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1
Routley, Virginia. "Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Suicide." Crisis 28, S1 (2007): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.s1.28.
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Abstract. In many motorized countries, inhalation of carbon monoxide from motor vehicle exhaust gas (MVEG) has been one of the leading methods of suicide. In some countries it remains so (e.g., Australia 16.0% of suicides in 2005). Relative to other methods it is a planned method and one often used by middle-aged males. The study provides a review of countermeasures aimed at restricting this method of suicide. The prevention measures identified were catalytic converters (introduced to reduce carbon monoxide for environmental reasons); in-cabin sensors; exhaust pipe modification; automatic idling stops; and helpline signage at suicide “hotspots.” Catalytic converters are now in 90% of new vehicles worldwide and literature supports them being associated with a reduction in exhaust-gassing suicides. There remain, however, accounts of exhaust-gas fatalities in modern vehicles, whether accidentally or by suicide. These deaths and also crashes from fatigue could potentially be prevented by in-cabin multi-gas sensors, these having been developed to the prototype stage. Helpline signage at an exhaust-gassing suicide “hotspot” had some success in reducing suicides. The evidence on method substitution and whether a reduction in MVEG suicides causes a reduction in total suicides is inconsistent.
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Wang, Qing Song, Xue Liang Yuan, and Chun Yuan Ma. "Air Environmental Impact Research of Urban Traffic Development – A Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.854.
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With the speed-up of urbanization, the number of motor vehicles has increased rapidly, which is the main urban air pollutant source because of too much emitted exhaust gas. Based on the motor vehicle exhaust emissions in Shandong Province in 2006, using trend extrapolation and scenario analysis, predict the motor vehicle exhaust emissions for future planning. The results show that the motor vehicles in 2015and 2020 are 27.52 million and 34.53 million, which is 1.9times and 2.38 times of the motor vehicles in 2006, respectively. For the specific air pollutants from motor vehicles exhaust in 2020, SO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 will reach 28.4 thousand tons, 356.7 thousand tons, 10.8 thousand tons and 12.2 thousand tons, which will be 3 times, 1.2 times, 5 times and 5 times of the emissions in 2006. The urban air pollutions caused by motor vehicles exhaust will be very serious.
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Brennan, Chris, Virginia Routley, and Joan Ozanne-Smith. "Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Suicide in Victoria, Australia 1998-2002." Crisis 27, no. 3 (2006): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.3.119.
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Motor vehicle exhaust gas suicide (MVEGS) is the second most frequent method of suicide in Victoria, Australia. It is a highly lethal method of suicide with 1.5 deaths for every hospital admission. Australian regulations require all vehicles manufactured since 1998 to have a maximum carbon monoxide exhaust emission level of 2.1 g/km, reduced from the previous level of 9.6 g/km. Information surrounding all Victorian MVEGS between 1998-2002 was analyzed to determine whether suicides occurred in vehicles with the lower emission levels. Between 1998-2002, 607 suicides by this means were recorded while just 393 hospital admissions were recorded for the same period. Mean carboxyhaemoglobin levels were significantly lower in fatalities using vehicles manufactured from 1998, however suicide still occurred in these vehicles (n = 25). The extent to which the new regulations contributed to the relatively low rate of suicide in vehicles less than 5 years old compared to their frequency in the fleet remains unknown. Based on international experience and the age of the Victorian vehicle fleet, it may take well over a decade until substantial decreases in MVEGS are observed in the absence of active preventive measures.
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Budiyono, Budiyono. "Pengaruh Catalytic Converter Dari Bahan Kuningan Dengan Ketebalan 0,3 mm Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Kendaraan Pada Motor Honda Supra 2015." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 13, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jtm.13.1.356.
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There are two methods to reduce exhaust emissions in a motorized vehicle, namely by improving fuel and motorbike technology in such a way that better combustion occurs and produces lower emissions and by the addition of exhaust emission control devices or devices. Catalytic Converter is a device used as an exhaust gas emission control that is placed after the exhaust manifold on a motor vehicle exhaust system. The purpose of this study was to determine how the influence of the use of catalytic converters of brass material to reduce CO and HC gas levels in motor vehicles. Tests carried out using a gas analyzer to determine the value of CO and HC concentrations. Exhaust gas testing is carried out in two stages, namely exhaust emission test with standard exhaust and exhaust emission test with catalytic converter with variations of engine speed 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm. From the results of the study it was found that the influence of the use of catalytic converters of brass with a thickness of 0.3 mm with the fin model experienced a decrease in the level of exhaust gas emissions most effectively at 1500 rpm engine speed ie CO value decreased 1.82% from 3.96% to 2.14% and HC values decreased by 4,412 ppm from 9,999 ppm down to 5,587 ppm. So motor vehicles using a catalytic converter made of brass with a thickness of 0.3 mm will be able to reduce CO exhaust emissions by 2.14% and HC by 3.96%
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PRAMUDIBYO, SUGENG PRAMUDIBYO. "PENGARUH PENGATURAN MODE CO DAN RPM MESIN TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG SEPEDA MOTOR INJEKSI." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 2, no. 01 (2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v2i01.37.
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The high population in Indonesia has an impact on increasing the mobility of the population in work and activities, which is followed by the increased transportation facilities needed by the community. One of the negative effects of the increasing number of vehicles is the danger of exhaust emissions. One way to minimize the danger of exhaust gases is to regulate the mixture of air and fuel on the gasoline engine. In Yamaha injection motors there is a CO setting technology, this technology will have an impact on fuel use. The standard CO on a Yamaha motorbike is 0 and can be added or reduced (±) until it reaches 30. Increasing CO one strip will cause the fuel sprayed by the injector to be reduced by 0.05 cc. Examination of exhaust gas emissions is carried out using the Qrotect 401 Engine Gas Analyzer which is capable of measuring CO2, O2, CO, HC and Lamda. Based on the test results show that the lowest exhaust emissions are produced by the vehicle at 2500 rpm and in CO-30 mode settings, namely CO gas emissions of 0.49%. So we can conclude that the lowest exhaust gas emissions are produced by the vehicle at rpm 2500 with CO-30 settings. In addition to co mode settings, variations in engine rpm also affect exhaust emissions. In different modes but with different rpm the results will also be different. In the CO 10 mode setting with rpm 1400 CO gas emission is produced at 2.102 while at 2500 rpm is produced 0.821. So at rpm 2500 produced exhaust emissions lower than rpm 1400. There is a significant effect between CO mode settings and engine rpm on motorcycle exhaust emissions.
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JAWORSKI, Artur, Kazimierz LEJDA, Janusz LUBAS, and Maksymilian MĄDZIEL. "Comparison of exhaust emission from Euro 3 and Euro 6 motor vehicles fueled with petrol and LPG based on real driving conditions." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-318.
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Constantly increasing requirements regarding emission limits for harmful exhaust components force vehicle manufacturers to im-prove the construction of vehicle engines as well as exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition to modifications in the field of technology of motor vehicles themselves, it is also important to study the impact of alternatives to petrol or diesel fuels. One of the most popular fossil fuel is liquid petroleum gas. In the paper, the results of comparative studies on the emission of harmful exhaust components of vehicles meeting the Euro 3 and Euro 6 standards in the field of petrol and LPG fuel use are presented. Emission measurement was performed using a portable emission measurement system from Horiba OBS-2200 under real traffic conditions. The presented results show the differences between the tested vehicles and the fuels used.
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Li, Bai, Rong Cao, Zhanyong Wang, et al. "Use of Multi-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Fine-Grained Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 7 (2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119847991.
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With increasing numbers of motor vehicles, vehicle exhaust gas has become one of the most important sources of urban air pollutants. After being emitted from the motor vehicle, exhaust gas spreads through the air along the road and is gradually deposited in the surrounding area, having an adverse impact on pedestrians and residents. At present, most research on vehicle exhaust directly measures the total emissions from the exhaust pipe or monitors the time variation of air pollutants at the roadside by setting roadside monitoring stations. The spatial resolution of these two methods is very low, however, and it is impossible to describe accurately the diffusion patterns of exhaust gas in the atmosphere after discharge. Some scholars have conducted research on the quality of roadside air by hand-held portable devices, but these are limited by the speed of travel, and the spatial and temporal resolution of the acquired data is also very low. By using multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and portable equipment, this study demonstrates an atmospheric environment monitoring system based on multi-rotor UAV by designing corresponding hardware circuits and software programs. With flexible requirements for takeoff or landing sites and high maneuverability of multi-rotor UAVs, the system increases the capability for high resolution spatial and temporal monitoring of the diffusion of traffic-emitted pollutants. The system can conduct fixed-point measurement by hovering, and can also measure air pollutants in complex urban terrain, providing an innovation in the study of vehicle exhaust gas diffusion.
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Mir-Nasiri, Nazim. "Conceptual Design and Optimal Torque Sharing Strategy for Hybrid Vehicles with Epicyclic Gear Trains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.759.
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The paper presents a novel approach in torque sharing between an internal combustion engine (IC engine) and two electrical motors for optimal drive of a hybrid vehicle. The concept of the system is realized by employing the three degrees of freedom (DOF) twin epicyclic gear train with specially selected gear ratios to satisfy an optimal power sharing strategy. The first stage of the train provides high torque from the IC engine and moderate torque from the motor M1. The second stage provides lower torque but higher speed from the motor M2. Such arrangement of power sources is achieved by carefully selecting of all the gear ratios in the train. The designed system is able to minimize the power usage of the IC engine and thus to minimize the exhaust gas emission, save cost of petrol as compared to normal petrol vehicle. It also provides a quite wide range of torque and speed values to drive the vehicle.
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Guo, Dongdong, Hongyuan Wei, Yong Guo, Chuanqi Wang, and Zenghui Yin. "Non-exhaust particulate matter emission from vehicles: A review." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801015.
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According to the source, particulate matter produced during vehicle driving can be divided into exhaust emission and non-exhaust emission. Exhaust emission includes exhaust pipe emission and crankcase emission, while non-exhaust emission includes brake wear, tire wear, road wear and road dust. For a long time, it has been considered that the particulate matter pollution of motor vehicles mainly comes from exhaust emissions, and the control of particulate matter pollution in various countries is mainly concentrated in the tail gas. However, with the continuous tightening of emission standards, the emission of particulate matter has been reduced, but also makes the environmental pollution of non-exhaust particulate matter increasingly prominent. This paper summarizes the research on vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter emissions, aiming to emphasize the importance of non-exhaust particulate matter emissions and the necessity of legislation, so as to reduce their contribution to environmental particulate matter concentration.
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Susilawati, Evi, Zulfikar Ali As, and Munawar Raharja. "Perbandingan Kadar Emisi Gas Buang Karbon Monoksida (CO) Pada Kendaraan Bermotor Sistem Injeksi Otomatis." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (2018): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/jkl.v15i1.78.
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The Comparison Of Emission Levels Of Carbon Monoxide Exhaust Gas In Automatic Motor Vehicle Injection System. Transportation plays a very big role as a source of air pollution, especially exhaust emissions reach 60-70%. CO emitted by motor vehicle which exceed the standard be able to cause disturbance and even death. The development of a two-stroke engine vehicle into a four-step engine is a people demand who want a vehicle which is easy and comfortable. Indonesia has many different types of vehicles, but two types of motor vehicles with the YMJET-FI and PGM-FI system are most on the market. Three fuels such as premium, pertalite and pertamax are used by the public. This research was observational analytic, using Posttest Only Design to analyze the CO emission from YMJET-FI and PGM-FI engine with premium fuel, pertalite and pertamax. CO emission was tested at engine speed of 1.900-2.000 rpm and temperature 80oC. Analysis used Two Way Analysis of Variance statistic test with α = 0,05%. The results showed that 
 YMJET FI using premium emitted CO as 0,23%, pertalite 0,32% and pertamax 0,37%. PGM-FI using premium emitted 0,21% , pertalite 0,24% and pertamax 0,25%. The conclussion is, both of YMJET-FI and PGM-FI, using premium, pertalite and pertamax emitted CO lower than the emission quality standard according to KemenLH 2009 such as of 4,5%.
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Nugroho, Arif Setyo, Suhartoyo, Y. Yulianto Kristiawan, and Karminto. "Modified Copper for Reducing CO and HC Vehicle Exhaust Gas Emissions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 911 (January 4, 2023): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-04f6wt.
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This study aims to determine the effect of installing modified copper C-SiO2-ZSM5 in the exhaust, installing modified copper in the exhaust to reduce CO and HC. The two methods used to reduce CO and HC exhaust emissions are as follows: the first method is by mixing fossil fuels with ethanol. The fuel used is a mixture of gasoline + ethanol with variations of gasoline, E10, and E20. The second method is to provide a CO and HC reformer catalyst made of modified copper with the addition of SiO2 and MZM5 as much as 10% and 20%, respectively. The test uses a four-stroke two-wheel motor in a neutral gear position. Exhaust emission data retrieval is at 1500, 3000, 5000, 7000, 9000 rpm. With gasoline fuel mixed with ethanol with E 10 and E 20. There is a decrease in CO at each engine speed in each fuel variation, because the more ethanol content, the greater the supply of O2 in combustion because ethanol has oxygen bonds that can increase combustion. The emission of CO and HC gas on gasoline-fueled motors are greater than those of E 10 and E 20 motors. The use of a copper converter catalyst SiO2-C-ZSM5 is very significant and can reduce CO levels for gasoline fuel from the highest value of 4,7% to 2.82%, gasohol fuel E 10 with the highest value of CO 3.02% decreased to 1.2% and gasohol fuel E 20 the highest value of CO 2.78% decreased to 0.17%. Changes were seen visually on the surface of the copper used for the CO and HC reduction test, the surface copper became darker in color, especially when testing using gasoline. When using a mixture of ethanol and gasoline, copper is purplish brown color.
12
Mugica, V., J. Watson, E. Vega, E. Reyes, M. E. Ruiz, and J. Chow. "Receptor Model Source Apportionment of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in Mexico City." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 844–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.147.
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With the purpose of estimating the source contributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) to the atmosphere at three different sites in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, 92 ambient air samples were measured from February 23 to March 22 of 1997. Light- and heavy-duty vehicular profiles were determined to differentiate the NMHC contribution of diesel and gasoline to the atmosphere. Food cooking source profiles were also determined for chemical mass balance receptor model application. Initial source contribution estimates were carried out to determine the adequate combination of source profiles and fitting species. Ambient samples of NMHC were apportioned to motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapor, handling and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas), asphalt operations, painting operations, landfills, and food cooking. Both gasoline and diesel motor vehicle exhaust were the major NMHC contributors for all sites and times, with a percentage of up to 75%. The average motor vehicle exhaust contributions increased during the day. In contrast, LP gas contribution was higher during the morning than in the afternoon. Apportionment for the most abundant individual NMHC showed that the vehicular source is the major contributor to acetylene, ethylene, pentanes, n-hexane, toluene, and xylenes, while handling and distribution of LP gas was the major source contributor to propane and butanes. Comparison between CMB estimates of NMHC and the emission inventory showed a good agreement for vehicles, handling and distribution of LP gas, and painting operations; nevertheless, emissions from diesel exhaust and asphalt operations showed differences, and the results suggest that these emissions could be underestimated.
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Widodo, Slamet. "Study Design and Development Gas Sensor Technology for Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions." Key Engineering Materials 900 (September 20, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.900.85.
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Metal oxide-based gas sensors, have been used in the detection of gaseous pollutants emitted from motor vehicles, such as CO, SO2, NH3, NOx, hydrocarbons (HC) etc. However, the problems that up to now are still faced by the metal oxide-based sensors are reviews their low sensitivity, low selectivity and lack of stability. Therefore, it is difficult, to the make such an accurate metal oxide-based sensor and stable over a long period of time. In this short review, it will be described the state-of-the-art technology, design and fabrication methods and various techniques that can be applied to improve the performance of metal oxide-based sensors. Keywords: gaseous pollutants, the motor vehicle emission, gas sensors, metal oxide
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Kadyrov, A. S., A. A. Ganyukov, B. K. Sarsembekov, Zh Zh Zhunusbekova, and K. A. Sinelnikov. "Investigation of the process of ultrasonic cleaning of exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7263-2021-137-4-18-28.
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The authors have developed and investigated a mathematical model of the operation of an ultrasonic automobile muffler, which allows calculating the necessary parameters for effective work on cleaning the exhaust gas of motor transport. An experiment has been conducted to prove the effectiveness of ultrasonic exposure for cleaning the exhaust gas of motor vehicles. There are considered forces acting on a gas particle moving in an ultrasonic automobile muffler, the values of the velocities of motion of coagulated particles horizontally and vertically. There are determined the coagulation coefficient in an ultrasonic muffler. The effectiveness of ultrasonic exposure to the exhaust gas of motor transport has been proven during the experiment and has a promising development of this direction of cleaning aerosols from harmful impurities by the proposed method. According to the results of the experiment, the concentration of hydrocarbon CH decreased by more than 2 times, at 1000 rpm from 50 ppm/min to 27 ppm/min.
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Erdal KILIC. "Design and application of two-person electric vehicle." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 7, no. 2 (2022): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2022.7.2.0179.
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Nowadays, decrease in the oil reserves, effect of the exhaust gas emissions of thermal motor vehicles on air pollution and the increasing environmental problems arising due to air pollution have increased the significance of electric vehicles. In this study, a light and easy to use electric vehicle without power transmission organs has been designed and manufactured by driving the vehicle from the rear via the electric motor on the third wheel being located at the back of the vehicle without using a heavy and space-consuming mechanical gearbox and differential. Absence of powertrains in this vehicle will improve lightness and efficiency in the vehicle. While the vehicle is steered with the two wheels at the front side, the third wheel located at the rear, on which the electric motor is located, acts as driving wheel. Main power source of an electric vehicle is the battery. An electric vehicle gets its propulsion from batteries.
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Decy Arwini, Ni Putu. "Dampak Pencemaran Udara Terhadap Kualitas Udara Di Provinsi Bali." Jurnal Ilmiah Vastuwidya 2, no. 2 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jiv.v2i2.86.
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The development of transportation technology now has made distance become increasingly meaningless, but without realizing there has been a degradation of the environment as a direct impact of the development of transportation technology. Exhaust emissions produced by each vehicle have now become the main source of pollution, which is about 70% of all factors causing pollution. Unconsciously that so far the air quality that is inhaled by the community has slowly decreased so that it is not realized until an adverse impact appears, then the community then realizes that there has been a very complicated problem as a result of transportation that is less environmentally friendly. Most of the fuel for transportation comes from refined petroleum which is a non-renewable natural resource so that on the one hand it has caused air pollution which greatly affects health besides the amount of raw material for fuel production of these vehicles is also running low so prices are set for consumption society also becomes more expensive.The purpose of this research is to find out how much the level of air pollution in Bali Province at several sample points as a result of motor vehicles, to find out the type and amount of hazardous gas content produced by motor vehicles in Bali Province, to determine the impact caused by the exhaust gas of the vehicle on the health of the respiratory tract of residents of the Province of Bali, as well as ways that can be taken to reduce the negative impact resulting from pollution caused by vehicle exhaust emissions.
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Wang, Hai Wei, Hui Ying Wen, Feng You, and Gui Feng Yang. "Research on VSP Microcosmic Emission Model and Numerical Simulation for Motor Vehicle." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.835.
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The paper has first built the vehicle-borne computer sensing integration testing system experiment platform, through the actual road test experiment, collects the different mobile vehicle the operating condition data and emission data, has constructed the different vehicle instant exhaust emission rate and database of vehicles driving cycle-based data correspondence, Establishes the driving cycle and road grade power density microscopic emission model. Uses the typical path roundabout crossing as an example, the paper carries on the power density computation through microscopic simulation software numerical simulation output roundabout crossing region vehicle bicycle the real-time speed, acceleration and other travel data, combined with the previous microscopic emission model of building, calculates the instantaneous mass emission rate and vehicles total emission of roundabout crossing different vehicles pollutant gas. According to the result of software simulation and numerical computation, the paper effectively appraises the regional road roundabout pollution emitted by vehicles, has verify the validity of the in-vehicle computer sensor integration testing and emission assessment model, provide a reference for seeking to solve regional traffic roundabout environmental pollution testing methods and effective assessment.
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Adamovic, Dragan, Mirjana Vojinovic-Miloradov, Milorad Miloradov, et al. "Residual Toluene Concentrations in Exhaust Gas Waste Stream of Motor Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 832 (April 2016): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.832.137.
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Vehicles are the dominant source of many air pollutant emissions in urban areas. The effects caused by vehicle emissions have been receiving increasing attention, and recent epidemiological studies show elevated risks of cardiovascular morbidity, cancer, allergic diseases for drivers, commuters and individuals living near roadways. During the experimental research conducted in this paper, emission characteristics of Otto 1.1 EFI engine were investigated in varying operating modes in order to adequately simulate the movement of the Fiat Punto Classic (FPC) passenger car in city driving conditions in line with the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The NEDC is a stylized cycle, with periods of constant acceleration, deceleration and constant speed, and it is supposed to represent the typical usage of a passenger car in Europe. The analysis of exhaust gas samples was conducted by using the gas chromatography technique in combination with the photoionization detector (GC/PID). The results of emission tests indicate high concentration levels of toluene in the exhaust gas mixtures, ranging from 7.07 to 116.87 ppm. The total mass of the emitted toluene after 100 km of driving in accordance with the NEDC was 7.7647 g.
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Gritsenko, A. V., V. D. Shepelev, F. N. Grakov, K. I. Lukomsky, and E. Tsybunov. "Environmental control of the technical condition of electromagnetic nozzles of internal combustion engines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1061, no. 1 (2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1061/1/012034.
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Abstract Harmful motor vehicle emissions are often the primary source of urban air pollution worldwide. Incorrectly serviced high-mileage motor vehicles emit significantly more harmful substances into the atmosphere than established by accepted standards. This paper presents an algorithm for the process of diagnostics and analysis of the technical condition of the fuel supply system elements for internal combustion engines (ICE) by means of selective sampling of exhaust gases. A gas analyzer system allows for the simultaneous monitoring of the 4 components of exhaust gases: CO, CH, O2 and CO2, assessment of the air-fuel ratio and internal combustion engine crankshaft rotation speed. Studies were carried out on an engine and a series of malfunctions were created artificially, by means of installing faulty elements and additional elements simulating different degrees of wear on the ICE systems. The study resulted in the development of a method and a hardware and software system. These allow for the test regimes to be established, in order to determine the failure of ICE systems which affect the composition of the exhaust gas.
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Mokhtar, Ali, Ali Saifullah, and Andinusa Rahmandhika. "Honeycomb-Shaped Brass Plate Catalyst to Reduce Motor Vehicle Emissions." Journal of Energy Mechanical Material and Manufacturing Engineering 6, no. 1 (2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jemmme.v6i1.15532.
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The increasing number of motorized vehicles has a direct impact on exhaust gas air pollution. The air pollution in urban areas is dominated by motorized vehicle emissions, along with pollution problems. This study aims to reduce motor vehicle emissions by using a catalytic converter design made from a brass plate catalyst in the shape of a honeycomb. Honeycomb-shaped brass is suitable for catalysts in the catalytic converter. Besides being easy to obtain and cheap in price, the catalyst can reduce and oxidize exhaust gases well, making it suitable as a catalyst material. The method used in this research is the experimental method. It is started from the design of the catalytic converter house and determining the type of catalyst to the process of making the catalytic converter with a honeycomb-shaped brass plate. Then, testing to determine the emission of exhaust gases produced is required. The last step is to compare it without using a catalytic converter or standard conditions. From the results of the emission test, it was found that the use of a catalytic converter made from a brass plate catalyst in the shape of a honeycomb can reduce HC and CO emissions, while CO2 emissions have increased. A decrease in HC gas emissions by 19.1% for a single catalytic converter and 33.7% for a dual catalytic converter is better compared to without using a catalytic converter or standard conditions. Reduced CO gas emissions by 23.8% for a single catalytic converter and 43.1% for a dual catalytic converter are compared to without using a catalytic converter. Meanwhile, CO2 gas emissions increased by 60.7% for a single catalytic converter, and 81.6% for multiple catalytic converters are compared without using a catalytic converter. This is a result of the addition of oxygen to the oxidation process that running smoothly.
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Momon, Momon, and Dwi Astuti. "Strategi Penurunan Emisi Gas Buang Kendaraan Di Kota Padang." Jurnal Kebijakan Pembangunan 15, no. 1 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47441/jkp.v15i1.34.
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The number of motorized vehicles in the city of Padang increased 6.8% every year in the last 4 years. This increase has a direct impact on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions released. The purpose of this research is to calculate the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles and develop strategies to reduce exhaust emissions. The approach used in this research is a quantitative descriptive approach. The data used in the form of secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency and the Department of Transportation of the City of Padang. The strategy is based on the Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR) with 3 (three) main strategies namely Avoid, Shift, Improve. The results showed the emission emission of motor vehicles 3,450.49 Ton CO2 Eq. To reduce exhaust emissions, the strategies that must be carried out include the Development of Satellite Cities, Transportation Development, Mass / Trans Padang, and Rejuvenation of Public Transportation.
 Keyword: Motorized Vehicles, Fuel Gas Emissions, Padang City
 
 Abstrak
 Jumlah kendaraan bermotor di Kota Padang meningkat 6,8% setiap tahun dalam kurun 4 tahun terakhir. Peningkatan ini berdampak langsung terhadap konsumsi bahan bakar dan emisi gas buang yang dikeluarkan. Tujuan penelitian ini menghitung emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor dan menyusun strategi penurunan emisi gas buang. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yang didapatkan dari Badan Pusat Statistik dan Dinas Perhubungan Kota Padang. Strategi disusun berdasarkan Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR) dengan 3 (tiga) strategi utama yakni Avoid (hindari), Shift (alihkan), Improve (tingkatkan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor 3,450.49 Ton CO2 Eq. Untuk menurunkan emisi gas buang, maka strategi yang harus dilakukan antara lain membangun kota-kota satelit yang dilengkapi pelayanan dasar dan tempat-tempat komersil (pengembangan kota Satelit), perpindahan dari angkutan pribadi ke angkutan massal (Trans Padang), dan peremajaan angkutan umum melalui mekanisme subsidi umum.
 Kata Kunci: Kendaraan Bermotor, Emisi Gas Buang, Kota Padang
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Indartono, Indartono. "PEMAKAIAN BAHAN BAKAR GAS MENJADI ALTERNATIF BAGI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR BERBAHAN BAKAR PREMIUM." Gema Teknologi 17, no. 1 (2012): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v17i1.8912.
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Indartono, in paper use of alternative fuel gas for a motor vehicle fuel oil explain that in many ways energy efficiency can also be more than just preservation. Energy efficiency is an attempt to reduce the use of petroleum materials and the selection of alternative fuels. Improved energy efficiency is also an environmental demands, because it can reduce air pollution, acid rain control the incidence and protect the earth from global warming, which may occur due to buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. One of the alternative fuel is CNG. In motor vehicles, CNG usage advantages include lower price, the exhaust gas is cleaner burning results and the potential source is still very large. Keywords: energy efficiency, fuel, CNG
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Ju, Xuenan, Baowen Sun, and Jieying Jin. "Economic Cost Analysis of New Energy Vehicle Policy -Empirical Research Based on Beijing’s Data." International Business Research 12, no. 4 (2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n4p153.
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In recent years, in order to improve Beijing's air quality and reduce vehicle emissions, the Beijing Municipal Government promotes the popularization of new energy vehicles through purchase subsidies, plate lottery, and driving restriction policy. However, the increase in the number of new energy vehicles and the increase in the number of vehicles travelling on roads have intensified the traffic pressure in Beijing. Traffic congestion has increased the emissions of motor vehicle exhaust in turn, resulting in higher socio-economic costs. Based on the actual data of Beijing, this paper quantitatively analyzes the economic cost of new energy vehicle policies by discussing the impact of current new energy vehicle policies on time, energy consumption and tail gas cost. Empirical results show that during the implementation period of the new energy vehicle policy, time cost and tail gas cost increase, energy consumption cost decreases, and the overall economic cost of the policy implementation period increases from 50 million yuan to 321 million yuan.
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Jusnita. "PENGARUH PEMAKAIAN HYDROCARBON CRACK SYSTEM (HCS) TERHADAP PERFORMA SEPEDA MOTOR SUPRA X 125 TAHUN 2009." Jurnal Surya Teknika 7, no. 2 (2020): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jst.v7i2.2380.
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Kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia yang menjadi sumber emisi gas buang terbesar adalah sepeda motor. Ini merupakan kurangnya perhatian pengguna kendaraan bermotor dengan perbandingan kompresi mesin kendaraan yang tinggi cenderung memilih mengisi bahan bakar sepeda motornya dengan premium yang harganya lebih murah namun memiliki angka oktan yang rendah. Hal ini tentu akan menimbulkan masalah terhadap pembakaran yang tidak sempurna. Efek yang ditimbulkan adalah menyebabkan meningkatnya polutan pencemaran udara. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan diatas adalah dengan cara menggunakan Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS), HCS bekerja untuk menyempurnakan proses pembakaran, sehingga dapat menurunkan kadar emisi gas buang kendaraan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini melihat pengaruh penggunaan Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS) terhadap performa dan kandungan emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa penggunaan HCS pada sepeda motor Honda Supra X 125 dapat menurunkan emisi gas CO sebesar 40 %. Untuk emisi gas HC penggunaan HCS dapat menurunkan emisi gas HC sebesar 37%,sedangkan untuk emisi gas buang CO2 penggunaan HCS dapat meningkatkan emisi gas CO2 sebesar 12.98%.
 
 Motor vehicles in Indonesia which are the largest source of exhaust emissions are motorbikes. This is the lack of attention of motorized vehicle users with high engine compression ratios, which tend to choose to refuel their motorbikes with premium which is cheaper but has a low octane number. This of course will cause problems with incomplete combustion. The resulting effect is to increase air pollutants. To overcome the above problems is by using the Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS), HCS works to improve the combustion process, so that it can reduce the levels of vehicle exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of the use of the Hydrocarbon Crack System (HCS) on the performance and content of the resulting exhaust emissions. Based on the research results, it was found that the use of HCS on a Honda Supra X 125 motorcycle could reduce CO gas emissions by 40%. For HC gas emissions, the use of HCS can reduce HC gas emissions by 37%, while for CO2 exhaust emissions, the use of HCS can increase CO2 emissions by 12.98%.
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Qin, Dong-Sheng, and Chang-Yuan Gao. "Control Measures for Automobile Exhaust Emissions in PM2.5 Governance." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (April 11, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8461406.
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This paper analyses the correlation between automobile exhaust, PM2.5, and air pollution to explore the rate of contribution of automobile exhaust to PM2.5 pollution and the effect of government regulation on automobile exhaust gas. The results show that the atmosphere is hazy and that car exhaust is the main cause of PM2.5 pollution. This paper divides the governance strategy into two methods: reducing the number of motor vehicles and reducing the emissions capacity of motor vehicles. It also analyses the effects of congestion control on public car travel and establishes a dynamic game model. To strengthen the influence of supervision on enterprises with regard to purifying devices and restrictions, this study also creates a “prisoner’s dilemma” model. The final results of the study show that restriction measures can effectively relieve road pressure. Additionally, congestion costs can alleviate environmental pressure, but it is difficult to determine the costs, and the difficulty of implementation increases. Increasing enterprises’ installation of purifying devices is not advisable or desirable in the short term. Finally, the paper offers some suggestions for the maintenance of the atmospheric environment and the management of automobile exhaust: (1) improve the national green transport system and environmental protection awareness; (2) advocate public transport as a mode of travel; and (3) reduce the use of buses and popularize new energy vehicles.
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Juliardi AR, Naniek Ratni, and Dimas Hafiiz Wicaksono. "Use of Copper as a Converter Catalyst on Motorcycle Exhaust to Reduce HC (Hidrocarbon) Gas Emissions." International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering 1, no. 01 (2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ijeise.v1i01.13.
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The increasing number of vehicles especially in Surabaya means resulting in congestion in light traffic and there are a lot of gas such as CO, CO2, SOx, NOx and HC which produced by motorcycles and other vehicles. It has a big impact for the living things health and needs a specific studies. Copper catalyst design is the most effective in reducing HC motor vehicle gas. The purpose of this study is using a copper catalyst design method that is varied with engine speed (rpm) 1000, 3000, 5000, 8000, type of fuel and using the number of skates 1, 3, 5. The best result of HC gas reduction from the design with skat 5 at rpm 8000 with premium used of 41,5 % from 171 ppm to 100 ppm. This best condition (8000 rpm, 5 skates) uses premium with 88 octan number, pertalite type fuel with 90 octane number, then use the pertamax with 92 octane number. The HC gas results are 6 ppm, 72 ppm and 42 ppm.
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Jiang, Zhuoying, and Xiong (Bill) Yu. "Performance of Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Pavement in Reduction of Motor Vehicles’ Exhaust Gas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (2020): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120947084.
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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used photocatalyst that can oxidize motor vehicle exhaust, for example, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide, under the irradiation of sunlight. It has been reported that nano-scale TiO2 particles can be effectively used to modify the concrete-asphalt pavement, and make it as a photocatalytic pavement. However, the pure TiO2 additive limits its absorption spectrum to the ultraviolet region, which only occupies a small portion of sunlight irradiance. To increase the utilization of the full spectrum of sunlight, it has been demonstrated that doping TiO2 with substances such as Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), or metal can reduce the band-gap and extend the threshold of the absorption spectrum to the visible light region. Therefore, doped-TiO2 has a better photocatalytic performance under sunlight irradiation. This paper conducted computational simulation of the kinetics of photocatalytic pavement to quantify the efficiency of doped-TiO2 embedded pavement in reducing exhaust gas from motor vehicles. A three-dimensional model is developed on a section of local road with doped-TiO2 embedded pavement. The effects of doped-TiO2 concentration, daylight conditions, and traffic flow conditions on the removal of NOx and CO were studied. The results indicate that the pavement with doped-TiO2 coating is effective to remove CO and NOx under different traffic density and daylight intensity conditions. Compared with UV activated TiO2, visible-light-activated doped-TiO2 features significantly higher removal efficiency of poisonous exhaustive gas including NOx and CO.
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Sassykova, L. R., Y. A. Aubakirov, S. Sendilvelan, et al. "The Main Components of Vehicle Exhaust Gases and Their Effective Catalytic Neutralization." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 1 (2019): 110–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350112.
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The constantly increasing growth in the number of cars is one of the reasons for the deterioration of the ecological situation in cities and large settlements. In Kazakhstan, on a national scale, the share of motor vehicles in total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by all technogenic sources reaches on average 40%, in the mass of industrial waste - 2%. The content of toxic substances in the exhaust of diesel and gasoline engines varies and depends on the type of engine and mode of operation, as well as on the quality of the fuel, the composition of the combustible mixture in the engine cylinders, speed and driving conditions, ignition system and fuel control. The number of all toxic components in the exhaust gas exceeds the maximum permissible standards by tens and hundreds of times. One of the most reliable ways to reduce the toxicity of vehicle exhaust gases and remove harmful substances is the complete oxidation of exhaust components using catalytic compositions on metal or ceramic block carriers. The article accumulates data from the scientific literature about toxicity of different components of exhaust gases and catalytic neutralization of vehicle exhaust gases by various scientific schools.
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Daryono, Mohammad, and Seno Darmanto. "Penambahan Katalik Konverter Plat Tembaga Berbentuk Spiral Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Motor Bakar Menggunakan Gasboard 5020." Jurnal Mekanova : Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 8, no. 2 (2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v8i2.6414.
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Due to the high use of motorized vehicles, air pollution will arise which can interfere with the environment and human health. The results of the combustion of motor vehicle fuels produce pollutants that are harmful to human health, if inhaled by humans, they can cause respiratory tract irritation, eye irritation and skin allergies, which can lead to lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine whether copper plates can be used as a substitute for catalytic converters to reduce exhaust gas emissions (CO and HC gases). The test results show that copper plate can be used as a catalytic converter replacement material with a significant reduction in exhaust emissions, with a decrease in the percentage of CO by 29.9% at 5000 rpm using a 10 winding catalyst, and a decrease in the percentage of HC by 33.9% at rotation. 5000 rpm using a 10 winding catalyst. Suggestions from this study are if you use it for daily purposes, you should use a catalyst that has 10 winding.
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Firsan, Muhammad, Lukas Kano Mangalla, and La Hasanudin. "Pengujian Eksperimental Perbandingan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar dan Emisi Gas Buang Dengan Beberapa Jenis Bahan Bakar Pada Sepeda Motor." Enthalpy : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Teknik Mesin 7, no. 1 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55679/enthalpy.v7i1.24560.
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Air pollution is caused by the activities of motorized vehicles that emit exhaust gas emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, NOX, SOX, and particulates. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of fuel variations on the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions on motorcycles and to find out how the composition of mixing premium fuel with ethanol affects the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This study uses 4 types of fuel, namely premium, pertalite, E-5, and E-10 and tested using 3 variations of throttle openings. From the test results, it is found that the most fuel consumption is found in the wide throttle opening on premium fuel = 0.77 L/h. For the results of the lowest CO and HC exhaust emissions found in the wide throttle opening on the E-10 fuel where the emission value of CO = 1.98% and HC = 1425 ppm. So it can be concluded that in comparison with the time of fuel consumption, the higher the throttle opening, the faster the fuel consumption will be and for exhaust gas emissions, the higher the throttle opening, the lower the CO and HC emission values. Mixing premium fuel with ethanol can make the fuel consumption time slower than pure premium and can also reduce the content of CO and HC exhaust emissions.Key words: Fuel, Exhaust emissions, Fuel consumption
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Kashif, Saif-ur-Rehman, Sadia Ismail Shah, and Fariha Arooj. "Outdoor Air Quality as Influenced by Vehicular Exhaust in Metropolitan City of Lahore, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 62, no. 3 (2019): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.190.196.
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This study was conducted to estimate the contribution of vehicular exhaust gases towards ambient air quality in Lahore, Pakistan during 2017. LANDCOM-III flue gas analyzer was used for determination of vehicular exhaust pollutants (CO, SO2, NO2, NO, H2S, HC) for five vehicles groups (motor bikes, Qingqi rickshaw, local cars, imported cars and public transport vans) from April to September, 2017. Major pollutants were compared with their National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for the country. Ambient air quality was monitored using Haz scanner HIM-6000 during smog formation in the city in October and November, 2017. From the study, it was concluded that except local and imported cars, all vehicles groups emit high concentration of pollutants as compared to the standard values. It is also observed that public transport vehicles i.e. Qingqi rickshaw and vans contribute more towards atmospheric pollution as compared to other vehicle groups in the city. During smog formation in the city, PM2.5 and PM10, NO, NO2 (NOx) concentration was decreased whereas concentration of O3, H2S and VOCs increased in November than October. Ozone concentration during the smog was below NEQS indicating that smog was not totally photochemical smog but mainly originated from vehicular and industrial exhaust gases.
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Polivaev, Oleg I., Alexey N. Larionov, and Dmitry B. Bolotov. "Reduction of vehicle exhaust gas toxicity due to brake energy recovery." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 89, no. 1 (2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-100839.
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BACKGROUND: In recent years, fleet of vehicles in the Russian Federation is on a significant increase, that leads to considerably amplified emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere. The share of toxic gas emissions from motor vehicles ranges from 65 to 70%. In order to reduce the toxic gas emissions into the atmosphere, electric vehicles have been introduced, but they have a number of disadvantages. These are a limited mileage before recharging and expensive batteries. Also, works on the use of hydrogen as a fuel for cars are conducted at an accelerated pace. However, the issue of a hydrogen fuel storage has not yet been worked out. At the same time, the used fleet of vehicles continues to poison the atmosphere.
 AIMS: Studying the braking energy recuperator for decreasing carbonic oxide CO in exhaust gases of the UAZ car.
 METHODS: The construction of a combined unit with a gas-hydraulic braking recuperator was developed, which is installed on a UAZ vehicle (RF Pat. No. 2193977). Comparative studies were carried out in accordance with GOST 33670-2015 and GOST 52033-2003.
 RESULTS: Results of comparative studies of the car showed that a minimum of CO emissions is observed in high gear, at a speed of 1825 m/s, and CO emissions significantly increase in lower gears. The recuperator eliminates this drawback due to the additional power transmission to the driving wheels.
 CONCLUSION. When a car starts in the urban cycle, there is a minimum of CO emissions with a recuperator, at the same time the car acceleration increases, that reduces the acceleration time and the distance by 3035%. A car with a recuperator on average consumed gasoline up to 15 l per 100 km, and this parameter of the production car was up to 17,5 l per 100 km of track. Due to the recuperator, CO emissions are reduced by 16%.
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Hendaryati, Heni, and Ali Mokhtar. "Spider Web Shape of Brass Catalytic Converter for Reducing Exhaust Gas Emission." Journal of Energy, Mechanical, Material and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 1 (2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jemmme.v2i1.4902.
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The rapid increase of the number of motor vehicles, especially motorcycles, makes serious problem caused by the pollution from gas emission of fossil fuel combustion. The problems related to human health and the erosion on ozone layer is credited to its gas emission. Several dangerous and toxic gasses such as Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), and Lead (Pb) are emitted during IC engine operation.To manage those dangerous gasses, catalytic converter which converts the gasses into more eco-friendly CO2H2O and N2 may be employed. In this research, a specially designed catalytic converter made from brass (CuZn) wire in the form of spider web pattern was fitted into exhaust system of a standard motorcycle. The performance of the converter for several engine rotation speeds was examined by measuring CO and HC of exhaust by using Gas Analyzer.By comparing the exhaust of a standard exhaust system and modified exhaust system (fitted with converter), it can be concluded that the converter was able to decrease the exhaust emission gas. For HC content, the percentage of decrease was as much as 36,88 % for converter fitted exhaust system compared to 61.12% for standard one. For CO content, the decrease percentage was 19.90% compared to 80.10% for standard one.
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Fomin, V. M., and F. A. Shustrov. "Problems of development of direct injection systems for gasoline engines for Russian motor vehicles." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-1 (2013): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68338.
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The problems associated with the development of innovative solutions were analyzed to create a new generation of high-performance engines with direct injection of gasoline for the national transport system. Although this type of engine has a very high potential to improve fuel economy, relatively expensive and complicated system of exhaust gas and its sensitivity to the quality of fuel, especially to sulphur content, prevents the wide use of such systems in the sphere of the Russian automotive technology.
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JAWORSKI, Artur, Kazimierz LEJDA, and Maksymilian MĄDZIEL. "Emission of pollution from motor vehicles with respect to selected solutions of roundabout intersections." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (2017): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-122.
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The article concerns the assessment of emmision of selected two-lane roundabout functioning in the city of Rzeszow and its alternate turbo version. In the work was considered four scenarios that represent two different in terms of traffic congestion time of day. The results of the emission of selected components of the exhaust gas (NOx and particulates PM10) were obtained on the basis of calculations of emission model VERSIT+ Enviver. While the input data for the calculations were taken from the modeled options of roundabouts in the Vissim program. The results from the Enviver program were compared to calculations from mesoscopic model COPERT 5. The results show that the overall reduction in average speed, as well as increased frequency of braking and sudden acceleration, directly contribute to the growth of harmful emissions. However, with respect to comparision of turbo roundabout in regard of currently running two-lane roundabout can be observed reduction of selected components of exhaust gases emission about approx. 1/3.
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Listiyono, Listiyono, Muhammad Afif Bahrain, and Eko Yudiyanto. "The Effect of Bioethanol and Pertamax Mixtures on Exhaust Gas Emissions from a 4-Stroke Engine in Motorcycle Matic." JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND APPLIED ENGINEERING 5, no. 2 (2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsae.v5i2.4037.
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Bioethanol is an alternative fuel to substitute fossil oil. Bioethanol has several advantages in its use as a fuel in addition to its renewable nature, and bioethanol is also believed to reduce some motor vehicle emissions. The purpose and objective of this study were to determine the effect of a mixture of Bioethanol and Pertamax on gas emissions in a 4-stroke motor with variations in the fuel mixture and engine cycle. This test method is carried out with the measurement parameters of CO, HC, CO2, and O2. Tests on motor vehicles were carried out with variations of BP0 (0% Bioethanol) to BP100 (100% Bioethanol). The test results using a gas analyzer and analyzed using excel show that bioethanol cannot reduce exhaust gas emissions. Adding bioethanol fuel to Pertamax can also increase the fuel's octane number (RON) and specific gravity. From the available data, adding bioethanol can reduce HC emission levels by up to 4ppm at BP50 at 6000 rpm, increasing CO2 emissions by 13.4% at BP50 at 7000 rpm with a compression ratio of 13:1. For the lowest O2 emission level, it reaches 0.13%. at BP40 at 5000 rpm. CO emission levels are still relatively small in various mixtures with a yield of 0.01%, but at BP0 and BP80 at 13:1 compression, emissions tend to increase every rpm.
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Skopek, Michaela A., and Richard Perkins. "Deliberate Exposure to Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas: The Psychosocial Profile of Attempted Suicide." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 6 (1998): 830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809073873.
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Objective: Deliberate exposure to motor vehicle exhaust gas has become the second most commonly used method of suicide in Australia. In an attempt to understand the factors contributing to the rise in popularity of this method, the psychosocial profiles, factors influencing method choice and circumstances of the act of self-harm were examined in a group of survivors. Method: A cross-sectional cohort study of 30 patients presenting for hyperbaric oxygen treatment having survived deliberate exposure to car exhaust gas was undertaken. A structured clinical interview was administered together with scales measuring depression, hopelessness and suicidal intent. Daily assessment of mental state and cognitive function was performed. Results: Factors common to the majority of subjects included male gender, age group of 20–50 years, and alcohol abuse. Relationship discord was the most common precipitating factor. Reasons given for choice of this method included the availability and accessibility of motor vehicles, painlessness, awareness that the method was lethal, knowledge of another person's successful suicide by this method and awareness of the method through media portrayal. Most of the cars used did not have engines fitted with catalytic converters, substantially increasing the risk of toxicity. Regret of the attempt, denial of further suicidal ideation after the event, and the absence of a suicide note were common findings. Most denied excessive time spent planning. The most common diagnosis in this group was adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Suicide intent scores were not high, inconsistent with the majority of patients being aware of the lethality of the method. Conclusion: Sociodemographic findings resemble those of psychological autopsy studies of subjects completing suicide by this method. Survival in this group was due to failure of the method or unexpected discovery rather than patient factors. This population described the method as highly acceptable and accessible emphasising the urgent need for reduction of access to this means of suicide in Australia.
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Setiawan, Joni, and Abdul Ghofur. "PENGARUH BAHAN BAKAR PERTALITE MURNI DENGAN CAMPURAN BAHAN BAKAR PREMIUM DAN PERTAMAX TERHADAP PERFORMANCE EMISI GAS BUANG PADA MOTOR HONDA BEAT 2017." JTAM ROTARY 4, no. 1 (2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v4i1.5540.
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Performance and exhaust emissions in 2017 Honda Beat vehicles, namely: 1. The best exhaust emissions are produced in a mixture of 50% premium fuel and 50% first with HC value of 23 ppm, CO 0.31%, CO2 5.88% and O2 11.30%. So the more mixture of pertamax at the premium, the better the exhaust emissions produced. 2. The best performance is produced in a mixture of 50% premium fuel and pertamax 50% with a torque value of 11.01 in Rp. 3655 and a power of 7,537 HP at Rp. 6994. So the more mixture of pertamax at the premium, the better exhaust emissions produced. 3. Performance and exhaust emissions, pure pertalite produces the best performance and exhaust emissions compared to the mixture of premium and pertamax fuel with a torque value of 11.57 Nm at rpm 3680, power 7,555 HP at rpm 7136, HC 11 ppm, CO 0.27%, CO2 is 5.36% and O2 is 11.48%.
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Haruna, Haruna, Lahming Lahming, Faizal Amir, and Ahmad Rifqi Asrib. "Pencemaran Udara Akibat Gas Buang Kendaraan Bermotor Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kesehatan." UNM Environmental Journals 2, no. 2 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/uej.v2i2.10092.
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ABSTRACT. This study aims: to describe the composition and behavior of exhaust gases of motorized vehicles that can have an impact on human health. Based on the results of a theoretical study of various information that the main pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust gases are carbon monoxide (CO), hindrocarbon compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur (SOx), and dust particulates including lead (PB). Chemical reactions in the atmosphere sometimes take place in a long and complex reaction chain, and produce an end product that can be more active or weaker than the original compound. Motor vehicle exhaust gases which have an impact on health are classified as follows; (1). Pollutants which mainly interfere with the respiratory tract. Included in this group are sulfur oxides, particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone and other oxides, (2). Pollutants that cause systemic poisons, such as monoxide and lead / lead hydrocarbons, (3). Pollutants suspected of causing cancer such as hydrocarbons, (4). Conditions that interfere with comfort such as noise, street dust, etc. So the conclusion is that in anticipating the negative impacts caused by motor vehicle exhaust gases, the role of the government in setting several regulations and policies in the environmental field is needed, where every business or activity is prohibited from violating the quality standards and standard criteria of environmental damage set by government. ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini bertujuan: menguraikan tentang komposisi dan perilaku gas buangan kendaraan bermotor yang dapat berdampak pada kesehatan manusia. Berdasarkan hasil kajian teori dari berbagai informasi bahwa bahan pencemar yang utama didalam gas buangan kendaraan bermotor adalah karbon monoksida (CO), senyawa hindrokarbon, oksida nitrogen (NOx) dan sulfur (SOx), dan partikulat debu termasuk timbel (PB). Reaksi kimia di atmosfer kadangkala berlangsung dalam suatu rantai reaksi yang panjang dan rumit, dan menghasilkan produk akhir yang dapat lebih aktif atau lebih lemah dibandingkan senyawa aslinya. Gas buang kendaraan bermotor yang berdampak pada kesehatan digolongkan sebagai berikut; (1). Bahan – bahan pencemar yang terutama mengganggu saluran pernafasan. Yang termasuk dalam golongan ini adalah oksida sulfur, partikulat, oksida nitrogen, ozon dan oksida lainnya, (2). Bahan– bahan pencemar yang menimbulkan pengaruh racun sistemik, seperti hidrokarbon monoksida dan timbel/timah hitam, (3).Bahan-bahan pencemar yang dicurigai menimbulkan kanker seperti hidrokarbon, (4). Kondisi yang mengganggu kenyamanan seperti kebisingan, debu jalanan, dll. Sehingga kesimpulannya bahwa dalam mengantisipasi dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan oleh gas buangan kendaraan bermotor, maka peran pemerintah dalam menetapkan beberapa peraturan dan kebijaksanaan di bidang lingkungan hidup sangat dibutuhkan, dimana setiap usaha atau kegiatan dilarang melanggar baku mutu dan kriteria baku kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang telah ditetapkan oleh pemerintah.
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O, Dobrovolsky, Tsiuman M, Stupak N, and Sosida S. "EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ADDITIVE TO GASOLINE ON EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS WITH THE EXHAUST GAS OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 50 (2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-3-50-057-066.
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The constant increasing the number of motor vehicles leads to increase the fuel consumption. Because of oil reserves are exhaustive, the problem of replacing the petroleum fuel with alternative ones is actual. One of which is alcohol fuel. At present, the shortage of motor fuels for internal combustion engines requires their improvment in order to reduce fuel consumption and use the alcohol and various its blends with conventional petroleum-based fuels. The pollutant emissions from motor vehicles are more than a third part of the total emissions to atmosphere and more than 90% of all mobile sources. In addition, motor vehicles are the main source of environmental pollution precisely in places with high concentration of people. It enhances significantly the negative impact of motor transport. In the article it is considered the impact of alcohol additive in standard gasoline on the mass emissions of harmful substances by modern petrol engine equipped with fuel injection system with feedback. The study of using the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends with different content of the alcohol in range from 0 to 36% has been fulfilled. Dependence of load influence on the mass emissions of pollutants is found. Oxygen concentration in fuel are increased when using the alcohols. It contributes to more complete combustion of the fuel and reduction the mass emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The disadvantages of the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends include less net calorific value than for conventional gasoline and increased emissions of nitrogen oxides due to free oxygen presence. The mass emissions of harmful substances equivalent to carbon monoxide G∑CO have been slightly increased when using the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends. It is explained by increasing the nitrogen oxides emissions. Objective: To determine the effect of alcohol content in blended fuel for mass emissions of pollutants. Object: environmental performance of spark ignition engine powered by the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends. Subject: determination of expedient alcohol content in the fuel to improve environmental performance of spark ignition engine. The conclusions have been made and the obtained results have been analyzed for further experimental and theoretical studies. KEYWORDS: GASOLINE, ALCOHOL, BLENDED FUEL, EXHAUST GAS, POLLUTANTS, MASS EMISSIONS.
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Manullang, Efrando, and Nazaruddin Sinaga. "Potential and Challenges of Hydrogen Development as New Renewable Energy in Indonesia." R.E.M. (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) Jurnal 7, no. 2 (2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/r.e.m.v7i2.1647.
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The use fossil energy consumption in Indonesia is increasing along with population growth and industrial development. Fossil energy oil and coal can produce greenhouse gas emissions and environment pollution. The largest producer of CO2 emissions comes from exhaust gases in the production process and motor vehicles. Indonesia's energy mix target in 2025 is around 23% from New and Renewable Energy (NRE). Given the importance of using NRE, Indonesia is starting to look for alternative energy that is environmentally and sustainable, like hydrogen energy. Green hydrogen technology has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. Hydrogen production processes commonly carried out are through the electrolysis of water, methanol, and biomass. The use of hydrogen can be applied to motor vehicles and power plants. Hydrogen can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, Indonesia has problems in developing green hydrogen technology, one of which is the high production cost, so it requires other parties to develop it.
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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Assessment of impact of vehicle traffic conditions: urban, rural and highway, on the results of pollutant emissions inventory." Archives of Transport 60, no. 4 (2021): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5477.
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The use of motor vehicles varies considerably under distinct traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities as well as on motorways and expressways. The impact of road traffic on the natural environment has been studied for many years, including in terms of the nature of the operation of motor vehicles. This problem is particularly important in highly urbanized areas, where traffic congestion is the source of increased emissions of harmful compounds contained in exhaust gases. For this reason, many cities have traffic restrictions, especially for those cars that do not meet the most stringent emission standards. Environmental protection is the driving force behind the development of modern combustion engine supply systems, which allow for proper control of the combustion of petroleum-derived fuels. The exhaust gas cleaning systems in the form of catalytic converters or particulate matter filters are also playing a very important role. Considerable differences in internal combustion engine operating states, both static and dynamic, result in important differences in pollutant emissions. Likewise, the national annual pollutant emission is affected by the share of distances travelled by vehicles under various traffic conditions. At the same time, it is very difficult to estimate exhaust emissions from road transport sources. Very interesting method of emission estimation is the application of the data included in the emission inventory which are a valuable source of information on exhaust emissions under various operating conditions. In the present study, the annual pollutant emissions were analyzed: at a national level (total pollutant emission) and in distinct traffic conditions. There were found large differences between individual pollutants’ shares in the emissions from vehicles under the tested traffic conditions. This is particularly evident for nitrogen oxides with the highest emission share outside cities, as opposed to other substances with the highest emission shares in cities, where traffic congestion is taking place.
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Šarkan, Branislav, Michal Loman, František Synák, Tomáš Skrúcaný, and Jiří Hanzl. "Emissions Production by Exhaust Gases of a Road Vehicle’s Starting Depending on a Road Gradient." Sensors 22, no. 24 (2022): 9896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249896.
Full textAbstract:
An increasing number of motor vehicles are connected with negative environmental impacts in relation to their operation. Among the main negative effects are exhaust gas emissions production. The annual increase in passenger cars and emissions from them deteriorates air quality daily. Traffic junctions also have a negative impact on increasing emissions production by exhaust gases. This situation may be caused by vehicle speed fluctuation, mainly when they get closer or leave. This study focuses on the emissions produced by exhaust gases after a road vehicle starts. The research was performed with a combustion engine vehicle on a route 30 m long. The vehicle was simulated in three different ways of starting (uphill, on ground level/plain and downhill). The values of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were observed, as well as the vehicle’s operation performance during start-ups. The research results showed that the lowest emissions production is when the vehicle is starting downhill. There, the emissions increased up to a distance of 9.7 m from the start. After reaching this distance, the emissions decreased and the vehicle speed continued to increase. While the vehicle started uphill, the emissions increased up to the distance of 16.8 m. After reaching this distance, the emissions began decreasing. Due to this fact, this type of testing is assessed as “the worst” from the emissions production point of view. The research demonstrates the relations between a road gradient representing starting on a plain surface and a vehicle’s emissions produced by the exhaust gases. It is known that exhaust emissions are higher predominantly at junctions. They depend considerably on vehicle speed and driving continuity on a route. This research helps to quantify all the data and, thus, to provide a possibility of further solutions in the future as a tool for emissions reduction in cities and close to traffic intersections.
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DARIMI, DARIMI, Ikhwan Siregar YUSNI, Anita SOFIA, FIRDAUS FIRDAUS, and SYAHRIL SYAHRIL. "Model of Motor Vehicle Gas Distribution Based on Ecology- Health, Economic, Social-Cultural and Law Factors in the City of Pekanbaru." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 7 (2019): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.7(31).12.
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Air pollution will make the city environment unhealthy and can interfere with human health, therefore one must strive to not increase air pollution. One way to reduce air pollution in cities is to reduce carbon emissions and build Green Open Spaces (GOS). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to create a model for distribution of motor vehicle exhaust emissions in the city of Pekanbaru. Air pollution at a certain level can be a combination of one or more pollutants, either in the form of solids, liquids or incoming gases dispersed into the air and then spread to the surrounding environment. Further analysis of environmental factors in the form of socio-cultural, economic and ecological factors are explored in this study. Other important environmental parameters in pollutant studies are ecological factors as well. While the economic factors in question is the willingness to pay, it shows the minimum cost needed to anticipate the amount of exhaust emissions caused by motorized vehicles and calculate the economic value associated with public health. The emission of gas produced by each vehicle is below the predetermined standard quality threshold, namely LH Regulation No. 12 of 2010. Although the measurement results in Table 1 do not exceed ambient air quality standards, but the increase in a trend that can cause air quality deterioration was detected. The components in these two strategies need to get more emphasis and attention so that the existence of charcoal trading business can be sustainable. The results obtained from this study are a model of exhaust gas distribution in the form of gas emission distribution contours supported by ecological data (E), economics (E) and socio-cultural (S), especially in creating recommendation models in policy making both in the form of laws, government regulations or regional regulations, which is the simplest prerequisite for motor vehicle owners when the vehicle registration is extended. This model is better known as the E2S + H model.
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Kono, Hitoshi, and Kimiyo Kusunoki. "3D stream and vortexes in the urban canopy layer and transport of motor vehicles exhaust gas." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 25, no. 1/2/3/4 (2005): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2005.007665.
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Jiang, M., L. C. Marr, E. J. Dunlea, et al. "Mobile laboratory measurements of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other vehicle emissions in Mexico City." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 4 (2005): 7387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-7387-2005.
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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern due to their effects on climate and health. The main goal of this research is to provide the first estimate of emissions of BC and particle-phase PAHs (PPAHs) from motor vehicles in Mexico City. The emissions of other pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter of diameter 2.5 µm and less (PM2.5) are also estimated. As a part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 (MCMA-2003), a mobile laboratory was driven throughout the city. The laboratory was equipped with a comprehensive suite of gas and particle analyzers, including an aethalometer that measured BC and a photoionization aerosol sensor that measured PPAHs. While driving through traffic, the mobile lab is continuously sampling exhaust plumes from the vehicles around it. We have developed a method of automatically identifying exhaust plumes, which are then used as the basis for calculation of fleet-average emission factors. In the approximately 75 h of on-road sampling during the field campaign, we have identified ~30 000 exhaust measurement points that represent a variety of vehicle types and driving conditions. The large sample provides a basis for estimating fleet-average emission factors and thus the emission inventory. Motor vehicles in the Mexico City area are estimated to emit 1700±200 metric tons BC, 57±6 tons PPAHs, 1 190 000±40 000 tons CO, 120 000±3000 tons NOx, 202 000±4000 tons VOCs, and 4400±400 tons PM2.5 per year, not including cold start emissions. The estimates for CO, NOx, and PPAHs may be low by up to 10% due to the slower response time of analyzers used to measure these species. Compared to the government's official motor vehicle emission inventory for the year 2002, the estimates for CO, NOx, VOCs, and PM2.5 are 38% lower, 23% lower, 7% higher, and 26% higher, respectively. The distributions of emission factors of BC, PPAHs, and PM2.5 are highly skewed, i.e. asymmetric, while those for benzene, measured as a surrogate for total VOCs, and NOx are less skewed. As a result, the total emissions of BC, PPAHs, and PM2.5 could be reduced by approximately 50% if the highest 20% of data points were removed, but ''super polluters'' are less influential on overall NOx and VOC emissions.
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Jiang, M., L. C. Marr, E. J. Dunlea, et al. "Vehicle fleet emissions of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other pollutants measured by a mobile laboratory in Mexico City." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 12 (2005): 3377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3377-2005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern due to their effects on climate and health. The main goal of this research is to provide the first estimate of emissions of BC and particle-phase PAHs (PPAHs) from motor vehicles in Mexico City. The emissions of other pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter of diameter 2.5 μm and less (PM2.5) are also estimated. As a part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 (MCMA-2003), a mobile laboratory was driven throughout the city. The laboratory was equipped with a comprehensive suite of gas and particle analyzers, including an aethalometer that measured BC and a photoionization aerosol sensor that measured PPAHs. While driving through traffic, the mobile lab continuously sampled exhaust plumes from the vehicles around it. We have developed a method of automatically identifying exhaust plumes, which are then used as the basis for calculation of fleet-average emissions. In the approximately 75 h of on-road sampling during the field campaign, we have identified ~30 000 exhaust measurement points that represent a variety of vehicle types and driving conditions. The large sample provides a basis for estimating fleet-average emission factors and thus the emission inventory. Motor vehicles in the Mexico City area are estimated to emit 1700±200 metric tons BC, 57±6 tons PPAHs, 1 190 000±40 000 tons CO, 120 000±3000 tons NOx, 240 000±50 000 tons VOCs, and 4400±400 tons PM2.5 per year, not including cold start emissions. The estimates for CO, NOx, and PPAHs may be low by up to 10% due to the slower response time of analyzers used to measure these species. Compared to the government's official motor vehicle emission inventory for the year 2002, the estimates for CO, NOx, VOCs, and PM2.5 are 38% lower, 23% lower, 27% higher, and 25% higher, respectively. The distributions of emission factors of BC, PPAHs, and PM2.5 are highly skewed, i.e. asymmetric, while those for benzene, measured as a surrogate for total VOCs, and NOx are less skewed. As a result, the total emissions of BC, PPAHs, and PM2.5 could be reduced by approximately 50% if the highest 20% of data points were removed, but "super polluters" are less influential on overall NOx and VOC emissions.
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Solomin, V. A., A. V. Shabanov, A. A. Shabanov, V. M. Kilyushnik, and A. V. Mladenskiy. "Analysis of methods and means of ecological control of harmful emissions of exhaust gases of automobiles." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 10, no. 4 (2016): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66942.
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The problem of reduction of atmospheric air pollution by exhaust gases is discussed. A brief assessment of the impact of transport on the environment is given. The components of the pollutants are discussed. It is noted that in considering this problem, the methods of measurement and control of harmful emissions of the vehicles play a crucial role. The emphasis on the subject is made at the normative Russian and international standards, UN Rules and adoption of purposeful measures in the field of environmental protection during vehicles operation. The modern methods and devices used for the measurement of emissions of harmful substances of exhaust gases of automobiles are given. The conformity of the newly introduced vehicles to environmental requirements of international normative documents (UN Rules) on the emissions of harmful substances applies to a large extent the accuracy of measurement of gas analysis equipment. It is associated with a significant reduction of the measured values of concentrations of harmful emissions for vehicles of the ecological class EURO-5. It was noted that today especially relevant becomes the problem not only to improve the vehicle design from the point of limiting toxicity, but also improvement of technical control in operation. The lack of control and low level of maintenance lead to the breakdown of the normal operation of units and systems of the vehicle, which leads to increased emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air. As a result, all the efforts of the automotive industry to improve engine and neutralization systems to ensure environmental standards can be mitigated. In this regard, there were proposed approaches for the improvement of methods of technical control of vehicles. Substantially improvements of environmental control of motor vehicles are connected with performance of the onboard diagnostic systems of the vehicle in operation and neutralization systems. In order to guarantee their effective functioning during the life of the vehicle it is proposed to establish a system of replacement of catalytic converters of a vehicle failed during operation of the vehicle.
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Rifano, Rifano, Refandi Singarimbun, Herman Mariadi Kaharmen, and Riza Pahlevi. "Case Study Carbon monoxide and Hydrocarbon Leakage Detectors Cabin Automotive Vehicle." RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 2, no. 2 (2022): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v2i2.589.
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The function of construction study case carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon leakage detector cabin automotive vehicles is for human safety. The purpose of this study was to provide a leakage detector based on the study on Indonesian drivers in the cabin using Arduino through telegram. The passanger or driver could die if they consume Carbon monoxide gases above 2 percent circulation in their blood. Hydrocarbons (HC) gases can also occur when the exhaust system is not functioning correctly. This research uses a development approach or Research and Development (R&D). There are two stages for the tool's design and construction: first, to create the software, and second, to create the hardware. CO and HC gas detector work when CO and HC gas leakage can be sensorized from the MQ7 sensor and MQ2 sensor. It will be sent to the telegram. When CO and HC gas is too high on the cabin of an automotive vehicle, so the buzzer will produce a sound beep. DC motors are represented as power window systems that can be rotated. This tool is located on the dashboard of the automotive vehicle.
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Baek, Bok H., Rizzieri Pedruzzi, Minwoo Park, et al. "The Comprehensive Automobile Research System (CARS) – a Python-based automobile emissions inventory model." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 12 (2022): 4757–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4757-2022.
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Abstract. The Comprehensive Automobile Research System (CARS) is an open-source Python-based automobile emissions inventory model designed to efficiently estimate high-quality emissions from motor vehicle emission sources. It can estimate air pollutant, greenhouse gas, and air toxin criteria at any spatial resolution based on the spatiotemporal resolutions of input datasets. The CARS is designed to utilize local vehicle activity data, such as vehicle travel distance, road-link-level network geographic information system (GIS) information, and vehicle-specific average speed by road type, to generate an automobile emissions inventory for policymakers, stakeholders, and the air quality modeling community. The CARS model adopted the European Environment Agency's on-road automobile emissions calculation methodologies to estimate the hot exhaust, cold start, and evaporative emissions from on-road automobile sources. It can optionally utilize average speed distribution (ASD) of all road types to reflect more realistic vehicle speed variations. In addition, through utilizing high-resolution road GIS data, the CARS can estimate the road-link-level emissions to improve the inventory's spatial resolution. When we compared the official 2015 national mobile emissions from Korea's Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) against the ones estimated by the CARS, there is a significant increase in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (33 %) and carbon monoxide (CO) (52 %) measured, with a slight increase in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (15 %) emissions. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur oxide (SOx) measurements are reduced by 24 % and 17 %, respectively, in the CARS estimates. The main differences are driven by different vehicle activities and the incorporation of road-specific ASD, which plays a critical role in hot exhaust emission estimates but was not implemented in Korea's CAPSS mobile emissions inventory. While 52 % of vehicles use gasoline fuel and 35 % use diesel, gasoline vehicles only contribute 7.7 % of total NOx emissions, whereas diesel vehicles contribute 85.3 %. However, for VOC emissions, gasoline vehicles contribute 52.1 %, whereas diesel vehicles are limited to 23 %. Diesel buses comprise only 0.3 % of vehicles and have the largest contribution to NOx emissions (8.51 % of NOx total) per vehicle due to having longest daily vehicle kilometer travel (VKT). For VOC emissions, compressed natural gas (CNG) buses are the largest contributor at 19.5 % of total VOC emissions. For primary PM2.5, more than 98.5 % is from diesel vehicles. The CARS model's in-depth analysis feature can assist government policymakers and stakeholders in developing the best emission abatement strategies.