Academic literature on the topic 'Mountain top removal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mountain top removal"
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Fraley, Jill M. "Appalachian Stereotypes and Mountain Top Removal." Peace Review 19, no. 3 (August 2007): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402650701524931.
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Lies, E. "Something's Rising: Appalachians Fighting Mountain Top Removal." Oral History Review 37, no. 1 (February 15, 2010): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohq003.
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Ferreri, C. Paola, Jay R. Stauffer, and Timothy D. Stecko. "EVALUATING IMPACTS OF MOUNTAIN TOP REMOVAL/VALLEY FILL COAL MINING ON STREAM FISH POPULATIONS." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2004, no. 1 (June 30, 2004): 576–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr04010576.
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Decoteau, Dennis R. "Tomato Leaf Development and Distribution as Influenced by Leaf Removal and Decapitation." HortScience 25, no. 6 (June 1990): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.681.
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The influence of leaf removal and decapitation (removal of apical bud and top two nodes) of determinate tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Mountain Pride) plants on canopy development was investigated. Leaf removal and decapitation influenced subsequent leaf development and distribution, and early fruiting of greenhouse-grown tomato plants. `Removal of young axillary leaves increased the size of main (true) leaves in the middle and upper nodes, increased the number of nodes, and increased the number of early fruit produced. Removal of main leaves reduced axillary leaf development at nodes 5 and 9. Decapitation increased axillary leaf development in the middle and upper nodes and delayed early fruit production. These results suggest that cultural practices of tomatoes that remove leaves or apical buds to influence fruiting also affect canopy leaf development and distribution.
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Shelekhova, Tatiana, and Nadezhda Lavrova. "Paleoenvironmental reconstructions and a sedimentological evidence of paleoseismic activity ca 9000 yr BP in Karelia, NW Russia, based on lake sediment studies on Mount Vottovaara." Baltica 32, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.2.6.
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Karelia, like the entire Fennoscandian Shield, is a region with a low seismic activity. An example of the best-studied locality is a paleoseismic dislocation on Mount Vottovaara, which bears traces of disastrous Holocene geological events following the degradation of the last ice sheet. The evolution of the study area falls into three stages. At pre-Quaternary stage I, an uplifted block broken by numerous fractures and faults was formed. At glacial stage II, coarse clastic moraine was formed, the moving ice polished the crystalline basement surface and glacial scars were formed. At final deglaciation stages, the mountain top remained a nunatak. As Salpausselkä II marginal sediments retreated by about 70 km from the mountain, a postglacial stage in the region’s evolution, at which an earthquake occurred, began. It could have been triggered mainly by the consequences of the degradation of the Late Weischelian glaciations such as the rapid removal of the glacial load that contributed to the rejuvenation of various old faults. Changes in paleoecological conditions for the Mount Vottovaara area were reconstructed based on the results of lithological, palynological, diatom and radiocarbon studies of bottom sediments from a small lake on the mountain top. Vegetation dynamics from the Younger Dryas to the Subboreal period is presented. Small lake evolution stages were distinguished based on analysis of diatom complexes and the pollen and spores of aquatic and aquatic-subaquatic plants and Pediastrum algae. The data obtained show that minerogenic sediments were abruptly succeeded by organic in the late Preboreal-early Boreal period. The thickness of Boreal sediments and changes in the composition of diatom complexes and spore-and-pollen spectra suggest a depositional hiatus triggered by a strong earthquake which changed the water level of the pond and its basin structure. The earthquake is also indicated by numerous dismembered, displaced, thrown-away and shifted rock blocks and seismogravity downfalls. Deflation and other types of weathering are responsible for the formation of seide-shaped piles of blocks and boulders on the mountain top.
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Dinger, J. S., R. E. Andrews, D. R. Wunsch, C. D. R. Graham, R. J. Sweigard, and P. W. Conrad. "PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF SPOIL SETTLEMENT AT A MOUNTAIN-TOP-REMOVAL COAL MINE: STAR FIRE TRACT, EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL FIELD." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2002, no. 1 (June 30, 2002): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr02011201.
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Super, Joseph. "Religion and Resistance in Appalachia: Faith and the Fight against Mountain-top Removal Coal Mining by Joseph D. Witt." West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies 11, no. 2 (2017): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wvh.2017.0022.
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Lareau, Neil P., and John D. Horel. "Turbulent Erosion of Persistent Cold-Air Pools: Numerical Simulations*." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 4 (March 31, 2015): 1409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0173.1.
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Abstract High-resolution idealized numerical simulations are used to examine the turbulent removal of cold-air pools commonly observed in mountain valleys and basins. A control simulation with winds aloft increasing from 0.5 to 20 m s−1 over 20 h combined with typical cold-air pool stratification illustrates the interplay over time of lowering of the top of the cold-air pool, spillover downstream of the valley from the upper reaches of the cold-air pool, wavelike undulations affecting the cold-air pool’s depth and stratification across the valley, and smaller temporal- and spatial-scale Kelvin–Helmholtz waves within the uppermost layers of the cold-air pool. The heat budget within the cold-air pool demonstrates the nearly compensating effects of vertical and horizontal advection combined with turbulent heating of the upper portion of the cold-air pool and cooling in the layers immediately above the cold-air pool. Sensitivities of turbulent mixing in cold-air pools to stratification and upstream terrain are examined. Although the characteristics of the turbulent mixing differ as the stratification and topography are modified, a bulk parameter [the cold-air pool Froude number (Fr)] characterizes the onset and amplification of turbulent mixing and the time of cold-air pool removal. When Fr > 1, Kelvin–Helmholtz waves and turbulent heat fluxes commence. Turbulent heat flux and wave activity increase until Fr = 2, after which the cold-air pool breaks down and is removed from the valley. The rate of cold-air pool removal is proportional to its strength; that is, a strong inversion generates larger heat fluxes once turbulent erosion is underway.
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Morales, Annareli, Hugh Morrison, and Derek J. Posselt. "Orographic Precipitation Response to Microphysical Parameter Perturbations for Idealized Moist Nearly Neutral Flow." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 6 (May 23, 2018): 1933–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0389.1.
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Abstract This study explores the sensitivity of clouds and precipitation to microphysical parameter perturbations using idealized simulations of moist, nearly neutral flow over a bell-shaped mountain. Numerous parameters are perturbed within the Morrison microphysics scheme. The parameters that most affect cloud and precipitation characteristics are the snow fall speed coefficient As, snow particle density ρs, rain accretion (WRA), and ice–cloud water collection efficiency (ECI). Surface precipitation rates are affected by As and ρs through changes to the precipitation efficiency caused by direct and indirect impacts on snow fall speed, respectively. WRA and ECI both affect the amount of cloud water removed, but the precipitation sensitivity differs. Large WRA results in increased precipitation efficiency and cloud water removal below the freezing level, indirectly decreasing cloud condensation rates; the net result is little precipitation sensitivity. Large ECI removes cloud water above the freezing level but with little influence on overall condensation rates. Two environmental experiments are performed to test the robustness of the results: 1) reduction of the wind speed profile by 30% (LowU) and 2) decreasing the surface potential temperature to induce a freezing level below the mountain top (LowFL). Parameter perturbations within LowU result in similar mechanisms acting on precipitation, but a much weaker sensitivity compared to the control. The LowFL case shows ρs is no longer a dominant parameter and As now induces changes to cloud condensation, since more of the cloud depth is present above the freezing level. In general, perturbations to microphysical parameters affect the location of peak precipitation, while the total amount of precipitation is more sensitive to environmental parameter perturbations.
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Coxson, Darwyn S., and Medea Curteanu. "Decomposition of hair lichens (Alectoria Sarmentosa and Bryoria spp.) Under Snowpack in Montane Forest, Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia." Lichenologist 34, no. 5 (September 2002): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.2002.0406.
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AbstractMontane old-growth forests on the windward slopes of interior mountain ranges in British Columbia support high loadings of arboreal lichens. These lichens represent a major source of readily labile plant material and potentially play an important role in ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Given the role of winter storms in scouring lichens from within the canopy and the extended length of winter snowpack, from November through to May or even early June, in these ecosystems, the decomposition of lichen litterfall should be heavily influenced by placement within the snowpack. We have examined this factor by placing litter bags containing samples of the hair lichens, Alectoria sarmentosa and Bryoria spp., on top of the winter snowpack in the Cariboo Mountains. Samples were set out in early- (8 Nov.) mid- (16 Jan.) and late- (22 Mar.) winter and subsequently retrieved on spring snow-melt (22 May). Lichen samples that were buried in the lower snowpack all winter long (196 days) lost two-thirds of their original mass. In contrast lichens placed on the snowpack in mid- (127 days) or late-winter (61 days) lost only 6-15% of their total mass, far less than would be predicted on the basis of time in snowpack alone. Spot measurements showed that the snowpack environment effectively buffers litter samples from extreme winter conditions. All lichen samples placed within the snowpack showed much higher C/N ratios on removal, indicating rapid leaching of readily soluble cellular constituents in the snowpack environment. These findings indicate that the snowpack environment plays a major role in decomposition processes in these high-elevation forests and reinforces our view that lichens are a readily labile nutrient source within these ecosystems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mountain top removal"
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Govette, Lyn A. "ES-SEN-TIAL." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3265.
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This thesis is in support of the exhibition entitled ES-SEN-TIAL on display in Tipton Gallery located in Downtown Johnson City from February 27, 2017 to March 10, 2017.
The exhibition is a presentation in fiber medium of the human impact on the landscape, specifically using the extractive industry of coal mining as example. This is accomplished through the use of digital imagery printed on textiles, hand and machine embroidery, and surface design techniques of dyeing and layering. This body of work reflects the artist’s interest in art activism and the utilization of photography, fiber arts, ideas and techniques, as creative process to formally explore the landscape.
Books on the topic "Mountain top removal"
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McNeil, Bryan T. What Are We Fighting For? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses how knowledge of the mountains and getting along in them has taken on renewed importance with the advance of mountaintop removal coal mining and restructuring in the coal industry. For generations, living in the mountains and mining the coal beneath them combined to become the distinctive markers of life in the Appalachian coalfields. The relentless expansion of mountaintop removal mining across the landscape since the late 1980s disrupted this symbiotic relationship between life inside and outside the mines. The spread of mountaintop removal brought a dilemma to dinner tables and living rooms across the region: are they coal people or mountain people? For the first time, many people felt compelled to choose because the two sources of identity, intertwined for so long, now seemed to be in stark opposition.
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McNeil, Bryan T. Fighting Back … Again. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces Coal River Mountain Watch (CRMW) as an organization and describes its formation, organization and growth over the first five to seven years of its existence. The outrage that greeted mountaintop removal coal mining in the late 1990s was by no means new to the Appalachian region. Time and again conditions of social relations and political and economic domination have given rise to reform movements. Author Stephen Fisher argues that for an enduring social movement to achieve substantive change in Appalachia, it must transcend single issues in ongoing, democratic, membership-driven organizations. He cited groups like Save Our Cumberland Mountains in Tennessee, Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, and the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition as existing examples of the activism he described.
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Winter, Stefan. Beyond the Mountain Refuge. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167787.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses what can in effect be described as the consolidation of the ʻAlawi community in a newfound “compact” form. It argues that the receding tide of Shiʻism did not expose the ʻAlawis to a Sunni or Mamluk backlash, but rather permitted the community to cement both its religious leadership and identity and its position vis-à-vis the state. On the local level, the thirteenth century was witness to an intense debate over the limits of ʻAlawi orthodoxy, a debate that helped give the doctrine its final form and established the ʻulama as the community's uncontested religious authority, but in doing so also removed religion from the sphere of everyday life. Drawing on the Khayr al-Saniʻa as well as a wide range of medieval literature, the subsequent sections explore the relationship between the ʻAlawi community and the Mamluk state beyond the trope of enmity and persecution.
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McNeil, Bryan T. Welcome to Coal River. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the rise of mountaintop removal coal mining (MTR) and the uproar that accompanied it both in West Virginia and in Coal River. The conditions that facilitated MTR in the late 1990s included trends in industry stimulated by neoliberal corporate restructuring, labor relations, politics, government, and regulation. Manifestations of these conditions on multiple scales from federal regulations to local businesses have shaped the battle lines in Coal River. Out of these conditions, the chapter chronicles the emergence of a fresh round of activism against strip mining and the emergence of Coal River Mountain Watch (CRMW) within that activism. It also traces the history of Whitesville and Sylvester, two towns that sit side by side in the heart of Coal River.
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McNeil, Bryan T. Gender, Solidarity, and Symbolic Capital. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0008.
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This chapter considers the significance of prominent women's leadership in the movement to stop mountaintop removal. The prominence of women in leadership positions is a signature characteristic of Appalachian community activism, including the CRMW and the Friends of the Mountains (FOM) networks. However, the role of women is related to the decline of the union and the shifting sites of organizing within the community. Though women have always been active in social issues in the coalfields, the union's historically dominant role in organizing activism limited women's ability to rise to leadership positions. Organizing outside of the union affords women greater flexibility to link together social issues that a labor perspective may not have addressed directly. As such, women are able to forge a more comprehensive approach to social justice built upon different symbolic capital foundations.
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Ledford, Katherine, and Theresa Lloyd, eds. Writing Appalachia. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178790.001.0001.
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From the earliest oral traditions to print accounts of frontier exploration, from local color to modernism and postmodernism, from an exuberant flowering in the 1970s to its high popular and critical profile in the twenty-first century, Appalachian literature can boast a long tradition of delighting and provoking readers. Yet, locating an anthology that offers a representative selection of authors and texts from the earliest days to the present can be difficult. Katherine Ledford and Theresa Lloyd have produced an anthology to meet this need. Simultaneously representing, complicating, and furthering the discourse on the Appalachian region and its cultures, this anthology works to provides the historical depth and range of Appalachian literature that contemporary readers and scholars seek, from Cherokee oral narratives to fiction and drama about mountaintop removal and prescription drug abuse. It also aims to challenge the common stereotypes of Appalachian life and values by including stories of multiple, often less heard, viewpoints of Appalachian life: mountain and valley, rural and urban, folkloric and postmodern, traditional and contemporary, Northern and Southern, white people and people of color, straight and gay, insiders and outsiders—though, on some level, these dualisms are less concrete than previously imagined.
Book chapters on the topic "Mountain top removal"
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Searle, Mike. "Mapping the Geology of Everest and Makalu." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0013.
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There are few places in the world where a geologist can actually take a look at the rocks and structures 5 or 6 kilometres down beneath the Earth’s surface. The opposing forces of nature—the uplift of rocks towards the Earth’s surface and their erosion and removal—usually balance each other out, at least roughly. It is only where the rate of uplift of rocks greatly exceeds erosion that high mountains are built. This is precisely why the Himalaya are so unique to geologists studying mountain-building processes. The Himalaya is an active mountain range: the plate convergence rates are high, uplift rates are extremely high, and glacial and fluvial erosion has carved deep channels in between the mountains. By walking and climbing all around Everest we can actually map and study the rocks in three dimensions, which elsewhere, beneath the Tibetan Plateau for example, remain buried below the Earth’s surface. After the Survey of India discovered that Mount Everest was the highest mountain in the world, a pioneering expedition set out to fly across the summit and take photographs. On 3 April 1933 a Houston-Weston biplane piloted by Lord Clydesdale flew across the summit and took the first photos of the mountain. Clydesdale wrote: ‘We were in a serious position. The great bulk of Everest was towering above us to the left, Makalu down-wind to the right and the connecting range dead ahead, with a hurricane wind doing its best to carry us over and dash us on the knife-edge side of Makalu.’ The earliest geologists to study the structure of Mount Everest, A. M. Heron and Noel Odell, both noted the apparent conformity of strata with sedimentary rocks on top of the mountain lying above the more metamorphosed rocks around the base In his 1965 paper on the structure of Everest, Lawrence Wager wrote: ‘It never ceases to surprise the writer that the highest point of the Earth’s surface is composed of sedimentary rocks which are relatively flat-lying and but little metamorphosed.’
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Denson, Andrew. "The Tourists." In Monuments to Absence. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630830.003.0003.
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In the 1920s and 30s, tourism in southern Appalachia created a new public awareness of the region's Cherokee history. With the establishment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), the Cherokee community in Western North Carolina became a significant tourist destination, and this development encouraged promoters to work the Cherokees more thoroughly into their conceptions of the region's past. Tourist literature and performances began to highlight certain Cherokee historical episodes, among them the story of removal. This chapter traces the Cherokee community's growing involvement in the regional tourism economy during the interwar period, while examining mountain tourism's representations of Cherokee history. It describes the roles played by Cherokee history in promotions for the GSMNP, before closely analysing two particular commemorations: a campaign in Knoxville, Tennessee, to erect a monument to Cherokee removal and a pageant mounted by the Eastern Band of Cherokees to mark the one-hundredth anniversary of the tribe's removal treaty.
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Taillant, Jorge Daniel. "Dynamiting Glaciers." In Glaciers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367252.003.0006.
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The following plan describes the method and management disposition of the glacier sectors that must be removed during the life of Pascua Lama, as the open pit area is extended towards the position of the glaciers in the Rio El Toro river basin. It is estimated that 10 hectares [25 acres] of glaciers must be removed and adequately managed to avoid the instability of slopes and environmental impacts. The thickness of the glacier sectors that must be removed is estimated at 3 to 5 meters [10–16 ft]. … mining equipment shall be employed as needed for each glacier sector to be managed (basically bulldozers and/or front loaders). … If necessary, controlled explosives shall be used, of small size, to remove the ice. . . . —From Barrick Gold’s “Glacier Management Plan” —the Pascua Lama Mining Project (Argentine-Chilean border; Environmental Impact Study, Annex B, 2001; unofficial translation from the original text in Spanish). . . On September 6, 2006, Romina Picolotti, Argentina’s Secretary of Environment and a career environmentalist, sat reviewing briefing documents to prepare for a meeting regarding the world’s first binational gold mining project straddling the border between Argentina and Chile. Barrick Gold, the world’s largest gold mining corporation, had discovered a massive gold and silver reserve in one of the highest, coldest, most desolate and remote areas of the Americas, the Central Andes mountain range, running from Venezuela, through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and down to the southernmost tip of the Americas shared by Argentina and Chile. The Andes are among the highest mountains in the world, with the tallest peaks in both the Southern and Western Hemispheres. Peru’s ranges surpass well above 6,000 meters above sea level (nearly 20,000 ft), whereas the highest mountain of the Americas (the Aconcagua) in Argentina towers at nearly 7,000 m (nearly 23,000 ft). At 6,960 meters (22,835 ft), the Aconcagua, which means “stone sentinel” in the precolonial Quechan native tongue, is covered in snow in the winter and surrounded by massive glaciers year round, some of which are up to 8 km (5 mi) long.
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"From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success." In From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success, edited by Stephen E. Moore and Matt A. Kulp. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874554.ch3.
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<i>Abstract</i>.â€â€The primary mission of the U.S. National Park Service is to protect and preserve native species. Control of nonnative species is also a principal management objective. Historic land management and stocking of nonnative Rainbow Trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> in Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the eastern United States resulted in native Brook Trout <i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i> losing approximately 75% of their historic range. Consequently, the park initiated a program in 1976 to evaluate electrofishing for removal of Rainbow Trout in six small streams and found it to be successful upstream of impassable barriers. Later (mid-1990s), park biologists effectively used Fintrol (antimycin) to remove nonnative Rainbow Trout from low-elevation streams with impassable barriers. The National Environmental Policy Act and the Environmental Assessment process required public meetings be held in communities around the park prior to the use of Fintrol to explain the need for and purpose of these projects. In September 2008, Fintrol was used to renovate a large systemâ€â€12.8 km (8 mi) of upper Lynn Camp Prong. Native Brook Trout were reintroduced in 2009, but monitoring efforts in 2010 revealed the presence of illegally stocked Rainbow Trout in upstream sections of the project area. Approximately 4.6 km (3.0 mi) of the project area was successfully retreated in 2011 to remove the reintroduced Rainbow Trout. Several public hearings were held successfully around the park to educate local residents about the Lynn Camp Prong project. Monitoring efforts during 2012–2015 showed that the Brook Trout population increased steadily, with abundance ultimately exceeding that of Rainbow Trout prior to restoration. Lessons learned are that (1) public education, buy-in, and involvement are crucial to success; (2) partnerships with state and federal agencies, local conservation groups, and the local community are essential; (3) fisheries professionals must be steadfastly committed to success and adaptable to changing conditions; and (4) restoration of native species can be controversial. If sabotage happens, reach out to the public, provide them with up-to-date information, and enlist their help.
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Anderson, E. N. "Learning from the Land Otter: Religious Representation of Traditional Resource Management." In Ecologies of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090109.003.0008.
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Throughout the forests of the Northwest Coast of North America— those few forests that have not been logged—one finds cedar trees from which long strips of bark have been removed. These strips were taken, at various times in the recent or distant past, by local Native American peoples, to use for a wide variety of reasons. The trees were never cut for their bark; only one long, narrow strip was removed. The process made it necessary for someone to climb high up in the tree to cut the top of the strip. This difficult and dangerous climb was economically reasonable; cutting a cedar is a long job, and would, in any case, eliminate the chance of future bark. But the climb was required for a more immediate and compelling reason: the cedar is sacred, and its indwelling spirit must be respected. Wanton cutting of a cedar is unthinkable. Before a cut is made, prayers and apologies are made to the tree. The cutter explains that he or she really needs the bark, and often adds that he or she will take as little as possible, in the most careful way. In spite of two centuries of contact with, and borrowing from, the outside world, this reverence for the cedar continues today. It is part of a wider religious involvement with the landscape—with water, mountains, plants, and animals— that incorporates environmental management rules as part of sacred ethics. Across the Pacific from China, the Native American peoples of the Northwest Coast maintained, until recently, a way of life based on fishing. While the Chinese changed from foragers to farmers, and slowly built the world’s most populous civilization, the Northwest Coast Indians developed more and more sophisticated ways of harvesting the abundant fish and shellfish resources of their cold and rainy coastlines and rivers. Although they built no cities and wrote down no literature, they created a brilliant, complex culture that had an extremely finetuned adjustment to its environment.
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Maquaire, Olivier. "Geomorphic Hazards and Natural Risks." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0029.
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Western European countries are subject to natural phenomena that can cause disasters. Their origins are various: geophysical (earthquakes), hydrometeorological (sea storms, floods, and avalanches), or geomorphologic (landslides). They are fairly widespread but less frequent and of relatively low intensity compared with other regions of the world; for example, an earthquake in France or Belgium is not likely to be as violent as in Greece or Japan. Some of the countries concerned, such as France and Germany, are subject to all the hazards mentioned above, while Denmark and The Netherlands are seldom exposed to earthquakes and never to avalanches because they have no mountains. Man is not responsible for phenomena such as earthquakes, but contributes significantly to the onset and aggravation of other hazards, and is sometimes largely responsible for the direct and indirect consequences, having built and maintained installations in ‘risk’ sectors. The number of victims and the cost of the damage may be high, depending on the circumstances, the intensity, and the duration of the phenomenon. Western European countries have experienced real natural disasters in the distant or recent past. Floods following a storm wave in The Netherlands in 1953 were responsible for some 2,000 deaths and damage amounting to over 3 billion Euros. Two hundred people died in the most destructive flood ever known in France in 1930 in the Tarn (Ledoux 1995). Natural phenomena such as these can recur with at least the same intensity but may entail much greater damage because of increased human occupation in the sectors concerned: the flooding submerges zones which are much more urbanized than they were in the nineteenth century. Whether prevention measures are taken depends on the level of risk which the populations concerned are prepared to accept. These measures should be associated with spatial and temporal forecasts and preceded by an analysis of the processes for these phenomena to be fully understood. In order to remove the ambiguities and the inaccuracies of terminology that are observed all too often, it is necessary in the first instance to define ‘geomorphic hazards and natural risks’, particularly in terms of the notions of risk, hazards, and vulnerability.
Conference papers on the topic "Mountain top removal"
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Harris, James C., and Carole A. Womeldorf. "Rule-Based and Expert Icing Screening Approaches for Wind Energy Measurements: Impacts, Methods, and Improvements." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54822.
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Wind resource assessments produce hundreds of thousands of measurements every year. Before determination of the wind power density, a function of the velocity cubed, those values are screened to remove erroneous data points. Typical categories of erroneous data are sensor malfunction, tower shading, and icing. Identification of tower shading is a well established procedure dependent on the mounting direction of the sensor booms. Most instrument malfunctions are clearly extended flat lines and typically only affect one sensor at a time. Sensor icing of anemometers and directional vanes, on the other hand, can be subtle and affect more than one sensor simultaneously and can require an experienced evaluator’s assessment. Designation of icing results in the removal of lower velocity data. If too few points are removed the wind velocity will be underestimated, while if too many points are removed the wind velocity can be exaggerated, both of which can have a significant influence on the power density due to the cube effect. And experts frequently disagree. Much of this disagreement is driven by the difference between rule based approaches and operator judgment approaches. A comparison of different screening approaches for icing is described in this work. Three different rule-based approaches are compared against a visually-based expert determination that combines multiple sensors, including temperature, humidity, directional vanes and anemometers with several rule based approaches. Relative impacts of different approaches can affect from 1.09% for a visually-based expert approach to 5.03% for a rule-based standard deviation approach.
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Joshi, Jaydeep, Ashish Yadav, Roopesh Gangadharan, Mudalakeri Girish, Shino Ulahannan, Vinay Kumar Abbavaram Ramakrishna Reddy, Chandramouli Rotti, Mainak Bandyopadhyay, and Arun Chakraborty. "Design Development of a Vacuum Vessel With Detachable Top Lid Configuration." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45460.
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In the Indian Test Facility (INTF), a Vacuum Vessel is designed to house neutral beam components to provide transmission for length of ∼20 meters which enables characterization of neutral beam parameters. INTF Vacuum vessel is designed in cylindrical shape and has a detachable top-lid for mounting as well as removal of internal components during installation and maintenance phases of test facility. Principal challenges involved in this are designing the detachable top lid and positioning the appropriate stiffeners within the space available on the vessel for meeting functional and operational requirements of in-vacuum deflection to less than 5mm (0.196 in.) and it is limited to 1mm (0.039 in.) in certain areas on the vessel. Moreover, ASME code [3] does not have design formulation for this detachable top lid configuration directly, hence, there is a need to adopt the available recommendations ASME code [3], assess their applicability, adopt appropriate one, improvise and affect it and validate it by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This paper presents the comprehensive design methodology adopted for INTF Vacuum Vessel design and optimization of various parameters to meet the operational and functional requirements within the constraints of other mandatory interfaces. This paper also presents its manufacturing plan, fabrication challenges and current status of vessel fabrication.
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Lowry, R. K., J. H. Linn, A. L. Northen, J. R. Zalnoski, and H. W. Satterfield. "Reducing Top-of-Die Plastic Delamination by Assuring Pre-Mold Cleanliness of Die Surfaces." In ISTFA 2000. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0339.
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Abstract Delamination of mold compound from top-of-die surfaces in plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) can alter overall package stresses and cause wire bond or other types of mechanical failure. Liquid water may collect in these delaminated regions and cause metal corrosion. Exceedingly small quantities, even fractions of a monolayer, of adsorbed contamination on die may hinder intimate adhesion of the mold compound to the die surface and cause plastic to delaminate. This paper discusses the consequences of top-of-die delamination (TODD), surface contamination derived from wafer tape mounting that can cause it, and cleaning chemistry to remove surface contaminants in order to minimize it.
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Velásquez Martinez, Fernando A., and Carlos Romero Acero. "Monitoring and Control System in an Area of Geotechnical Risk Unstable in the Camisea Gas Transport System." In ASME 2013 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2013-1916.
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The experience gained during the operation and maintenance activities on the Camisea Pipeline Gas Transport System (SDT) owned by TGP in Peru — which goes from the Amazon rainforest in the region of Cusco to the Pacific coast near Lima, along 729 Km — has led to the evolution and the optimization of the design, construction and maintenance processes regarding works focused on the stabilization of the slopes along the right of way of the pipeline carrying natural gas and natural gas liquid. This section of the right of way is 95 km long and crosses tropical mountains in the Amazon rainforest, in a transitional area between the Manugaly valley and the basin top boundary. It was noticed since 2005 that the right of way had being affected by a land slide consisting of a horizontal crack in the ground, between both pipelines and along them. So, after number of in-site inspections, the team concluded that the area was being affected by a large ground removal event. As a consequence, traces of geotechnical instability were found on the right side of the right of way, consisting of stress cracks, transverse settlements and leaks. All of those were affecting the stability conditions of the ground. From the annual in-site follow-up, monitoring and geotechnical testing, the team established that this process affecting the right of way was caused by a large mass removal process directly related to the increase of the imbalance rate of an old colluvial deposit below the entire area, triggered by the heavy rainfall in the area — ca. 3 500 mm a year, mainly between October and April. It is to be mentioned that the axis of the NG and NGL pipelines is located on the top of this colluvial deposit, which is susceptible to landslides. This is noticeable because of cracks present in the place. Local geomorphology and heavy deforestation — caused by locals — triggers an increase of the rainfall water filtration rate into the ground, thus speeding up the slide processes. Piezometers installed in the area showed high levels of the local water table. Movement readings are: top length: 70 m; length: 250 m; width: 150 m. Criteria for the construction of landslide mitigation structures in the pipeline área are being established based on a permanent land survey monitoring system — including inclinometers, piezometers and strain-gages — as this is a large regional movement. This control action allowed the operation to continue free of damages to the pipelines and under controlled costs.
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Staller, Kristopher D. "Safe Decapsulation Techniques Using Viton Caulk." In ISTFA 2014. ASM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2014p0378.
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Abstract The decapsulation process in today’s failure analysis labs can become complicated with the smaller size of the package and the surface mount methods of attachment. Some failure modes recover when a part is removed from the application and remounted after decapsulation, and some parts are simply too fragile to handle for re-mounting after decapsulation. Decapsulating the failing device in-situ (on the board or DIP adapter) allows us to analyze the part in its original mounting condition, without exposing it to additional solder temperature stress, broken wires, or tweezer damage. This poses a challenge, as the fuming acids used for decapsulation most likely will spill onto the circuit board, dissolving the package leads, damaging the resin layers, and potentially corroding and shorting the circuit board traces.
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Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.
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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
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Rodwell, Ed, and Albert Machiels. "A Perspective on the U.S. Nuclear Fuel Cycle." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89773.
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There has been a resurgence of interest in the possibility of processing the US spent nuclear fuel, instead of burying it in a geologic repository. Accordingly, key topical findings from three relevant EPRI evaluations made in the 1990–1995 timeframe are recapped and updated to accommodate a few developments over the subsequent ten years. Views recently expressed by other US entities are discussed. Processing aspects thereby addressed include effects on waste disposal and on geologic repository capacity, impacts on the economics of the nuclear fuel cycle and of the overall nuclear power scenario, alternative dispositions of the plutonium separated by the processing, impacts on the structure of the perceived weapons proliferation risk, and challenges for the immediate future and for the current half-century. Currently, there is a statutory limit of 70,000 metric tons on the amount of nuclear waste materials that can be accepted at Yucca Mountain. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the project analyzed emplacement of up to 120,000 metric tons of nuclear waste products in the repository. Additional scientific analyses suggest significantly higher capacity could be achieved with changes in the repository configuration that use only geology that has already been characterized and do not deviate from existing design parameters. Conservatively assuming the repository capacity postulated in the EIS, the need date for a second repository is essentially deferrable until that determined by a potential new nuclear plant deployment program. A further increase in technical capacity of the first repository (and further and extensive delay to the need date for a second repository) is potentially achievable by processing the spent fuel to remove the plutonium (and at least the americium too), provided the plutonium and the americium are then comprehensively burnt. The burning of some of the isotopes involved would need fast reactors (discounting for now a small possibility that one of several recently postulated alternatives will prove superior overall). However, adoption of processing would carry a substantial cost burden and reliability of the few demonstration fast reactors built to-date has been poor. Trends and developments could remove these obstacles to the processing scenario, possibly before major decisions on a second repository become necessary, which need not be until mid-century at the earliest. Pending the outcomes of these long-term trends and developments, economics and reliability encourage us to stay with non-processing for the near term at least. Besides completing the Yucca Mountain program, the two biggest and inter-related fuel-cycle needs today are for a nationwide consensus on which processing technology offers the optimum mix of economic competitiveness and proliferation resistance and for a sustained effort to negotiate greater international cooperation and safeguards. Equally likely to control the readiness schedule is development/demonstration of an acceptable, reliable and affordable fast reactor.
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Harrison Moretto, Caroline “Niki”, Janet Dong, and Yesiliang Qiu. "Mast System Design for Autonomous Tick Collection Robot." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24144.
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Abstract This paper discusses the design and testing of a mast system constructed to collect ticks from rugged terrain in remote areas via a mobile robot. The goal of this project is to develop a robotic tick collection mast that can be used to collect ticks in diverse tick habitats, such as shrubs, weeds, and grass of various heights, and in different environmental conditions. The project focuses on locating the ideal design of the mast system, including materials and dimensions, types of mounting fixtures, and a center of gravity that ensures maximum tick collection without causing robot instability. The design was tested in the field and through simulations. The optimum design uses a mast system with two fixtures, a drag mast and a flag mast, made from t-slotted aluminum. The drag mast holds strips lower to the ground to collect ticks from the short grass, and the flag mast holds strips in the air, along the side of the robot, to collect ticks from taller grass and shrubs. The mast system design does not impact the robot’s ability to traverse challenging terrain, cause the robot to lose traction, frequently become permanently entangled in the brush, or have any other detrimental effect on robot mobility. The drag and flag mounts are two separate fixtures that are removable and adjustable along the horizontal and vertical axes to accommodate various terrain types. The strip attachment points are also adjustable horizontally to allow the rearrangement of strips for optimum tick collection in different tick habitats. The strength and stability of the mast system were evaluated using stress and center of gravity simulations. The design’s performance was also analyzed in the field using three types of tests: flagging and dragging, traversing uneven ground, and ascending and descending hills. The flagging and dragging test ran the robot along the side of taller foliage to test for tangling or breakage. The uneven ground test examined the robot’s performance over the ground that was pitted and dimpled to assess stability. The angled ground test studied the robot’s ability to ascend and descend hills to ensure it did not tip in any direction. A robotic solution with a mast system and flagging and dragging mounts protects humans from being infected with potential illnesses from bugs and insects carrying disease pathogens, injuries from traveling across rough ground, and harm due to exposure to the elements. Productivity is also increased, as a robot can remain in the field for an extended period. The mast system design captures ticks despite adverse conditions, is easily interchangeable, and does not hinder tick collection.