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Hasan, Md Fahad, Md Bulbul Ahammed, Kalyan Mondol, Sadia Sultana, and Anirban Sarkar. "The Success of the Electric Vehicle and Simulation of an Electric Vehicle Navigation System with PWM Control." Journal of Computer Science and Technology Studies 3, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jcsts.2021.3.2.3.
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This paper gives an outline of ongoing work on electric vehicles in the area. The paper depicts the turn of events, and examination of various pieces of the principal segments of battery innovation, engine, forward, invert, start-stop, and slowing down are inspected. The paper examines the benefits of diesel motors and electric motors. Here are a few depictions of how the dark smoke from a diesel motor can harm our bodies. The paper, at last, appears as models of some electric vehicles finishing of administrative work.
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Kang, Lili, Dongjie Jiang, Chaoying Xia, Yongjiu Xu, and Kaiyi Sun. "Research and Analysis of Permanent Magnet Transmission System Controls on Diesel Railway Vehicles." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020173.
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As the energy crisis and environmental pollution continue to be a gradual threat, the energy saving of transmission systems has become the focus of railway vehicle research and design. Due to their high-power density and efficiency features, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have been gradually applied in railway vehicles. To improve the efficiency of the transmission system of diesel railway vehicles, it is a good option to use PMSM as both a generator and traction motor to construct a full permanent magnet transmission system (FPMTS). Due to the application of the new FPMTS, some of the original control strategies for diesel railway vehicle transmission systems are no longer applicable. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust and improve the control strategies to meet the needs of FPMTS. We studied several key issues that affect the reliability and comfort of the vehicles. As such, this paper introduced the FPMTS control strategy, including the coordinated control strategy of the diesel and the traction motor, the two degrees of freedom (2DOF) decoupling current regulator, the maximum torque control of the standardized unit current, the wheel slip protection control, and the fault protection strategy. The experiment was carried out on the test platform and the test run of the diesel shunting locomotive equipped with the FPMTS. The results showed that the control strategy described in this paper met the operation characteristics of the FPMTS and that the control performance was superior. The study of FPMTS lays the foundation for the subsequent application of permanent magnet motors in high-powered diesel locomotives and high-speed diesel multi-units.
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Konoplev, V. N., A. P. Latyshev, A. E. Lysenko, K. S. Miroshnikov, and V. D. Sekerin. "The effectiveness of the replacement of the bus fleet to vehicles that use the CPG." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 2-5 (September 20, 2015): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67015.
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The article discusses the development efficiency of the gas engine from scratch or based on the prototype. As a prototype, you can use petrol or diesel motors, motion. One of the selection criteria is the cost of conversion. In diesel prototype conversion value is much higher than with the gasoline engine due to the need to change a larger number of components. Use as motor fuel compressed natural gas will significantly strengthen the competitiveness of the domestic automotive industry.
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Palanisamy, R., Rohit Sahasrabuddhe, Mathur Kartik Hiteshkumar, and Jay Anil Puranik. "A new energy regeneration system for A BLDC motor driven electric vehicle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp2986-2993.
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<span>Amidst the ever-increasing advancements in the technological realm-the electrical vehicle industry too has seen several leaps. This particularly owes to three primary factors one, the fact that we are running out of conventional resources like petrol and diesel; two, higher efficiency of electric vehicles; and finally, less pollution caused by them. This has led to a burgeoning in the use of BLDC motors with electronic commutation not only in EVs but also in industrial and commercial applications. This requires an enhanced driving and control mechanism to tap the efficiency that such motors provide to increase performance and to get better controllability and reliability. This paper presents a controller for this EV motor driver with increased efficiency by combining various strategies.</span>
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Kovbasenko, Serhii. "Possibilities of enhancing the environmental safety of diesel vehicles using alternative fuels." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 16, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2022-16-2-51-57.
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Today, most motor fuels are made from non-renewable sources of petroleum origin. In connection with the environmental problems associated with the use of traditional motor fuels in motor vehicle engines, many countries are implementing strict requirements for the greening of motor vehicles.At the same time, vehicles with diesel engines are quite attractive in terms of consumption of alternative motor fuels. One of the ways to increase the environmental safety of vehicles with diesel engines is the complete or partial replacement of diesel fuel with alternative fuels. In this regard, research and development in the field of energy resource use in road transport has been significantly intensified, and new programs are being developed to expand the use of alternative fuels. The main focus of the researchers on improving environmental safety is the complete or partial replacement of diesel fuel with alternative fuels, which can be of petroleum or non-petroleum origin. Such fuels can be: liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas and associated gases, diesel biofuel, alcohols and ethers, as well as hydrogen, etc.The article examines the problem of alternative types of fuel and the use of new energy sources in the search for more ecologically clean, cheap and less scarce fuel. To solve this problem, it is necessary to perform an analysis and determine the possibilities of increasing the environmental safety of motor vehicles with diesel engines when using different alternative fuels.The analysis carried out in the work showed that the considered fuels are promising with the proper organization of the work process of motor vehicle diesel engines. However, in a number of cases, for example, when using hydrogen, alcohols, it is necessary to significantly change the design of the engine, which requires significant costs. The use of alternative, more environmentally friendly motor fuels, such as compressed natural gas, diesel biofuel of vegetable or animal origin, etc., will allow to significantly expand the fuel base of motor vehicle diesels and does not require a significant change in their design.In further research, an important task is to develop a methodology for evaluating the use of alternative fuels, which will combine a complex of functional and mathematical models to determine the energy efficiency and environmental safety of vehicles with diesel engines when using alternative fuels both in their pure form and in the form of mixed fuels.
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Rana, M. M., M. H. Khan, M. A. K. Azad, S. Rahman, and S. A. Kabir. "Estimation of Idle Emissions from the On-Road Vehicles in Dhaka." Journal of Scientific Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v12i1.41501.
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Vehicle emission is a major source of air pollution in Dhaka. Old fleet, lack of maintenance, improper traffic and parking management, overloading, fuel adulteration etc. are responsible for high emissions from the vehicle sector. In this study, vehicle emissions have been measured on-road in Dhaka using an Automotive Gas Analyzer and Smoke Opacity Meter to determine the existing vehicle emission scenario in the city. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in the emissions from CNG/gasoline vehicles, and opacity of the emissions from diesel vehicles were measured. The results were compared with the corresponding national limit values. It was found that all types of CNG vehicles performed very well with more than 80% satisfying the corresponding limit values. Private cars ranked at the top in performance among the CNG/gasoline vehicles. Diesel vehicles were found as the worst polluters in the vehicle sector; emissions from about 75% of the diesel vehicles had opacity more than 65 HSU, the national limit value for emissions from diesel vehicles. Motor cycles were also highly polluting; 60% of the motor cycles emitted CO and HC concentrations higher than the respective national emission limit values.
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Ilie, C. O., L. Barothi, M. Marinescu, and I. T. Giurgiu. "Aspects of electric transmission implementation on a battle tank." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012017.
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Abstract In the paper, a high performance electric transmission designed for heavy military vehicles is presented. The power source is a 1300 hp gas turbine and a 200 hp supercharged diesel engine. Both engines drive a synchronous generator. The electric current supplied by the generator is rectified. Each sprocket is mounted on the output shaft of a gearbox driven by an asynchronous electric motor. An Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) inverter control AC motors in a separate way to achieve dynamic performance. Diesel engine alone is used for driving on paved roads with speeds of up to 15 km/h with low fuel consumption. Gas turbine and diesel engine are automatically coupled to the generator to reach the maximum torque and dynamic performances. The tank can thus reach a maximum speed of 70 km/h.
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Lim, Setiadi Alim, and Lilik Indrawati. "Analisis Tarif Dan Besarnya Pajak Bahan Bakar Kendaraan Bermotor Di Indonesia." BIP's : JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 11, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v11i2.135.
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Fossil-fueled motor vehicles play an important role in supporting the economicactivities of society. Besides having a positive effect on a country's economicgrowth, the operation of fossil-fueled motor vehicles also has a negative impact.These negative effects impose costs on society which are usually known asexternal costs and consist of air pollution costs, congestion costs, accident costs, noise costs and climate change costs. Conceptually, the external costs ofoperating these fossil fuel vehicles must be charged to motor vehicle usersthrough the imposition of various taxes, one of which can be in the form of MotorVehicle Fuel Tax. In Indonesia the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax is levied as a RegionalTax at a rate of 5% of the Selling Value of Motor Vehicle Fuel and is notdifferentiated for petrol or diesel fuels. Research conducted shows that the MotorVehicle Fuel Tax that is collected in Indonesia is still too small, both from itsabsolute value and its tariffs, when compared with European countries, OECDand non OECD member countries and countries in the Southeast Asia Region. Inaddition, the value of the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax collected is still insufficient to cover the external costs of operating a fossil-fueled motorized vehicle. Therefore,the tax rates for motor vehicle fuels in Indonesia must be increased and the ratesmust be separated between gasoline fuel which must be higher than diesel fuel.
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Lim, Setiadi Alim, and Lilik Indrawati. "Analisis Tarif Dan Besarnya Pajak Bahan Bakar Kendaraan Bermotor Di Indonesia." BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 11, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v11i2.17.
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Fossil-fueled motor vehicles play an important role in supporting the economicactivities of society. Besides having a positive effect on a country's economicgrowth, the operation of fossil-fueled motor vehicles also has a negative impact.These negative effects impose costs on society which are usually known asexternal costs and consist of air pollution costs, congestion costs, accident costs, noise costs and climate change costs. Conceptually, the external costs ofoperating these fossil fuel vehicles must be charged to motor vehicle usersthrough the imposition of various taxes, one of which can be in the form of MotorVehicle Fuel Tax. In Indonesia the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax is levied as a RegionalTax at a rate of 5% of the Selling Value of Motor Vehicle Fuel and is notdifferentiated for petrol or diesel fuels. Research conducted shows that the MotorVehicle Fuel Tax that is collected in Indonesia is still too small, both from itsabsolute value and its tariffs, when compared with European countries, OECDand non OECD member countries and countries in the Southeast Asia Region. Inaddition, the value of the Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax collected is still insufficient to cover the external costs of operating a fossil-fueled motorized vehicle. Therefore,the tax rates for motor vehicle fuels in Indonesia must be increased and the ratesmust be separated between gasoline fuel which must be higher than diesel fuel.
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Hodijah, Nurhadi, Bintal Amin, and Mubarak Mubarak. "Estimasi Beban Pencemar Dari Emisi Kendaraan Bermotor di Ruas Jalan Kota Pekanbaru." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 1, no. 2 (July 14, 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.1.2.p.71-79.
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Increasing population and economy in Pekanbaru City was clearly followed by anincrease in the number of motor vehicles has the potential to cause air pollution andendanger human health. This research was aimed to analyze the pollutant load gases of CO,HC, NO 2 , SO 2 and PM 10 emissions from motor vehicles at at Pekanbaru City. Survey on thevolume of motor vehicles, roadside air quality and vehicle emission test was conducted onthree different road in Pekanbaru city. The volume of motor vehicles and pollutants loadsfrom motor vehicle emissions was highest at Sudirman road and the lowest at Diponegororoad. There are very significant differences between Sudirman road with Diponegoro roadand Tuanku Tambusai road with Diponegoro road. Higher pollutant load was found for gasCO (76,4 %), than gas HC (19,4 %), gas NO 2 (3,6 %), gas SO 2 (0,1 % ) and PM 10 ( 0,7 % ).The largest contribution of pollutant load gas CO, HC and PM 10 comes from motorcycles, gasNO 2 from the city cars and gas SO 2 coming from the truck. The quality of roadside air in thethird road to the gases CO, NO 2 , SO 2 and PM 10 are still below the ambient air qualitystandards, whilest gas HC had passed the ambient air quality standard. A positive correlationbetween concentrations of roadside air pollutants with a load of motor vehicle emissions wasfound. The percentage of motor vehicle emission test results explain that the rates of vehiclesfueled with gasoline were higher than diesel vehicles and that do not pass of the emission testwere generally produced before 2007, while for diesel vehicles that do not pass the emissionstest opacity value that were produced in the 2010 onward.
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Ekberg, Kristoffer, Lars Eriksson, and Christofer Sundström. "Electrification of a Heavy-Duty CI Truck—Comparison of Electric Turbocharger and Crank Shaft Motor." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051402.
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A combustion engine-driven vehicle can be made more fuel efficient over some drive cycles by, for example, introducing electric machines and solutions for electrical energy storage within the vehicle’s driveline architecture. The possible benefits of different hybridization concepts depend on the architecture, i.e., the type of energy storage, and the placement and sizing of the different driveline components. This paper examines a diesel electric plug-in hybrid truck, where the powertrain includes a diesel engine supported with two electric motors, one supporting the crank shaft and one the turbocharger. Numerical optimal control was used to find energy-optimal control strategies during two different accelerations; the trade-off between using electrical energy and diesel fuel was evaluated using a simulation platform. Fixed-gear acceleration was performed to evaluate the contribution from the two electric motors in co-operation, and individual operation. A second acceleration test case from 8 to 80 km/h was performed to evaluate the resulting optimal control behavior when taking gear changes into account. A cost factor was used to relate the cost of diesel fuel to electrical energy. The selection of the cost factor relates to the allowed usage of electrical energy: a high cost factor results in a high amplification from electrical energy input to total system energy savings, whereas a low cost factor results in an increased usage of electrical energy for propulsion. The difference between fixed-gear and full acceleration is mainly the utilization of the electric crank shaft motor. For the mid-range of the cost factors examined, the crank shaft electric motor is used at the end of the fixed-gear acceleration, but the control sequence is not repeated for each gear during the full acceleration. The electric motor supporting the turbocharger is used for higher cost factors than the crank shaft motor, and the amplification from electrical energy input to total energy savings is also the highest.
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Nanda, Iffarial, Martias Martias, and Toto Sugiarto. "Analysis of Mixing Used Oil with Solar As Fuel Against Smoke Thickness in Diesel Motors." MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v1i1.5.
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Effect of the precision of smoke of diesel motor vehicles by utilizing used oil mixed with diesel fuel. The purpose of this study is to know the mix up to what percentage of used oil that can be used as fuel to the precision of diesel motor fume in accordance with the limits of regulation of the Ministry of Environment No. 05 of 2016. For testing of Smoke thickness using gauge opacity smokemeter, used is used oil 5% mixed with solar 95%, used oil 10% mixed diesel 90%, used oil 15% mixed with diesel 85%, used oil 20% mixed 80% solar, used oil 40% mixed diesel 60%, oil used 60% mixed 40% solar, 80% used oil mixed with 20% diesel, and 100% used oil. at acceleration engine speed Acceleration is done three times on each sample and then compare for each samples tested. From result of research can be concluded that semekin big percentage of mixing of used oil hence influence to smoke thickness in Isuzu Panther diesel motor. The used oil mixture of 5% to 40% of the resulting smoke thickness is still within the threshold of the exhaust emissions in accordance with Regulation of the Ministry of Environment No. 5 of 2006 which is smoke thickness below 70%.
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Williams, D. J., J. W. Milne, S. M. Quigley, D. B. Roberts, and M. C. Kimberlee. "Particulate emissions from ‘in-use’ motor vehicles—II. Diesel vehicles." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 23, no. 12 (January 1989): 2647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90545-3.
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Ubanwa, B., A. Burnette, S. Kishan, and S. G. Fritz,. "Exhaust Particulate Matter Emission Factors and Deterioration Rate for In-Use Motor Vehicles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1559904.
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Recent measurements and modeling of primary exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from both gasoline and diesel-powered motor vehicles suggest that many vehicles produce PM at rates substantially higher than assumed in the current EPA PM emission factor model, known as “PART5.” The discrepancy between actual versus modeled PM emissions is generally attributed to inadequate emissions data and outdated assumptions in the PART5 model. This paper presents a study with the objective of developing an in-house tool (a modified PART5 model) for the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) to use for estimating motor vehicle exhaust PM emissions in Texas. The work included chassis dynamometer emissions testing on several heavy-duty diesel vehicles at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), analysis of the exhaust PM emissions and other regulated pollutants (i.e., HC,CO,NOx), review of related studies and exhaust PM emission data obtained from literature of similar types of light and heavy-duty vehicle tests, a review of the current PART5 model, and analysis of the associated emission deterioration rates. Exhaust PM emissions data obtained from the vehicle testing at SwRI and other similar studies (covering a relatively large number and wide range of vehicles) were merged, and finally, used to modify the PART5 model. The modified model, which was named PART5-TX1, was then used to estimate new exhaust PM emission factors for in-use motor vehicles. Modifications to the model are briefly described, along with emissions test results from the heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles tested at SwRI. Readers interested in a detailed understanding of the techniques used to modify the PART5 model are referred to the final project report to TNRCC (Eastern Research Group 2000).
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Jakober, Chris A., Michael A. Robert, Sarah G. Riddle, Hugo Destaillats, M. Judith Charles, Peter G. Green, and Michael J. Kleeman. "Carbonyl Emissions from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicles." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 13 (July 2008): 4697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es7029174.
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Jakober, Chris A., Sarah G. Riddle, Michael A. Robert, Hugo Destaillats, M. Judith Charles, Peter G. Green, and Michael J. Kleeman. "Quinone Emissions from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicles." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 13 (July 2007): 4548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062967u.
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Puškár, Michal, Jozef Živčák, Štefan Král, Melichar Kopas, and Matúš Lavčák. "Analysis of Biodiesel Influence on Unregulated Gaseous Emissions of Diesel Motor Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 4646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104646.
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This scientific study is focused on the analysis of an influence of the experimental diesel fuel mixtures containing various portions of the biocomponent on the unregulated gaseous emissions generated by a diesel motor vehicle, which is equipped with the diesel engine utilizing the direct fuel injection system “common rail”. The main reason for the choice of this engine type was its wide usage in the current vehicles. The experimental diesel fuel mixtures were created as a mixture of the standard low-sulfur diesel fuel with the biodiesel, using various mixing ratios. The experiments were realized by means of a special 13-regime engine test cycle, which was intentionally developed for the diesel combustion engines. All the individual experiments were performed on the base of the given test cycle with 13 different operational modes. The obtained results offer a complex view on the generation of the unregulated emissions with regard to the operational conditions and taking into consideration operational loading of the given experimental engine.
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Yamafuji, Kazuo. "Factory Tour to Yamaha Motor." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 4 (July 5, 2008): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0317.
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Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd., founded in 1955, is representative of global Japanese companies with factories worldwide that deliver a wide variety of products meeting customer needs. It employs 51,000 working on product lines including motorcycles, scooters, hybrid (power-assisted) bicycles, snowmobiles, boats, outboard motors, yachts, water vehicles, diesel engines, automobile engines, surface mounters for electronic parts, industrial robots, industrial unmanned helicopters, and electric wheelchairs. The December accounting term for fiscal 2007 showed unconsolidated sales of 799.2 billion yen and consolidated sales of 1,756.7 billion yen. The percentage of sales by product was 60.1% for motorcycles, 16.4% for marine use, 15.2% for special equipment, and 8.3% for others in the same fiscal year. The percentage of sales by region was 35.2% for the United States, 23.9% for Europe, 17.6% for Japan, 9.3% for Asia, and 14.0% for others. In the 21st century, Yamaha holds the basic philosophy of creating values and profits for sustainable growth and offering new excitement and a more fulfilling life for people worldwide.
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Rong-feng, Shen, Zhang Xiaozhen, and Zhou Chengjun. "Study on Drive System of Hybrid Tree Harvester." Scientific World Journal 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8636204.
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Hybrid tree harvester with a 60 kW diesel engine combined with a battery pile could be a “green” forest harvesting and transportation system. With the new design, the diesel engine maintains a constant engine speed, keeping fuel consumption low while charging the batteries that drive the forwarder. As an additional energy saving method, the electric motors work as generators to charge the battery pile when the vehicle moves downhill. The vehicle is equipped with six large wheels providing high clearance over uneven terrain while reducing ground pressure. Each wheel is driven via a hub gear by its own alternating current motor, and each of the three wheel pairs can be steered independently. The combination of the diesel engine and six electric motors provides plenty of power for heavy lifting and pulling. The main component parameters of the drive system are calculated and optimized with a set of dynamics and simulated with AVL Cruise software. The results provide practical insights for the fuel tree harvester and are helpful to reduce the structure and size of the tree harvester. Advantage Environment provides information about existing and future products designed to reduce environmental impacts.
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Terletska, V. "STATE AND DYNAMICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR VEHICLE MARKET IN UKRAINE." Journal of Lviv Polytechnic National University. Series of Economics and Management Issues 6, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/semi2022.02.112.
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Purpose. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the state and dynamics of the electric car market in Ukraine, to present in graphical form and analyze the TOP-10 most popular electric cars by car brands and models in Ukraine in 2021, the dynamics of monthly registration of electric cars in Ukraine in 2021, the dynamics of the number of registrations of cars with electric motors by year of manufacture in Ukraine in 2021, the dynamics of the number of registrations of cars with electric motors for 2016–2021 in Ukraine, the dynamics of quarterly registration of cars with electric motors by charging in Ukraine in 2017– 2020, the number of registered electric vehicles as of 1.01.2022 by regions of Ukraine, as well as to determine the benefits of using electric vehicles and explore the infrastructure. Design/methodology/approach. This study used both general scientific methods, empirical and theoretical, in particular, the method of analysis (studying the dynamics of monthly registration of cars with electric motors in Ukraine in 2021, the dynamics of the number of registrations of cars with electric motors by year in Ukraine in 2021, dynamics of the number of registrations of cars with electric motors for 2016–2021 in Ukraine, dynamics of quarterly registration of cars with electric motors by charging method in Ukraine in 2017–2020, the number of registered electric cars as of 1.01.2022 by regions of Ukraine), synthesis (in determining the benefits of using electric vehicles), generalization and explanation, classification, and system. In addition, special research methods were used, in particular, formal-logical and comparative methods of scientific knowledge. Findings. The article has investigated and analyzed the state and dynamics of the electric car market in Ukraine. The TOP-10 most popular electric cars by makes and models of cars in Ukraine in 2021, the dynamics of monthly registration of cars with electric motors in Ukraine in 2021, the dynamics of registrations of cars with electric motors in Ukraine in 2021, the dynamics of registrations electric motors for 2016–2021 in Ukraine, the dynamics of quarterly registration of cars with electric motors by charging in Ukraine in 2017– 2020, the number of registered electric vehicles as of 1.01.2022 for the regions of Ukraine have been presented in graphical form and analyzed. The benefits of using electric vehicles have been identified and the infrastructure has been studied. The advantages of electric cars are environmental friendliness, cheaper refueling, easier maintenance, less noise, and less exhaust, but access to charging infrastructure is important. Compared to a car with a petrol or diesel engine, cars with electric batteries are today the most efficient, convenient, and accessible way for drivers to decarbonize transport. Practical implications. The results of this study are of interest to venture capitalists who seek to invest in the development of the electric vehicle market and strengthen their competitive position in the market, for public authorities – to attract investment to the country and consumers. Originality/value. Presented and analyzed the state and dynamics of the market of cars with electric motors that can be used by Ukrainian venture structures to attract investment towards their sustainable development.
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Salodkar, Prof Minal, Mr Somesh Rewadkar, Mr Gaurav Pawar, Mr Nathan Thorpe, Mr Shubham Patel, Mr Om Karrahe, and Mr Shreyas Bind. "Control of BLDC motor and Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicle." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41172.
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Abstract: With the rising economy, fuel demand also increases. In today's world, fossil fuels are the major contribution to meeting these demands. However, it is not going to be the same scenario in the next decades as the fossil fuels levels are depleting there is a need for an alternative fuel that will satisfy energy requirements and will be a sustainable source in coming years. In the automotive industry petrol and diesel have been major fuels in driving vehicles. Although electric vehicles are going to be replaced by IC engines. Electric vehicles have lower fuel costs as compared to internal combustion engines but because of limited charging stations vehicles are bound to drive within certain distances. With the implementation of regenerative braking in electric vehicles, it is possible to charge batteries when the vehicle is breaking and thus increasing driving distance. This paper presents a simulation of control of BLDC motor with regenerative braking. Keywords: Regenerative Braking, BLDC Motor, Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter, VSI, Electric Drives.
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Babangida, Aminu, and Péter Tamás Szemes. "Electric Vehicle Modelling and Simulation of a Light Commercial Vehicle Using PMSM Propulsion." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 49, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33927/hjic-2021-06.
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Even though the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) used in conventional vehicles is one of the major causes of global warming and air pollution, the emission of toxic gases is also harmful to living organisms. Electric propulsion has been developed in modern electric vehicles to replace the ICE.The aim of this research is to use both the Simulink and Simscape toolboxes in MATLAB to model the dynamics of a light commercial vehicle powered by electric propulsion. This research focuses on a Volkswagen Crafter with a diesel propulsion engine manufactured in 2020. A rear-wheel driven electric powertrain based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor was designed to replace its front-wheel driven diesel engine in an urban environment at low average speeds.In this research, a Nissan Leaf battery with a nominal voltage of 360 V and a capacity of 24 kWh was modelled to serve as the energy source of the electric drivetrain. The New European Driving Cycle was used in this research to evaluate the electric propulsion. Another test input such as a speed ramp was also used to test the vehicle under different road conditions. A Proportional Integral controller was applied to control the speed of both the vehicle and synchronous motor. Different driving cycles were used to test the vehicle. The vehicle demonstrated a good tracking capability in each type of test. In addition, this research determined that the fuel economy of electric vehicles is approximately 19% better than that of conventional vehicles.
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Gryshchuk, Oleksandr, Volodymyr Hladchenko, and Uriy Overchenko. "CONVERTING THE VEHICLE BY REPLACING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 4 (260) ’ 2019 (December 28, 2019): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2019-4-260-29-35.
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This article looks at some comparative statistics on the development and use of electric vehicles (hereinafter referred to as EM) as an example of sales and future sales forecasts for EM in countries that focus on environmental conservation. Examples of financial investments already underway and to be made in the near future by the largest automakers in the development and distribution of EM in the world are given. Steps are taken to improve the environmental situation in countries (for example, the prohibition of entry into the city center), the scientific and applied problem of improving the energy efficiency and environmental safety of the operation of wheeled vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the CTE). The basic and more widespread schemes of conversion of the internal combustion engine car (hereinafter -ICE) to the electric motor car (by replacing the gasoline or diesel electric motor), as well as the main requirements that must be observed for the safe use and operation of the electric vehicle. The problem is solved by justifying the feasibility of re-equipment of the KTZ by replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor. On the basis of the statistics collected by the State Automobile Transit Research Institute on the number of issued conclusions of scientific and technical expertise regarding the approval of the possibility of conversion of a car with an internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel) to a car with an electric motor (electric vehicle), the conclusions on the feasibility of such conclusion were made. Keywords: electricvehicles, ecological safety, electricmotor, statistics provided, car, vehicle by replacing.
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Mares, Jaromir, Vaclav Zajicek, and Katerina Pochobradska. "The Monitoring Of Operating Costs Of The Vehicles In The Czech Army." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0055.
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Abstract The paper deals with monitoring of operating costs of the vehicles in the Czech Army. The cost reduction is realized through the methods of controling, improvement of field maintenance quality, modularization of the units, acquiring of new equipment, the options of reducing fuel consumption by additives, trends in the maintenance area and surveillance systems implemented for check of the vehicles operation. Significantly, we proceeded to the method of cost reduction by implementing new equipment. We have proved the method success. Especially with vehicles T 810 the demostrated savings were about 12.7% of motor diesel in 2008. Similarly, it was also proved in 2009, when that the savings for the same vehicle T 810 in seven modifications were about 11.9% of diesel. The total contribution for the selected military facility of Czech Army was shown by significant overall saving. In 2009, the selected military facility used a total of 9 pieces of new vehicles T 810. The saving of the replaced equipment meant a total fuel savings of 1862 liters, which amounted to 2.34% of the total consumption of diesel.
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Awal Udin, Ahmad Robiul, and Adityo Adityo. "PRESTASI MOTOR DIESEL DENGAN OPTIMALISASI SISTEM INTAKE MANIFOLD PAK SYS (PERFORMANCE AIR INTAKE SYSTEM) TURBO FAN AXIAL." ROTOR 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/rotor.v10i2.5586.
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The development of motor vehicle technology has urgency of increasing the efficiency for the engine of fuel requirements that will be used in the combustion process to produce output parameters. One of the elements for an effective combustion process for the fuel mixture composition is the quantity and the air capacity to be supplied for each cylinder. The construction of intake manifold is one of minor losses for requirement capacity of air when intake suction take occured. The addition of Axial Fan in the intake manifold system of diesel motors is expected to meet the air supply capacity and minimize minor losses, so the performance engine like : volumetric efficiency, torque and power increased. Fundamental of air Intake System Performance Method to inducting (forces) amount of the air through Fan Axial Double Blade blades. This study uses a quasi-experimental method that compares the intake manifold with or without the installation of axial (standard) fan to the torque and power generated from four diesel motors (4) steps. From the test obtained an average torque increase of 22%, with the highest torque at the beginning of 1150 rpm engine speed of 41.8 Nm, while the average power increase of 13% with a power rating of 8 KW at 2200 rpm engine speed. While the volumetric efficiency experienced an average increase of 6% with a significant percentage of engine speed of 2200 rpm which reached 98.8%.
Keywords: Torque, Power, Diesel, Intake Manifold, Axial Fan
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Lahutin, Hennadiy, Anatoliy Panchenko, Volodymyr Uvarov, and Oleh Sal’nyk. "Features of starting motor vehicles diesel engines with the use of molecular energy storages." Vehicle and electronics. Innovative technologies, no. 22 (December 27, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/veit.2022.22.0.3.
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Problem. With the experience of special purpose vehicles operating in the field, there is a problem of electrical start-up of diesel engines at low temperatures. It is caused by an increase in the motor oil viscosity, as well as a decrease in the starter batteries capacity. Goal. The goal of the work is to investigate the possibilities of using molecular energy storage for the reliable diesel engines start-up, including in low temperatures, aimed at improving the efficiency of the electrical start-up systems of special purpose vehicles diesel engines, which are operated in the field. Methodology. Methods of mathematical statistics were used in the study of the characteristics of molecular energy storage. When justifying the characteristics of the diesel engines electrical start-up system with molecular energy storage, mathematical methods of operations research were applied. Methods of mathematical analysis were used in the development of a diesel start-up system scheme. Results. The functional scheme of the electrical start-up system of diesel with a molecular energy storages is proposed. Originality. There are the known ways to facilitate the launch of diesel engines in low temperatures, such as the engine pre-growing or the heating of the air entering the engine combustion chambers, but they lead to a rapid discharge of starter batteries. This may make it impossible to start the diesel engine. The use of molecular energy storage will ensure a reliable start-up of a cold diesel engine. Practical meaning. The use of a combined electricity source, consisting of batteries and molecular energy storage, provides a reliable start-up of the engine in extreme temperature conditions, reducing the batteries capacity, increasing their service life, and cutting down operating costs.
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Lenďák, Peter, Juraj Jablonický, Daniela Uhrinová, Ján Kosiba, and Ján Polerecký. "Possible Solutions for Checking Particulate Matter Filters (DPF) in Motor Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 1059 (December 2014): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1059.119.
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Solid carbon (C) is produced during hydrocarbon fuels combustion by the molecules heat decomposition process in a local lack of oxygen. More reactive hydrogen consumed the part of oxygen in the zone of an oxygen-rich mixture, so carbon particles are not gaining access to oxygen. Solid carbon particles are bound to other various materials such as mechanical impurities, sulphates, condensates, and liquid fuel residues, some of them with high toxicity – such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The cause of high solid carbon emissions is a significant inhomogeneity of the mixture up to the value λ = 0 inside the fuel droplets where oxygen absences up to λ = ∞ in the space where fuel does not even come. Therefore, solid carbon emissions highly depend on the quality of atomization of the fuel which is injected into the cylinder. The supply of oxygen required for oxidation is improved by increasing the total amount of the air in the cylinder. In Slovakia as well as in other countries (the Czech Republic, etc.), there have been recently multiple instances of removing catalysts from vehicles by services, deactivation of diesel particulate filters (DPF, SCR), or vehicle control units reprogramming (tuning), or a combination of the previous actions. From the perspective of a company and its interest, it is a large interference with vehicle design, and it also affects the relationship with the environment. From the perspective of society, it is irrelevant whether it is the individual's conduct or the conduct of certain groups. This article explores the possible solutions for checking the illegal diesel engines conversion due to deactivation of particulate matter filters in exhaust systems of diesel engines as well as the current legislation that covers this issue.
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David, Petr, and Milan Křápek. "Older motor vehicles and other aspects within the proposal of environmental tax in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072033.
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The article deals with theoretical and practical aspects of introducing environmental road tax for motor vehicles registered in the Czech Republic. The article analyses requirements to be met by this type of tax and reviews its functions. Further it analyses practical aspects in the sense of existence of data that is needed for accomplishing the task to find an ideal form of environmental tax. Based on these foundations, the authors identified a suitable model of taxation of motor vehicles registered in 2000 and after. Another aim was finding proper variables as regards the need of calculation of theoretical emission data in motor vehicles registered in the Czech Republic before 2000. The proposed model is expected to use emission limits as declared in technical documentation of motor vehicles registered after 2000 and theoretical limits calculated by means of variables of engine capacity and time in older motor vehicles despite the fact that these variables provide explanation for the analysed emission effect just in case of 58% diesel engines, more precisely in case of 82% petrol engines.
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GIS, Wojciech, Jerzy WAŚKIEWICZ, and Maciej MENES. "Experts forecasts on the demand for energy carriers in motor vehicle transport in Poland up to year 2035." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-328.
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Presentation of the number of passenger cars, vehicles other than passenger cars with GVM up to 3.5 tons and above 3.5 tons (trucks, buses and special vehicles), registered in Poland as at the end of 2015, with types of energy carriers. Forecasts of transport performance of the vehicle fleet and the forecast of the fleet volume in Poland by year 2035. Expert forecasts of energy carriers con-sumption (petrol, diesel oil, LPG, CNG, electric power, hydrogen) up to year 2035.
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Zhang, Xian, Qinglong Wang, Weina Qin, and Limei Guo. "Sustainable Policy Evaluation of Vehicle Exhaust Control—Empirical Data from China’s Air Pollution Control." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010125.
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With the increase of car ownership, mobile pollution has become an important source of air pollution, which makes it more difficult for China to control air pollution. In order to control mobile pollution from automobile exhaust, China has taken a series of comprehensive measures. The paper studies the emission reduction effect from the perspective of flow pollution and stock pollution. First of all, the paper uses the actual emission data of motor vehicles to study the emission reduction effect by gasoline and diesel vehicles. The results show that: (1) Fuel price, fuel tax (except diesel), and emission and gasoline standards have an emission reduction effect on gasoline vehicle exhaust control, while the restriction has no effect. (2) In gasoline cars, the emission reduction effect in the Middle East is more significant than in the West, and the effect in the West is better than that in the Middle East. (3) As for diesel vehicles, the effect of policy in the West is superior to the East. Further, the east is better than in the middle. Secondly, based on the actual emission data of Chinese motor vehicles, the paper simulates the change value of stock pollution from automobile exhaust under different policies, and concludes that the economic effect of policy depends on the ecological absorption rate and discount rate. When the net discount value NPV is positive, the government should do its best to interfere with the emission of automobile exhaust. When the net discount value NPV is negative, the government doesn’t have to interfere with the emission of automobile exhaust.
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Zolotov, V. A. "Technical and environmental aspects of the new requirements for the performance properties of promising motor oils." World of petroleum products 02 (2022): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2782-3040-2022-0-2-37-40.
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The modern development of transport is at the stage of energy transition to its zero-carbon operation with the use of alternative energy sources instead of traditional liquid fuel. It is assumed that the operation of transport using electric motors and hydrogen fuel cells in the future will be able to represent a significant segment of the global economy. Manufacturers of heavy-duty vehicles and buses are currently actively investing in so-called carbon neutrality technologies and are activating the technical capabilities of options for using electric vehicles for heavy operating conditions. At the same time, along with the electrification of vehicles, the popularity of traditional piston internal combustion engines remains, including in hybrid car models. The new environmental regulations Euro-7, which are part of the European "Green Agreement", include stricter emission standards for all gasoline and diesel cars, vans, trucks and buses. This is part of the EU's commitment to support the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. In connection with the latest achievements in the design of diesel engines, the development of a new category of PC-12 engine oil for heavy-duty diesel engines is officially underway in order to replace the oils of the existing categories CK-4 and FA-4 according to API. The category of oils in the projected specification is planned to be divided into subcategories that provide conditions for their use in heavy-duty transport: off-road conditions, including those with a high temperature load, assuming a high oil viscosity at 150 oC and a shear rate of 106 s-1 (High Temperature High Shear - HTHS), and highway operation. It is assumed that the new PC-12 specification will provide increased thermal-oxidative stability of oils and improved compatibility with elastomers in both subcategories, as well as wear tests with the inclusion of new methods.
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Al-Maidi, Ali Abbas Hashim, D. A. Chernetsov, Yu V. Rodionov, and P. I. Selivanova. "The Prospects of Reequipping Agricultural Diesel Vehicles with Natural Gas Fuel Motors." Voprosy sovremennoj nauki i praktiki. Universitet imeni V.I. Vernadskogo, no. 4(66) (2017): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/voprosy.2017.04.pp.200-206.
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Nelson, Peter F. "Effects of vehicle type and fuel quality on the exposure risk of toxic emissions from diesel vehicles." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2009): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08074.
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Environmental Context. Motor vehicle emissions of toxic chemicals are a major contributor to urban air pollution, and to potential human health problems. Diesel vehicles have historically been major sources of smoke and fine particles that contain a wide range of toxic species. In this study the effects of vehicle type and fuel quality on the cancer forming risk of toxic compounds in diesel exhaust are determined. It is found that the major risk is due to toxic compounds such as benzene formed during fuel combustion in the vehicle engine. Abstract. Diesel vehicles are an important source of emission of air pollutants, particularly toxic compounds with potential health impacts. Current developments in engine design and fuel quality are expected to reduce these emissions, but many older vehicles will make a major contribution to urban pollutant concentrations and related health impacts for many years. In this study the relative inhalation risk of emissions of a range of toxic compounds are reported using data from a study of in-service vehicles driven through urban drive cycles using a range of diesel fuel formulations. The fuels ranged in sulfur content from 24 to 1700 ppm, and in total aromatics from 7.7 to 33 mass%. Effects of vehicle type and fuel composition on the risk of emissions of a range of toxic species are reported. The results show that the inhalation cancer risk is dominated for most of the vehicles and the testing modes by emissions of the combustion derived products, particularly benzene, naphthalene, and formaldehyde, and not by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene. Based on the relative risk represented by these toxic species, improved fuel quality does not result in significant reductions in the relative inhalation cancer risk. However, this conclusion may be affected by additional toxic species and fine particles present in diesel exhaust, which were not included in this study.
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JAWORSKI, Artur, Kazimierz LEJDA, Janusz LUBAS, and Maksymilian MĄDZIEL. "Comparison of exhaust emission from Euro 3 and Euro 6 motor vehicles fueled with petrol and LPG based on real driving conditions." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-318.
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Constantly increasing requirements regarding emission limits for harmful exhaust components force vehicle manufacturers to im-prove the construction of vehicle engines as well as exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition to modifications in the field of technology of motor vehicles themselves, it is also important to study the impact of alternatives to petrol or diesel fuels. One of the most popular fossil fuel is liquid petroleum gas. In the paper, the results of comparative studies on the emission of harmful exhaust components of vehicles meeting the Euro 3 and Euro 6 standards in the field of petrol and LPG fuel use are presented. Emission measurement was performed using a portable emission measurement system from Horiba OBS-2200 under real traffic conditions. The presented results show the differences between the tested vehicles and the fuels used.
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Baek, Bok H., Rizzieri Pedruzzi, Minwoo Park, Chi-Tsan Wang, Younha Kim, Chul-Han Song, and Jung-Hun Woo. "The Comprehensive Automobile Research System (CARS) – a Python-based automobile emissions inventory model." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 12 (June 21, 2022): 4757–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4757-2022.
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Abstract. The Comprehensive Automobile Research System (CARS) is an open-source Python-based automobile emissions inventory model designed to efficiently estimate high-quality emissions from motor vehicle emission sources. It can estimate air pollutant, greenhouse gas, and air toxin criteria at any spatial resolution based on the spatiotemporal resolutions of input datasets. The CARS is designed to utilize local vehicle activity data, such as vehicle travel distance, road-link-level network geographic information system (GIS) information, and vehicle-specific average speed by road type, to generate an automobile emissions inventory for policymakers, stakeholders, and the air quality modeling community. The CARS model adopted the European Environment Agency's on-road automobile emissions calculation methodologies to estimate the hot exhaust, cold start, and evaporative emissions from on-road automobile sources. It can optionally utilize average speed distribution (ASD) of all road types to reflect more realistic vehicle speed variations. In addition, through utilizing high-resolution road GIS data, the CARS can estimate the road-link-level emissions to improve the inventory's spatial resolution. When we compared the official 2015 national mobile emissions from Korea's Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) against the ones estimated by the CARS, there is a significant increase in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (33 %) and carbon monoxide (CO) (52 %) measured, with a slight increase in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (15 %) emissions. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur oxide (SOx) measurements are reduced by 24 % and 17 %, respectively, in the CARS estimates. The main differences are driven by different vehicle activities and the incorporation of road-specific ASD, which plays a critical role in hot exhaust emission estimates but was not implemented in Korea's CAPSS mobile emissions inventory. While 52 % of vehicles use gasoline fuel and 35 % use diesel, gasoline vehicles only contribute 7.7 % of total NOx emissions, whereas diesel vehicles contribute 85.3 %. However, for VOC emissions, gasoline vehicles contribute 52.1 %, whereas diesel vehicles are limited to 23 %. Diesel buses comprise only 0.3 % of vehicles and have the largest contribution to NOx emissions (8.51 % of NOx total) per vehicle due to having longest daily vehicle kilometer travel (VKT). For VOC emissions, compressed natural gas (CNG) buses are the largest contributor at 19.5 % of total VOC emissions. For primary PM2.5, more than 98.5 % is from diesel vehicles. The CARS model's in-depth analysis feature can assist government policymakers and stakeholders in developing the best emission abatement strategies.
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Xue, Yifeng, Xizi Cao, Yi Ai, Kangli Xu, and Yichen Zhang. "Primary Air Pollutants Emissions Variation Characteristics and Future Control Strategies for Transportation Sector in Beijing, China." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104111.
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Air pollutant emissions from vehicles, railways, and aircraft for freight and passenger transportation are major sources of air pollution, and strongly impact the air quality of Beijing, China. To better understand the variation characteristics of these emissions, we used the emission factor method to quantitatively determine the air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector. The emission intensity of different modes of transportation was estimated, and measures are proposed to prevent and control air pollutants emitted from the transportation sector. The results showed that air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector have been decreasing year by year as a result of the reduction in emissions from motor vehicles, benefiting from the structural adjustment of motor vehicles. A comparison of the emission intensity of primary air pollutants from different modes of transportation showed that the emission level of railway transportation was much lower than that of road transportation. However, Beijing relies heavily on road transportation, with road freight transportation accounting for 96% of freight transportation, whereas the proportion of railway transportation was low. Primary air pollutants from the transportation sector contributed significantly to the total emissions in Beijing. The proportion of NOX emissions increased from 54% in 2013 to 58% in 2018. To reduce air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, further adjustments and optimization of the structure of transportation in Beijing are needed. As for the control of motor vehicle pollutant emissions, vehicle composition must be adjusted and the development of clean energy must be promoted, as well as the replacement of diesel vehicles with electric vehicles for passenger and freight transportation.
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Magaril, E. R., and R. Z. Magaril. "EFFECT OF DENSITY OF FUELS ON THE OPERATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR VEHICLES." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-6-108-116.
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Negative influence of the increased density of motor fuels on ecological and on operational characteristics of motor transport is proved. The complex of the technological solutions, aimed to decrease the density of the fuels, which are used, including a change of a ratio of capacities of oil processing, temperature range of boiling of gasoline and diesel fractions, introduction of additives into fuels and addition of butanes to gasolines is offered.
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Wang, Chong, Qun Sun, and Limin Xu. "Development of an Integrated Cooling System Controller for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2605460.
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A hybrid electrical bus employs both a turbo diesel engine and an electric motor to drive the vehicle in different speed-torque scenarios. The cooling system for such a vehicle is particularly power costing because it needs to dissipate heat from not only the engine, but also the intercooler and the motor. An electronic control unit (ECU) has been designed with a single chip computer, temperature sensors, DC motor drive circuit, and optimized control algorithm to manage the speeds of several fans for efficient cooling using a nonlinear fan speed adjustment strategy. Experiments suggested that the continuous operating performance of the ECU is robust and capable of saving 15% of the total electricity comparing with ordinary fan speed control method.
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Mugica, V., J. Watson, E. Vega, E. Reyes, M. E. Ruiz, and J. Chow. "Receptor Model Source Apportionment of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in Mexico City." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 844–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.147.
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With the purpose of estimating the source contributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) to the atmosphere at three different sites in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, 92 ambient air samples were measured from February 23 to March 22 of 1997. Light- and heavy-duty vehicular profiles were determined to differentiate the NMHC contribution of diesel and gasoline to the atmosphere. Food cooking source profiles were also determined for chemical mass balance receptor model application. Initial source contribution estimates were carried out to determine the adequate combination of source profiles and fitting species. Ambient samples of NMHC were apportioned to motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapor, handling and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas), asphalt operations, painting operations, landfills, and food cooking. Both gasoline and diesel motor vehicle exhaust were the major NMHC contributors for all sites and times, with a percentage of up to 75%. The average motor vehicle exhaust contributions increased during the day. In contrast, LP gas contribution was higher during the morning than in the afternoon. Apportionment for the most abundant individual NMHC showed that the vehicular source is the major contributor to acetylene, ethylene, pentanes, n-hexane, toluene, and xylenes, while handling and distribution of LP gas was the major source contributor to propane and butanes. Comparison between CMB estimates of NMHC and the emission inventory showed a good agreement for vehicles, handling and distribution of LP gas, and painting operations; nevertheless, emissions from diesel exhaust and asphalt operations showed differences, and the results suggest that these emissions could be underestimated.
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Amann, C. A. "Evaluating Alternative Internal Combustion Engines: 1950–1975." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818506.
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GMR (General Motors Research Laboratories, now GM R&D Center) has long sought ways to improve automotive combustion engines. Following World War II, considerable effort was also devoted to evaluating new powerplants that embodied different operating cycles from those of the established spark-ignition and diesel engines. Two internal combustion variants receiving attention during the third quarter of the 20th century were the free-piston diesel and the gas turbine. Research on those two alternatives is reviewed. Because their shortcomings were judged to outweigh their advantages, neither has found commercial application in highway vehicles.
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STASENKO, Igor S., Nikita V. HERASIMENKO, and Viktor S. SAVITSKI. "METHODOLOGY FOR DESIGNING A TRACTION MOTOR FOR TRANSPORT." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 1, no. 58 (March 2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2022-1-58-24-30.
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The article is devoted to the design of an asynchronous traction motor intended for work as part of an electric drive of vehicles: electric vehicles, electric buses, trams, trolley buses. The object of the study is a medium-sized bus. The required traction characteristics of the electric motor are constructed, the nominal and limiting characteristics of the increased torque. The dynamic characteristics have been built for a bus with a mechanical transmission and a diesel engine, as well as for a bus with an electric motor. A method is proposed for designing an electric motor based on mathematical modelling of its operation in the software complexes ANSYS RMxprt and INFOLYTICA MAGNET. According to this technique, the main parameters of the electric motor are determined. The results of modelling are given, graphs of the criteria dependence on the electric motor parameters. Experimental studies of the electric motor have been carried out. The results of mathematical modelling are compared with experimental ones. It was found that the discrepancy between the results of experimental and theoretical studies is no more than 5 %.
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Ban-Weiss, George A., John P. McLaughlin, Robert A. Harley, Andrew J. Kean, Eric Grosjean, and Daniel Grosjean. "Carbonyl and Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions From Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Motor Vehicles." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 11 (June 2008): 3944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8002487.
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Náñez Alonso, Sergio Luis. "The Tax Incentives in the IVTM and “Eco-Friendly Cars”: The Spanish Case." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083398.
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This article describes research that was carried out regarding the tax incentives in Spain associated with the “eco-friendly car,” which are reflected in its share of taxes on motor-driven vehicles. The study focused on the electric vehicle, the hybrid, and the liquefied petroleum gas vehicle. First, the current regulatory framework was addressed. The maximum bonus limits were considered, as well as how each of 68 cities examined the incentives. The qualitative and quantitative differences among the Spanish cities were discussed. Next, the annual tax savings on the Tax on motor vehicles (IVTM) quota were calculated, and the differences in the tax savings depending on the municipality and type of vehicle were noted, as well as the temporal duration of the bonus. Finally, the average tax savings were calculated based on the type of vehicle, power and municipality. It is clear that, although the tax incentives are positive, they must be complemented by other measures if the public authorities in Spain want to achieve a change in mentality and an increase in the acquisition of “eco-friendly cars” that eliminate pollutants (powered by the combustion of gasoline or diesel).
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Kreith, Frank, Ron E. West, and Beth E. Isler. "Efficiency of Advanced Ground Transportation Technologies." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 3 (August 6, 2002): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1486019.
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This paper presents thermodynamic analyses of ten different scenarios for using natural gas to power motor vehicles. Specifically, it presents a comparison between different types of automotive vehicles using fuels made from natural gas feedstock. In comparing the various fuel-vehicle options, a complete well-to-wheel fuel cycle is considered. This approach starts with the well at which the feedstock is first extracted from the ground and ends with the power finally delivered to the wheels of the vehicle. This all-inclusive comparison is essential in order to accurately and fairly compare the transportation options. This study indicates that at the present time hybrid-electric vehicles, particularly those using diesel components, can achieve the highest efficiency among available technologies using natural gas as the primary energy source. Hydrogen spark ignition, all-electric battery-powered, and methanol fuel cell vehicles rank lowest in well-to-wheel efficiency because of their poor fuel production efficiencies.
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Ramesh Babu, S., C. Senthil Kumar, P. Maria Raj Manoj, S. Manokaran, and R. Rooban Kumar. "Performance Assessment of Electrically Converted Diesel Fuel Driven Commercial Vehicle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2272, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2272/1/012006.
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Abstract An electric vehicle has an alternative drive that uses electric motors and controllers to replace traditional internal combustion engines. Power comes from a battery or battery cell, not a carbon-based fuel. This not only saves money, but also has a low environmental impact. It also has a number of advantages over traditional internal combustion engines, particularly in terms of considerably reduced pollutants and increased energy efficiency. There are several impediments to the quick adoption of electric vehicles, including battery technical constraints, high purchasing costs, and a lack of charging infrastructure. In this conversion we can save and control the emission and pollution. In this work, a diesel fuel driven 909 CC commercial vehicle has been converted into the electric vehicle (EV) with suitable modifications in their power train. Then, the performance of the EV was analysed and it was found satisfactory. In this way, an attempt was made to retrofit the commercial diesel vehicle to work in electric power. The mileage of the EV was measured as 110 km per charge for the 25% load and 80 km per charge for the full load condition.
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Wójcik, Marta. "Recycling technologies of used Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) from buses." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 18, no. 10 (October 31, 2017): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2017.038.
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Stringent environmental requirements caused the use of special technical solutions from motor manufactures. These innovations aim to the reduction of gases emission. From 2000, vehicles with diesel engines, including buses, are equipped with the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). The basic principle of the DPF filter relays on the oxidation of carbon and hydrocarbons to harmless compounds: water, air and carbon dioxide. Due to the content of platinum and other precious metals, the price of diesel particulate filters is even several tens of thousands PLN. From the economical point of view, metals recovery from end of live buses is essential. Additionally, recycling of used diesel particulates filters is very important for materials management. This article presents the recycling methods of DPF filters from end of live vehicles, including buses. The recovery of platinum and other metals from aforementioned filters is an important step toward the reduction of the amount of waste. Additionally, the recycling of diesel particulate filters influences the protection of metals resources in the world.
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Kovalov, Serhii. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF GAS ENGINE, CONVERTED ON THE BASIS OF DIESELS D-120 OR D-144 ENGINES TO WORK FOR ON LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 3 (259) ’ 2019 (October 17, 2019): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2019-3-259-2-8.
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The expediency of using vehicles of liquefied petroleum gas as a motor fuel, as com-pared with traditional liquid motor fuels, in particular with diesel fuel, is shown. The advantages of converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition with respect to conversion into gas diesel engines are substantiated. The analysis of methods for reducing the compression ratio in diesel engines when converting them into gas ICEs with forced ignition has been carried out. It is shown that for converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition, it is advisable to use the Otto thermo-dynamic cycle with a decrease in the geometric degree of compression. The choice is grounded and an open combustion chamber in the form of an inverted axisymmetric “truncated cone” is developed. The proposed shape of the combustion chamber of a gas internal combustion engine for operation in the LPG reduces the geometric compression ratio of D-120 and D-144 diesel engines with an unseparated spherical combustion chamber, which reduces the geometric compression ratio from ε = 16,5 to ε = 9,4. The developed form of the combustion chamber allows the new diesel pistons or diesel pistons which are in operation to be in operation to be refined, instead of making special new gas pistons and to reduce the geometric compression ratio of diesel engines only by increasing the combustion chamber volume in the piston. This method of reducing the geometric degree of compression using conventional lathes is the most technologically advanced and cheap, as well as the least time consuming. Keywords: self-propelled chassis SSh-2540, wheeled tractors, diesel engines D-120 and D-144, gas engine with forced ignition, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compression ratio of the internal com-bustion engine, vehicles operating in the LPG.
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Albatayneh, Aiman, Mohammad N. Assaf, Dariusz Alterman, and Mustafa Jaradat. "Comparison of the Overall Energy Efficiency for Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles and Electric Vehicles." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0041.
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Abstract The tremendous growth in the transportation sector as a result of changes in our ways of transport and a rise in the level of prosperity was reflected directly by the intensification of energy needs. Thus, electric vehicles (EV) have been produced to minimise the energy consumption of conventional vehicles. Although the EV motor is more efficient than the internal combustion engine, the well to wheel (WTW) efficiency should be investigated in terms of determining the overall energy efficiency. In simple words, this study will try to answer the basic question – is the electric car really energy efficient compared with ICE-powered vehicles? This study investigates the WTW efficiency of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles ICEVs (gasoline, diesel), compressed natural gas vehicles (CNGV) and EVs. The results show that power plant efficiency has a significant consequence on WTW efficiency. The total WTW efficiency of gasoline ICEV ranges between 11–27 %, diesel ICEV ranges from 25 % to 37 % and CNGV ranges from 12 % to 22 %. The EV fed by a natural gas power plant shows the highest WTW efficiency which ranges from 13 % to 31 %. While the EV supplied by coal-fired and diesel power plants have approximately the same WTW efficiency ranging between 13 % to 27 % and 12 % to 25 %, respectively. If renewable energy is used, the losses will drop significantly and the overall efficiency for electric cars will be around 40–70% depending on the source and the location of the renewable energy systems.
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Dallmann, T. R., T. B. Onasch, T. W. Kirchstetter, D. R. Worton, E. C. Fortner, S. C. Herndon, E. C. Wood, et al. "Characterization of particulate matter emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 3 (February 14, 2014): 4007–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-4007-2014.
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Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured in July 2010 from on-road motor vehicles driving through a highway tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area. A soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was used to measure the chemical composition of PM emitted by gasoline and diesel vehicles at high time resolution. Organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured during various time periods that had different levels of diesel influence, as well as directly in the exhaust plumes of individual heavy-duty (HD) diesel trucks. BC emission factor distributions for HD trucks were more skewed than OA distributions, with the highest 10% of trucks accounting for 56 and 42% of total measured BC and OA emissions, respectively. A comparison of measured OA and BC mass spectra across various sampling periods revealed a high degree of similarity in BC and OA emitted by gasoline and diesel engines. Cycloalkanes predominate in exhaust OA emissions relative to saturated alkanes (i.e., normal and iso-paraffins), suggesting that lubricating oil rather than fuel is the dominant source of primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions in diesel vehicle exhaust. This finding is supported by the detection of trace elements such as zinc and phosphorus in the exhaust plumes of individual trucks. Trace elements were emitted relative to total OA at levels that are consistent with typical weight fractions of commonly used additives present in lubricating oil. The presence of trace elements in vehicle exhaust raises the concern that ash deposits may accumulate over time in diesel particle filter systems, and may eventually lead to performance problems that require servicing.
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Marchenko, A. P., I. V. Parsadanov, and O. P. Strokov. "INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND ENVIRONMENT." Internal Combustion Engines, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/0419-8719.2022.2.01.
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Solution of energy and environmental problems is one of the main tasks of modern times. This paper points out the role of internal combustion engines, especially diesel engines, in the global energy sector and specifically in road transport, consumption of natural resources, negative impact on the environment and global warming. The directions for further improving the efficiency of diesel engines and power plants in road transport are given. These directions are related to the implementation of existing reserves to improve engine efficiency, design, manufacturability, environmental performance and the use of alternative fuels. The leading role of the internal combustion engine as a power plant for vehicles will be complemented in the future by the increased use of hybrid plants consisting of a diesel engine, electric generator, drive motors, energy storage, microprocessor control and optimum control systems. Hybrid plants will be used in passenger transport for urban and intercity haulage, to be installed on private vehicles. When adapted to hybrid plants transmissions, the concept of diesel engine improvement will change in the direction of providing higher operating efficiencies, economic and environmental performance in high boost modes while simplifying its design.