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1
Jackson, Peter L., Dennis Straussfogel, B. Staffan Lindgren, Selina Mitchell, and Brendan Murphy. "Radar observation and aerial capture of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in flight above the forest canopy." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 8 (August 2008): 2313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-066.
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An outbreak of the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) in central British Columbia, Canada, has reached an unprecedented size and intensity and has been spreading. The 2005 emergence and subsequent flight of mountain pine beetle was studied using direct observation of emergence, weather radar imagery, and aerial capture. To verify that the daytime, clear-air radar returns seen during this period were indeed generated by airborne mountain pine beetles, aerial sampling in the area covered by the radar was performed using a drogue capture net towed by a single-engine light aircraft. Results verify that airborne mountain pine beetles are being detected by the weather radar and that, during the emergence period, significant numbers of mountain pine beetles can be found at altitudes up to more than 800 m above the forest canopy. An estimate of transport distance indicates that mountain pine beetles in flight above the forest canopy may move 30–110 km·day–1. An estimate of the instantaneous density of mountain pine beetles in flight above the canopy on flight days in 2005 indicate a mean (maximum) density of 4950 (18 600) beetles·ha–1.
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Bentz, Barbara J. "Mountain pine beetle population sampling: inferences from Lindgren pheromone traps and tree emergence cages." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-241.
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Lindgren pheromone traps baited with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)) lure were deployed for three consecutive years in lodgepole pine stands in central Idaho. Mountain pine beetle emergence was also monitored each year using cages on infested trees. Distributions of beetles caught in pheromone traps and emergence cages were compared. Each year, mountain pine beetle emergence from infested trees occurred within a 30-d period, although beetles were caught in pheromone traps over a period as long as 130 d. A large proportion of the total number of beetles caught in pheromone traps occurred prior to and following peak emergence from infested trees. Beetles caught in pheromone traps during the main emergence period from infested trees had greater whole-body lipids compared to beetles caught early and late in the flight season. Low lipid content of beetles caught before and after the main emergence period could be the result of a long-distance flight caused by fewer sources of pheromone attraction on the landscape and (or) some proportion of reemerged parents in the sample. Results suggest that pheromone traps disproportionately sample mountain pine beetle populations and that natural pheromone sources may influence the number and timing of beetles caught in synthetically baited traps.
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McKee, Fraser R., Dezene P. W. Huber, B. Staffan Lindgren, Robert S. Hodgkinson, and Brian H. Aukema. "Effect of natal and colonised host species on female host acceptance and male joining behaviour of the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using pine and spruce." Canadian Entomologist 147, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2014.22.
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AbstractThe mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), outbreak in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, currently extends over 18.3 million ha of pine forest. The principal host of the insect is lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Englemann (Pineaceae) although it is a generalist herbivore on pines. Mountain pine beetles do not typically colonise spruce. However, during the current outbreak, several instances of mountain pine beetle attack on interior hybrid spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss×Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelmann (Pinaceae) have been noted in areas where severe lodgepole pine mortality has occurred. Occasionally, beetle reproduction within spruce has been successful. Reproductive behaviours of mountain pine beetles reared from pine and spruce, such as female host acceptance and male joining behaviour, were studied on bolts of pine and spruce in laboratory bioassays. Females more readily accepted spruce host material relative to pine. Females that developed in spruce had higher rates of host acceptance of both pine and spruce host material than females that had developed in pine. We interpret these latter results with caution, however, as inference is partially restricted by sourcing viable insects from one spruce in this study. Implications of these findings to the concepts of host adaptation and population dynamics of this eruptive herbivore are discussed.
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Moeck, Henry A., and Clarence S. Simmons. "PRIMARY ATTRACTION OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPK. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO BOLTS OF LODGEPOLE PINE." Canadian Entomologist 123, no. 2 (April 1991): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent123299-2.
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AbstractThree field tests were conducted in which fresh lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engl.) material, namely bolts with and without bark, bark only, and freshly tapped resin, were placed in beetle-excluding “greenhouse” cages; empty cages served as controls. Two “window” flight traps per cage, at right angles to each other, caught mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) arriving at the cages. Significantly more mountain pine beetles were trapped at cages baited with bolts and wood only than at empty control cages. Primary attraction in the mountain pine beetle is thus established, in the absence of pheromones and normal visual cues (tree stem silhouette). More beetles were trapped at cages baited with bark only and with resin than at empty control cages, but differences were not significant at p = 0.05. The sex ratio of trapped beetles (4.83 females: 1 male) was more than twice as high as the reported sex ratios of free-flying and emerging beetles.
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Cichowski, Deborah, and Patrick Williston. "Mountain pine beetles and emerging issues in the management of woodland caribou in Westcentral British Columbia." Rangifer 25, no. 4 (May 1, 2005): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.25.4.1775.
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The Tweedsmuir—Entiako caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) herd summers in mountainous terrain in the North Tweedsmuir Park area and winters mainly in low elevation forests in the Entiako area of Westcentral British Columbia. During winter, caribou select mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests on poor sites and forage primarily by cratering through snow to obtain terrestrial lichens. These forests are subject to frequent large-scale natural disturbance by fire and forest insects. Fire suppression has been effective in reducing large-scale fires in the Entiako area for the last 40—50 years, resulting in a landscape consisting primarily of older lodgepole pine forests, which are susceptible to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) attack. In 1994, mountain pine beetles were detected in northern Tweedsmuir Park and adjacent managed forests. To date, mountain pine beetles have attacked several hundred thousand hectares of caribou summer and winter range in the vicinity of Tweedsmuir Park, and Entiako Park and Protected Area. Because an attack of this scale is unprecedented on woodland caribou ranges, there is no information available on the effects of mountain pine beetles on caribou movements, habitat use or terrestrial forage lichen abundance. Implications of the mountain pine beetle epidemic to the Tweedsmuir—Entiako woodland caribou population include effects on terrestrial lichen abundance, effects on caribou movement (reduced snow interception, blowdown), and increased forest harvesting outside protected areas for mountain pine beetle salvage. In 2001 we initiated a study to investigate the effects of mountain pine beetles and forest harvesting on terrestrial caribou forage lichens. Preliminary results suggest that the abundance of Cladina spp. has decreased with a corresponding increase in kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) and other herbaceous plants. Additional studies are required to determine caribou movement and habitat use responses to the mountain pine beetle epidemic.
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Safranyik, L., D. A. Linton, and T. L. Shore. "TEMPORAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) CAPTURED IN BARRIER TRAPS AT BAITED AND UNBAITED LODGEPOLE PINES THE YEAR FOLLOWING ATTACK BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 6 (December 2000): 799–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132799-6.
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AbstractBark beetles were trapped for two summers in a mature stand of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann (Pinaceae), infested by mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, near Princeton, British Columbia. Columns of flight-barrier traps were suspended next to uninfested live trees and from dead brood trees containing new adult beetles. The brood trees had been treated in the previous year with mountain pine beetle pheromone bait alone or in combination with Ips pini Say (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) pheromone bait and subsequently killed by mountain pine beetles. A total of 3376 individuals from 30 species of Scolytidae were captured in the traps. Most of the species for which lodgepole pine is a nonhost or occasional host were captured in low numbers (one or two specimens). The most abundant species (> 30 individuals) were D. ponderosae, I. pini, Hylurgops porosus LeConte, Pityogenes knechteli Swaine, and Trypodendron lineatum Olivier. The treatments affected captures of mountain pine beetles and I. pini but only in the year when trees were either unbaited or baited simultaneously for mountain pine beetle and I. pini. There were significant differences among the five most abundant species in the mean heights and mean Julian dates of capture. In addition to host condition requirements, these differences reflected partitioning of the food and habitat resource and competitive interactions among species. There was no interaction between treatment and trap height, indicating that treatment did not affect the height distribution of flying beetles.
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Safranyik, L., and D. A. Linton. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENSITY OF EMERGED DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND DENSITY OF EXIT HOLES IN LODGEPOLE PINE." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 3 (March 1985): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117267-3.
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AbstractThe relationship between the density of insect holes in the bark (X1) and the density of emerged mountain pine beetles (Y) was investigated in naturally infested lodgepole pine in south-central British Columbia. The density of exit and ventilation holes (Ho) that were present in the bark prior to emergence by mountain pine beetle averaged 10% of all holes present following the emergence period. There was a weak but significant inverse relationship between Ho and both phloem thickness and density of emerged mountain pine beetles. Painting the bark with light-color latex paint did not affect survival or the temporal pattern of emergence by mountain pine beetle but ensured identification and greatly enhanced counting of fresh exit holes. Of the several regression models investigated, the relation between Y and both X1 and X2 (= X1 – Ho) was best fitted by a log-log linear model. A method is suggested for setting limits on the size of exit holes cut by mountain pine beetle in order to exclude from X2 much of the variation caused by exit holes cut by associated insects. A simple mathematical model was developed of the relationship between mean density of exit holes and the density of emerged mountain pine beetles.
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Clark, Erin L., Allan L. Carroll, and Dezene P. W. Huber. "Differences in the constitutive terpene profile of lodgepole pine across a geographical range in British Columbia, and correlation with historical attack by mountain pine beetle." Canadian Entomologist 142, no. 6 (December 2010): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-022.
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AbstractThe mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a destructive insect pest in western Nearctic conifer forests. Currently, British Columbia, Canada, is experiencing the largest recorded outbreak of this insect, including areas that historically have had low climatic suitability for it. We analyzed 26 constitutive resin terpenes in phloem samples from British Columbia lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) populations to test for differential resistance to mountain pine beetle attack, based upon the likelihood of previous exposure to mountain pine beetle. We assessed sampled trees for number of mountain pine beetle attacks, number of pupal chambers, and tree survival the following spring. Significant differences were found when levels of certain terpenes in lodgepole pine populations that had likely experienced substantial mountain pine beetle infestations in the past were compared with those in populations that likely had not experienced large outbreaks of mountain pine beetle. Although we expected southern pine populations to contain more total terpenes than northern populations, owing to higher historical exposure to the beetle, the converse was found. Northern populations generally had higher levels of constitutive terpenes and beetle attack than southern populations. Because several terpenes are kairomones to the mountain pine beetle and also serve as precursors for the synthesis of pheromones, the lower levels of terpenes expressed by lodgepole pines from the historical range of the mountain pine beetle may render them less chemically perceptible to foraging beetles.
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Pettey, Thomas M., and Charles Gardner Shaw. "Isolation of Fomitopsis pinicola from in-flight bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-204.
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Isolations of Hymenomycetes on a preferential medium were attempted from preflight pine engraver beetles, Ips pini, and the following in-flight bark beetles: pine engraver beetle, I. pini; western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis; mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae; and red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens. Thirty pine engraver beetles removed from ponderosa pine slash (preflight) yielded no hymenomycete. However, Hymenomycetes were isolated from 50 of 114 beetles (all species) trapped in flight; Fomitopsis pinicola from 44, and other unidentified suspected Hymenomycetes, from 6. Cryptoporus volvatus was not isolated from any of the in-flight beetles. Since most of these isolates were without clamps (monokaryotic), the beetles may acquire basidiospores after emergence from beetle galleries in coniferous trees as hypothesized previously for the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. The isolation of F. pinicola from all species of in-flight bark beetles indicates that these beetles may be important in the dissemination of this hymenomycete.
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Amman, Gene D., Mark D. McGregor, Richard F. Schmitz, and Robert D. Oakes. "Susceptibility of lodgepole pine to infestation by mountain pine beetles following partial cutting of stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-105.
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Thinning stands of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann) is thought to increase vigor and thereby reduce susceptibility to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins). Partial cut stands of lodgepole in the Kootenai and Lolo National forests, Montana, U.S.A., provided opportunity (i) to determine growth response of 76- to 102-year-old lodgepole pines following thinning and (ii) to test the hypothesis that vigor of residual trees infested and uninfested by beetles does not differ. Lodgepole pine stands receiving different partial cutting prescriptions were sampled. Characteristics measured for trees within the sample were diameter at breast height, grams of stem wood per square metre of foliage, periodic growth ratio, and leaf area. Trees in most treatments showed decreased growth the 1st year following thinning. The 1st year was followed by increased growth during the next 4 years. Of the tree characteristics measured, only dbh was significantly different on both forests between live trees and trees killed by the mountain pine beetle; the latter were larger (P < 0.001). The low amount of mountain pine beetle infestation in all stands in the presence of poor growth response and vigor of residual trees suggests that factors other than tree vigor will regulate mountain pine beetle infestations in recently thinned lodgepole pine stands. We hypothesize change in stand microclimate is the principal factor.
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Negrón, José F. "Within-Stand Distribution of Tree Mortality Caused by Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins." Insects 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020112.
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The mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a bark beetle that attacks and kills ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), among other pine species throughout the western conifer forests of the United States and Canada, particularly in dense stands comprising large trees. There is information on the stand conditions that the insect prefers. However, there is a paucity of information on how small-scale variation in stand conditions influences the distribution of tree mortality within a stand. I examined the small-scale distribution of ponderosa pine basal area pre- and post a mountain pine beetle infestation, and used geostatistical modeling to relate the spatial distribution of the host to subsequent MPB-caused tree mortality. Results indicated increased mortality in the denser parts of the stand. Previous land management has changed historically open low-elevation ponderosa pine stands with aggregated tree distribution into dense stands that are susceptible to mountain pine beetles and intense fires. Current restoration efforts are aimed at reducing tree density and leaving clumps of trees, which are more similar to historical conditions. The residual clumps, however, may be susceptible to mountain pine beetle populations. Land managers will want to be cognizant of how mountain pine beetles will respond to restoration treatments, so as to prevent and mitigate tree mortality that could negate restoration efforts.
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Esch, Evan D., David W. Langor, and John R. Spence. "Gallery success, brood production, and condition of mountain pine beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared in whitebark and lodgepole pine from Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0351.
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Breeding pairs of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) were introduced into freshly cut bolts of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in the laboratory. Brood adults emerging from the bolts were collected and galleries were dissected to compare reproductive success, brood production, and adult condition between the two pines. Beetles were more likely to establish egg galleries that produced brood in lodgepole pine than in whitebark pine. Larval gallery density per centimetre of egg gallery was significantly higher in whitebark pine than in lodgepole pine; however, egg galleries also tended to be shorter in whitebark pine bolts, and consequently, brood adults emerging production per gallery did not differ between the two host species. Female body size, mass, and fat content of brood adults and survival from larva to adult did not differ between beetles reared in the two hosts. Though this no-choice assay did not simulate the sequence of events occurring during host selection, these results are consistent with other data suggesting that beetles could be less likely to attack whitebark pines in southwestern Alberta. Whitebark pines that are attacked will produce brood in similar numbers and condition as those from lodgepole pines.
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Shea, Patrick J., and Mark McGregor. "A New Formulation and Reduced Rates of Carbary for Protecting Lodgepole Pine from Mountain Pine Beetle Attack." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/2.4.114.
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Abstract A large-scale field experiment was conducted on the Flathead National Forest, Montana, to evaluate the efficacy of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% formulations of Sevimol® and Sevin brand XLR® for protecting individual lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) from attack by mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.). All concentrations and formulations were highly effective (>95%) in protecting lodgepole pine trees from lethal attack by mountain pine beetle for 1 year, and the 1% and 2% concentrations were effective (>90%) for 2 years. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):114-116, October 1987
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Wijerathna, Asha, Caroline Whitehouse, Heather Proctor, and Maya Evenden. "Testing for trade-offs between flight and reproduction in the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on two pine (Pinaceae) hosts." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 298–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.6.
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AbstractMountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), adults fly to disperse before host colonisation. The effect of flight on reproduction was tested by comparing the number and quality of offspring from beetles flown on flight mills to that of unflown control beetles. Beetles reproduced in bolts of their native host, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann (Pinaceae)), or a novel host, jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert (Pinaceae)). Bolts infested by control beetles produced more offspring overall than bolts with flown beetles. The effect of pine species on the number of offspring produced per bolt varied by individual tree. Flown adults produced fewer offspring compared to control parents in all bolts in jack pine regardless of the tree, but tree-level variation was visible in lodgepole pine. An interaction between flight treatment and tree host affected beetle body condition. More offspring emerged from jack pine, but higher quality offspring emerged from lodgepole pine. The offspring sex ratio was female-biased regardless of parental flight treatment. This study reveals trade-offs between flight and reproduction in mountain pine beetle as measured at the level of the bolt.
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Shea, Patrick J., Mark D. McGregor, and Gary E. Daterman. "Aerial application of verbenone reduces attack of lodgepole pine by mountain pine beetle." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-057.
Full textAbstract:
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins, is the primary pest affecting lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm., ecosystems in western North America. In 1988, aerial treatments of the antiaggregation pheromone, verbenone, were applied to lodgepole pine stands infested with mountain pine beetle in northwestern Montana. The pheromone was formulated by PHERO TECH Inc. in controlled-release, cylindrical 5 × 5 mm plastic beads and applied without benefit of a sticker at the rate of 54 g verbenone per hectare. There were significantly fewer successfully attacked trees on the treated plots, as evidenced by (i) a fourfold greater incidence of current-year attacked trees per hectare in the untreated check plots and (ii) the significantly lower (α = 0.05) ratio of 1988:1987 attacked trees in the treated plots. Further, the number of trees per hectare resisting attacks (as reflected by number of trees pitching out bark beetles) was higher (α = 0.05) in the treated plots. More pitch outs occurred in treated plots presumably because avoidance of verbenone by beetles reduced the number of beetles below that needed to overcome the natural resistance of attacked trees.
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Langor, David W., and John R. Spence. "HOST EFFECTS ON ALLOZYME AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 123, no. 2 (April 1991): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent123395-2.
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AbstractAllozyme and morphological variation were investigated for mountain pine beetle populations in limber pine and lodgepole pine in Alberta and British Columbia. Fourteen gene loci, five of which were polymorphic, were studied. Heterozygote deficiencies were detected at the ME locus for 13 of the 16 groups of beetles sampled. Selection against heterozygotes appears to be the most plausible explanation. There was no significant difference in heterozygosity between beetles from lodgepole pine and those from limber pine. Relatively high levels of genetic differentiation, in terms of allele frequency, were observed among beetles from different sites, host species, seasons, and individual conspecific trees within a site. Low levels of differentiation were observed between beetle generations at a site and between sexes. We attribute significant host-associated genetic differentiation to differential survival in hosts rather than to differential host preference of beetle genotypes. Standardized discriminant function analysis of 12 morphological characters indicated significant differences in beetle shape between sexes, host species, and among sites. Overall, there was little evidence of preferential host selection by beetles which would imply substructuring of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins populations along host lines.
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Esch, Evan D., John R. Spence, and David W. Langor. "Saproxylic beetle (Coleoptera) diversity in subalpine whitebark pine and lodgepole pine (Pinaceae) trees killed by mountain pine beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 5 (March 11, 2016): 556–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.3.
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AbstractWhitebark pine,Pinus albicaulisEngelmann (Pinaceae), a foundational species of North American subalpine ecosystems, is endangered across its range and continued decline is inevitable. Little is known about the invertebrate fauna associated with this species which, if specific to whitebark pine, may also be threatened or endangered. We compared the composition of saproxylic beetle assemblages associated with whitebark pine and co-occurring lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta latifolia(Engelmann) Critchfield (Pinaceae), recently killed by mountain pine beetle (MPB),Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in subalpine forests in Alberta, Canada. Redundancy and rarefaction analyses revealed that beetle assemblage composition was influenced by snag class (i.e., time since death) but differed little among the two pine species within snag classes. However, a subset of the assemblage known to be associated with the MPB differed significantly in composition between the two pines. No common species were exclusively associated with whitebark pines; however, seven species were rarely collected only on whitebark pine. With the possible exception of these rare species, felling and burning infested whitebark pines to control the MPB will not likely endanger saproxylic beetles associated with this tree.
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Cale, Jonathan A., Spencer Taft, Ahmed Najar, Jennifer G. Klutsch, Cory C. Hughes, Jon D. Sweeney, and Nadir Erbilgin. "Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) can produce its aggregation pheromone and complete brood development in naïve red pine (Pinus resinosa) under laboratory conditions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 1873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0277.
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Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) has killed millions of hectares of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) forest in western Canada, where it has recently established in the novel host jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and threatens naïve red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) forests as the current outbreak expands eastward. It is therefore crucial to understand whether red pine is a suitable host for D. ponderosae. Host suitability was assessed by comparing the ability of beetles to produce pheromones and complete their development in red pine bolts inoculated with mating beetle pairs. We detected two of four primary pheromones, including trans-verbenol and verbenone, but not exo-brevicomin or frontalin. Beetle brood successfully developed in bolts, with reproductive parameters (e.g., female and larval galleries, pupal chamber, and number of broods emerged per mated pair of adults) that were similar to those reported from the beetle’s historical host lodgepole pine and the novel host jack pine. These results provide initial evidence that red pine is a suitable host for D. ponderosae. However, it is unclear how either low concentrations or an absence of exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and the synergistic monoterpene myrcene could affect host colonization and establishment of beetles.
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Richmond, Charles E. "EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO PINE OILS FOR PROTECTING LODGEPOLE PINE FROM ATTACK BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 11 (November 1985): 1445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171445-11.
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The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is one of the most destructive bark beetles found on pine in western North America (McCambridge et al. 1979), particularly in forests of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia (Furniss and Carolin 1977). The treatment registered in the United States for the protection of high-value trees in residential areas and recreational areas is 2% carbaryl applied to the bole of the tree with a hydraulic sprayer. Recently, pine oil, a derivative of paper pulp waste, was found to be an effective non-insecticidal repellent against several species of bark beetles (Nijholt et al. 1981).
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Graf, M., M. L. Reid, B. H. Aukema, and B. S. Lindgren. "Association of tree diameter with body size and lipid content of mountain pine beetles." Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.38.
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AbstractHost tree diameter is considered an important predictor of the population dynamics of the mountain pine beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), but the relationship between host tree diameter and beetle traits is unclear. The primary objective of this study was to determine how the quality of individual mountain pine beetles, measured as body size (pronotum width) and lipid content, varied with the diameter of lodgepole pine trees,Pinus contortavar.latifoliaEngelmann (Pinaceae). Naturally attacked trees, ranging in diameter from 10 to 35 cm, were selected from stands near Prince George, British Columbia, Canada. Colonisation density and pupal density generally increased with tree diameter, but the number of pupal chambers per gallery start remained constant. Tree diameter positively affected beetle body size, which in turn was positively correlated with absolute lipid content in both sexes and relative lipid content in males. However, tree diameter did not directly predict absolute lipid content, and relative lipid content decreased with tree diameter in males. Larger beetles emerged earlier in the emergence period with relative lipid content remaining constant throughout emergence. All relationships had considerable unexplained variation. Thus, the use of tree diameter or emergence time as predictors of population dynamics of mountain pine beetles should be done with caution.
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Reid, Tyler G., and Mary L. Reid. "Fluorescent powder marking reduces condition but not survivorship in adult mountain pine beetles." Canadian Entomologist 140, no. 5 (October 2008): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-035.
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AbstractWe investigated the impact of different fluorescent marking powders on both survivorship and daily body condition, measured as mass/volume ratio, using adult mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in a laboratory study. Initial condition of the marked beetle groups did not differ from that of an unmarked group. However, beetles in better initial condition survived longer, thus validating our condition index. The condition but not the survivorship of mountain pine beetles was affected by the marking treatment. Overall, the condition of beetles declined over time. The condition of marked beetles decreased at a higher rate than that of unmarked beetles while alive but at a lower rate after death. This pattern of decreasing condition suggests that marked beetles lost water faster than unmarked beetles while alive, so unmarked beetles had more water to lose after death. Because reduced condition may affect optimal dispersal behaviour, we suggest that these effects be routinely examined and minimized in mark-recapture studies.
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Bleiker, K. P., S. E. Potter, C. R. Lauzon, and D. L. Six. "Transport of fungal symbionts by mountain pine beetles." Canadian Entomologist 141, no. 5 (October 2009): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n09-034.
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AbstractThe perpetuation of symbiotic associations between bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and ophiostomatoid fungi requires the consistent transport of fungi by successive beetle generations to new host trees. We used scanning electron microscopy and culture methods to investigate fungal transport by the mountain pine beetle (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. MPB transports its two main fungal associates, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield and Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, in sac-like mycangia on the maxillary cardines as well as on the exoskeleton. Although spores of both species of fungi were observed on MPB exoskeletons, often in pits, O. montium spores were generally more abundant than G. clavigera spores. However, a general scarcity of spores of either species on MPB exoskeletons compared with numbers on scolytines that lack sac-like mycangia indicates that fungal transport exteriorly on MPBs is incidental rather than adaptive. Conidia were the dominant spore type transported regardless of location or species; however, our results suggest that once acquired in mycangia, conidia may reproduce in a yeast-like form and even produce hypha-like strands and compact conidiophore-like structures. Fungi that propagate in mycangia may provide beetles with a continual source of inocula during the extended egg-laying period.
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Schmitz, Richard F., Mark D. McGregor, Gene D. Amman, and Robert D. Oakes. "Effect of partial cutting treatments of lodgepole pine stands on the abundance and behavior of flying mountain pine beetles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-089.
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Passive barrier traps deployed at three heights above ground were used to determine the effect of five intensities of partial cutting of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) and two unthinned check stands on response of flying mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins) from 1980 to 1983 on two sites in western Montana. Percentages of mountain pine beetles caught 4 years after thinning were significantly greater in the least severely thinned (27.6 m2 basal area/ha) treatment (27%) and the unthinned check (28%) than in the 25.4 cm diameter limit (8%) and the 23.0 m2 basal area/ha (7%) thinnings (P < 0.05). Numbers of mountain pine beetles trapped in the 18.4 m2 basal area/ha thinning did not differ significantly from other treatments. The proportions of mountain pine beetles caught at three trapping heights differed significantly (P < 0.05), totaling 63, 28, and 9% at midbole, midcrown, and 1.8 m above ground, respectively. Fewer trees were killed in relation to the numbers of mountain pine beetles trapped in the most severely thinned stands. However, tree mortality rates could not be attributed to thinning-induced changes in tree vigor. These findings, and the preference of flying mountain pine beetles for the midbole stratum, suggest that stand environment is an important factor regulating the severity of tree killing.
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Raffa, K., P. Townsend, and E. Powell. "Does Wildfire Increase the Risk of Moutain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in Lodgepole Pine Forests of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem?" UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 34 (January 1, 2011): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3873.
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We examined whether wildfire injury increased lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, susceptibility to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, how it affects beetle reproduction, whether this interaction differs between endemic and epidemic populations, and how wildfire influences tree defense physiology. Wildfire predisposed trees to mountain pine beetle attack. In particular, fire-injured trees had a lower ability in synthesized monoterpenes in response to simulated attacks than did non-injured trees. However, beetles responded in a non-linear fashion; moderately-injured trees were most preferred. This interaction was influenced by beetle population size. Healthy and fire-injured trees were attacked when populations were high, but no healthy trees and no severely-injured trees were killed when populations were low. Beetle brood production per female was also curvilinear being highest in moderately-injured trees. This reflected a trade-off between high intraspecific competition arising from the large number of beetles needed to overcome defenses in healthy trees, and high interspecific competition and low substrate quality in severely injured trees. These results suggest that fire-injured trees can provide a resource for mountain pine beetles during the extended periods when populations are not high enough to overcome defenses of vigorous trees. But the likelihood that populations could transition from endemic to epidemic levels due to increased tree susceptibility from wildfire is constrained by the opposing factors of lower nutritional quality and more competition load in severely-injured trees, and the relatively low incidence of moderately-injured trees. Wildfire may cause some reproductive increases in populations that are already in outbreak mode.
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Vissa, Sneha, Javier E. Mercado, Danielle Malesky, Derek A. Uhey, Boyd A. Mori, Wayne Knee, Maya L. Evenden, and Richard W. Hofstetter. "Patterns of Diversity in the Symbiotic Mite Assemblage of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus Ponderosae Hopkins." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101102.
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The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), is an economically important bark beetle species with a wide geographic range spanning from the southwestern United States into northern Canada. This beetle causes extensive tree mortality to 13 pine species. Mites (Acari) are common and abundant symbionts of mountain beetles that may influence their fitness through positive and negative interactions. We present a unique assessment of the mite associates of mountain pine beetles using measures of alpha and beta diversity. We sampled phoretic mites from five beetle populations: Arizona, Colorado, South Dakota, Utah (USA), and Alberta (Canada) that varied in host tree species, local climate, and beetle population level. We collected 4848 mites from 8 genera and 12 species. Fifty to seventy percent of beetles carried mites in flight with the highest mite loads occurring in middle and southern populations; decreasing in northern populations. Mite assemblages (i.e., both richness and composition) varied along a south to north latitudinal gradient and were driven by species turnover (i.e., species replacement). Differences in mite composition increased with distance between populations. We discuss climatic variation, environmental filtering, and host tree differences as factors that could affect differences in mite composition between beetle populations and discuss implications for functional shifts. Our results could represent a model for estimating diversity patterns of mite symbionts associated with other major insect pests in coniferous forest systems.
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Progar, R. A. "Verbenone Reduces Mountain Pine Beetle Attack in Lodgepole Pine." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/18.4.229.
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Abstract Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is the most common cause of mortality of mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). In 2000–2002 the antiaggregative compound verbenone was applied annually to the same lodgepole pine stands in campgrounds and resort facilities at the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in central Idaho to assess its ability in deterring mountain pine beetle attack through the course of a multiyear outbreak. Verbenone was applied at the rate of forty 5g pouches/ac releasing 25–35 mg/24h at 20°C. Significantly fewer trees were attacked and killed in the verbenone plots during 2000 and 2001. However, of the plots containing verbenone, a higher percentage of large trees were attacked in the second year of treatment, suggesting that the efficacy of verbenone may diminish under increasing beetle pressure. In 2002, there were nearly twice as many trees attacked and killed in the verbenone plots as in the untreated plots. It is hypothesized that the change in the performance of verbenone may be due to the large beetle population overwhelming the treatment or because mountain pine beetles undergo a change in their response to verbenone that may be attributed to small diameter host trees. West. J. Appl. For. 18(4):229–232.
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ALLEN, LAWRENCE H., and ALAIN GAGNÉ. "Effects of Acetone Extractives in Gray-Stage Lodgepole Pine Killed by Mountain Pine Beetles." February 2011 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj10.2.47.
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The mountain pine beetle epidemic in British Columbia is leaving behind vast stands of dead pine trees to be harvested. Several years after death, when the needles have fallen off, the trees are referred to as gray-stage. The trees’ natural defense system when attacked is to pitch out the beetles by producing large amounts of canal resin to flood the beetles’ bore holes; hence, changes in wood resin (extractives) will accompany beetle attack. Increased extractives concentration has been shown in the final bleached pulp in a kraft mill pulping a large proportion of gray-stage pine wood killed by the mountain pine beetle. Similar to the wood extractives content in gray-stage pine chips, pulp extractives in gray-stage mill pulps are variable and can occasionally be high (e.g., > 0.05%), likely because of the composition of the extractives in the incoming chips. Although this usually does not cause pitch problems in the pulp mill and its customer paper mills, kraft mills that sell gray-stage pulp to extractives-sensitive customers should check extractives content before shipment to make sure it is not unacceptably high.
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Langor, David W. "HOST EFFECTS ON THE PHENOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND MORTALITY OF FIELD POPULATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 121, no. 2 (February 1989): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121149-2.
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AbstractPhenology, fecundity, development, and mortality were studied for co-occurring, declining populations of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in limber pine and lodgepole pine at two sites in the Porcupine Hills of southwestern Alberta in 1985–1986. Beetles reared in lodgepole pine emerged and attacked new hosts 7–8 days earlier than those in limber pine in 1985. Beetles were able to utilize over two-thirds of the length of each limber pine bole but only about one-third of the length of each lodgepole pine bole. Also, beetles infesting limber pine had significantly higher fecundity, produced more eggs per centimetre of gallery length, and their progeny developed faster and survived better than beetles infesting lodgepole pine. There was no apparent phenological or other barrier that might inhibit gene flow between D. ponderosae populations in limber pine and lodgepole pine. In the area studied, limber pine was a better host for D. ponderosae reproduction, development, and survival than was lodgepole pine. Thus, beetle populations may be able to increase much more quickly in limber pine, arguing for regular monitoring of these populations.
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Cerezke, H. F. "EGG GALLERY, BROOD PRODUCTION, AND ADULT CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN THREE PINE HOSTS." Canadian Entomologist 127, no. 6 (December 1995): 955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent127955-6.
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AbstractDuring the 1977–1986 outbreak of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in southwestern Alberta and Saskatchewan, populations of this beetle developed in lodgepole pine and limber pine stands, and threatened to spread northeasterly to the extensive jack pine forests in the central parts of the two provinces. To assess jack pine as a potential new breeding host, I compare egg galleries, brood production, and adult characteristics of D. ponderosae reared in lodgepole, limber, and jack pine logs. Brood productivity, beetle size, sex ratios, and egg gallery characteristics are described for beetle populations reared from naturally infested limber pine logs from southwestern Alberta, and from artificially infested jack pine logs from east-central Alberta and central Saskatchewan. In a field experiment where logs of the three hosts were placed together, adult beetles and their gallery characteristics are described and compared on the three hosts. The results confirm that jack pine is a viable host, that D. ponderosae’s attack characteristics, survival, and progeny on jack pine all appear comparable to those characters observed for beetles reared on lodgepole pine, and that limber pine is highly productive of beetle brood.
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Borden, J. H., L. J. Chong, and T. E. Lacey. "Pre-logging Baiting with Semiochemicals for the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus Ponderosae, in High Hazard Stands of Lodgepole Pine." Forestry Chronicle 62, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc62020-1.
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Baiting of trees with attractive semiochemicals prior to logging in three high hazard blocks of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) was effective in inducing attack by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on baited trees and on surrounding unbaited trees. There was evidence for partial shifting of attack loci, concentration of dispersing beetles and containment of emergent beetles as a result of the baiting program. However, baiting was ineffective when the baits were within the understory canopy, and the baiting program did not cause a massive influx of beetles from infestations 75-200 m away from the baited blocks. Such baiting programs would be cost effective if they avoided the necessity of disposing of two attacked trees/ha outside of the baited blocks. They have the additional advantage of reducing the risk of future beetle attacks by removing beetles and their broods during logging of induced infestations.
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Lundquist, John E., and Robin M. Reich. "Landscape Dynamics of Mountain Pine Beetles." Forest Science 60, no. 3 (June 7, 2014): 464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.13-064.
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Bleiker, K. P., R. J. Heron, E. C. Braithwaite, and G. D. Smith. "Preemergence mating in the mass-attacking bark beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.102.
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AbstractThe mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) kills its hosts by attackingen masseand overwhelming tree defences. Young adult beetles completing development under the bark may have the opportunity to mate with siblings or with brood from adjacent galleries prior to emerging from the natal host tree. We investigated the incidence of preemergence mating among female beetles at two locations in the recently expanded range of the insect in northern Alberta, Canada. Female beetles emerging from under the bark late in the emergence period were more likely to be mated upon emergence than beetles that emerged earlier. Delaying emergence of brood adults once they were at the teneral adult stage had little effect on the incidence of preemergence mating. The frequency of preemergence mating varied from 3–12% among female beetles. This is higher than the 1–2% reported in other studies within the historic range of the mountain pine beetle. Reasons for these differences are discussed.
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Chen, Huapeng, and Peter L. Jackson. "Climatic conditions for emergence and flight of mountain pine beetle: implications for long-distance dispersal." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 7 (July 2017): 974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0510.
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A significant shift in the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902) range has been attributed to long-distance dispersal from the observed spatiotemporal patterns of beetle infestations in the recent outbreak in western Canada. However, long-distance dispersal is still the least understood aspect of mountain pine beetle ecology. In particular, the mechanisms responsible for the three major phases of long-distance dispersal, the ascent, transport, and descent, are poorly known. In this study, we used the North American Regional Reanalysis meteorological data (1999–2010) to determine climate conditions under and above the forest canopy during mountain pine beetle emergence and flight at the landscape scale. We found that climate conditions are distinct during emergence and flight. They provide an ideal underlying environment to facilitate the potential long-distance dispersal. Climate conditions are unstable under the forest canopy during emergence, which would help loft beetles above the forest canopy to initiate long-distance dispersal. The first direct evidence from wind directions above the forest canopy suggests that atmospheric transportation of mountain pine beetle in the planetary boundary layer is aided by wind.
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Davis, Ryan S., Sharon Hood, and Barbara J. Bentz. "Fire-injured ponderosa pine provide a pulsed resource for bark beetles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 12 (December 2012): 2022–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-147.
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Bark beetles can cause substantial mortality of trees that would otherwise survive fire injuries. Resin response of fire-injured northern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) and specific injuries that contribute to increased bark beetle attack susceptibility and brood production are unknown. We monitored ponderosa pine mortality and resin flow and bark beetle colonization and reproduction following a prescribed fire in Idaho and a wildfire in Montana. The level of fire-caused tree injury differed between the two sites, and the level of tree injury most susceptible to bark beetle attack and colonization also differed. Strip-attacked trees alive 3 years post-fire had lower levels of bole and crown injury than trees mass attacked and killed by bark beetles, suggesting that fire-injured trees were less well defended. Brood production of western pine beetle ( Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) did not differ between fire-injured and uninjured trees, although mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) brood production was low in both tree types, potentially due to competition with faster developing bark beetle species that also colonized trees. Despite a large number of live trees remaining at both sites, bark beetle response to fire-injured trees pulsed and receded within 2 years post-fire, potentially due to a limited number of trees that could be easily colonized.
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Amman, Gene D., Ralph W. Thier, Mark D. McGregor, and Richard F. Schmitz. "Efficacy of verbenone in reducing lodgepole pine infestation by mountain pine beetles in Idaho." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-008.
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Verbenone, a bark beetle antiaggregative pheromone, was deployed in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in the Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho, U.S.A., to test its efficacy in reducing tree losses to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins). Treatments tested were verbenone, mountain pine beetle tree bait, verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and a control. Each treatment was applied individually to 1-ha blocks and replicated four times. Treatment effects were measured by percentage of infested (i.e., mass-attacked) lodgepole pine. ANOVA showed a significant treatment effect (P < 0.005). Blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits had significantly (P < 0.002) higher average percentages of infested trees (24.4%), whereas no significant difference occurred in percentages of infested trees among the other three treatments. Average percentages of infested trees were 0.9% for verbenone, 7.4% for verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and 3.3% for the control. A 2.3-fold reduction in infested trees occurred when verbenone was applied to blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits.
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Whitney, H. S., R. J. Bandoni, and F. Oberwinkler. "Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-013.
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A new basidiomycete, Entomocorticium dendroctoni Whitn., Band. & Oberw., gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This cryptic fungus intermingles with blue stain fungi and produces abundant essentially sessile basidiospores in the galleries and pupal chambers of the mountain pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). The insect apparently disseminates the fungus. Experimentally, young partially insectary reared adult beetles fed E. dendroctoni produced 19% more eggs than beetles fed the blue stain fungi.
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Safranyik, L., T. L. Shore, and D. A. Linton. "IPSDIENOL AND LANIERONE INCREASE IPS PINI SAY (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACK AND BROOD DENSITY IN LODGEPOLE PINE INFESTED BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 2 (April 1996): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128199-2.
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AbstractAttack and emergence of the engraver beetles Ips pini Say and I. latidens LeConte were measured in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) naturally attacked by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., in 1991. Sample trees were baited with the Ips pheromones ipsdienol and lanierone 1 week and 3 weeks after attack by the mountain pine beetle and again the following spring to observe the effects of the timing of bait placement. The densities of attack, egg gallery length, emergence, and hibernation of Ips species were measured. Ips latidens did not attack either the baited or unbaked trees at breast height until the spring of 1992 and the relatively low emergence was not significantly different by treatments. Among the 1991 treatments, the densities at breast height (1.3 m) of I. pini attack, egg gallery length, adult emergence in the fall of 1991, and numbers of hibernating adults in the duff were all highest for the 3-week treatment and lowest for the unbaked treatment. Significantly higher densities of beetles emerged and hibernated in the duff on the north sides of trees. Ips pini emergence in late summer 1992 from trees additionally baited in spring 1992 was significantly higher than for trees baited only in fall 1991. The density and temporal distribution of the emergence of both Ips species is discussed in relation to that of the mountain pine beetle.
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Mori, Boyd A., Heather C. Proctor, David E. Walter, and Maya L. Evenden. "Phoretic mite associates of mountain pine beetle at the leading edge of an infestation in northwestern Alberta, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 143, no. 1 (February 2011): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-043.
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AbstractWe identified species of mites phoretically associated with mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), collected from bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden (Pinaceae), and pheromone-baited traps in northwestern Alberta, Canada. Mite load and species composition were compared between beetle sexes and with beetle emergence time and estimated body size. The vast majority of mites associated with D. ponderosae in Alberta belonged to three species: Proctolaelaps subcorticalis Lindquist (Acari: Mesostigmata: Melicharidae), Histiogaster arborsignis Woodring (Acari: Astigmatina: Acaridae), and Tarsonemus ips Lindquist (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae). There was no difference in mite loads on male and female beetles recovered from bolts in the laboratory and those from pheromone-baited traps in the field. More mites were found on larger beetles in the laboratory, but only T. ips showed this pattern on field-trapped beetles. There was no relationship between total mite load or load by mite species and beetle emergence time in the laboratory, but total mite load on field-trapped beetles decreased over the collecting season (10 June – 3 September 2009) at five collection locations (Grovedale, Blueberry Mountain, Hythe, Evergreen Park, and Glenleslie). This study is the first to document the assemblage of phoretic mites on D. ponderosae in Alberta and will help to direct future research on their interactions.
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Bergvinson, David J., and John H. Borden. "ENHANCED WOODPECKER PREDATION ON THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPK., IN GLYPHOSATE-TREATED LODGEPOLE PINES." Canadian Entomologist 124, no. 1 (February 1992): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent124159-1.
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AbstractLodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., treated with the herbicide glyphosate applied by axe frill or drill hole into the sapwood around the root collar, were readily infested by mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. On trees treated with 360 mg of glyphosate per centimetre of circumference, foraging woodpeckers, Picoides spp., debarked 15% of the bole surface within 10 weeks and > 30% after 1 year, compared with < 5% for controls. Foraging efficiency on mountain pine beetle at 4 m exceeded 90% after applications by axe frill of glyphosate at doses of 360, 36, and 3.6 mg per centimetre of circumference, compared with < 50% for controls. Glyphosate-treated trees rapidly became suitable for cavity excavation by woodpeckers.
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Powell, Erinn, Suming Jin, Phil Townsend, and Ken Raffa. "A Conceptual and Mechanistic Approach to Understanding Interactions Among Multiple Disturbance Agents: Compound Effects of Fire on Resource Availabilty to Bark Beetles." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 32 (January 1, 2009): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2009.3767.
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Population eruptions by native bark beetles are intermittent and can cause wide spread forest disturbance. The mountain pine beetle (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is one such bark beetle currently affecting all species of pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). MPB populations erupt after generating positive feedback once thresholds are surpassed. Population eruptions require a combination of factors such as favorable weather, tree susceptibility, and the reduced competitors and predators.
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Vandygriff, J. C., L. A. Rasmussen, and J. F. Rineholt. "A Novel Approach to Managing Fuelwood Harvest Using Bark Beetle Pheromones." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.4.183.
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Abstract A multiyear study of synthesized mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) pheromones was conducted within lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands on the Sawtooth National Recreation Area to demonstrate their potential use as a management tool for fuelwood harvest. The use of mountain pine beetle aggregant baits was shown to be highly effective in relocating beetles into designated bait blocks, dramatically increasing the amount of beetle-related tree mortality. Treatment of blocks with antiaggregant verbenone capsules appeared to provide little or no additional protection when compared with associated control blocks. Given defined objectives and appropriate stand and insect population conditions, pheromone baits can be used to improve management of fuelwood harvest and potentially improve stand health. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):183–188.
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Cale, Jonathan A., Jennifer G. Klutsch, Christien B. Dykstra, Brosnon Peters, and Nadir Erbilgin. "Pathophysiological responses of pine defensive metabolites largely lack differences between pine species but vary with eliciting ophiostomatoid fungal species." Tree Physiology 39, no. 7 (March 16, 2019): 1121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz012.
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Abstract Phytopathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi are common associates of bark beetles and contribute to beetle-associated mortality of trees. Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Canada are facilitating novel associations between its vectored fungi (Grosmannia clavigera, Leptographium longiclavatum and Ophiostoma montium) and jack pine. How the induced defense-related metabolite responses of jack and lodgepole pines vary in response to the fungi is unknown. Understanding this variation is important to clarifying pine susceptibility to and the physiological impacts of infection. We used a comparative metabolite profiling approach to investigate the defense-related signaling, carbon utilization/mobilization, and synthesis responses of both pines to the fungi. Both pine species largely exhibited similar metabolite responses to the fungi. The magnitude of pine metabolite responses positively reflected pathogen virulence. Our findings indicate that pines can recognize and metabolomically respond to novel pathogens, likely due to signals common between the novel fungi and fungi coevolved with the pine. Thus, jack pine is likely as susceptible as lodgepole pine to infections by each of the MPB-vectored fungi. Furthermore, the magnitude of the metabolite responses of both pines varied by the eliciting fungal species, with the most virulent pathogen causing the greatest reduction in carbohydrates and the highest accumulation of defensive terpenes.
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Syed, A., and K. Graham. "RESPONSE OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS, TO ETHANOL IN A LABORATORY OLFACTOMETER." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 5 (May 1987): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119489-5.
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Graham (1968) demonstrated that logs became attractive to ambrosia beetles after the sapwood was subjected to anaerobic conditions. Pursuing this lead, Cade et al. (1970) and Moeck (1970a, 1970b, 1971) extracted, analyzed, and bioassayed anaerobic products from western hemlock and Douglas-fir trees and ascertained that ethanol was the principal “primary attractant” to the ambrosia beetles, Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), respectively. The demonstration that ethanol enhanced the response of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, to its aggregation pheromones frontalin and seudenol (Pitrnan et al. 1975) suggested that ethanol could also be involved in the primary attraction of or host recognition by bark beetles. We report that the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is arrested to ethanol in a laboratorv olfactometer.
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Six, Diana L. "A comparison of mycangial and phoretic fungi of individual mountain pine beetles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-047.
Full textAbstract:
Two ophiostomatoid fungi, Ophiostoma clavigerum (Robinson-Jeffrey & Davidson) Harrington and Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, are known to be associated with the mycangia of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. However, virtually nothing is known regarding the phoretic fungi carried on the external surface of the exoskeleton of this beetle. In this study, I compared the phoretic fungi of individual D. ponderosae with the fungi carried in their mycangia. As many beetles carried ophiostomatoid fungi on the exoskeleton as in the mycangia; however, the species of ophiostomatoid fungus carried phoretically on an individual beetle was not always the same as was carried in its mycangia. Ophiostoma montium was isolated more often from exoskeletal surfaces than from mycangia, while the reverse was true for O. clavigerum. It appears that O. clavigerum is highly adapted for mycangial dissemination, while O. montium is adapted to phoretic as well as mycangial dissemination. Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf. was phoretic on two beetles, indicating that cross-contamination with fungi from cohabiting Ips spp. may sometimes occur. Several non-ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from exoskeletal surfaces, but none consistently so. All non-ophiostomatoid fungi isolated were common saprophytes often found in beetle-killed trees. Yeasts were also common and were isolated more often from the exoskeleton than from mycangia.
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Lahr, Eleanor C., and Anna Sala. "Species, elevation, and diameter affect whitebark pine and lodgepole pine stored resources in the sapwood and phloem: implications for bark beetle outbreaks." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 11 (November 2014): 1312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0063.
Full textAbstract:
Stored resources in trees reflect physiological and environmental variables and affect life history traits, including growth, reproduction, resistance to abiotic stress, and defense. However, less attention has been paid to the fact that stored resources also determine tissue nutritional quality and may have direct consequences for the success of herbivores and pathogens. Here, we investigated whether stored resources differed between two hosts of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902): lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex. Loudon), a common host, and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelmann), a more naïve host that grows at higher altitudes. Phloem and sapwood were sampled in small- and large-diameter trees at two elevations, and nitrogen, phosphorus, nonstructural carbohydrates, and lipids were measured. We found that concentrations of stored resources increased with elevation and tree diameter for both species and that whitebark pine had thicker phloem than lodgepole pine. Overall, stored resources were higher in whitebark pine such that small-diameter whitebark pine trees often had resource concentrations higher than large-diameter lodgepole pines. These results suggest that whitebark pine is of higher nutritional quality than lodgepole pine, which could have implications for the current expansion of mountain pine beetles into higher altitude and latitude forests in response to climate warming.
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MacQuarrie, Chris J. K., and Barry J. Cooke. "Density-dependent population dynamics of mountain pine beetle in thinned and unthinned stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 5 (May 2011): 1031–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-007.
Full textAbstract:
Thinning, the selective removal of some trees from a forest, is one way forest managers can reduce the probability that a forest will be susceptible to attack by bark beetles. Although this method has been shown to be effective, it is not clear whether the effect arises when pre-outbreak populations are small or during the epidemic phase when outbreaks are growing. We adopted a population dynamics approach to determine if the effect of limit or basal area thinning could be observed in the form of differential beetle recruitment using lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) mortality data from previously published studies as a proxy measure of mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) population size. We found that mountain pine beetle populations exhibit density-dependent population dynamics that are influenced by the silvicultural history of their host’s stand. Thinning did not change the epidemic equilibrium but instead caused a shift in dynamics from linear to nonlinear. In a validation test, the models developed for thinned and unthinned stands predicted reproductive rates in independent locations. These data also suggest the epidemic dynamics of mountain pine beetle may be sensitive to perturbations and to systematic trends associated with climate variability and climate change.
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Mercado, Javier, Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, and Shannon Kay. "Fungal Frequency and Mite Load Trends Interact with a Declining Mountain Pine Beetle Population." Forests 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080484.
Full textAbstract:
The mite and fungal biota associated with the mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) may not be stable throughout an irruptive event. In congeneric beetles, variations in the frequency of their associated organisms affect population trends and similar effects may occur in MPB. We studied fungi and mite trends in a declining irruptive MPB population as it attacked three different pine hosts in the Colorado Front Range. During the study, we found two new associates including one biologically relevant mite and one beneficial blue-stain fungus. Fungi hyperphoretic on mites were also documented. This included beneficial and potentially detrimental species to the MPB. The frequency of several organisms varied between some years or pine hosts but not within male or female beetles. A large increase of Trichouropoda sp. and T. ips mites trended inversely with the declining beetle population, while a decrease in the beneficial blue-stain fungi trended similarly to the declining beetle population. We discuss the interactions and potential effects of phoretic biota in relation to (1) the MPB associates’ population trends, (2) the MPB incursions into cooler areas, and (3) the redundancy of blue-stain fungi carried by the MPB holobiont. These findings increase our knowledge of the mechanisms that influence MPB populations.
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Raffa, K., and Phil Townsend. "A Conceptual and Mechanistic Approach to Understanding Interactions Among Multiple Disturbance Agents: Compound Effects of Fire on Resource Availabilty to Bark Beetles." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 33 (January 1, 2011): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3807.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of our project has been to determine the effects of fire on bark beetle populations in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Our general hypothesis has been that fire damaged trees provide refugia for mountain pine beetles (D. ponderosae) that allow populations to persist during non-outbreak periods. Our work combines field testing of bark beetle populations within a range of forests from burned to unburned, as well as spatial analyses (remote sensing) to determine whether the forest more proximal to fires have greater incidences of beetle mass attack. New efforts have focused on determining whether lodgepole pine (P. contorta) and whitebark pine (P. albicaulis) have differing chemical defensive capacities to beetle attack.
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Miller, Daniel R. "Frontalin interrupts attraction of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to ipsdienol." Canadian Entomologist 133, no. 3 (June 2001): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133407-3.
Full textAbstract:
The pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), breeds in the phloem tissue of dead, dying, or downed pines, occasionally attacking standing live trees when populations build up to significant levels following logging activities or infestations by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Furniss and Carolin 1980). In British Columbia, I. pini uses ipsdienol as an aggregation pheromone to facilitate large aggregations of mated beetles and breeding galleries (Miller et al. 1996). The aggregation pheromones, exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol, used by D. ponderosae (Borden et al. 1987; Miller and Lafontaine 1991) interrupt attraction of I. pini to ipsdienol (Miller 1991). Another semiochemical, frontalin, is used by D. ponderosae as a multifunctional pheromone (Borden et al. 1987), enhancing attraction of beetles at low release rates and interrupting attraction at high release rates. I tested the effect of frontalin, over a broad range of release rates, on the attraction of I. pini to ipsdienol-baited traps.
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Kraberger, Simona, Richard W. Hofstetter, Kristen A. Potter, Kata Farkas, and Arvind Varsani. "Genomoviruses associated with mountain and western pine beetles." Virus Research 256 (September 2018): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.019.
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