT). To date, most experimental manipulations tested (e.g. hypoxia, hypercapnia, resistive loading) have influenced IP and IT MUs, with minimal changes in ET, EP and TT
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31

Piotrkiewicz, Maria, and Jan Celichowski. "Tetanic potentiation in motor units of rat medial gastrocnemius." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 67, no. 1 (2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2007-1630.

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Tetanic potentiation is a phenomenon, which expresses the ability of a motor unit (MU) to increase its force output in tetanic contractions above that predicted with an assumption of algebraic summation of single twitch responses. To quantify tetanic potentiation, a coefficient TPC (tetanic potentiation coefficient) was defined as a ratio of the areas below tetanic force recording corresponding to the single stimulus contribution and that of the single twitch. Single MUs (27 Slow, 71 Fast, Fatigue Resistant, and 47 Fast, Fatigable) were isolated from the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) by
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32

Doherty, Timothy J. "Effects of Short-Term Training on Physiologic Properties of Human Motor Units." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 25, no. 3 (2000): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h00-015.

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The human neuromuscular system possesses a remarkable ability to adapt to any change in the demands placed upon it. Adaptation to training or disuse is reflected in the activation patterns and physiologic properties of the motor unit (MU) pool in a given muscle group. This review summarizes the studies that have examined such adaptation at the level of the single MU. Disuse, as revealed by electrophysiologic studies, results in impaired MU recruitment and smaller twitch tensions in tow and high threshold MUs. Alternatively, short-term training improves MU recruitment and generally results in l
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33

Troiani, D., G. M. Filippi, and F. Andreasi Bassi. "Nonlinear Tension Summation of Different Combinations of Motor Units in the Anesthetized Cat Peroneus Longus Muscle." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 2 (1999): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.2.771.

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Nonlinear tension summation of different combinations of motor units in the anesthetized cat peroneus longus muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine the linearity of summation of the forces produced by the stimulation of different combinations of type identified motor units (MUs) in the cat peroneus longus muscle (PL) under isometric conditions. The muscle was fixed at its twitch optimal length, and the tension produced by the single MU was recorded during 24- and 72-Hz stimulation. The summation analysis was first carried out for MUs belonging to the same functional group, and then d
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34

Kryściak, Katarzyna, Jan Celichowski, Hanna Drzymała-Celichowska, Phillip F. Gardiner, and Piotr Krutki. "Force regulation and electrical properties of motor units in overloaded muscle." Muscle & Nerve 53, no. 1 (2015): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.24690.

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35

Chan, K. Ming, Timothy J. Doherty, and William F. Brown. "Contractile properties of human motor units in health, aging, and disease." Muscle & Nerve 24, no. 9 (2001): 1113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.1123.

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36

Turkawski, Stan J. J., and Theo M. G. J. van Eijden. "Action potential shape of rabbit masseter motor units and jaw angle." Muscle & Nerve 24, no. 11 (2001): 1551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.1182.

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37

Doherty, Timothy J., and William F. Brown. "A method for the longitudinal study of human thenar motor units." Muscle & Nerve 17, no. 9 (1994): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880170910.

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38

Galea, Victoria, Hubert De Bruin, Richard Cavasin, and Alan J. McComas. "The numbers and relative sizes of motor units estimated by Computer." Muscle & Nerve 14, no. 11 (1991): 1123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880141114.

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39

Richardson, Patrick A., and E. Fiona Bailey. "Tonically Discharging Genioglossus Motor Units Show No Evidence of Rate Coding With Hypercapnia." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (2010): 1315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00686.2009.

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The genioglossus (GG) is considered the principle protrudor muscle of the human tongue. Unlike most skeletal muscles, GG electromyographic (EMG) activities are robustly preserved in sleep and thus may fulfill a critical role in preserving airway patency. Previous studies in human subjects also confirm that the GG EMG increases in response to chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor stimulation. This increase occurs secondary to the recruitment of previously inactive motor units (MUs) and/or an increase in firing rate of already active MUs. Which strategy the nervous system uses when the synaptic driv
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40

Dick, T. E., F. J. Kong, and A. J. Berger. "Correlation of recruitment order with axonal conduction velocity for supraspinally driven diaphragmatic motor units." Journal of Neurophysiology 57, no. 1 (1987): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.57.1.245.

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Spontaneous activities of pairs of single diaphragmatic motor units (MUs) were recorded via two electrodes in anesthetized cats, ventilated with CO2 added to the inspired gas, which slightly enhanced respiratory drive (endtidal CO2 less than 6%). These MUs were characterized by their axonal conduction velocities (CVs) and relative onset times (defined as the time after onset of phrenic nerve activity until the MU began discharging divided by the duration of inspiration). Motor unit axonal CV was estimated by the conduction time and the distance between two points on the phrenic nerve. Results
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41

Gobbo, Massimiliano, Jan Celichowski, Piotr Krutki, Hanna Drzymała-Celichowska, Moshe Solomonow, and Claudio Orizio. "A novel method to attain sinusoidal mechanical responses from single motor units." Muscle & Nerve 51, no. 1 (2014): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.24464.

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42

Posa, Andreas, Andrej Temneanu, Alexander Emmer, Thomas Langer, and Malte Kornhuber. "Jitter patterns in conventional concentric needle electromyography recordings of regenerating motor units." Muscle & Nerve 62, no. 5 (2020): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.27033.

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43

Clamann, H. Peter, and Teresa B. Schelhorn. "Nonlinear force addition of newly recruited motor units in the cat hindlimb." Muscle & Nerve 11, no. 10 (1988): 1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880111012.

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44

Dengler, Reinhard, Annette Konstanzer, Gerald Küther, Stefan Hesse, Werner Wolf, and Albrecht Strupplerdr. "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Macro-EMG and twitch forces of single motor units." Muscle & Nerve 13, no. 6 (1990): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880130612.

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45

Wiegner, Allen W., M. Margaret Wierzbicka, Llewelyn Davies, and Robert R. Young. "Discharge properties of single motor units in patients with spinal cord injuries." Muscle & Nerve 16, no. 6 (1993): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880160613.

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46

Smith, L. A., E. Eldred, and V. R. Edgerton. "Effects of age at cordotomy and subsequent exercise on contraction times of motor units in the cat." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (1993): 2683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2683.

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The contraction times (CTs) of functionally isolated motor units (MUs) in the soleus (SOL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles were determined in cats that had been spinalized at ages 2 (n = 15) or 12 (n = 9) wk and then either subjected to exercise on a treadmill or simply given manipulative care of the hindlimbs. The MUs were tested approximately 12 wk after the low-thoracic cordotomy, and comparisons were made with data from control animals. The CT of 50.9 ms obtained for SOL units (n = 163) in the spinal cats was 22% shorter than the mean of 65.0 ms for MUs (n = 57) from control cats (n
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47

Cutsem, Michaël Van, Patrick Feiereisen, Jacques Duchateau, and Karl Hainaut. "Mechanical Properties and Behaviour of Motor Units in the Tibialis Anterior During Voluntary Contractions." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 22, no. 6 (1997): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h97-038.

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The present work was carried out to analyse the properties and behaviour of Tibialis anterior motor units (MUs) during voluntary contractions in humans. A total of 528 single MU mechanical properties was recorded in 10 subjects by means of the spike-triggered averaging (STA) technique. MU recruitment thresholds and discharge frequencies were recorded during linearly increasing maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The results indicate a mean (±SD) MU torque of 25.5 ± 21.5 mN•m. and a mean time-to-peak of 45.6 ± 13.6 ms. A comparison of the average MU twitch torque with that of the muscle allowe
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48

Gallina, Alessio, and Taian Vieira. "Territory and fiber orientation of vastus medialis motor units: A Surface electromyography investigation." Muscle & Nerve 52, no. 6 (2015): 1057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.24662.

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49

Wakeling, James M., and Douglas A. Syme. "Wave properties of action potentials from fast and slow motor units of rats." Muscle & Nerve 26, no. 5 (2002): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.10263.

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50

Lukács, Miklós, László Vécsei, and Sándor Beniczky. "Fiber density of the motor units recruited at high and low force output." Muscle & Nerve 40, no. 1 (2009): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21241.

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