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Journal articles on the topic 'Mount Everest Expedition (1924)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Riley, N. D. "THE RHOPALOCERA OF THE THIRD MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION (1924)." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 75, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1927.tb00064.x.

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2

Andrewes., H. E. "THE CARABIDAE OF THE THIRD MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION, 1924." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 78, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1930.tb01198.x.

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3

West, J. B. "Alexander M. Kellas and the physiological challenge of Mt. Everest." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.3.

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Alexander M. Kellas (1868–1921) was a British physiologist who made pioneering contributions to the exploration of Everest and to the early physiology of extreme altitudes, but his physiological contributions have been almost completely overlooked. Although he had a full-time faculty position at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London, he was able to make eight expeditions to the Himalayas in the first two decades of the century, and by 1919 when the first official expedition to Everest was being planned, he probably knew more about the approaches than anybody else. But his most interesting contributions were made in an unpublished manuscript written in 1920 and entitled “A consideration of the possibility of ascending Mount Everest.” In this he discussed the physiology of acclimatization and most of the important variables including the summit altitude and barometric pressure, and the alveolar PO2, arterial oxygen saturation, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal ascent rate near the summit. On the basis of this extensive analysis, he concluded that “Mount Everest could be ascended by a man of excellent physical and mental constitution in first-rate training, without adventitious aids [supplementary oxygen] if the physical difficulties of the mountain are not too great.” Kellas was one of the first physiologists to study extreme altitude, and he deserves to be better known.

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4

Stephenson, J. "Oligochaeta from Various Regions, including those collected by the Mount Everest Expedition 1924." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 95, no. 3 (August 21, 2009): 879–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1925.tb07109.x.

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5

Moore, G. W. K., J. L. Semple, and G. Hoyland. "Global Warming, El Niño, and High-Impact Storms at Extreme Altitude: Historical Trends and Consequences for Mountaineers." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 11 (November 2011): 2197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-023.1.

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AbstractThe twentieth century was bracketed by two high-profile events on Mount Everest: the 1924 Mallory and Irvine disappearance and the 1996 Into Thin Air storm. During both events, fatalities occurred high on the mountain during deteriorating weather conditions. Although there have been dramatic improvements in knowledge of the mountain and in the technology used on it, it is shown that an unappreciated change that has also occurred, as a result of warming in the region, is an increase in barometric pressure. A rare and unique set of meteorological data collected at various elevations on the mountain during the 1924 British Everest expedition as well as modern datasets are used to compare and contrast conditions during the two storms and the two climbing seasons. It is shown that both storms were associated with weather systems known locally as western disturbances that resulted in summit barometric pressure drops sufficient to have exacerbated altitude-induced hypoxia. It is further shown that the Mallory and Irvine attempt occurred later in the season than typically is the case now and that this was most likely the result of a concurrent El Niño event. Despite the trend of increasing barometric pressure, the pressure drop associated with storms in the region should remain a concern for those who venture to extreme altitudes. The authors therefore argue that success and failure on Everest and other Himalayan peaks requires knowledge of the variability and trends in both the weather and climate.

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6

Bayne, Ronald. "Dr Arthur Wakefield on Mount Everest in 1922: ‘This has not been by any Manner of Means a Picnic”." Journal of Medical Biography 11, no. 3 (August 2003): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200301100309.

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In 1922 Dr Arthur Wakefield, a general practitioner from Cumbria, reached the North Col of Mt Everest at 23,000 feet as a member of the first British team to attempt the summit. As well as being a climber, he provided medical care to his comrades, who included George Leigh Mallory and George Finch. Yet, in their accounts of the expedition, several climbers portrayed him as a nervous old man and a “complete passenger”. However, his letters home and a small daily diary suggest he was a wise and caring physician. His motivation for joining this expedition at the age of 46 was somewhat different from that of his companions.

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Rodway, George W. "George Ingle Finch And The Mount Everest Expedition of 1922: Breaching The 8000-m Barrier." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 8, no. 1 (March 2007): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ham.2006.1034.

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8

Burt, P. J. A. "Mallory's 1924 Everest Expedition." Weather 65, no. 10 (September 24, 2010): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.677.

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9

Towell, Elaine. "First College member conquers Everest." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363507x172545.

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Edmund Hilary and Tenzing Norgay were first in 1953. Since then, over 2,500 people have followed in their footsteps and on 21 May 2006, Andrew Sutherland became the first British surgeon to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Travelling as the team doctor, Mr Sutherland was part of the EVERESTMAX expedition who recently completed the highest climb on earth, commencing at the Dead Sea in Jordan and ending at the summit of Mount Everest. Mr Sutherland joined the expedition at Everest base camp as the team prepared for their ascent of the challenging north-east ridge.

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10

Bjerneld, Hakan. "Swedish Mount Everest Expedition, 1991 October 23, 1991." Journal of Wilderness Medicine 3, no. 1 (February 1992): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/0953-9859-3.1.86.

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11

Larkin, Marilynn. "Mount Everest telemedicine expedition tracked on the web." Lancet 353, no. 9163 (May 1999): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67237-6.

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12

West, John B. "George I. Finch and his pioneering use of oxygen for climbing at extreme altitudes." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 1702–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2002.

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George Ingle Finch (1888–1970) was the first person to prove the great value of supplementary oxygen for climbing at extreme altitudes. He did this during the 1922 Everest expedition when he and his companion, Geoffrey Bruce, reached an altitude of 8,320 m, higher than any human had climbed before. Finch was well qualified to develop the oxygen equipment because he was an eminent physical chemist. Many of the features of the 1922 design are still used in modern oxygen equipment. Finch also demonstrated an extraordinary tolerance to severe acute hypoxia in a low-pressure chamber experiment. Remarkably, despite Finch's desire to participate in the first three Everest expeditions in 1921–1924, he was only allowed to be a member of one. His rejection from the 1921 expedition was based on medical reports that were apparently politically biased. Then, following his record ascent in 1922, he was refused participation in the 1924 expedition for complex reasons related to his Australian origin, his forthright and unconventional views, and the fact that some people in the climbing establishment in Britain saw Finch as an undesirable outsider.

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13

Heggie, Vanessa. "Science in an extreme environment: The 1963 American Mount Everest expedition." Centaurus 60, no. 1-2 (February 2018): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12181.

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Somervell, T. H. "The meteorological results of the mount everest expedition. A. The observations." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 52, no. 218 (September 10, 2007): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49705221803.

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15

Hoyt, C. Jay. "Physicians on Mount Everest–A clinical account of the 1981 American Medical Research Expedition to Everest." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 76, no. 4 (October 1985): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198510000-00106.

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16

Pelto, Mauri, Prajjwal Panday, Tom Matthews, Jon Maurer, and L. Baker Perry. "Observations of Winter Ablation on Glaciers in the Mount Everest Region in 2020–2021." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142692.

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Recent observations of rising snow lines and reduced snow-covered areas on glaciers during the October 2020–January 2021 period in the Nepal–China region of Mount Everest in Landsat and Sentinel imagery highlight observations that significant ablation has occurred in recent years on many Himalayan glaciers in the post-monsoon and early winter periods. For the first time, we now have weather stations providing real-time data in the Mount Everest region that may sufficiently transect the post-monsoon snow line elevation region. These sensors have been placed by the Rolex National Geographic Perpetual Planet expedition. Combining in situ weather records and remote sensing data provides a unique opportunity to examine the impact of the warm and dry conditions during the 2020 post-monsoon period through to the 2020/2021 winter on glaciers in the Mount Everest region. The ablation season extended through January 2021. Winter (DJF) ERA5 reanalysis temperature reconstructions for Everest Base Camp (5315 m) for the 1950–February 2021 period indicate that six days in the January 10–15 period in 2021 fell in the top 1% of all winter days since 1950, with January 13, January 14, and January 12, being the first, second, and third warmest winter days in the 72-year period. This has also led to the highest freezing levels in winter for the 1950–2021 period, with the January 12–14 period being the only period in winter with a freezing level above 6000 m.

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17

Tunny, Terry J., James Gelder, Richard D. Gordon, Shelley A. Klemm, Stephen M. Hamlet, Wendy L. Finn, Gavin M. Carney, and Carol Brand-Maher. "EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE ON ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE: THE BICENTENNIAL MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 16, no. 4 (April 1989): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1989.tb01559.x.

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18

Pugh, L. G. C. "Himalayan Rations with Special Reference to the 1953 Expedition to Mount Everest." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 15, no. 2 (June 2004): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1080-6032(04)70900-x.

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19

Joshi, Sunil Kumar, and Sugam Pokharel. "SS03-03 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) OF SHERPA MOUNTAINEERS." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0059.

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Abstract Introduction The current climate change scenario poses significant challenges for mountaineering expeditions. The accelerated melting of glaciers, altered climbing conditions, and changing weather patterns are reshaping the mountaineering process. The changing climate has significantly amplified the hazards linked to climbing, leading to increased frequency and intensity of avalanches and rockfall. The objective of this study was to study the effect of climate change factors on the job of Sherpa mountaineers on expedition to Mount Everest. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 94 Sherpas residing in the Solukhumbu District, Nepal. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. Sherpas who were present for the expedition during the data collection period and gave informed consent were included in the study. Similarly, secondary data on climate change-related events in the Everest region were analyzed. Results Approximately forty three percent (42.6%) of respondents experienced different incidents during expeditions; 33% had encountered avalanches, 14.9% had fallen from cliffs or paths, and 12.6% had fallen into crevasses. Sixteen percent of participants encountered the death of family members, 69.1% experienced the loss of colleagues from their team, and 21.3% encountered the death of clients during expeditions. Conclusion The study highlights the multifaceted OSH challenges related to climate change faced by Sherpas guiding summit expeditions on Mount Everest. Their need for targeted interventions is evident and to ensure their well-being, a comprehensive approach encompassing health education, psychological support, and improved safety practices is essential.

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20

Khanal, P., L. Thapa, A. M. Shrestha, S. Bhattarai, D. Sapkota, N. Sharma, and U. P. Devkota. "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis during Everest Expedition: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8314040.

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Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but serious disorder that is associated with a poor clinical outcome. We report a 35-year-old man who had a severe headache and diplopia while climbing Mount Everest. His MR venography showed right transverse and right sigmoid sinus thrombosis. He improved on anticoagulant and symptomatic measures. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis at high altitude is discussed.

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21

Patitucci, M., D. Lugrin, and G. Pagès. "Angiogenic/lymphangiogenic factors and adaptation to extreme altitudes during an expedition to Mount Everest." Acta Physiologica 196, no. 2 (June 2009): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01915.x.

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22

MOHAN, JOSEPH, JEFFERY R. STONE, KIRSTEN NICHOLSON, KLAUS NEUMANN, CAROLYN DOWLING, and SUBODH SHARMA. "Lindavia biswashanti, a new diatom species (Bacillariophyta) from Gokyo Cho, Himalayan Range, Nepal." Phytotaxa 364, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.364.1.7.

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A new species of Bacillariophyta (diatom) is described from Gokyo Cho, a lake near Mount Everest in the Himalayan Mountain Range. Water and algal samples were collected during an expedition to Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), Nepal in May 2016. Samples collected during this expedition reveal a new species of Lindavia, described herein with ecological information provided. The new species of Lindavia has three triangular undulations and depressions in the central area. This species has a likeness to the Pantocsekiella ocellata sensu lato group. It differs from the species in this group in undulation shape and ultrastructure numbers and distribution. Investigation into previously described Lindavia in the SNP region has identified a taxon, Cyclotella antiqua var. minor, which is herein transferred into Lindavia in order to conform to the parent taxon Lindavia antiqua.

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23

Suarez, Fernando F., and Juan S. Montes. "An Integrative Perspective of Organizational Responses: Routines, Heuristics, and Improvisations in a Mount Everest Expedition." Organization Science 30, no. 3 (May 2019): 573–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1271.

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24

ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "LAWRENCE RICKARD WAGER (1904–1965): A DISTINGUISHED GEOLOGIST WHO HELPED TO PIONEER AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION FOR ALLIED FORCES IN WORLD WAR II." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.1.59.

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ABSTRACT ‘Bill’ Wager, after undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of Cambridge, became a lecturer at the University of Reading in southern England in 1929. He was granted leave in the 1930s to participate in lengthy expeditions that explored the geology of Greenland, an island largely within the Arctic Circle. With friends made on those expeditions, he became in June 1940 an early recruit to the Photographic Development Unit of the Royal Air Force that pioneered the development of aerial photographic interpretation for British armed forces. He was quickly appointed to lead a ‘shift’ of interpreters. The unit moved in 1941 from Wembley in London to Danesfield House in Buckinghamshire, known as Royal Air Force Medmenham, to become the Central Interpretation Unit for Allied forces—a ‘secret’ military intelligence unit that contributed significantly to Allied victory in World War II. There Wager led one of three ‘shifts’ that carried out the ‘Second Phase’ studies in a three-phase programme of interpretation that became a standard operating procedure. Promoted in 1941 to the rank of squadron leader in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, he was given command of all ‘Second Phase’ work. Sent with a detachment of photographic interpreters to the Soviet Union in 1942, he was officially ‘mentioned in a Despatch’ on return to England. By the end of 1943 the Central Interpretation Unit had developed into a large organization with an experienced staff, so Wager was allowed to leave Medmenham in order to become Professor of Geology in the University of Durham. He resigned his commission in July 1944. Appointed Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford in 1950, he died prematurely from a heart attack in 1965, best remembered for his work on the igneous rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion in Greenland and an attempt to climb Mount Everest in 1933.

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Ghimire, Kaman, Arnab Singh, Arbindra Khadka, Binod Dawadi, and Dibas Shrestha. "A Meteorological Analysis from the Southern Slope of Mt. Everest, Nepal." Jalawaayu 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2023): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jalawaayu.v3i1.52069.

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Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world, with an elevation ending at 8848.86 m above sea level, providing unique opportunity for direct observation of the upper troposphere. Utilizing the data from recently established five automatic weather stations (AWSs) network along the Everest climbing route, as part of the National Geographic and Rolex Perpetual Planet Expedition to Mount Everest 2019, from June 2019 to May 2020, this study investigates the meteorological environment over the southern slope of the Mt. Everest. Precipitation, temperature, radiations (income and outgoing short wave and long wave radiation), wind speed and direction along with derived variables like Lapse Rate, Precipitation Gradient, 6.11 hPa Isoline, and zero-degree Isotherm are analyzed with the aim of understanding altitudinal variation. Precipitation is mainly concentrated in monsoon with highest in Phortse (530 mm). Analysis of temperature lapse rate shows the highest lapse rate (-5.6 ℃ km-1) in monsoon and lowest in post-monsoon (-7℃ km-1). The precipitation analysis reveals that the vertical and horizontal precipitation gradient for monsoon is -63 mm km-1 and is -8.6 mm km-1 however, during the post-monsoon, precipitation increased by 0.75mm km-1 and 4.6 mm km-1, respectively. Similarly, westerly winds dominate during winter in upper station while it’s nearly uniform for lower stations. Radiation, likewise, are highly correlated between the stations, with incoming shortwave being the highest in the upper station, South-Col. Both isoline and isotherm lines are observed at around 6000 m above sea level. The one-year data has revealed some of the interesting pictures of high-altitude meteorology, but long-term data with fewer data gaps should be required to confirm these patterns.

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Pollard, Andrew J., Peter W. Barry, Nick P. Mason, David J. Collier, Rachel C. Pollard, Peter F. A. Pollard, Isla Martin, R. Scott Fraser, Martin R. Miller, and James S. Milledge. "Hypoxia, Hypocapnia and Spirometry at Altitude." Clinical Science 92, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0920593.

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1. Both hypoxia and hypocapnia can cause broncho-constriction in humans, and this could have a bearing on performance at high altitude or contribute to altitude sickness. We studied the relationship between spirometry, arterial oxygen saturation and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) concentration in a group of healthy lowland adults during a stay at high altitude, and then evaluated the response to supplementary oxygen and administration of a β2 agonist 2. We collected spirometric data from 51 members of the 1994 British Mount Everest Medical Expedition at sea level (barometric pressure 101.2–101.6 kPa) and at Mount Everest Base Camp in Nepal (altitude 5300 m, barometric pressure 53–54.7 kPa) using a pocket turbine spirometer. A total of 205 spirometric measurements were made on the 51 subjects during the first 6 days after arrival at Base Camp. Further measurements were made before and after inhalation of oxygen (n = 47) or a β2 agonist (n = 39). ETCO2 tensions were measured on the same day as spirometric measurements in 30 of these subjects. 3. In the first 6 days after arrival at 5300 m, lower oxygen saturations were associated with lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1; P < 0.02) and forced vital capacity (FVC; P < 0.01), but not with peak expiratory flow (PEF). Administration of supplementary oxygen for 5 min increased oxygen saturation from a mean of 81%–94%, but there was no significant change in FEV1 or FVC, whilst PEF fell by 2.3% [P < 0.001; 95% confidence intervals (CI) −4 to −0.7%]. After salbutamol administration, there was no significant change in PEF, FEV1 or FVC in 35 non-asthmatic subjects. Mean ETCO2 at Everest Base Camp was 26 mmHg, and a low ETCO2 was weakly associated with a larger drop in FVC at altitude compared with sea level (r = 0.38, P < 0.05). There was no correlation between either ETCO2 or oxygen saturation and changes in FEV1 or PEF compared with sea-level values. 4. In this study, in normal subjects who were acclimatized to hypobaric hypoxia at an altitude of 5300 m, we found no evidence of hypoxic broncho-constriction. Individuals did not have lower PEF when they were more hypoxic, and neither PEF nor FEV1 were increased by either supplementary oxygen or salbutamol. FVC fell at altitude, and there was a greater fall in FVC for subjects with lower oxygen saturations and probably lower ETCO2.

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Marina Fischer, Frida. "SS03 CLIMATE CHANGES AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0056.

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Abstract The session ‘Climate changes and occupational safety and health’ (OSH) aims to have five presentations: a general approach of the negative OSH impact of climate change on organizations; climate changes and aging workers; climate change and its impact on OSH of Sherpa mountaineers; Arctic cooperation for developing a framework of activities for managing thermal strain at outdoors workplaces in a changing climate; and the connections among poverty, education, work and the climate agenda. The presentations are to explore and discuss: a) the negative OSH impact of climate change on organizations and their workers examining related health and safety risk and risk management strategies; b) the emerging research on the relationships between older workers and the impacts of climate change and the implications for research in occupational health; c) the study of the effect of climate change factors on the job of Sherpa mountaineers on expedition to Mount Everest; d) planning a holistic framework for managing thermal strain in outdoor work in the Arctic; and e) the outcomes of a survey on poverty, education, work and climate change.

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28

KC, Shanker, and Tri Dev Acharya. "Advancements of Geodetic Activities in Nepal: A Review on Pre- and Post-2015 Gorkha Earthquake Eras with Future Directions." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071586.

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From celestial objects to every feature on Earth, geodesy provides a reference frame and is the foundation for surveying, mapping, and other geoscience activities. In Nepal, geodesy was officially introduced after 1924 to prepare the topographic map series. Although the previous geodetic project occurred with foreign assistance, Nepal is using national resources to conduct milestone projects such as the re-measurement of Mount Everest height in 2020 and the ongoing LiDAR survey of western Terai. Taking the 2015 Gorkha earthquake as a reference, this paper reviews the past and present geodetic activities in Nepal. It presents the history of conventional Nepal datum as a horizontal datum and Indian mean sea level-based vertical datum, and modern satellite geodesy works on the Himalayas. Considering recent earthquakes, continuous crustal motion, international and global compliance, and increasing demand for precise positional accuracy from the users and stakeholders, this paper discusses future directions to build, establish, maintain, and operate modern terrestrial, height, and gravity reference systems and frames. This paper consolidates many reports and experiences from Nepal and will serve as useful documentation for newcomers whose interests align in geodesy and Nepal.

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Кобзова, Светлана, and Svetlana Kobzova. "Volunteering in tourism » and «voluntourism»: Current state and prospects of development." Services in Russia and abroad 9, no. 3 (November 26, 2015): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14389.

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The article is devoted to the problem of the current state and prospects of development of volunteering in tourism and voluntourism. The correlation between the concepts "volunteering", "volunteering in tourism" and "voluntourism" is disclosed; the short historical information about development of volunteering and voluntourism is given; the examples of classic tourism volunteer movement (participation of volunteers in the Olympic games in China, programs of World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, projects like Hampton Save-A-Landmark, Turtle Teams, Conservation Volunteers, Appalachian Trail Conference, Tourist guide in HF Holidays, Help Exchange, United Nations Volunteers, Move Nepal and others) and tours as part of the voluntourism (international environmental expedition to Costa Rica, lake Baikal, mount Everest, the Inca Trail, programs of The China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, Inti Wara Yassi, Earthwatch Institute) are described. The fundamental difference between these two different in form and principles of the organization types of the volunteer movement is also formulated. The article describes the present-day state and prospects of development of tourism volunteering in Russia, and among others accentuates activities of Centers for Volunteers Training, Regional centers of the tourism development, Association of volunteer centers, Volunteer tourism center of Moscow. The article presents current tourism programs and projects, which implemented in Russia such as events (sports), museums ("The Hermitage Friends Club", shares the State Darwin Museum, Polytechnical Museum, State Museum of стр. 20 из 206 Gulag History), archeological (projects of Eastern Bosporus archaeological expedition of the RAS and the fund "Archaeology"), environmental ("Great Baikal Trail" and others). At the end the list of recommendations for the development and support of travel volunteering and voluntourism on the territory of the Russian Federation is made.

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Jakubik, Katarzyna, Artur Magiera, and Rajmund Tomik. "ANALYSIS OF EXERCISE INTENSITY AND THE LEVEL OF THE BODY’S ADAPTATION TO HIGH ALTITUDE CONDITIONS WHILE TREKKING IN THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 26, no. 76 (October 1, 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0925.

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Aim. The authors submitting this article considering that hiking at high altitudes is a form of active sport tourism, which enjoys growing popularity among tourists worldwide, assumed that the practice of trekking at altitudes above 2,500 meters (above sea level) is equivalent to activity of high intensity and carries a risk of high-altitude diseases. Basic procedures. The authors claim that despite the rapid progress of medical science, the problem of the economy of oxygen at high altitudes is not clearly understood. It is still the subject of many discussions and theoretical considerations. Main findings. The analysis were conducted in Nepal, in the Himalaya Mountains, during a trekking expedition to the Mount Everest Base Camp, in October 2015. The study group consisted of 10 people (5 women and 5 men). The study used specialized measurement equipment- a heart rate monitor (sport-testers). Results. During the studies, data from heart rate monitors from the six days of trekking were collected. The presented data demonstrate the influence of height above sea level on the average heart rate in the study group. Conclusions. On balance, the average heart rate in the study group decreases in direct proportion to the increase in altitude. The final analysis shows that the correct process of acclimatization is the most important factor in this research.

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Bhatta, Badri Nath. "Prosperity through Tourists in Lamjung District: An Anthropological Outlook." Interdisciplinary Research in Education 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ire.v4i2.27936.

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The study areas of anthropology have been growing day by day. Therefore, it has concerned with various parts of society such as sanitation, water supply, poverty, traditional practice, folk music, tourism etc as multidisciplinary areas. In fact, anthropology and tourism are co-evolutionary process in the path of their developments because they help each other in many ways. Traditionally, tourism and tourist are major anthropological sources of information to analyse the situation of then and present society and culture. Similarly, tourist can enjoy visiting any places by learning anthropological knowledge and findings. Methodologically, this is based on field observation, interview and other secondary sources to analyse the scenario. After the introduction of democracy in Nepal, she has been opened to outsiders. As a result, Sir Edmund Hillary as foreigner visited Nepal. Hillary with Tenzing Norgy Sherpa successfully climbed the Mount Everest in 29 May, 1953 at the first time. Then the glorious name of Nepal has become famous in the world. The tourism industries have been initiated from Thamel, Solukhumbo, Pokhara and then gradually extended in other parts of the country. Tourism at present period has popular pursuit in several parts of Nepal involving from hotel, lodge, guide, restaurant, expedition to home stay and other businesses. Lamjung has own identity in tourism perspective. The Ghalegaun is famous in SAARC level as model program for the home stay concept. From perennial snow peaks, biodiversity to natural forest of rhododendron in mountain to hill parts in the north and plain narrow valley in the south to develop cultural lives can be observed there. Lamjung has been enriched in different culture, fest and festivals. Paudure dance among the Kumal, bees hunting in steep slope rocky hills to Rodi in the Gurung have their own identity popular in the district.

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Wayne Askew, E. "Food for High-Altitude Expeditions: Pugh Got It Right in 1954—A Commentary on the Report by L.G.C.E. Pugh: “Himalayan Rations With Special Reference to the 1953 Expedition to Mount Everest”." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 15, no. 2 (June 2004): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2004)015[0121:ffhepg]2.0.co;2.

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Bimm, Jordan. "Philip W. Clements, Science in an Extreme Environment: The 1963 American Mount Everest Expedition. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. Pp. xvii + 269. ISBN 978-0-8229-4511-6. $39.95 (paperback)." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 1 (March 2020): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087420000072.

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Inkpen, Dani K. "Philip W. Clements. Science in an Extreme Environment: The 1963 American Mount Everest Expedition. xvii + 269 pp., figs., notes, bibl., index. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. $39.95 (cloth). ISBN 9780822945116." Isis 111, no. 1 (March 2020): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/707852.

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Blaustein, Anna. "An Ice Core from the Roof of the World." Eos 101 (December 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020eo152621.

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Matthews, Tom, Baker Perry, Arbindra Khadka, Tenzing Gyalzen Sherpa, Dibas Shrestha, Deepak Aryal, Subash Tuldahar, et al. "Weather observations reach the summit of Mount Everest." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, September 9, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0120.1.

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Abstract The predictability of the weather on Mt. Everest’s upper slopes can be a matter of life or death for those trying to climb the world’s highest mountain, yet the performance of forecasts has been almost unknown due to a lack of surface observations. The extent to which climate change may be affecting this iconic location is also uncertain for the same reason. To address this data limitation, the National Geographic and Rolex Perpetual Planet Expedition installed the world’s highest weather station network (reaching within 420 m of the summit) on the Nepal side of Mount Everest in 2019. Its observations have already generated considerable advances in understanding the meteorological environment on the mountain’s upper slopes, but the network was compromised by damage to the highest stations in recent years. Here, we describe the expedition that upgraded the network and took it to new heights, focusing on the installation at the Bishop Rock (8,810 m a.s.l), just below the summit. Almost 70 years after Everest was first climbed successfully, we can now provide open access data to illuminate conditions at Earth’s highest climate frontier.

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Olatunji, Mayowa A., Stephen Cornish, Phillip Gardiner, and Gordon G. Giesbrecht. "Contributions of Griffith Pugh to Success on Mt. Everest and His Impact on the Advancement of Altitude and Environmental Physiology." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, June 11, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10806032241259499.

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Griffith Pugh, MD (1909–1994), was a pioneer in altitude physiology. During World War II, he developed training protocols in Lebanon to improve soldier performance at altitude and in the cold. In 1951 he was chosen to join the British Everest team as a scientist. In preparation, he developed strategies for success on a training expedition on Cho Oyu in 1952. Results from Cho Oyu led to the use of supplemental oxygen at higher flow rates during ascent than used previously (4 L/min vs 2 L/min) and continued use (at a reduced rate of 2 L/min) during descent, enabling increased performance and improved mental acuity. Oxygen was also used during sleep, leading to improved sleep and warmth. Adequate hydration (∼3 L/day) was also stressed, and a more appealing diet led to improved nutrition and condition of the climbers. Improved hygiene practices and acclimatization protocols were also developed. These strategies contributed to the first successful summiting of Mount Everest in 1953. Pugh was then appointed as the lead scientist for a ground-breaking eight-and-a-half-month research expedition where the team was the first to overwinter at high altitude (5800 m) in the Himalayas. This current work summarizes Pugh's scientific contributions as they relate to success on Mount Everest and in inspiring future altitude research by generations of successful researchers.

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Ferretti, Guido, and Giacomo Strapazzon. "A revision of maximal oxygen consumption and exercise capacity at altitude 70 years after the first climb of Mount Everest." Journal of Physiology, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp285606.

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AbstractOn the 70th anniversary of the first climb of Mount Everest by Edmund Hillary and Tensing Norgay, we discuss the physiological bases of climbing Everest with or without supplementary oxygen. After summarizing the data of the 1953 expedition and the effects of oxygen administration, we analyse the reasons why Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler succeeded without supplementary oxygen in 1978. The consequences of this climb for physiology are briefly discussed. An overall analysis of maximal oxygen consumption () at altitude follows. In this section, we discuss the reasons for the non‐linear fall of at altitude, we support the statement that it is a mirror image of the oxygen equilibrium curve, and we propose an analogue of Hill's model of the oxygen equilibrium curve to analyse the fall. In the following section, we discuss the role of the ventilatory and pulmonary resistances to oxygen flow in limiting , which becomes progressively greater while moving toward higher altitudes. On top of Everest, these resistances provide most of the limitation, and the oxygen equilibrium curve and the respiratory system provide linear responses. This phenomenon is more accentuated in athletes with elevated , due to exercise‐induced arterial hypoxaemia. The large differences in that we observe at sea level disappear at altitude. There is no need for a very high at sea level to climb the highest peaks on Earth. image

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Błażejczyk, Krzysztof, George Havenith, and Robert K. Szymczak. "Simulations of the human heat balance during Mount Everest summit attempts in spring and winter." International Journal of Biometeorology, December 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02594-1.

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AbstractThe majority of research dealing with the impacts of the Himalayan climate on human physiology focuses on low air temperature, high wind speed, and low air pressure and oxygen content, potentially leading to hypothermia and hypoxia. Only a few studies describe the influence of the weather conditions in the Himalayas on the body’s ability to maintain thermal balance. The aim of the present research is to trace the heat exchange between humans and their surroundings during a typical, 6-day summit attempt of Mount Everest in the spring and winter seasons. Additionally, an emergency night outdoors without tent protection is considered. Daily variation of the heat balance components were calculated by the MENEX_HA model using meteorological data collected at automatic weather stations installed during a National Geographic expedition in 2019–2020. The data represent the hourly values of the measured meteorological parameters. The research shows that in spite of extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone of Mount Everest during the spring weather window, it is possible to keep heat equilibrium of the climbers’ body. This can be achieved by the use of appropriate clothing and by regulating activity level. In winter, extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone make it impossible to maintain heat equilibrium and lead to hypothermia. The emergency night in the sub-peak zone leads to gradual cooling of the body which in winter can cause severe hypothermia of the climber’s body. At altitudes < 7000 m, climbers should consider using clothing that allows variation of insulation and active regulation of their fit around the body.

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Vonnard, Philippe. "Becoming a Leading Player in Protecting the Mountain Environment: The Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme and the Path to the 1982 Kathmandu Declaration." Sport History Review, 2024, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2023-0025.

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In La Moitié de la Gloire, Axel Mayenfisch’s documentary about the 1952 Swiss expedition to Chomolungma (Mount Everest), André Roch recalls how the retreating climbers simply abandoned much of their gear, either leaving it where it was or “throwing it into holes [crevasses].” Roch’s tale was by no means unusual, as mountaineers at that time gave little thought to what became of their waste. By the 1970s, however, climbers were becoming increasingly aware of their impact on the environment. The resulting change of attitude led many mountaineering organizations to take concrete steps to protect the mountains (e.g., cleanup campaigns) and to issue waste management guidelines for trips into the high mountains. The Union internationale des associations d’alpinisme 1982 Kathmandu Declaration—a charter of ten principles for achieving greater harmony with the mountain environment—was an important milestone in this process. Drawing on documents held in the extensive archives of the Union internationale des associations d’alpinisme, the current paper retraces the path that led to the Kathmandu Declaration and the process by which the environment became an important aspect of the aforementioned organization’s work. It also examines the hypothesis that the organization has progressively adopted a conservationist stance toward protecting nature; its aim is to reconcile environmental protection and economic development (especially tourism). The history of the Kathmandu Declaration supports this hypothesis, as it shows how the notion of sustainable development, which emerged in the 1980s, came to dominate conceptions of mountain protection.

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