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Journal articles on the topic 'Mould Flux Powders'
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1
Liu, Li Na, Xiu Li Han, Chang Cun Li, and Hui Ping Yang. "Effect of Mold Flux for Casting on Microstructe of Mould Powder." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.287.
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The microstructe of mold fluxes of low-carbon steel and mould powders were researched by means of polarizing microscope. The result shows that the mineral compositions of the mould fluxes primarily are glass phase, wollastonite, quartz, melilite, pyroxene and feldspar. The main mineral compositions of mould powders is melilite. The quartz, pyroxene and glass phase are helpful to reduce the crystalline portion of mould powder, but the melilite, wollastonite help to improve the crystalline portion and promote crystallization of melilite. It is good for the crystalline portion when the casting speed droop.
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Hariharan, Ashok, and Samir Kumar Mozumdar. "Evolution of Mould Fluxes." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.75.
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Mould flux was invented for bottom poured ingots using fly ash as raw material. It transited subsequently to synthetic raw materials. As continuous casting of steel developed, Fluxes in fine powder form evolved culminating to the development of environment friendly fluxes in granular form. As continuous casting of stainless steel commenced different powders were developed for different Stainless qualities like austenitic, ferritic etc. Powders developed from interface with users were not only to satisfy demand of lubrication in the mould but also for adequate heat transfer and better surface quality. Shrinkage in mould, interplay of the elements in steel during casting with mould slag, tendency of the steel grades towards cracking or sticking and influence of various casting parameters determined mould powder development and usage. In-mould Powder performance dynamically reacts to changes in casting parameters and conditions and appropriate changes in powder chemistry can overcome or minimise detrimental effects of such changes. Future demands of overall cost control, better surface quality, minimal grinding, stable meniscus will guide powder research and development alongwith focus on environmental concerns.
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Drożdż, P. "Analysis of the Equilibrium State of Flux Powders in the Mould During Continuous Casting of Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0042.
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Abstract Mould fluxes in the continuous casting of steel perform a protective function against oxidizing effect of the atmosphere on liquid metal, reduce friction between the solidifying steel shell and the walls of the mould and regulate the transfer of heat to the mould walls. Their chemical composition is crucial as it impacts the determination of the characteristic temperatures. The paper presents calculation results of the equilibrium composition of the selected mould powders in thermodynamic conditions similar to the actual conditions during continuous casting of steel slabs based on FactSage. The calculations were verified by high temperature tests of mould flux powders.
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Sarkar, Rahul, and Zushu Li. "Isothermal and Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Mold Fluxes used in Continuous Casting of Steel: A Review." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 1357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02099-5.
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AbstractCasting powders or mold fluxes, as they are more commonly known, are used in the continuous casting of steel to prevent the steel shell from sticking to the copper mold. The powders first melt and create a pool of liquid flux above the liquid steel in the mold, and then the liquid mold fluxes penetrate into the gap between water-cooled copper mold and steel shell, where crystallization of solid phases takes place as the temperatures gradually drop. It is important to understand the crystallization behavior of these mold fluxes used in the continuous casting of steel because the crystalline phase fraction in the slag films plays a crucial role in determining the horizontal heat flux during the casting process. In this work, the existing literature on the crystallization kinetics of conventional and fluoride-free mold fluxes used in the continuous casting of steel has been reviewed. The review has been divided into two main sections viz. the isothermal crystallization kinetics and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics. Under each of these sections, three of the most widely used techniques for studying the crystallization kinetics have been included viz. thermoanalytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry/differential thermal analysis (DSC/DTA), the single and double hot thermocouple technique (SHTT and DHTT), and the confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). For each of these techniques, the available literature related to the crystallization kinetics of mold fluxes has been summarized thereby encompassing a wide range of investigations comprising of both conventional and fluoride-free fluxes. Summaries have been included after each section with critical comments and insights by the authors. Finally, the relative merits and demerits of these methods vis-à-vis their application in studying the crystallization kinetics of mold fluxes have been discussed.
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Li, Guang Qiang, Ai Da Xiao, De Zhi Wen, Guo Hua Jiao, Bai Ping Zheng, and Jie Fu. "Study on the Production of Ti Micro-Alloyed High Strength Hot Rolled Steel by CSP Process." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.230.
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Ti micro-alloyed high strength hot rolled steel was developed in Valin Lianyuan Steel in the CSP line. The cleanliness of liquid steel was good enough for thin slab casting after LF refining. The mould powder was adjusted for stabilizing the heat flux of thin slab continuous casting mould. Homogeneous microstructure consisting of ferrite and pearlite was obtained in the hot rolled steel plates by the improving of rolling process. The nano-scale precipitates of Ti(C, N) and Nb(C, N) is the main strengthening mechanism. The yield strength of developed hot rolled plate is higher than 660 MPa and the tension strength is 760 MPa. The ductile-brittle transition temperature is below -60 degree Celsius. The developed Ti alloyed steel with designed composition fulfils the requirements of 600 MPa grade steel for engineering machinery.
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Chung, Joon Yang. "Improvements & Innovations in the Continuous Casting Process at POSCO." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.3.
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Continuous casting is the essential process converting liquid steel to solid in the form of slabs or billets/blooms in the steel plant. The economy and quality of the steel products are greatly dependent on how successfully the continuous casting is performed. New technologies have been actively developed in the process during the last decades in order to increase the productivity and, therefore, to decrease the operational cost. Since its first commissioning of a slab caster in 1976, POSCO has constructed a number of continuous slab, bloom and billet casters including a thin slab caster not only for plain carbon steels but for stainless steels. Through the operation of various types of continuous casters for more than 30 years so far, POSCO has steadily developed fundamental technologies and operational know-how and achieved the equipment innovations to improve the surface and internal qualities of cast products as well as to extend the productivity of continuous casters. Furthermore, POSCO has deepened the basic understanding on the solidification phenomena of liquid steel and also accumulated the engineering backgrounds to design the most optimal continuous casters. It has also devised the indispensable and auxiliary equipments and the key technologies to control the process precisely and efficiently in order to guarantee the quality and productivity. An innovative technology under development is the POCAST process, where controlled amount of the pre-molten mold flux instead of conventional powder mold flux is continuously fed into free surface of molten steel through the plunger-type feeding system from the flux melting furnace. In order to prevent the molten flux from freezing at the meniscus, a reflective insulation cover is installed, leading to the suppression of thermal radiation from the molten steel and flux. It is generally understood that, as casting speed increases, the occurrence of breakout increases since mold lubrication becomes insufficient due to the lack of mold flux flow from the meniscus into the solid shell/mold boundary. However, by utilizing the especially composition controlled pre-molten flux, it becomes possible to eliminate the formation of slag bear in the mold. Therefore, the mold flux consumption rate is increased even at the reduced oscillation rate & stroke and more importantly, the mold flux infiltration becomes more uniform throughout the boundary between the mold and the solidified shell. This consequently results in drastic reduction of the formation and depth of the oscillation mark and the occurrence of surface hooks without increasing the possibility of breakout, as has been proved in the casting trials carried out with the 10 ton pilot slab caster in Pohang. A key trend in the development of the continuous casting process is to reduce the thickness of cast products. Examples include thin slab casting and strip casting. In the thin slab casting process, a major drawback is the relatively low casting speed and, as a result, the inefficient equipment layout in the plant where two casters are connected to a hot rolling unit. The drawback could be resolved if the casting speed exceeds a certain limit. At the high casting speed, the productivity of casting becomes equivalent to that of hot rolling, and the thin slab casting plant is to be designed so that one strand
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Jafari, Hassan, Mohd Hasbullah Idris, Ali Ourdjini, and Saeed Farahany. "Oxidation and Melting Characterizations of AZ91D Granules during In Situ Melting." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.631.
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In this research, the oxidation and melting behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloy granules was investigated throughout using in-situ melting technique when the granules were covered by flux. The granules were heated inside an electrical resistance furnace at four different temperatures of 650, 700, 750 and 800 °C for 30 min. Thermal analysis was used to detect the granules characteristic temperatures during the technique. The products of the heating process were examined visually and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that due to occurrence of severe oxidation and combustion, particularly at 800 °C, a significant amount of the granules transformed to a powdered state. The presence of the mould materials within the oxidation residue was detected indicating that severe mould-magnesium reaction occurred during heating. It was found that the granules melted during the heating process. However, the presence of oxides on the granules prevented them from fusing to form a single melt.
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Guo, En Yu, Qiwei Zheng, and T. Jing. "Numerical Simulation of Solidification of Thick-Wall Stainless Steel Pipe in Horizontal Centrifugal Casting Process." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1427.
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A mathematical model of the horizontal centrifugal casting process based on the cast cylindrical coordinates for stainless steel pipe has been developed. Thermal boundary conditions, including the radiative and convective heat transfer conditions, have been taken into consideration. The model equation was solved numerically using non-uniform cylindrical grids and the finite differential method (FDM). Several parameters of casting process such as melt superheat, preheating temperature of mold, thermal conductivity of coating and flux powder, which affect the temperature distributions in both cast pipe and mold and the changed positions of melt solidifying at last are investigated. In order to verify the results of simulation, calculated temperatures were compared with the experimental data.
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Changizi, Ahmad, Mamoun Medraj, and Mihaiela Isac. "Effect of Casting Parameters on the Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior of Magnesium AZ31-B Alloy Strips Cast on a Single Belt Casting Simulator." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/101872.
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Strips of magnesium alloy AZ31-B were cast on a simulator of a horizontal single belt caster incorporating a moving mold system. Mixtures of CO2and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gases were used as protective atmosphere during melting and casting. The castability of the AZ31-B strips was investigated for a smooth, low carbon steel substrate, and six copper substrates with various textures and roughnesses. Graphite powder was used to coat the substrates. The correlation between strip thickness and heat flux was investigated. It was found that the heat flux from the forming strip to the copper substrate was higher than that to the steel substrate, while coated substrates registered lower heat fluxes than uncoated substrates. The highest heat flux from the strip was recorded for casting on macrotextured copper substrates with 0.15 mm grooves. As the thickness of the strip decreased, the net heat flux decreased. As the heat flux increased, the grain sizes of the strips were reduced, and the SDAS decreased. The mechanical properties were improved when the heat flux increased. The black layers which formed on the strips’ surfaces were analyzed and identified as nanoscale MgO particles. Nano-Scale particles act as light traps and appeared black.
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Couture, Rex A. "An Improved Fusion Technique for Major-Element Rock Analysis by XRF." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020528.
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AbstractA new apparatus and technique are described for borate flux fusion of rocks for x-ray fluorescence analysis. The method yields homogeneous, strain-free glass discs with flat, smooth surfaces that do not require polishing. The technique is adapted from several previous methods but has advantages over each in terms of sample uniformity, quality of the discs, or capital cost. The ignited rock powder is fused with flux over a burner mounted on a stock laboratory mixer, and is cast into a solid flat, polished Pt-Au mold. The very effective mixing action ensures homogeneity An oxidizing atmosphere, which is necessary to prevent loss of iron to the crucibles, is maintained by injecting air during fusion.There is no significant loss of alkali metals during fusion, and negligible loss of flux. Duplicate samples of several rock types show excellent reproducibility, approaching counting statistical errors, for 10 major elements.
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Liu, Jun, Xin Long Dong, and Gang Yi Zhou. "Optimization Design of Powder Molding Pressing Frame Based on Precision Effect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.791.
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The large deformation of powder molding pressing machine in the load affects the accuracy of the machine. The model of powder molding press was simplified by finite element method. ANSYS software was employed to simulate the location of the frame deformation in load, deformation and stress distribution of the real case. The sizes and structures of the powder molding pressing frame were changed, such as adding stiffeners on the both sides of the frame support shelf to improve the support plate bending rigidity and resistance to flex capacity. The results showed that the increasing thickness of the steel plate can reduce stress concentration. The overall deformation reduced from the original 0.361688mm to 0.254033mm. The maximum deformation area transferred from the support rack of the frame to the edge of mold shelf. The deformation of Y direction is reduced from 0.336271mm to 0.186853mm. The optimized deformation of the rack and the mold shelf significantly is reduced.
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Pan, Hong, Guo Rong Wu, and Zhi Qiang Li. "Quality Control of Casting Slab for 510L Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.756.
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Slab quality affects the quality of hot rolled sheet significantly. There were serious transverse corner cracks on continuous casting slab of 510L steel plate in Panzhihua Steel before. Based on this, some effective countermeasures are put forward, such as the optimization of ratio of heat flux on narrow side and broad side of casting slab and mold powder, as well as the stabilization of casting speed and working condition of caster. With these countermeasures, transverse corner cracks on continuous casting slab have been significantly reduced, and the lines and peeling defects on hot rolled sheet reduce from 30% to 0.
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Pan, Hong, Guo Rong Wu, Yong Chen, Jian Hua Zeng, and Zhi Qiang Li. "Study on Control Technology of Transverse Corner Cracks on CC Slab for Automobile Frame Steel Plate." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.636.
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There were serious transverse corner cracks on continuous casting slab of automobile frame steel plate in Panzhihua Steel before, and study on the control of transverse corner cracks had been carried out. Some effective countermeasures are put forward, such as the optimization of ratio of heat flux density on narrow side and broad side of casting slab (RHFD) and mold powder, as well as the stabilization of casting speed and working condition of caster. Industrial test shows that the transverse corner cracks on continuous casting slab have been significantly reduced, and the lines and peeling defects on hot rolled sheet have been eliminated due to the transverse corner cracks.
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Vdovin, Konstantin N., Igor M. Yachikov, and Kirill A. Danilyuk. "Model for Solidification of the Working Layer of the Roll in the Chill of the Centrifugal Machine." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.702.
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The paper presents a mathematical model and the elements of a computer program for calculation and visualization of solidification of the rotating molten iron of the working layer of the roll in the centrifugal machine. We established the dynamics of changes in supply rate of carbide nanopowder feeding on the surface of the molten metal, provided its uniform distribution along the solidifying layer of the cast iron. It is shown that the working layer of the iron cools sideways and more intensively from the side of the chill mould; the areas, which are located near it, are the first to reach the solidus and liquidus temperatures. During cooling the layer of the iron, a maximum of temperatures is observed at a distance of 25 – 30 mm from the protective flux contacting surface. It was established that for a uniform distribution of nanopowder in the solidifying layer of the iron its feeding supply rate needs to be proportional to the speed of the moving the front of particle penetration, which is defined by the solidification front. Powder feeding needs to start from the time concurrent with the start of moving the front of particle penetration into the metal and to finish when an opposite crystallization front begins to form from the side of the flux.
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Majchrzak, Barbara, Tomasz P. Kurowski, and Zofia Karpińska. "The health condition of spring oilseed crops in relation to the fungi colonising their seeds." Acta Agrobotanica 55, no. 1 (2013): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.019.
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The research was conduced in the years 1999-2000. The aim of the research was to determine the health condition of overground parts and seeds of the following spring oilseed crops: crambe (<i>Crambe abbysinica</i> Hoechst.) cv. B o r o w s k i, false flax (<i>Camelina sativa</i> L.) cv. B o r o w s k a, spring rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> ssp. <i>oleifera</i> L.) cv. M a r g o and oleiferous radish (<i>Raphanus sativus</i> var. <i>oleiferus</i> L.) cv. P e g l e t t a. In all the years of the research alternaria blight was found on the leaves and siliques of spring rape and oleiferous radish and on the leaves and stems of crambe. False flax proved to be weakly infected by pathogens. On its leaves gray mould (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>) was found in all the years of the research. The disease was found on the siliques only in 1999. In 2000 powdery mildew was found on spring rape and false flax (respectively, <i>Erysiphe crucifearum</i> and <i>E.cichoracearum</i>). The weather conditions affected the intensity of the diseases on the studied spring oilseed crops. <i>Alernaria</i> genus, especially <i>A.alternata</i> was most commonly isolated from the seeds of examined plants. It constituted from 37% (in crambe) to 63,3% (in spring rape) of all the isolates. Of the remaining pathogenic species, numerous fungi of the <i>Fusarium</i> genus (<i>F.avenaceum, F.culmorum, F.equiseti</i> and <i>F.oxysporum</i>) were isolated. They constituted from 1,0% (false flax) to 17,3% (crambe) of the isolates.
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Ismail Adnen, Noor Asliza, Nur Atiqah Azwa Joulme Morad, Mohd Aidil Adhha Abdullah, and Mohd Al Amin Muhamad Nor. "Effect of Dispersant Addition on Properties of Ceramic Pieces from Kampung Dengir, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia." Materials Science Forum 888 (March 2017): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.888.28.
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The abundancy of ball clay can be transform into more useful form. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different amount of dispersant on ceramic system. Ball clay from Kampung Dengir, Besut, Terengganu was used as starting powder while sodium silicate was used as dispersant to produce good flow ability, minimum viscosity and controllable ceramic slurry. Ceramic slurry was prepared by adding additives such as binder, flux, filler and dispersant, casted onto POP mould to obtain ceramic body. Ceramic then cut into test pieces (8cm x 2cm) and mixed for 2 h and aged for 2 days before dried at 70 °C overnight and sintered at temperature of 800-1200 °C in furnace for 2 h with heating rate 5 °C/min. Slurries also tested for rheological properties using rheometer (brand Thermo Haake). Viscosity and shear stress were measured to investigate the rhoelogical behaviour of slip with different amount of dispersant (0.03 mL to 0.06 mL/200 mL of sample). Characterization of raw samples has been done using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) showing the presence of kaolinite and quartz. Effect of dispersant on rheological behavior, rate of shrinkage, water absorption, porosity and density were investigated It was found that increase in amount of dispersant added exhibit the best rheological behavior, and 0.05 mL dispersant was the optimum amount in term of rate of shrinkage, water absorption, porosity and density. As a conclusion, 0.05 mL was the optimum dispersant which gives best rheological behavior and almost fault-free ceramic bodies
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Mills, K. C., P. E. Ramirez-Lopez, and P. D. Lee. "Some Insights into Mechanisms Involved in Continuous Casting." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 3 (January 6, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0028.
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AbstractA mathematical model of the continuous casting process for steel has been developed. This coupled model predicts metal flow, slag infiltration, shell solidification and heat flux. The model predicts values for the thicknesses of the solid and liquid slag films and the solidified shell, powder consumption and heat fluxes, all of which are in excellent agreement with plant data. The model has been used to study the mechanisms involved in (i) slag entrapment, (ii) the effect of mould oscillation on powder consumption, heat flux and shell solidification, (iii) oscillation mark (OM) formation and (iv) high and low frequency fluctuations.
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Gijs, Martin, and Menouer Saidani. "Power and Radio Frequency Inductors Using a Hybrid Ferrite-Flex Foil Technology." MRS Proceedings 969 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0969-w06-04.
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AbstractWe present a hybrid technology for the realization of three-dimensional miniaturized power inductors and RF inductors on silicon. The power inductors consist of planar Cu coils on polyimide substrates, and mm-size ferrite magnetic cores, obtained by three-dimensional micro-patterning of ferrite wafers using powder blasting. The coils are realized using an in-house developed high-resolution polyimide spinning and Cu electroplating process. Winding widths down to 5 μm have been obtained and total device volumes are ranging between 1.5 and 10 mm3. Inductive and resistive properties are characterized as a function of frequency; inductance values in the 100 μH range have been obtained. We also have realized millimetre-size RF inductors on silicon using the same polyimide mould - Cu electroplating coil technology. Subsequently the coils are assembled with magnetic cover plates of commercially available bulk Ni-Zn ferrites of high resistivity. Using the magnetic flux-amplifying ferrite plates, we obtain a 40 % enhancement of the inductance and a 25 % enhancement of the quality factor (Q=10-20) for frequencies up to 0.2 GHz.