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1
Wang, Yong, Hongguo Cai, Yinghua Liao, and Jun Gao. "Study on Global Parameters Optimization of Dual-Drive Powertrain System of Pure Electric Vehicle Based on Multiple Condition Computer Simulation." Complexity 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6057870.
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Equipped with two power sources, the dual-driving powertrain system for pure electric vehicles has a driving mode different from traditional electric vehicles. Under the premise that the structural form of the transmission system remains unchanged, the following transmission schemes can be adopted for double drive electric vehicles according to the demand power: the main and auxiliary electric transmission scheme (two motors are driven separately with dual-motor coupling drive), the transmission scheme in which the two motors always maintain coupling drive, and the speed-regulating type electric transmission scheme (the main motor is always responsible for driving, and the auxiliary motor is responsible for speed regulation). Therefore, a significant difference exists in the design methods of the power transmission system of double drive electric vehicles and existing vehicles. As for such differences, this paper adopts intelligent algorithm to design the parameters of the transmission system and introduces the genetic algorithm into the optimization design of parameters to obtain the optimal vital parameters of the power transmission system based on computer simulation. The prototype car used in this paper is a self-owned brand car; MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to build the vehicle simulation model, which is used for the computer simulation analysis of the vehicle dynamic performance and economy. It can be seen from the analysis result that the system parameters obtained by using the global optimization method proposed in this study can improve the vehicle dynamic performance and economic performance to varying degrees, which proves the efficiency and feasibility of the optimization method.
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Tucki, Karol, Andrzej Wasiak, Olga Orynycz, and Remigiusz Mruk. "Computer Simulation as a Tool for Managing the Technical Development of Methods for Diagnosing the Technical Condition of a Vehicle." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 2869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112869.
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Introduced by the Civil Code, the rules of road safety are introducing continuously increasingly strict requirements on motor vehicles. These requirements relate to various aspects of the technical condition of vehicles, both those that determine traffic safety and those that affect the vehicle’s environmental impact. The law requires regular diagnosis of the technical condition of vehicles in service. Diagnostic tests conducted in the form of road tests or the tests performed in workshop conditions allow to determine the symptoms of dysfunctions of the tested vehicle, not always clearly defining the causes and location of damage. The purpose of the work is the design the simulation of a station for of vehicle dynamics tests up to 3.5 t using simulation programs OpenModelica and SciLab. A simulation of the work of the stand for testing the dynamics of vehicles in the form of a chassis dynamometer was achieved. The program enables the simulation of tests: NEDC (New European Drive Cycle), WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure), CADCM150 (joint Artemis driving cycle—Motorway at vMax = 150 kph), CADCU (Common Artemis Driving Cycle—Urban), FTP75 EPA (Federal Test Procedure, Environmental Protection Agency). The simulator (for any assumed type of vehicle) can be used in two modes: 1. Introduction of the presumed cause—Generates the expected results in the functioning of the vehicle. This function can be used to create a cause–effect relational database. 2. Analysis of data from the actual diagnostic system suggesting the causes of the observed (measured) errors in the functioning of the system. The simulator can be used both to design and implement the technological development of intelligent diagnostic systems, and to support the creation of application software for a workshop diagnostic system. Introducing the simulator into practice will also enable the improvement of road safety management.
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Szántó, Attila, János Kiss, Tamás Mankovits, and Gusztáv Áron Szíki. "Dynamic Test Measurements and Simulation on a Series Wound DC Motor." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 4542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104542.
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Previously, a dynamic model and a simulation program for series wound DC motors (SWDCM) were developed in MATLAB/Simulink for modelling them in electric vehicles and mechatronic systems. The electromagnetic characteristics of the motor (electric resistances, dynamic inductances), which serve as input parameters of the program, were also measured. Additionally, locked rotor response measurements were performed to test the accuracy of the measured electromagnetic characteristics. This paper presents the experimental procedure and the results of dynamics test measurements that were performed on the same motor, including the procedure for the determination of the necessary input dynamic parameters for the simulation. While the motor spins up from rest, the intensity of the electric current and the angular speed of the rotor are measured. Finally, the simulation and dynamic test results are compared to check the proper operation of the simulation program.
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Uyulan, Çağlar, and Metin Gokasan. "Modeling, simulation and re-adhesion control of an induction motor–based railway electric traction system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 232, no. 1 (September 30, 2017): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651817732487.
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Increasing the traction force is a complex problem in the design of railway vehicles; therefore, effective traction systems and algorithms have to be developed. During the traction process, the verification of traction algorithms and control strategies are based on simulations covering all locomotive dynamics. In this article, traction model of a railway vehicle and re-adhesion control method based on simulation approach are investigated to obtain more effective results. The longitudinal dynamic of a railway vehicle having traction system, which comprises two parallel motor groups, each of which has two field-oriented induction motor connected in series, is simulated to examine time-dependent changes in motor stator currents, traction torque, adhesion and resistance forces according to a given speed reference. The interaction between the adhesion force and the slip ratio is established according to the Burckhardt adhesion model, and a modified super-twisting sliding mode slip control is implemented in a computer simulation under various contact conditions so that simulation results approve the presented control method works under the maximum adhesion force. The comparison between the classical and modified version of the proposed control strategy was made to better evaluate the performance of the control system and to better optimize the traction system.
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Kisilowski, Jerzy, and Jarosław Zalewski. "Selected aspects of motor vehicle dynamics on the example of a power-off straight line maneuver." Archives of Transport 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5647.
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In this paper the selected phenomena related to motor vehicle’s motion have been considered basing on a computer simulation. The vehicle performed a power-off straight line maneuver with different road conditions being included. All simulations have been performed in the MSC Adams/Car environment based on the available sports two-seater vehicle model, realizing the adopted maneuver at the instant speed of 100km/h. This enabled observation of the selected phenomena along the road long enough to relate them to different aspects of vehicle dynamics research. As for the randomly uneven road, almost similar and almost different profiles have been assumed for the left and right wheels of the vehicle. Additionally, two values of the coefficient determining the maximum amplitude of road irregularities have been selected: 0.3 for lower and 0.9 for higher irregularities, so the road surface conditions along with the flat road have been considered as one of the factors causing disturbances of the motor vehicle motion. Such research seems valuable from the point of view of road traffic safety and vehicle maintenance. This specific example is a presentation of the possible research on vehicle dynamics as well as a potential background for further considerations including different types of vehicles along with almost different road profiles for the left and right wheels of the given vehicle model. A power-off straight maneuver is not performed very often in normal road traffic. However, such test could be valuable when analyzing influence of the selected motor vehicle parameters, such as uneven loading, suspension characteristics, etc. on such maintenance features as stability, steerability and the influence of external disturbances acting on the moving vehicle. Further research provides different maneuvers and different simulation conditions.
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Riba, Jordi-Roger, Antoni Garcia, and Luís Romeral. "A computer experiment to simulate the dynamic behaviour of electric vehicles driven by switched reluctance motors." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 51, no. 4 (October 2014): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.0008.
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The study of the dynamic behaviour of electric vehicles is being incorporated in the syllabuses of an increasing number of graduate and undergraduate courses. This paper analyses the basic mechanical and electric concepts of electric traction applied to automobiles. For this purpose, in this work the switched reluctance motor is analysed. A model based on MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the behaviour of both the electric motor and the vehicle dynamics is described. It allows students to gain a better understanding of the fundamental mechanical and electrical concepts by simulating the system behavior in an interactive and flexible manner.
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Fansen, Kong, and Sui Jie. "Computer simulation of driver working memory processing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x34856.
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In general, using simulations to solve problems of human behaviour, as is done in engineering, is particularly difficult. Making use of research into motor vehicle manoeuvrability, this article studies, from the engineering perspective, a computer simulation of working memory processing disabilities of automobile drivers. Firstly, utilizing theories drawn from cognitive psychology, motor vehicle manoeuvrability dynamics, and fuzzy control theory, a driver working memory simulation model is advanced. The model integrates working memory, which is a critical factor in predicting complex cognitive manipulation activities. Secondly, the driver's working memory processing is simulated using the model, and its effects on motor vehicle manoeuvrability and stability are assessed. The test result shows that there is an optimal range of processing time for driving. The lower limit of the range is limited by human physiological limits. The upper limit is defined by the task's complexity. The task could not be finished if the information processing time for finishing the complex task is greater than the upper limit.
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Chen, Qiping, Yue Tian, Chuanjie Liao, Sheng Kang, and Ning Wang. "Electromagnetic simulation of an external rotor PM hub motor power device for distributed driving electric vehicle." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 10 (October 2020): 168781402096652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020966528.
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In order to increase efficiency and reliability of hub motor power device for distributed driving electric vehicle, a novel hub motor with an external rotor PM (permanent magnet) is designed and optimized. The performance parameters of hub motor are computed and selected based on vehicle dynamics indicators and the driving equations. This paper determines the optimum primary size of hub motor by choosing appropriate magnetic circuit structure and integrating three key parameters, including as stator split ratio, electromagnetic load and viscous damping coefficient. This paper has built the analysis model of external rotor PM hub motor, and simulated and analyzed the transient magnetic field of hub motor under no-load and load transient or steady state. Simulation results indicate that the external rotor PM hub motor designed by combining stator split ratio, electromagnetic load and viscous damping coefficient has satisfactory electromagnetic performance, which can satisfy the performance requirements and indicators of hub motor power device for distributed driving electric vehicles.
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Vo-Duy, Thanh, Minh C. Ta, Bảo-Huy Nguyễn, and João Pedro F. Trovão. "Experimental Platform for Evaluation of On-Board Real-Time Motion Controllers for Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 6448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236448.
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Electric vehicles are considered to be a greener and safer means of transport thanks to the distinguished advantages of electric motors. Studies on this object require experimental platforms for control validation purpose. Under the pressure of research, the development of these platforms must be reliable, safe, fast, and cost effective. To practically validate the control system, the controllers should be implemented in an on-board micro-controller platform; whereas, the vehicle model should be realized in a real-time emulator that behaves like the real vehicle. In this paper, we propose a signal hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for electric vehicles that are driven by four independent electric motors installed in wheels (in-wheel motor). The system is elaborately built on the basis of longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics, as well as kinematic and position models, of which the characteristics are complete and comprehensive. The performance of the signal hardware-in-the-loop system is evaluated by various open-loop testing scenarios and by validation of a representative closed-loop optimal force distribution control. The proposed system can be applied for researches on active safety system of electric vehicles, including traction, braking control, force/torque distribution strategy, and electronic stability program.
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Szántó, Attila, and Gusztáv Áron Szíki. "Review of Modern Vehicle Powertrains and Their Modelling and Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2020.2.29.
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Thanks to technological advances and environmental standards, as well as changing usage patterns, road vehicles are constantly developing. Electric and hybrid vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in today’s road transport. The most significant changes are probably in the powertrain of vehicles. The efficiency of internal combustion engines increases while their emissions continue to decline. In addition, high performance electric motors, batteries and even fuel cells play an increasingly important role in hybrid and electric vehicles. In this publication, we review the drive systems of current modern vehicles and the types and characteristics of their major components. We also review the available models and computer programs for their simulation, focusing mainly on MATLAB/Simulink applications. Based on this, we can develop our own models and simulation programs which will help us to perform different driving dynamics simulations and to compare the performance, dynamic and energetic characteristics of these powertrains and their components to each other.
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Dantas, Amanda Danielle O. da S., André Felipe O. de A. Dantas, João Tiago L. S. Campos, Domingos L. de Almeida Neto, and Carlos Eduardo T. Dórea. "PID Control for Electric Vehicles Subject to Control and Speed Signal Constraints." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6259049.
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A PID control for electric vehicles subject to input armature voltage and angular velocity signal constraints is proposed. A PID controller for a vehicle DC motor with a separately excited field winding considering the field current constant was tuned using controlled invariant set and multiparametric programming concepts to consider the physical motor constraints as angular velocity and input armature voltage. Additionally, the integral of the error, derivative of the error constraints, and λ were considered in the proposed algorithm as tuning parameters to analyze the DC motor dynamic behaviors. The results showed that the proposed algorithm can be used to generate control actions taking into account the armature voltage and angular velocity limits. Also, results demonstrate that a controller subject to constraints can improve the electric vehicle DC motor dynamic; and at the same time it protects the motor from overvoltage.
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Wu, Xiaogang, Dianyu Zheng, Tianze Wang, and Jiuyu Du. "Torque Optimal Allocation Strategy of All-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Difference of Efficiency Characteristics between Axis Motors." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061122.
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All-wheel drive is an important technical direction for the future development of pure electric vehicles. The difference in the efficiency distribution of the shaft motor caused by the optimal load matching and motor manufacturing process, the traditional torque average distribution strategy is not applicable to the torque distribution of the all-wheel drive power system. Aiming at the above problems, this paper takes the energy efficiency of power system as the optimization goal, proposes a dynamic allocation method to realize the torque distribution of electric vehicle all-wheel drive power system, and analyzes and verifies the adaptability of this optimization algorithm in different urban passenger vehicle working cycles. The simulation results show that, compared with the torque average distribution method, the proposed method can effectively solve the problem that the difference of the efficiency distribution of the two shaft motors in the power system affects the energy consumption of the power system. The energy consumption rate of the proposed method is reduced by 5.96% and 5.69%, respectively, compared with the average distribution method under the China urban passenger driving cycle and the Harbin urban passenger driving cycle.
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Bogdevičius, Marijonas, Olegas Prentkovskis, and Oleg Vladimirov. "ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY PROBLEMS OF ROAD TRANSPORT." TRANSPORT 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2004): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637952.
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The authors of this paper focus on the simulation of the motor vehicle movement (taking into consideration motor vehicle dynamics, motor vehicle hydraulic brake system influence on motor vehicle movement, interaction between its wheels with road pavements, road guardrail characteristics, interaction between motor vehicle and road guardrail) on a certain road section and propose their specific solution of this problem. The presented results, illustrating the motor vehicle movement trajectories (motor vehicle braking and interaction between motor vehicle and road guardrail at various initial conditions and at various certain pavement surface of the road section under investigation) and work of a motor vehicle hydraulic brake system. Taking into consideration the presented general mathematical model and computer aided test results it is possible to investigate various road transport traffic situations as well as to investigate various transport traffic safety problems.
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Dou, Haishi, Youtong Zhang, and Likang Fan. "Design of Optimized Energy Management Strategy for All-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 8218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178218.
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The performance of the all-wheel-drive electric vehicle is inseparable from the energy management strategy (EMS). An outstanding EMS could extend the cycling mileage, coordinating the power output of the battery and exerts the advantage of the motor comprehensively. However, the current EMS has poor performance in real-time, and this paper proposes the dynamic programming coordination strategy (DPCS) to solve the problem. Firstly, the EMS based on a rule-based control strategy (RBCS) is applied in a different driving cycle. Secondly, the dynamic programming algorithm (DP) is proposed in the process. The DPCS cooperated the advantage of RBCS and DP, extracting the boundary parameters along with the demand power and vehicle speed. Finally, the number of motors joined in the driving condition is elucidated and the method obtains the optimal torque split ratio through a partly-known driving cycle. By incorporating the thought of a basis of rules, the DPCS determines the torque of each motor that confirm the motor working in an efficient range that incorporates the mind of dynamic programming. The method is validated through the simulation. The results show that the strategy can significantly improve the mileage of the driving cycle, with comprehensive performance in energy distribution and utilization.
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Xing, Jiaming, Liang Chu, and Chong Guo. "Optimization of Energy Consumption Based on Traffic Light Constraints and Dynamic Programming." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182295.
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Traffic lights are an important part of urban roads. They improve traffic conditions but bring about a limitation of driving speed in the space–time domain for vehicles. In this paper, a traffic light model based on a vehicle–road cooperative system is built. The model provides the vehicle with speed constraints when passing the green light in the time–space domain. A global-optimization-based energy management strategy based on dynamic programming (DP) is constructed with the constraints. The simulations are performed for two driving situations of different signal phases with the electric vehicle driven by a single power source. Compared with the traditional fixed speed driving strategy and green light optimal speed advisory (GLOSA) system, the energy management strategy proposed in this paper is able to control operating points of the motor to be distributed in more efficiency areas. A higher economy is achieved from simulation results.
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Fu, Jiangtao, Shuzhong Song, Zhumu Fu, and Jianwei Ma. "Design of coordinated control strategy during driving mode switching for parallel hybrid electric vehicles." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 9 (November 22, 2018): 2507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331218803669.
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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require the power to drive the vehicle via a combination of internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric machine (EM). To improve the drivability, the smooth torque change during the driving mode switching is essential. This task can be achieved by using the coordinated control strategy. This paper presents a coordinated control strategy based on considering the different dynamic response characteristics of the ICE and the EM, which can effectively suppress the torque surge during the driving mode switching processes. The novelty lies in the proposed control is a motor active synchronization control strategy without clutch disengagement based on the mode switching classification. The coordinated control strategy is designed according to the classification of the driving modes. The objective is to minimize torque fluctuation and maintain or improve the driving performance of the vehicle. Results from the computer simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in reducing the torque surge without sacrificing vehicle performance.
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Elsherbiny, Hanaa, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed, and Mahmoud Elwany. "Comparative Evaluation for Torque Control Strategies of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 65, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.16672.
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This paper presents a detailed analysis and comparative investigation for the torque control techniques of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for electric vehicles (EVs). The study involves the field-oriented control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), and model predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) techniques. The control aims to achieve vehicle requirements that involve maximum torque per ampere (MTPA), minimum torque ripples, maximum efficiency, fast dynamics, and wide speed range. The MTPA is achieved by the direct calculation of reference flux-linkage as a function of commanded torque. The calculation of reference flux-linkage is done online by the solution of a quartic equation. Therefore, it is a more practical solution compared to look-up table methods that depend on machine parameters and require extensive offline calculations in advance. For realistic results, the IPMSM model is built considering iron losses. Besides, the IGBTs and diodes losses (conduction and switching losses) in power inverter are modeled and calculated to estimate properly total system efficiency. In addition, a bidirectional dc-dc boost converter is connected to the battery to improve the overall drive performance and achieve higher efficiency values. Also, instead of the conventional PI controller which suffers from parameter variation, the control scheme includes an adaptive fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to provide better speed tracking performance. It also provides a better robustness against disturbance and uncertainties. Finally, a series of simulation results with detailed analysis are executed for a 60 kW IPMSM. The electric vehicle (EV) parameters are equivalent to Nissan Leaf 2018 electric car.
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Liang, B., and S. D. Iwnicki. "Independently Rotating Wheels with Induction Motors for High-Speed Trains." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/968286.
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Railway vehicles with conventional wheelsets often experience problems of lateral instabilities or severe wear when running at high speed. The use of an independently rotating wheelset (IRW) can potentially eliminate the cause of wheelset hunting and reduce wheel wear as the mechanical feedback mechanism causing the problem is decoupled. This paper presents an investigation into the design of a novel induction motor configuration and controller for IRW in order to provide the stability required to satisfy the performance requirements for railway vehicles. A computer model of the mechanical and electrical parts of the system was developed. Simulation and experiments of the wheelsets with active driving motor control have demonstrated that a wheelset with independently driven wheels has a good stability performance over a traditional wheelset. Controllers with indirect field orientation control for dynamic control of an induction motor have shown to be suitable for this application in both its response and its controllability.
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Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, and Jia-Shiun Chen. "Optimized Fuel Economy Control of Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Particle Swarm Optimization." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092278.
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This research focused on real-time optimization control to improve the fuel consumption of power-split hybrid electric vehicles. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was implemented to reduce fuel consumption for real-time optimization control. The engine torque was design-variable to manage the energy distribution of dual energy sources. The AHS II power-split hybrid electric system was used as the powertrain system. The hybrid electric vehicle model was built using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation was performed according to US FTP-75 regulations. The PSO design objective was to minimize the equivalent fuel rate with the driving system still meeting the dynamic performance requirements. Through dynamic vehicle simulation and PSO, the required torque value for the whole drivetrain system and corresponding high-efficiency engine operating point can be found. With that, the two motor/generators (M/Gs) supplemented the rest required torques. The composite fuel economy of the PSO algorithm was 46.8 mpg, which is a 9.4% improvement over the base control model. The PSO control strategy could quickly converge and that feature makes PSO a good fit to be used in real-time control applications.
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Li, Huimin, Shoudao Huang, Derong Luo, Jian Gao, and Peng Fan. "Dynamic DC-link Voltage Adjustment for Electric Vehicles Considering the Cross Saturation Effects." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082046.
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The demands of remarkable reliability and high power density of traction systems are becoming more and more rigorous. The conflicting requirements imposed on the control strategy are higher accuracy and higher efficiency over the whole speed range. However, parameter variations caused by the cross coupling and magnetic saturation effect (omitted from the cross saturation effects in the following) are usually neglected in conventional control strategies, which could reduce the control precision. In order to fully consider the influence of parameter changes on the motor control and derive an approach that could realize the maximum efficiency during the whole speed range, this paper proposes a dynamic DC-link voltage adjustment strategy considering the cross coupling and magnetic saturation effects. The strategy can be categorized into three parts. Firstly, the torque request is transformed to the optimal current reference signal. Secondly, the differences between the setpoint and the real-time feedback signals of torque and voltage can be applied in the linearized function in the did,q coordinate. The solution guides the current vector into the optimal direction under the current and voltage limits to ensure the safety and reliability of the motor. Finally, last, the bus voltage can be modified according to the asked terminal voltage. A 10 kW prototype which instrumented a bidirectional DC-DC converter to regulating the bus voltage has been studied. The simulation and experiment results verify that the proposed control strategy can reduce the inverter losses in low speed region by offering the low bus voltage and track the actual maximum torque control trace more accurately, meanwhile, the flux weakening region can be delayed in high speed region by applying a high bus voltage. It helps the motor realize the high utilization rate of the DC-link voltage and guarantees the system reliability and robustness.
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Song, Pengxiang, Yulong Lei, and Yao Fu. "Multi-Objective Optimization and Matching of Power Source for PHEV Based on Genetic Algorithm." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051127.
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Power system parameter matching is one of the key technologies in the development of hybrid electric vehicles. The power source is the key component of the power system which composed of engine, motor, and battery. Reasonable power source parameters are conducive to improve the power, fuel economy, and emission performance of vehicles. In this paper, regarding the problem that the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) parameter matching needs to weigh different design objectives, a multi-objective optimization and matching method based on a genetic algorithm is proposed. The vehicle dynamic model is established based on MATLAB/Simulink (Mathworks in Natick, Massachusetts, USA), and the feasibility of the model is verified by simulation. The main performance parameters of the power source are matched by theoretical analysis, and the PHEV integrated optimization simulation platform is established based on Isight(Dassault Systemes in Paris, France) and MALTAB/Simulink. Power source components are optimized considering fuel economy and lightweight objectives under the performance constraints. Firstly, the optimal matching results under different weights are obtained by transforming different objectives into single objective, and the multi-island genetic algorithm is used to obtain the optimal matching results in which the equivalent fuel consumption of 100km is reduced by 1%. Then the Pareto solution is obtained using the NSGA-II algorithm. The optimal matching results can be found after determining the weights of different design objectives, which proves the effectiveness and superiority of the multi-objective optimization matching method. The optimization results show that compared with the original vehicle, the fuel economy effect is increased by 2.26% and the lightweight effect is increased by 8.26%.
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Liu, Chien-Sheng, Yi-Hsuan Lin, and Chiu-Nung Yeh. "Analytical Investigation on Torque of Three-Degree-of-Freedom Electromagnetic Actuator for Image Stabilization." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 6872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156872.
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In keeping with consumers’ preferences for electromagnetic motors of ever smaller power consumption, it is necessary to improve the power efficiency of the electromagnetic motors used in unmanned aerial vehicles and robots without sacrificing their performance. Three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) spherical motors have been developed for these applications. Accordingly, this study modifies the 3-DOF spherical motor proposed by Hirata’s group in a previous study (Heya, A.; Hirata, K.; Niguchi, N., Dynamic modeling and control of three-degree-of-freedom electromagnetic actuator for image stabilization, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 2018, 54, 8207905.) to accomplish a 3-DOF spherical motor for camera module with higher torque output in the large rotation angle. The main contribution of this study is to improve the static torque in the X- and Y-axes with an improved electromagnetic structure and a particular controlling strategy. In the structural design, eight symmetrical coils with specific coil combination are used instead of conventional four symmetrical coils. In this study, the development of the proposed 3-DOF spherical motor was constructed and verified by using a 3D finite-element method (3D FEM). The simulation results show that the proposed 3-DOF spherical motor has higher torque output in the large rotation angle when compared to the original 3-DOF spherical motor.
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Brdulak, Anna, Grażyna Chaberek, and Jacek Jagodziński. "Determination of Electricity Demand by Personal Light Electric Vehicles (PLEVs): An Example of e-Motor Scooters in the Context of Large City Management in Poland." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010194.
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Personal light electric vehicles (PLEVs) are a phenomenon that can currently be observed in cities, intended to be an ecological form of transport. The authors of the paper make an attempt to determine electricity consumption by PLEVs in the context of managing a large city in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The article is of a cognitive nature. Research questions posed against the background of the goal formulated are as follows: how strong will the demand for PLEVs be (in the example of e-motor scooters, taking into consideration the number of vehicles) and for the electricity consumed by PLEVs. The method used is a simulation model. The conducted analyses demonstrate that a dynamic growth of PLEVs will result in an increased energy demand, which must be taken into account by the cities, developing according to the sustainable development conception.
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Bai, Zhenyuan, Yufeng Lu, and Yunxia Li. "Method of Improving Lateral Stability by Using Additional Yaw Moment of Semi-Trailer." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 6317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236317.
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The lateral stability control of tractor semi-trailer plays a vital role for enhancing its driving safety, and the distributed electric drive structure of a hub motor creates opportunities and challenges for realising the lateral stability accurately. Based on the dynamics simulation software TruckSim, a nonlinear dynamic tractor semi-trailer model is established, and a MATLAB/Simulink linear three-degree-of-freedom monorail reference model is established. The upper controller adopts fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative control to export active yaw torque values of the tractor and semi-trailer. The lower controller outputs the driving/braking torque of each wheel according to the target wheel driving/braking rules and torque distribution rules. The tractor produce an active yaw torque through conventional differential braking the hub motor is installed on both sides of the semi-trailer, and the active yaw torque is produced by the coordinated control of the driving/braking torque of the hub motor and the differential braking of the mechanical braking system. To prevent wheel locking, the slip rate of each wheel is controlled. Finally, based on the TruckSim–MATLAB/Simulink cosimulation platform, cosimulation is performed under typical working conditions. The simulation results show that the control strategy proposed in this report is superior to the conventional differential braking control (ESP). It can not only improve the lateral stability of the vehicle more effectively, but also improve the roll stability.
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Yang, Yang, Qiang He, Yongzheng Chen, and Chunyun Fu. "Efficiency Optimization and Control Strategy of Regenerative Braking System with Dual Motor." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030711.
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The regenerative braking system of electric vehicles can not only achieve the task of braking but also recover the braking energy. However, due to the lack of in-depth analysis of the energy loss mechanism in electric braking, the energy cannot be fully recovered. In this study, the energy recovery problem of regenerative braking using the independent front axle and rear axle motor drive system is investigated. The accurate motor model is established, and various losses are analyzed. Based on the principle of minimum losses, the motor control strategy is designed. Furthermore, the power flow characteristics in electric braking are analyzed, and the optimal continuously variable transmission (CVT) speed ratio under different working conditions is obtained through optimization. To understand the potential of dual-motor energy recovery, a regenerative braking control strategy is proposed by optimizing the dynamic distribution coefficient of the dual-electric mechanism and considering the restrictions of regulations and the I curve. The simulation results under typical operating conditions and the New York City Cycle (NYCC) proposed conditions indicate that the improved strategy has higher joint efficiency. The energy recovery rate of the proposed strategy is increased by 1.18% in comparison with the typical braking strategy.
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Mwasilu, Francis. "Direct Predictive Speed Control of Salient PMSM Drives in Constant Torque and Constant Power Regimes for Electric Vehicles Applications." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 39, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v39i2.700.
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A direct speed control of salient permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives in constant torque and constant power regimes for electric vehicles applications is presented. The proposed speed control scheme is derived from model predictive control approach where both rotor speed and stator current are formulated in a single objective function that is periodically computed to attain the PMSM drive optimum switching states. The dynamic model of the PMSM intrinsically encompasses the unknown disturbance, which should be rejected for high-performance speed control especially in transient conditions. Consequently, the extended modified augmented state Kalman filter (ASKF) is incorporated in the proposed scheme to enhance the transient performance of the salient PMSM drive. Finally, the proposed speed control strategy reveals a fast-transient speed response when compared to the conventional dual current loop PI-based speed controller over extended speed range and load torque variations. The computer simulation conducted using MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results obtained using PMSM laboratory prototype are presented considering constant torque and constant power regions to confirm the efficacy of the proposed speed control strategy.
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Pan, Chaofeng, Yanyan Liang, Long Chen, and Liao Chen. "Optimal Control for Hybrid Energy Storage Electric Vehicle to Achieve Energy Saving Using Dynamic Programming Approach." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040588.
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In this paper, the efficiency characteristics of battery, super capacitor (SC), direct current (DC)-DC converter and electric motor in a hybrid power system of an electric vehicle (EV) are analyzed. In addition, the optimal efficiency model of the hybrid power system is proposed based on the hybrid power system component’s models. A rule-based strategy is then proposed based on the projection partition of composite power system efficiency, so it has strong adaptive adjustment ability. Additionally. the simulation results under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) condition show that the efficiency of rule-based strategy is higher than that of single power system. Furthermore, in order to explore the maximum energy-saving potential of hybrid power electric vehicles, a dynamic programming (DP) optimization method is proposed on the basis of the establishment of the whole hybrid power system, which takes into account various energy consumption factors of the whole system. Compared to the battery-only EV based on simulation results, the hybrid power system controlled by rule-based strategy can decrease energy consumption by 13.4% in line with the NEDC condition, while the power-split strategy derived from the DP approach can reduce energy consumption by 17.6%. The results show that compared with rule-based strategy, the optimized DP strategy has higher system efficiency and lower energy consumption.
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Zheng, Jianbin, and Yiping Wu. "Development of a Practical Method to Estimate the Eco-Level of Driver Performance." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (October 26, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8151720.
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Motor vehicle’s fuel consumption is one of the main sources of energy consumption in road transportation and is highly influenced by driver performance in the process of driving. Eco-driving behavior has been proved to be an effective way to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles. Essential to the efforts towards saving vehicle fuel is the need to estimate the eco-level of driver performance accurately and practically. Depending on on-board diagnostics and Global Position devices, individual vehicle’s instantaneous fuel consumption, engine revolution and torque, speed, acceleration, and dynamic location were collected. Back-propagation network was adopted to explore the relationship between vehicle fuel consumption and the parameters of driver performance. Taking 700 data samples in basic segments of urban expressways as our training set and 100 data samples as validation test, we found the optimal model structure and parameters through repeated simulation experiments. In addition to the average and standard deviation value, the fluctuation frequency of driver performance data was also viewed as influence factors in eco-level estimation model. The average estimation accuracy of our developed model has been tested to be 96.37%, which is quite higher than that of linear regression model. The study results provide a practical way to evaluate drivers’ performance from the perspective of fuel consumption and thus give basis for rewarding best drivers within eco-driving programs.
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Chen, Zhen, Zhenqqi Gu, and Tao Jiang. "Research on transient aerodynamic characteristics of windshield wipers of vehicles." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 29, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 2870–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-09-2018-0531.
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Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the transient aerodynamic characteristics of moving windshield wipers. In addition, this paper also strives to illustrate and clarify how the wiper motion impacts the airflow structure; the aerodynamic interaction of two wipers is also discussed. Design/methodology/approach A standard vehicle model proposed by the Motor Industry Research Association and a pair of simplified bone wipers are introduced, and a dynamic mesh technique and user-defined functions are used to achieve the wiper motion. Finite volume methods and large eddy simulation (LES) are used to simulate the transient airflow field. The simulation results are validated through the wind tunnel test. Findings The results obtained from the study are presented graphically, and pressure, velocity distributions, airflow structures, aerodynamic drag and lift force are shown. Significant influences of wiper motion on airflow structures are achieved. The maximum value of aerodynamic lift and drag force exists when wipers are rotating and there is a certain change rule. The aerodynamic lift and drag force when wipers are rotating downward is greater than when wipers are rotating upward, and the force when rotating upward is greater than that when steady. The aerodynamic lift and drag forces of the driver-side wiper is greater than those of the passenger-side wiper. Originality/value The LES method in combination with dynamic mesh technique to study the transient aerodynamic characteristics of windshield wipers is relatively new.
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Gidlewski, Mirosław, Leon Prochowski, and Wojciech Wach. "DETERMINING THE POSITION AND STATE OF POST-IMPACT MOTION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE STRUCK ON ITS SIDE AT A ROAD INTERSECTION, BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL TESTS." Transport 34, no. 3 (May 9, 2019): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.9684.
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The modelling, simulation, and reconstruction of road accidents are difficult processes, where experimental test results must be used at different stages of the work. Such data are needed e.g. to create or improve models of vehicle collision dynamics and to validate the results of computer simulations of vehicle motion during and after the collision. Within the work, experimental tests were carried out and the test results were utilized for determining specific values of the parameters that characterize the state of motion of the impacted vehicle during the collision and after the vehicle separation from each other. The test results make it possible to determine the initial values to be used in calculations of further free motion of the vehicle after a side impact. In particular, they enable defining the influence of the location of the point of impact against the vehicle side on the position and angle of rotation of the vehicle in relation to the global reference frame and on the value, direction, and sense of the vector of linear velocity of the centre of vehicle mass and the vector of angular velocity of the vehicle body around the vertical axis. These data constitute information sufficient to determine the energy of translation and rotation of the vehicle struck on its side at a road intersection and to carry out a simulation of the vehicle motion immediately following the collision
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Reid, John D., Ronald K. Faller, Jim C. Holloway, John R. Rohde, and Dean L. Sicking. "New Energy-Absorbing High-Speed Safety Barrier." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1851, no. 1 (January 2003): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1851-06.
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For many years, containment for errant racing vehicles traveling on oval speedways has been provided through rigid, concrete containment walls placed around the exterior of the track. However, accident experience has shown that serious injuries and fatalities may occur through vehicular impacts into these nondeformable barriers. Because of these injuries, the Indy Racing League and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, later joined by the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), sponsored the development of a new barrier system by the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln to improve the safety of drivers participating in automobile racing events. Several barrier prototypes were investigated and evaluated using both static and dynamic component testing, computer simulation modeling with LS-DYNA (a nonlinear finite element analysis code), and 20 full-scale vehicle crash tests. The full-scale crash testing program included bogie vehicles, small cars, and a full-size sedan, as well as Indy Racing League open-wheeled cars and NASCAR Winston Cup cars. A combination steel tube skin and foam energy-absorbing barrier system, referred to as the SAFER (steel and foam energy reduction) barrier, was successfully developed. Subsequently, the SAFER barrier was installed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in advance of the running of the 2002 Indianapolis 500 race. From the results of the laboratory testing program as well as analysis of the accidents into the SAFER barrier occurring during practice, qualification, and the race, the SAFER barrier has been shown to provide improved safety for drivers impacting the outer walls.
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Gabibulayev, Magomed, and Bahram Ravani. "A Stochastic Form of a Human Driver Steering Dynamics Model." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 129, no. 3 (February 3, 2005): 322–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098927.
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This work develops a stochastic form of a human driver model which can be used for simulating vehicle guidance and control. The human motor-control function is complex and can be affected by factors such as driver’s training and experience, fatigue, road conditions, and attention. The variations in these effects become more pronounced in hazardous driving conditions such as in snow and ice. One example of such driving conditions is snow removal operation in highway maintenance, where the use of a stochastic driver model seems to be more desirable. This work evaluates and extends existing models of a human driver including stochastic or statistical considerations related to differences in drivers’ experiences and their conditions as well as variations in the effect of disturbances such as plowing forces. The aim is to develop a simulation environment that can be used in design and evaluation of driver assistance systems for snow removal operation in an Intelligent Transportation System environment.
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Wang, Junnian, Xiandong Wang, Zheng Luo, and Francis Assadian. "Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Differential Drive Assist Steering for Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102647.
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The differential drive assist steering (DDAS) system makes full use of the advantages of independent control of wheel torque of electric vehicle driven by front in-wheel motors to achieve steering assistance and reduce the steering effort of the driver, as the electric power steering (EPS) system does. However, as an indirect steering assist technology that applies steering system assistance via differential drive, its linear control algorithm, like existing proportion integration differentiation (PID) controllers, cannot take the nonlinear characteristics of the tires’ dynamics into account which results in poor performance in road feeling and tracking accuracy. This paper introduces an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method into the control issue of the DDAS. First, the third-order ADRC controller of the DDAS is designed, and the simulated annealing algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of ADRC controller offline considering that the parameters of ADRC controller are too many and the parameter tuning is complex. Finally, the 11-DOF model of the electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors is built, and the standard working conditions are selected for simulation and experimental verification. The results show that the ADRC controller designed in this paper can not only obviously reduce the steering wheel effort of the driver like PID controller, but also have better nonlinear control performance in tracking accuracy and smooth road feeling of the driver than the traditional PID controller.
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Sharma, Vikas, and Shubhi Purwar. "Nonlinear Controllers for a Light-Weighted All-Electric Vehicle Using Chebyshev Neural Network." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2014 (April 22, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/867209.
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Two nonlinear controllers are proposed for a light-weighted all-electric vehicle: Chebyshev neural network based backstepping controller and Chebyshev neural network based optimal adaptive controller. The electric vehicle (EV) is driven by DC motor. Both the controllers use Chebyshev neural network (CNN) to estimate the unknown nonlinearities. The unknown nonlinearities arise as it is not possible to precisely model the dynamics of an EV. Mass of passengers, resistance in the armature winding of the DC motor, aerodynamic drag coefficient and rolling resistance coefficient are assumed to be varying with time. The learning algorithms are derived from Lyapunov stability analysis, so that system-tracking stability and error convergence can be assured in the closed-loop system. The control algorithms for the EV system are developed and a driving cycle test is performed to test the control performance. The effectiveness of the proposed controllers is shown through simulation results.
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Valero, Francisco, Francisco Rubio, Antonio José Besa, and Carlos Llopis-Albert. "Efficient trajectory of a car-like mobile robot." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 46, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-10-2018-0214.
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Purpose The purpose is to create an algorithm that optimizes the trajectories that an autonomous vehicle must follow to reduce its energy consumption and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Design/methodology/approach An algorithm is presented that respects the dynamic constraints of the robot, including the characteristics of power delivery by the motor, the behaviour of the tires and the basic inertial parameters. Using quadratic sequential programming with distributed and non-monotonous search direction (Quadratic Programming Algorithm with Distributed and Non-Monotone Line Search), an optimization algorithm proposed and developed by Professor K. Schittkowski is implemented. Findings Relations between important operating variables have been obtained, such as the evolution of the autonomous vehicle’s velocity, the driving torque supplied by the engine and the forces acting on the tires. In a subsequent analysis, the aim is to analyse the relationship between trajectory made and energy consumed and calculate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Also this method has been checked against another different methodology commented on in the references. Research limitations/implications The main limitation comes from the modelling that has been done. As greater is the mechanical systems analysed, more simplifying hypotheses should be introduced to solve the corresponding equations with the current computers. However, the solutions are obtained and they can be used qualitatively to draw conclusions. Practical implications One main objective is to obtain guidelines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing energy consumption in the realization of autonomous vehicles’ trajectories. The first step to achieve that is to obtain a good model of the autonomous vehicle that takes into account not only its kinematics but also its dynamic properties, and to propose an optimization process that allows to minimize the energy consumed. In this paper, important relationships between work variables have been obtained. Social implications The idea is to be friendly with nature and the environment. This algorithm can help by reducing an instance of greenhouse gases. Originality/value Originality comes from the fact that we not only look for the autonomous vehicle’s modelling, the simulation of its motion and the analysis of its working parameters, but also try to obtain from its working those guidelines that are useful to reduce the energy consumed and the contamination capability of these autonomous vehicles or car-like robots.
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Gao, Hanying, Guoqiang Zhang, Wenxue Wang, and Xuechen Liu. "Research on an Improved Sliding Mode Sensorless Six-Phase PMSM Control Strategy Based on ESO." Electronics 10, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111292.
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The six-phase motor control system has low torque ripple, low harmonic content, and high reliability; therefore, it is suitable for electric vehicles, aerospace, and other applications requiring high power output and reliability. This study presents a superior sensorless control system for a six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The mathematical model of a PMSM in a stationary coordinate system is presented. The information of motor speed and position is obtained by using a sliding mode observer (SMO). As torque ripple and harmonic components affect the back electromotive force (BEMF) estimated value through the traditional SMO, the function of the frequency-variable tracker of the stator current (FVTSC) is used instead of the traditional switching function. By improving the SMO method, the BEMF is estimated independently, and its precision is maintained under startup or variable-speed states. In order to improve the estimation accuracy and resistance ability of the observer, the rotor position error was taken as the disturbance term, and the third-order extended state observer (ESO) was constructed to estimate the rotational speed and rotor position through the motor mechanical motion equation. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation and experiment results. The proposed control strategy can effectively improve the dynamic and static performance of PMSM.
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Wang, Yan-yang, Yi-nong Li, Wei Sun, Chao Yang, and Guang-hui Xu. "FxLMS Method for Suppressing In-Wheel Switched Reluctance Motor Vertical Force Based on Vehicle Active Suspension System." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/486140.
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The vibration of SRM obtains less attention for in-wheel motor applications according to the present research works. In this paper, the vertical component of SRM unbalanced radial force, which is named as SRM vertical force, is taken into account in suspension performance for in-wheel motor driven electric vehicles (IWM-EV). The analysis results suggest that SRM vertical force has a great effect on suspension performance. The direct cause for this phenomenon is that SRM vertical force is directly exerted on the wheel, which will result in great variation in tyre dynamic load and the tyre will easily jump off the ground. Furthermore, the frequency of SRM vertical force is broad which covers the suspension resonance frequencies. So it is easy to arouse suspension resonance and greatly damage suspension performance. Aiming at the new problem, FxLMS (filtered-X least mean square) controller is proposed to improve suspension performance. The FxLMS controller is based on active suspension system which can generate the controllable force to suppress the vibration caused by SRM vertical force. The conclusion shows that it is effective to take advantage of active suspensions to reduce the effect of SRM vertical force on suspension performance.
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Tu, Kuo-Yang. "A linear optimal tracker designed for omnidirectional vehicle dynamics linearized based on kinematic equations." Robotica 28, no. 7 (January 15, 2010): 1033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709990890.
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SUMMARYIt is difficult to design controllers for the complicated dynamics of omnidirectional vehicles steered by multiple wheels with distributed traction force. In this paper, the dynamic model of a three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle, which is linearized to simplify controller design, is developed. The conditions of making its dynamics linear are derived first. Then, a strategy of planning wheel velocities to satisfy these conditions is proposed. Consequently, three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle can be easily treated by classical linear control theories. Finally, a linear optimal tracker is designed to control the omnidirectional vehicle for desired movement trajectories. In particular, the dynamic model includes the motors installed in the three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle, making it a practical model. Three kinds of vehicle trajectories illustrate the planning of wheel trajectories for linearizing the vehicle dynamics, and simulations demonstrate the performance of the linear optimal tracker. In addition, experimental results of a practical three-wheel omnidirectional vehicle are also included.
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Sun, Xiaodong, Jiangling Wu, Shaohua Wang, Kaikai Diao, and Zebin Yang. "Analysis of torque ripple and fault-tolerant capability for a 16/10 segmented switched reluctance motor in HEV applications." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 6 (October 24, 2019): 1725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2018-0477.
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Purpose The torque ripple and fault-tolerant capability are the two main problems for the switched reluctance motors (SRMs) in applications. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to propose a novel 16/10 segmented SRM (SSRM) to reduce the torque ripple and improve the fault-tolerant capability in this work. Design/methodology/approach The stator of the proposed SSRM is composed of exciting and auxiliary stator poles, while the rotor consists of a series of discrete segments. The fault-tolerant and torque ripple characteristics of the proposed SSRM are studied by the finite element analysis (FEA) method. Meanwhile, the characteristics of the SSRM are compared with those of a conventional SRM with 8/6 stator/rotor poles. Finally, FEA and experimental results are provided to validate the static and dynamic characteristics of the proposed SSRM. Findings It is found that the proposed novel 16/10 SSRM for the application in the belt-driven starter generator (BSG) possesses these functions: less mutual inductance and high fault-tolerant capability. It is also found that the proposed SSRM provides lower torque ripple and higher output torque. Finally, the experimental results validate that the proposed SSRM runs with lower torque ripple, better output torque and fault-tolerant characteristics, making it an ideal candidate for the BSG and similar systems. Originality/value This paper presents the analysis of torque ripple and fault-tolerant capability for a 16/10 segmented switched reluctance motor in hybrid electric vehicles. Using FEA simulation and building a test bench to verify the proposed SSRM’s superiority in both torque ripple and fault-tolerant capability.
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Shang, Wei, Shichao Hu, Xiao Li, and Xikai Tu. "Robust fixed time controller with motor dynamics and composite disturbances for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 172988142094047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420940473.
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A fixed time robust control method is presented for trajectory tracking control of quadrotor systems with motor dynamics in the presence of unmodeled disturbances and external disturbances. The recommended control method avoids the negative effect to the quadrotor system caused by motor dynamic which is considered as first-order dynamic with dynamic disturbance. And fixed time extended state observer is adopted to estimate the composite disturbances and obtain the first and second derivative of desired trajectory and virtual control. Together with fixed time convergence control method, the stability and convergence characteristics of quadrotor system can be guaranteed. Finally, several simulations prove the effectiveness of the novel method with different time constants of motor dynamics.
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Yang, Jian, Tiezhu Zhang, Hongxin Zhang, Jichao Hong, and Zewen Meng. "Research on the Starting Acceleration Characteristics of a New Mechanical–Electric–Hydraulic Power Coupling Electric Vehicle." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 6279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236279.
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To simplify the layout of a purely electric vehicle transmission system and improve the acceleration performance of the vehicle, this paper utilizes the characteristics of the large torque of a hydraulic transmission system and proposes a new mechanical–electric–hydraulic dynamic coupling drive system (MEH-DCDS). It integrates the traditional motor and the swashplate hydraulic pump/motor into one, which can realize the mutual conversion between the mechanical energy, electrical energy, and hydraulic energy. This article explains its working principle and structural characteristics. At the same time, the mathematical model for the key components is established and the operation mode is divided into various types. Based on AMESim software, the article studies the dynamic characteristics of the MEH-DCDS, and finally proposes a method that combines real-time feedback of the accumulator output torque with PID control to complete the system simulation. The results show that the MEH-DCDS vehicle has a starting time of 4.52 s at ignition, and the starting performance is improved by 40.37% compared to that of a pure motor drive system vehicle; after a PID adjustment, the MEH-DCDS vehicle’s starting time is shortened by 1.04 s, and the acceleration performance is improved by 23.01%. The results indicated the feasibility of the system and the power performance was substantially improved. Finally, the system is integrated into the vehicle and the dynamic performance of the MEH-DCDS under cycle conditions is verified by joint simulation. The results show that the vehicle is able to follow the control speed well when the MEH-DCDS is loaded on the vehicle. The state-of-charge (SOC) consumption rate is reduced by 20.33% compared to an electric vehicle, while the MEH-DCDS has an increased range of 45.7 m compared to the EV. This improves the energy efficiency and increases the driving range.
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Bai, Rui, and Shaocheng Tong. "Adaptive Backstepping Sliding-Mode Control of the Electronic Throttle System in Modern Automobiles." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/383064.
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In modern automobiles, electronic throttle is a DC-motor-driven valve that regulates air inflow into the vehicle’s combustion system. The electronic throttle is increasingly being used in order to improve the vehicle drivability, fuel economy, and emissions. Electronic throttle system has the nonlinear dynamical characteristics with the unknown disturbance and parameters. At first, the dynamical nonlinear model of the electronic throttle is built in this paper. Based on the model and using the backstepping design technique, a new adaptive backstepping sliding-mode controller of the electronic throttle is developed. During the backstepping design process, parameter adaptive law is designed to estimate the unknown parameter, and sliding-mode control term is applied to compensate the unknown disturbance. The proposed controller can make the actual angle of the electronic throttle track its set point with the satisfactory performance. Finally, a computer simulation is performed, and simulation results verify that the proposed control method can achieve favorable tracking performance.
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Jalalifar, Mehran, Farrokh Payam, Saghaeian Nezhad, and Hassan Moghbeli. "Dynamic modeling and simulation of an induction motor with adaptive backstepping design of an input-output feedback linearization controller in series hybrid electric vehicle." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 4, no. 2 (2007): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee0702119j.
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In this paper using adaptive backstepping approach an adaptive rotor flux observer which provides stator and rotor resistances estimation simultaneously for induction motor used in series hybrid electric vehicle is proposed. The controller of induction motor (IM) is designed based on input-output feedback linearization technique. Combining this controller with adaptive backstepping observer the system is robust against rotor and stator resistances uncertainties. In additional, mechanical components of a hybrid electric vehicle are called from the Advanced Vehicle Simulator Software Library and then linked with the electric motor. Finally, a typical series hybrid electric vehicle is modeled and investigated. Various tests, such as acceleration traversing ramp, and fuel consumption and emission are performed on the proposed model of a series hybrid vehicle. Computer simulation results obtained, confirm the validity and performance of the proposed IM control approach using for series hybrid electric vehicle.
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Jennings, Mark, and Ravi Rangan. "Managing Complex Vehicle System Simulation Models for Automotive System Development." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1814384.
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A Model Management System (MMS) for vehicle dynamic system modeling is described, including lessons learned from a pilot implementation at Ford Motor Company. For complex vehicle systems, early phases of product development (requirements analysis and high-level conceptual design) drive innovation, cost, quality, and timing. These phases have received little attention relative to product lifecycle management. Selected system model architectures are reviewed with elements of model configuration and application to hybrid electric vehicle development. The examples establish MMS requirements, leading to a reference information model promoting collaboration, reuse, and process autonomy.
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Yang, Funing, and Yanyang Wang. "Suppression of Switched Reluctance Motor Vibration of In-Wheel Motor Electric Vehicle." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2018 (November 15, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1689690.
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Switched reluctance motor (SRM) has got great attention in in-wheel motor electric vehicle (IWM-EV), but SRM vertical force, the vertical component of SRM unbalanced radial force, yields SRM vertical vibration and does harm to dynamic performance of IWM-EV. In order to reduce the SRM vertical vibration, electromagnetic active suspension and a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller were used to suppress the unbalanced radial force in this paper. All the models and the controller were constructed in Matlab/Simulink R2015b. The controller considers five performance indexes: vehicle body acceleration, SRM airgap eccentricity, SRM stator acceleration, suspension dynamic deflections, and tyre deformation. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to calculate the weighted coefficients of performance indexes. Simulations indicate that this electromagnetic active suspension can reduce SRM vertical vibration obviously and improve dynamic performance of IWM-EV.
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Xie, Ming Xiang, Yan Ding Wei, Xiao Jun Zhou, Chun Yu Wei, Fang Tang, and Pei Xin Li. "A Steering Wheel System and Controller for the Driving Simulator." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1768.
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In driving simulator, the driver manipulating the steering wheel can not only be feeling authentic as the real vehicle but also get additional information of the vehicle state and road conditions. For this purpose, a steeling wheel system was detailed designed. A bicycle model was used to analyze the dynamic behaviour of a simplified four-wheel vehicle model and applied to compute the reaction torque. After modeling the steering column and the feedback motor, the state equation of the steering wheel was deduced. The control without PID, with ordinary PID and RBF network PID were adopted to control the feedback motor to generate desired torque. Simulation in matlab/simulink shows that the steering wheel has good performance and the RBF network PID controller has better performance and can satisfy the requirement of the reaction torque. This study will be a guide research for future driving simulator.
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Yang, Yang, Yundong He, Zhong Yang, Chunyun Fu, and Zhipeng Cong. "Torque Coordination Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Composite Brake System During Mode Switching Based on Braking Intention." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082031.
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The electro-hydraulic composite braking system of a pure electric vehicle can select different braking modes according to braking conditions. However, the differences in dynamic response characteristics between the motor braking system (MBS) and hydraulic braking system (HBS) cause total braking torque to fluctuate significantly during mode switching, resulting in jerking of the vehicle and affecting ride comfort. In this paper, torque coordination control during mode switching is studied for a four-wheel-drive pure electric vehicle with a dual motor. After the dynamic analysis of braking, a braking force distribution control strategy is developed based on the I-curve, and the boundary conditions of mode switching are determined. A novel combined pressure control algorithm, which contains a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) and fuzzy controller, is used to control the brake pressure of each wheel cylinder, to realize precise control of the hydraulic brake torque. Then, a novel torque coordination control strategy is proposed based on brake pedal stroke and its change rate, to modify the target hydraulic braking torque and reflect the driver’s braking intention. Meanwhile, motor braking torque is used to compensate for the insufficient braking torque caused by HBS, so as to realize a smooth transition between the braking modes. Simulation results show that the proposed coordination control strategy can effectively reduce torque fluctuation and vehicle jerk during mode switching.
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Makrygiorgou, Jemma J., and Antonio T. Alexandridis. "Power Electronic Control Design for Stable EV Motor and Battery Operation during a Route." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101990.
Full textAbstract:
Electric vehicles (EVs), during a route, should normally operate at the desired speed by effectively controlling the power that flows between their batteries and the electric motor/generator. To implement this task, in this paper, the voltage source AC/DC converter is considered as a controlled power interface between the electric machine and the output of the DC storage device; the DC/DC converter is used to automatically regulate the battery operating condition in accordance to the profile of the acting on the vehicle wheels, unknown external torque. Particularly, the speed is continuously regulated by the vehicle driver via the pedal while all other regulations for absorbing or regenerating energy are internally controlled. The driver command is acting as speed reference input on a PI outer-loop motor speed controller which, in its turn, drives a fast P inner-loop current controller operating in cascaded mode. In a similar manner, the machine and the battery performance are self-regulated by a pure PI current controller that achieves maximum electric torque per ampere operation of the motor and by a PI/P cascaded scheme for the DC-voltage/battery–current regulation, respectively. In order to exclude any possibility of instabilities and adverse impacts between the different parts, a rigorous analysis is deployed on the complete electromechanical system that involves the motor, the batteries, the converter dynamic models and the proposed controllers. Modeling the system in Euler–Lagrange nonlinear form and applying sequentially suitable Lyapunov techniques and the time-scale separation principle, a systematic method for tuning the gains of the inner- and outer-loop controllers is derived. Therefore, the proposed controller design procedure guarantees asymptotic stability by considering the accurate system model as a whole. Finally, the proposed approach is validated by simulating realistic route conditions, performed under unknown external torque variations.
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Jin, Xianjian, Jiadong Wang, Shaoze Sun, Shaohua Li, Junpeng Yang, and Zeyuan Yan. "Design of Constrained Robust Controller for Active Suspension of In-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicles." Mathematics 9, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9030249.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a constrained robust H∞ controller design of active suspension system for in-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicles considering control constraint and parameter variation. In the active suspension system model, parameter uncertainties of sprung mass are analyzed via linear fraction transformation, and the perturbation bounds can be also limited, then the uncertain quarter-vehicle active suspension model where the in-wheel motor is suspended as a dynamic vibration absorber is built. The constrained robust H∞ feedback controller of the closed-loop active suspension system is designed using the concept of reachable sets and ellipsoids, in which the dynamic tire displacements and the suspension working spaces are constrained, and a comprehensive solution is finally derived from H∞ performance and robust stability. Simulations on frequency responses and road excitations are implemented to verify and evaluate the performance of the designed controller; results show that the active suspension with a developed H∞ controller can effectively achieve better ride comfort and road-holding ability compared with passive suspension despite the existence of control constraints and parameter variations.
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Wang, Chun Jie, Le Ge, and Yong Xin Tian. "Analysis and Simulation of Control System for PMSM in Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.500.
Full textAbstract:
This paper introduces the vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), and proposes the control strategy according to the characteristics of the electric vehicles. The dynamics equation is obtained based on the analysis of the power system of electric vehicles, and the control scheme for PMSM is proposed. In the environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the model of PMSM vector control and the electric vehicles drive system are established and analyzed.