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Journal articles on the topic 'Mountaineering expeditions'
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1
Cullen, Ross. "Himalayan Mountaineering Expedition Garbage." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 4 (1986): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035335.
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Expedition garbage is an unfortunate by-product of Himalayan mountaineering expeditions. High transport costs, lack of concern amongst climbers, and lack of direction by authorities, results in squalid garbage heaps around mountain campsites. Growth in numbers of expeditions, climbers, and trekkers, to the Himalaya necessitates prompt action to prevent despoliation of those areas.Such despoliation of campsites by inadequate treatment or unsatisfactory disposal practices cannot be halted by reliance on improved climber behaviour alone. Host-country authorities must develop and enforce more comprehensive guidelines and policies for garbage disposal than currently prevail. A combination of burning and transport to pits off-site seems likely to be typically the best disposal practice to follow. A combination of change in expedition behaviour, provision of leadership in garbage disposal, and use of environmental protection levies, seems necessary to combat the problem of growing squalor at campsites and expanding desecration of surrounding areas.
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Biswakarma, Gangaram, Utshav Rijal, Sudichhya Thapa, Swastika Dhakal, Tridev Kishor K.C., and Trilok Manandhar. "Waste Management Policy and Practices in Mountain Expeditions in Nepal: Stakeholder's Perspective on Implementation of Mountaineering Expedition Rules." International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 10, no. 2 (July 9, 2023): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2023.1021.
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Purpose: This study investigates the current implementation status of the Mountaineering Expedition Rules (MER) of 2002 in Nepal, focusing on waste management practices during mountain expeditions from the stakeholder's perspective.
Methodology: The study used a descriptive research design with a mixed approach, collecting primary data through structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Data analysis is conducted using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data.
Main Findings: The findings highlight the need for improvement in waste management during mountain expeditions in Nepal. While climbers demonstrate a moderate to high level of awareness and implementation of waste management practices, challenges such as limited budgets, lack of self-awareness among expeditioners, and slow decay of waste in cold weather persist. The study emphasizes the importance of proper implementation of mountaineering expedition rules, particularly in waste management.
Implications: This study contributes to the development of sustainable tourism practices in Nepal and the preservation of the mountain environment. The study recognizes the efforts made by the Nepalese government through policies and regulations to address waste management issues. The goal is to protect the fragile mountain ecosystem while facilitating the growth of sustainable mountain tourism.
Novelty: It offers practical recommendations based on stakeholder perspectives, which can inform policy formulation in Nepal and other countries with similar mountain tourism contexts.
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Kastrau, Katarzyna. "Historia polskiego himalaizmu. Lodowi Wojownicy i ich wpływ na himalaizm światowy." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 423–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.28.
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THE HISTORY OF POLISH HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINEERING. THE ICE WARRIORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON WORLD HIMALAYAN MOUTANEINEERINGThe history of Polish Himalayan mountaineering, i.e. all ascended summits, new routes and records, is extremely rich and fascinating. It is impossible to describe all of this on just a few pages, which is why the aim of my paper is to describe the most outstanding expeditions, those that completely changed our thinking about Himalayan mountaineering and showed that we can deceive not only our bodies but also our subconscious.The first attempts to ascend an eight-thousander were made as early as in the 1920s; unfortunately, they all failed. Owing to the harsh conditions in the mountains, the first successful ascent of an eight-thousander did not take place until 1950, when Annapurna was ascended. The first Polish expedition was organised in 1939. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the political situation in Poland prevented Polish climbers from making further attempts for many years. The political situation in the country made it impossible for Poles to travel abroad. But Himalayan mountaineering at the time was developing very rapidly. The Poles, hungry for success, wanted to go down in history. Given the fact that all eight-thousanders had already been ascended, the Poles began a new chapter — winter Himalayan mountaineering, challenging Edmund Hillary’s assertion that in winter no form of life had a chance to survive over 7000 metres above sea level. In my paper I focus on presenting the most remarkable achievements. I describe the Golden Age of Polish Himalayan mountaineering, like the first winter ascent of Everest or Krzysztof Wielicki’s extraordinary one-day ascent of Broad Peak. There is also room for expeditions featuring Jerzy Kukuczka, an icon of Himalayan mountaineering. Climbing two eight-thousanders in one winter season and establishing a new route on K2 are still unbeaten feats. A part of my paper is devoted to women. The first all-female expeditions headed by Wanda Rutkiewicz were also a Polish domain. The number of great achievements in the mountains are truly numerous. Each of them in described in the paper, as is the death of the greatest Himalayan climbers, which led to a crisis and revisions. The paper ends with a fragment concerning an attempt to revive Polish Himalayan mountaineering.
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Kaliszuk, Przemysław. "„Wyprawa egzotyczna o charakterze odkrywczym” albo „wyniosła pielgrzymka”. Andyjskie szczyty, polski alpinizm i opowieści o eksploracji gór w I połowie XX wieku." Wielogłos, no. 4 (46) (2020): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2084395xwi.20.031.13423.
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“Exotic Mountaineering Exploration” or “Solemn Pilgrimage.” Andean Peaks, Polish Mountaineering and Stories of Mountain Exploration in the First Half of the 20th Century The article concerns the stories of two Polish expeditions to the Andes in the 1930s as described in expedition books and personal diaries published between 1934 and 1961. The author analyzes the selected texts in terms of sincerity and authenticity. He considers the extent to which the specific discourses of mountaineers, stretched between personal perspective and the equirements of objectification, fit into modernity’s conceptualizations of sincerity as a paradoxical notion defined by the modern self.
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Evans, John, and Philip M. Smith. "Mt. Vinson and the evolution of US policy on Antarctic mountaineering, 1960–1966." Polar Record 50, no. 3 (April 12, 2013): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000211.
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ABSTRACTThe full extent of the height and scale of the Sentinel Range, Antarctica, was not known until reconnaissance flights and scientific traverses in the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1957–1958. These explorations revealed the range to be twenty miles in length, with a large number of high peaks culminating in Mt. Vinson, the highest on the Antarctic continent at nearly 4900 meters. The discoveries captured the interest of the U.S. and world mountaineering communities setting off a competition to achieve the first climb of Vinson. The challenge was tempered only by the range's remoteness from the coast of Antarctica and the formidable logistics of mounting a mountaineering expedition. The US which had the most advanced ski-equipped cargo aircraft, had an established post-IGY policy that prohibited adventure expeditions that could divert logistic resources from the scientific programme. This paper discusses Mt. Vinson competition within the US and international climbing communities, mounting national pressures to achieve the first climb, and a reversal in policy by the US Antarctic Policy Group that resulted in the 1966–1967 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition's first ascents of Vinson and five other high peaks. Today, between 100 and 200 persons climb Mt. Vinson each austral summer.
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Mustafa, Munauwar, Mohd Azril Ismail, and Donny Abdul Latief Abdul Latief Poespowidjojo. "KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MAHASISWA/MAHASISWI YANG MENYERTAI EKSPEDISI PENDAKIAN GUNUNG DI MALAYSIA." TINGKAP 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/tingkap.v12i2.7549.
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This study was carried out to look at the effect of participation in well known adventure mountaineering expeditions in Peninsular Malaysia, namely Chamah-Ulu Sepat and Trans Titiwangsa expeditions on the score of participants’ critical thinking skill. The study population were public university students who participated in one of the aforementioned expeditions within the period of data collection which was during the long break during the second semester academic session and the first semester of academic session. This study utilizes an established instrument developed by Watson and Glaser which is potentially able to help achieve the study objective, taking into consideration the validity and reliability of the construct and its suitability with the respondents. The findings of the study reveal that there is a significant difference between the score of critical thinking skill of the participants before and after the adventure climb. However, mean scores between the two expeditions reveals that they do not differ significantly.Therefore, it can be concluded that students participation in mountaineering expeditions can be used as a training method to enhance their critical thinking skills. The study adds to another approach of increasing the level of critical thinking skill through adventure mountaineering expeditions in Peninsular Malaysia.Keywords: Critical Thinking Skills, Training and Development, Incidental Learning, Adventure Training
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Joshi, Sunil Kumar, and Sugam Pokharel. "SS03-03 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) OF SHERPA MOUNTAINEERS." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0059.
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Abstract Introduction The current climate change scenario poses significant challenges for mountaineering expeditions. The accelerated melting of glaciers, altered climbing conditions, and changing weather patterns are reshaping the mountaineering process. The changing climate has significantly amplified the hazards linked to climbing, leading to increased frequency and intensity of avalanches and rockfall. The objective of this study was to study the effect of climate change factors on the job of Sherpa mountaineers on expedition to Mount Everest. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 94 Sherpas residing in the Solukhumbu District, Nepal. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. Sherpas who were present for the expedition during the data collection period and gave informed consent were included in the study. Similarly, secondary data on climate change-related events in the Everest region were analyzed. Results Approximately forty three percent (42.6%) of respondents experienced different incidents during expeditions; 33% had encountered avalanches, 14.9% had fallen from cliffs or paths, and 12.6% had fallen into crevasses. Sixteen percent of participants encountered the death of family members, 69.1% experienced the loss of colleagues from their team, and 21.3% encountered the death of clients during expeditions. Conclusion The study highlights the multifaceted OSH challenges related to climate change faced by Sherpas guiding summit expeditions on Mount Everest. Their need for targeted interventions is evident and to ensure their well-being, a comprehensive approach encompassing health education, psychological support, and improved safety practices is essential.
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Lodes, Emma B. "Glaciers are for girls: the inaugural expedition of Girls on Ice Austria succeeded in empowering nine young women in August 2021." Polarforschung 90, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-1-2022.
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Abstract. Girls on Ice Austria, an organization that encourages young women to stretch themselves through wilderness and glacier travel, camping, science and art, successfully completed their inaugural expedition in August 2021. Nine girls from Austria, Germany and Italy joined science instructors specializing in glaciology and meteorology, two professional artists (an actress and a painter), and a professional mountain guide for an all-female, week-long expedition to Bachfallferner glacier in the Ötztal. The team learned basic mountaineering and climbing skills, conducted scientific experiments including measuring the daily melt rate of Bachfallferner glacier, and pushed their creative boundaries. The all-female nature of Girls on Ice, and Inspiring Girls Expeditions (the umbrella organization) is meant to show young girls that women are capable of successfully filling traditionally male roles (such as in glaciology and mountaineering), to introduce the next generation of girls to the world of mountains and glaciers, and to encourage them to bravely and confidently pursue these career paths.
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Gugglberger, Martina. "Grenzen im Aufstieg. Berge als Transgressionsräume von Geschlechtergrenzen." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.23.
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ASCENTS WITH LIMITS: MOUNTAINS AS SPACES FOR GENDER TRANSGRESSIONMountains and Alpine spaces are historical places where determined national, economic and cultural norms as well as practices were and still are negotiated. The article focuses on the question of gender in the mountains as a social space, which the author explores, drawing on the example of the history of climbing expeditions to the highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas. Against this background she presents, from the point of view of gender history, the so-called female expeditions, i.e. mountain expeditions initiated, organised and conducted from the mid-1950s by all-female teams. They serve as analytical lenses to look into gender relations in mountaineering and their transformations in 1955–2014. Drawing on four social spaces the author raises questions about crossing gender boundaries due to socially-constructed gender norms as well as strategies for overcoming them.The first part of the article is devoted to female expeditions undertaken in 1955–1962 by British female climbers. These enterprises expanded the areas in which female mountaineers operated, without, however, questioning social gender stereotypes. The organisers of the expeditions deliberately presented themselves in accordance with social gender norms, and by choosing reasonable mountain goals, didn’t join the competition associated with the Himalayan eight-thousanders. The importance of gender based boundaries in high altitude mountaineering in the late 1950s is revealed in part two of the article when for the first time a female team set a famous eight-thousander as a goal for themselves. Press reports from before and after the expedition reflect prejudice and scepticism, presenting the female climbers in a manner that affronted them as overambitious and incompetent. It was not until the 1970s that a younger generation of female climbers openly and critically spoke against sexism and discrimination of women in high mountain climbing, as the author describes in part three. Female expeditions allowed women to avoid exclusion from male teams and attempt to climb the highest peaks on their own. The article ends with a presentation of the significance of female expeditions in the Himalayan state of Nepal, where since the 1990s such expeditions have provided Nepalese women with opportunities to made their mark on the tourist trade. On the other hand, female expeditions have been used by tourist and political institutions as an instrument of raising public awareness of issues like equality policy, climate protection or promotion of tourism.
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Gugglberger, Martina. "Granice we wspinaniu. Góry jako przestrzenie transgresji granic płci." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.24.
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ASCENTS WITH LIMITS: MOUNTAINS AS SPACES FOR GENDER TRANSGRESSIONMountains and Alpine spaces are historical places where determined national, economic and cultural norms as well as practices were and still are negotiated. The article focuses on the question of gender in the mountains as a social space, which the author explores, drawing on the example of the history of climbing expeditions to the highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas. Against this background she presents, from the point of view of gender history, the so-called female expeditions, i.e. mountain expeditions initiated, organised and conducted from the mid-1950s by all-female teams. They serve as analytical lenses to look into gender relations in mountaineering and their transformations in 1955–2014. Drawing on four social spaces the author raises questions about crossing gender boundaries due to socially-constructed gender norms as well as strategies for overcoming them.The first part of the article is devoted to female expeditions undertaken in 1955–1962 by British female climbers. These enterprises expanded the areas in which female mountaineers operated, without, however, questioning social gender stereotypes. The organisers of the expeditions deliberately presented themselves in accordance with social gender norms, and by choosing reasonable mountain goals, didn’t join the competition associated with the Himalayan eight-thousanders. The importance of gender based boundaries in high altitude mountaineering in the late 1950s is revealed in part two of the article when for the first time a female team set a famous eight-thousander as a goal for themselves. Press reports from before and after the expedition reflect prejudice and scepticism, presenting the female climbers in a manner that affronted them as overambitious and incompetent. It was not until the 1970s that a younger generation of female climbers openly and critically spoke against sexism and discrimination of women in high mountain climbing, as the author describes in part three. Female expeditions allowed women to avoid exclusion from male teams and attempt to climb the highest peaks on their own. The article ends with a presentation of the significance of female expeditions in the Himalayan state of Nepal, where since the 1990s such expeditions have provided Nepalese women with opportunities to made their mark on the tourist trade. On the other hand, female expeditions have been used by tourist and political institutions as an instrument of raising public awareness of issues like equality policy, climate protection or promotion of tourism.
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Tryliskyy, Yegor. "Heart rate variability during two sequential mountaineering expeditions." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 3 (May 2011): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.05.001.
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Viscor, Ginés, Jordi Corominas, and Anna Carceller. "Nutrition and Hydration for High-Altitude Alpinism: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 3186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043186.
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This report aims to summarise the scientific knowledge around hydration, nutrition, and metabolism at high altitudes and to transfer it into the practical context of extreme altitude alpinism, which, as far as we know, has never been considered before in the literature. Maintaining energy balance during alpine expeditions is difficult for several reasons and requires a deep understanding of human physiology and the biological basis for altitude acclimation. However, in these harsh conditions it is difficult to reconcile our current scientific knowledge in sports nutrition or even for mountaineering to high-altitude alpinism: extreme hypoxia, cold, and the logistical difficulties intrinsic to these kinds of expeditions are not considered in the current literature. Requirements for the different stages of an expedition vary dramatically with increasing altitude, so recommendations must differentiate whether the alpinist is at base camp, at high-altitude camps, or attempting the summit. This paper highlights nutritional recommendations regarding prioritising carbohydrates as a source of energy and trying to maintain a protein balance with a practical contextualisation in the extreme altitude environment in the different stages of an alpine expedition. More research is needed regarding specific macro and micronutrient requirements as well as the adequacy of nutritional supplementations at high altitudes.
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Smith, N., F. Kinnafick, S. J. Cooley, and G. M. Sandal. "Reported Growth Following Mountaineering Expeditions: The Role of Personality and Perceived Stress." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 8 (September 28, 2016): 933–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916516670447.
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Results from previous studies suggest that stressful environmental conditions such as those faced on expedition may result in psychological growth. Building on previous research, the present cross-sectional study examined the role of personality and perceived stress in relation to post-expedition growth. Eighty-three participants who had completed a mountaineering expedition responded to measures of stress, personality, growth, well-being, and resilience. Findings implicate perceived stress, and personality dimensions of agreeableness and openness, in post-expedition growth. Growth was associated with well-being but distinct from psychological resilience, highlighting the need to consider growth and resilience independently. Present findings support the proposition that stressful expedition environments may promote positive psychological adjustment and identify factors that may influence this change. Research is needed to delineate the impact of other variables, such as coping, on changes that occurs during the post-expedition phase. Such research holds relevance for maintaining health following immersion in extreme and unusual environments.
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Küpper, Thomas, David Hillebrandt, Jim Milledge, and Buddha Basnayt. "Model Contract for Health Care on Trekking and Expeditions for Doctors – Recommendation of the Medical Commission of the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA)." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 13, no. 4 (December 6, 2020): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55225/hppa.170.
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This suggested contract document attempts to clarify the rights and obligations of the tour operator (referred to herein as “organization”, OR), the ED and the EX to avoid trouble and misunderstandings during the trip.
Being an Expedition or Trekking Doctor (referred to herein as “Expedition Doctor”, ED) is more than being merely a member which advises others in case of a health problem during the trip and who may get a discount on organized trips! An ED has specific responsibilities, has to provide special skills, and must always accept responsibility for any diagnosis made, whether right or wrong. Both, the tour operator and the participants of the Expedition (referred to herein as “Expedition”, EX) have their individual and often conflicting interests to which the ED’s own mountaineering interests must also be added. However, to minimize the possible multiple risks associated with these conflicts of interest, the rights, obligations and priorisation of medical and expedition scheduling should be made clear well in advance of the expedition. The following is a model text which may be adapted to an EX’s specific demands. In this text, EX includes the organizers of the trip, the expedition’s leaders and the participants.
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Ismer, Sven, and Nina Peter. "Das alles ist Teil einer Reise zu sich selbst“ — Grenzerfahrungen als identitätsstiftendes Moment in zeitgenössischen Autobiographien von Bergsteiger*innen." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.25.
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"IT'S ALL PART OF THE JOURNEY TO YOURSELF": LIMINAL EXPERIENCES AS IDENTITY-CREATIG MOMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY CLIMBERS' AUTOBIOGRAPHIESExperiencing physical and mental boundaries has always been part of mountaineering. However, over the last 150 years we have witnessed a process in which, in climbers’ accounts, mountaineering and climbing become more and more important as liminal experiences. While in the so-called “golden age” of mountaineering 1850–1865 the authors focused on the first ascents of well-known summits and during the “heroic mountaineering” stage 1930s they described primarily traverses of increasingly difficult routes, what comes to the fore in contemporary autobiographical works of professional climbers is the representation of subjective and individual liminal experiences. In recent autobiographies climbing gains importance as an individual quest for experiences and is presented as a form of self-fulfilment: liminal experiences of climbers become moments shaping their identity. The process is reflected in the style of climbing, which has evolved from collective expeditions to radical solo climbs. Speed or free solo climbs are an example of such an individualistic approach, in which grappling with oneself gets at least as much attention as grappling with the mountain. The authors of the article explore, from the perspective of literary studies and sociology, the representation of liminal experiences as identity-shaping moments in contemporary autobiographical works by Lynn Hill Climbing Free, 2002, Catherine Destivelle Ascensions, 2003, Alex Honnold Alone on the Wall, 2015 and Andy Kirkpatrick Psychovertical, 2008.]]>
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Ismer, Sven, and Nina Peter. "„To wszystko jest częścią podróży do samego siebie” — doświadczenia graniczne jako moment kształtujący tożsamość we współczesnych autobiografiach wspinaczy." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.26.
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"IT'S ALL PART OF THE JOURNEY TO YOURSELF": LIMINAL EXPERIENCES AS IDENTITY-CREATIG MOMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY CLIMBERS' AUTOBIOGRAPHIESExperiencing physical and mental boundaries has always been part of mountaineering. However, over the last 150 years we have witnessed a process in which, in climbers’ accounts, mountaineering and climbing become more and more important as liminal experiences. While in the so-called “golden age” of mountaineering 1850–1865 the authors focused on the first ascents of well-known summits and during the “heroic mountaineering” stage 1930s they described primarily traverses of increasingly difficult routes, what comes to the fore in contemporary autobiographical works of professional climbers is the representation of subjective and individual liminal experiences. In recent autobiographies climbing gains importance as an individual quest for experiences and is presented as a form of self-fulfilment: liminal experiences of climbers become moments shaping their identity. The process is reflected in the style of climbing, which has evolved from collective expeditions to radical solo climbs. Speed or free solo climbs are an example of such an individualistic approach, in which grappling with oneself gets at least as much attention as grappling with the mountain. The authors of the article explore, from the perspective of literary studies and sociology, the representation of liminal experiences as identity-shaping moments in contemporary autobiographical works by Lynn Hill Climbing Free, 2002, Catherine Destivelle Ascensions, 2003, Alex Honnold Alone on the Wall, 2015 and Andy Kirkpatrick Psychovertical, 2008.]]>
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Kay, Christopher William Philip, Harriet Laura Wingfield, and Jim McKenna. "Mission Himalaya: Exploring the Impact of a Supported High-Altitude Mountaineering Expedition on the Well-Being and Personal Development of UK Military Veterans." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 5049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095049.
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Meaningful, positive, emotional and challenging adventurous activities may generate personal growth or recovery from ill health or injury. In this study, we used a distinctive longitudinal and immersive research approach to explore the psychological impact of a high-altitude expedition to the Nepalese Himalaya on 10 (9 males) UK military veterans with longstanding well-being concerns. In the 12 months prior to the expedition, participants took part in three training weekends in the UK mountains. During the expedition, instructors—who were all experienced health coaches—facilitated reflective practices with the beneficiaries throughout, focusing on experiential transfer to day-to-day lives after the expedition. Follow-up interviews, conducted up to 18-months post-expedition, identified that the most desirable changes aligned with the three innate psychological needs of self-determination theory: autonomy, competence and relatedness. The routines established during the preparation stage and during the expedition itself activated a renewed energy for personal improvement. At 18 months post-expedition, the key changes reflected altered perspective, employment skills and work–life balance, increased physical activity and enhanced personal awareness and mindfulness. Importantly, supported by regular health coaching and focused on the transfer of learning, expeditions can activate meaningful long-term changes to the well-being and personal development of military veterans.
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Schmidt, Stefan, and Benjamin S. G. Schmidt. "PQCDSM-Logic in Maintenance (TPM) and Mountaineering." Tehnički glasnik 17, no. 3 (July 19, 2023): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20230518082456.
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TPM is the foundation for JIT (Just in Time) and Lean Manufacturing and forms the basis of JIT or on-time delivery. The goal of TPM is to improve equipment effectiveness and optimize equipment performance, namely PQCDSM (Productivity, Quality, Cost and Delivery, Safety and health, environment, and Morale). Many producers have tried to transform their production system to a JIT or Lean production system with the aim of increasing productivity and quality, but thus far with little success. This contribution shows how trekking and climbing tours can be used to illustrate the application of PQCDSM-Logic in mountaineering and how this can be transferred to logistics and maintenance practice. The background is the author's decades of experience with expeditions, trekking and climbing tours, TPM implementations and interviews with numerous experts. There are many similarities between the application of PQCDSM-Logic in mountaineering and in logistics and maintenance practice, which will help both in operational practice in industry and in high mountain tours, especially regarding safety in a changing environment. Presented is the extrapolation from mountain climbing to TPM and the importance of leadership for a successful (summit climbs and the like) transformation of the production system to a JIT or Lean production system.
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Marek, Aneta, and Małgorzata Wieczorek. "Tourist Traffic In The Aconcagua Massif Area." Quaestiones Geographicae 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2015-0022.
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Abstract The aim of the article is an analysis of tourist traffic in the Aconcagua massif, one of the most popular peaks of the Seven Summits. On the basis of statistical data, the tourist traffic was analysed in a temporal and spatial perspective. The applied data made it possible to capture the dynamics of visits in the period 2000/2001 – 2012/2013 and with a breakdown into months, which helped analyse the tourist traffic in this area. In each of the analysed periods, January dominates. Data concerning the origin of tourists according to countries and continents, their age, gender and type of mountaineering activity were also taken into account. Most tourists came from Argentina, the USA and Germany. These are people of age groups 21–30 (33%) and 31–40 (31%). Men account for over 75% of visitors. The favourite mountaineering activity is climbing (about 60%). Aconcagua has invariably been a very popular peak among tourists and climbers. It is a place for training and acclimatisation for alpinists, participating in Himalayan expeditions and climbers collecting peaks of the Seven Summits.
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Karpęcka-Gałka, Ewa, Paulina Mazur-Kurach, Zbigniew Szyguła, and Barbara Frączek. "Diet, Supplementation and Nutritional Habits of Climbers in High Mountain Conditions." Nutrients 15, no. 19 (September 29, 2023): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15194219.
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Appropriate nutritional preparation for a high-mountain expedition can contribute to the prevention of nutritional deficiencies affecting the deterioration of health and performance. The aim of the study was to analyze the dietary habits, supplementation and nutritional value of diets of high mountain climbers. The study group consisted of 28 men (average age 33.12 ± 5.96 years), taking part in summer mountaineering expeditions at an altitude above 3000 m above sea level, lasting at least 3 weeks. Food groups consumed with low frequency during the expedition include vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk and milk products, butter and cream, fish and meat. The energy demand of the study participants was 4559.5 ± 425 kcal, and the energy supply was 2776.8 ± 878 kcal. The participants provided 79.6 ± 18.5 g of protein (1.1 ± 0.3 g protein/kg bw), 374.0 ± 164.5 g of carbohydrates (5.3 ± 2.5 g/kg bw) and 110.7 ± 31.7 g of fat (1.6 ± 0.5 g/kg bw) in the diet. The climbers’ diet was low in calories, the protein supply was too low, and the fat supply was too high. There is a need to develop nutritional and supplementation recommendations that would serve as guidelines for climbers, improving their well-being and exercise capacity in severe high-mountain conditions, which would take their individual taste preferences into account.
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Milledge, J. S., and P. M. Cotes. "Serum erythropoietin in humans at high altitude and its relation to plasma renin." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.360.
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Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (siEp) was estimated in samples collected from members of two scientific and mountaineering expeditions, to Mount Kongur in Western China and to Mount Everest in Nepal. SiEp was increased above sea-level control values 1 and 2 days after arrival at 3,500 m and remained high on ascent to 4,500 m. Thereafter, while subjects remained at or above 4,500 m, siEp declined, and by 22 days after the ascent to 4,500 m was at control values but increased on ascent to higher altitude. Thus siEp was at a normal level during the maintenance of secondary polycythemia from high-altitude exposure. On descent, with removal of altitude hypoxia, siEp decreased, but despite secondary polycythemia levels remained measurable and in the range found in subjects normally resident at sea level. On Mount Everest, siEp was significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated above preexpedition sea-level controls after 2–4 wk at or above 6,300 m. There was no correlation between estimates of siEp and plasma renin activity in samples collected before and during both expeditions.
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Pattenden, Holly A., Neeraj M. Shah, David Hillebrandt, Mike Rodger, and Jeremy S. Windsor. "Do British Commercial Mountaineering Expeditions Carry Drugs to Treat High Altitude Illnesses?: Table 1." Journal of Travel Medicine 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00610.x.
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Zamboni, M., F. Armellini, E. Turcato, R. Robbi, R. Micciolo, T. Todesco, R. Mandragona, G. Angelini, and O. Bosello. "Effect of Altitude on Body Composition during Mountaineering Expeditions: Interrelationships with Changes in Dietary Habits." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 40, no. 6 (1996): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000177931.
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Milledge, JS, PS Thomas, JM Beeley, and JS English. "Hypoxic ventilatory response and acute mountain sickness." European Respiratory Journal 1, no. 10 (December 1, 1988): 948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.01100948.
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The acute ventilatory response to hypoxia (HVR) and to hypercapnia (CO2VR) was measured in 32 members of two mountaineering expeditions prior to their departure. Both teams made rapid ascents to their base camps at 5200 m and 4300 m and remained there for at least four days. Symptom scores for acute mountain sickness (AMS) were collected daily for these four days. There was a range of AMS from the unaffected to severe sickness requiring evacuation, but there was no correlation between AMS scores and HVR or CO2VR. When ascent to altitude takes a day or more, HVR (measured at sea level) is probably not the major determinant of ventilation and from our studies does not predict susceptibility to AMS. The rate of respiratory acclimatization is probably more important.
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Carey, Mark. "Mountaineers and Engineers: The Politics of International Science, Recreation, and Environmental Change in Twentieth-Century Peru." Hispanic American Historical Review 92, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 107–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-1470986.
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Abstract During the 1930s, the German and Austrian Alpine Society sponsored three mountaineering-scientific expeditions to the Peruvian Andes, focusing especially on the Cordillera Blanca and adjacent valley known as the Callejón de Huaylas. They climbed mountains, conducted scientific studies, produced detailed maps, explored the highlands, and interacted with Peruvian intellectuals. Similar German expeditions went to Asia, Africa, and elsewhere in South America during this decisive period for the Nazi empire. This essay analyzes the writings and publications of the German and Austrian mountaineer-scientists who went to Peru, especially the Austrian leader Hans Kinzl, as well as examining government documents, technical reports, tourism publicity, diplomatic correspondence, and travel accounts to understand how Peruvian policy makers, engineers, scientists, intellectuals, tourism boosters, regional authorities, urban-based ruling classes, and rural residents in the mountains interacted with the European mountaineer-scientists during and after their expeditions. Most Peruvian groups initially welcomed the foreign mountaineer-scientists, using their activities to pursue their own agendas during the 1930s and 1940s. By the 1960s, however, many had become opposed to foreign mountaineers and scientists “intervening” in the Andes. World War II, natural disasters, the weak nation-state, coast-sierra divisions, growing Peruvian expertise in science and engineering, and the rise of an Andean tourism economy influenced how Peruvians perceived and interacted not only with the foreign mountaineer-scientists, but also with the Andean alpine landscape. Moreover, the dynamic physical environment also shaped historical processes: from science and engineering to landscape perceptions, tourism economies, national development, and international relations.
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Nyúl, Eszter Anna. "„Minél magasabbra!” Az Alpok megmászása a XIX. századtól napjainkig [Recenzió P. Clastres, D. Debons, J-F. Pitteloud, & G. Quin (szerk.) Gravir les Alpes du XIXe siècle à nos jours. Pratiques, émotions, imaginaires. című könyvéről]." Modern Geográfia 16, no. 3 (July 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/mg.2021.16.03.02.
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The recently published book of studies aims to tell the story of the mountaineers of the past, showing their relationship with the Alpine landscape through their writings, drawings and photographs. It takes us from the early expeditions to the speed climbers of the present day, while answering many questions: among others what attracted the lovers of rocks, what did they hope for and fear on their journeys through the high mountains. The book is multidisciplinary, the authors are mostly historians and archivists, but there are also sociologists, geographers, economists, ethnologists and philosophers of art among them. The history of mountaineering shows the impact of alpinism on the development of the lagging regions, the relationship between town and country, the imprint of social changes, as well as the explanation of the orientation towards new, untrodden paths and unknown landscapes. Given the above, alpine tourism developments should not only consider climate change, but also the social and psychological processes that attract people to the mountains.
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Malé, Arthur. "The perception of Jerzy Kukuczka among the French alpine community through the press media (1979-1989)." Studies in Sport Humanities 29 (December 31, 2021): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4462.
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In order to understand the perception of Jerzy Kukuczka by the mountaineering community, this study focuses on the receptivity of his exploits in the French culture during his period of activity (1979-1989). As an emblematic actor of international alpinism during the 1980’s, J. Kukuczka contributed with the Polish climbers of the golden generation to establishing new standards of diffi culty in the Himalayas. While his achievements remain internationally known, no study has looked at the way his expeditions have been portrayed in the media. It emerges that the image left by the character is that of an ice warrior resistant to pain. J. Kukuczka embodies the man of the people who, thanks to his willpower, managed to emancipate himself from his condition as a miner to reach the summits. The spectacle of his competition with Reinhold Messner contributed to his fame: his innovative itineraries underline a performative aim where the mountain becomes a place of sporting confrontation.
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Wu, Guan-Jang. "The Dark Side of Adventure: Exploring the Stress-Coping Strategies of Mountaineers’ Significant Others Regarding High Altitude Mountaineering Expeditions." Applied Research in Quality of Life 8, no. 4 (December 22, 2012): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-012-9207-5.
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Dhondge, Kaustubh, Hyungbae Park, Baek-Young Choi, and Sejun Song. "ECOPS: Energy-Efficient Collaborative Opportunistic Positioning for Heterogeneous Mobile Devices." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/136213.
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The fast growing popularity of smartphones and tablets enables us to use various intelligent mobile applications. As many of those applications require position information, smart mobile devices provide positioning methods such as Global Positioning System (GPS), WiFi-based positioning system (WPS), or Cell-ID-based positioning service. However, those positioning methods have different characteristics of energy-efficiency, accuracy, and service availability. In this paper, we present an Energy-Efficient Collaborative and Opportunistic Positioning System (ECOPS) for heterogeneous mobile devices. ECOPS facilitates a collaborative environment where many mobile devices can opportunistically receive position information over energy-efficient and prevalent WiFi, broadcasted from a few other devices in the communication range. The position-broadcasting devices in ECOPS have sufficient battery power and up-to-date location information obtained from accurate but energy-inefficient GPS. A position receiver in ECOPS estimates its location using a combination of methods including received signal strength indicators and 2D trilateration. Our field experiments show that ECOPS significantly reduces the total energy consumption of devices while achieving an acceptable level of location accuracy. ECOPS can be especially useful for unique resource scarce, infrastructureless, and mission critical scenarios such as battlefields, border patrol, mountaineering expeditions, and disaster area assistance.
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Porretti, Marcelo Faria, Fernando Amaro Pessoa, and Monique Ribeiro De Assis. "Montanhismo: um relato de experiência da interdisciplinaridade entre educação física e geografia." Caderno de Educação Física e Esporte 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36453/2318-5104.2020.v18.n1.p61.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Ao debater as questões ambientais, apresentamos o trabalho interdisciplinar de educação física e geografia no montanhismo.
OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experiência de uma proposta pedagógica interdisciplinar na prática corporal de aventura de montanhismo no CEFET/RJ campus Petrópolis.
MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de caráter qualitativa descritiva, onde debatemos as atividades interdisciplinares realizadas no projeto de extensão Expedições do CEFET/RJ campus Petrópolis, com a participação de alunos do Ensino Médio e graduandos em Turismo. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de relatórios individuais, os quais foram analisados, ordenados e classificados de acordo com Gomes (2002).
RESULTADOS: São relatadas, avaliadas e discutidas sete atividades desenvolvidas no ano de 2018 - trilhas e caminhadas no Morro Meu Castelo por duas vezes, Pedra do Quitandinha, Travessia Cobiçado-Ventania, Travessia Uricanal, Travessia Petrópolis-Teresópolis e Caminho do Ouro; onde foram arrolados os temas, na educação física: frequência cardiorrespiratória, percepção de esforço, recreação e lazer, turismo de aventura, compreensão dos limites individuais, hidratação, monitoramento da frequência cardíaca, escala modificada de Borg, alimentação, história do montanhismo, combate ao sedentarismo e práticas corporais de aventura; na geografia: ecossistemas, urbanização, paisagem antropizada, geociências, relevo, bacias hidrográficas, patrimônio natural e contexto histórico; em ambas as disciplinas: saúde, educação ambiental, justiça ambiental, interpretação ambiental, sustentabilidade, preservação e conservação da natureza. O imaginário, os riscos, a prática regular de atividade física e consciência ambiental foram os resultados mais apontados.
CONCLUSÃO: A educação física escolar resignificou conteúdos e processos de ensino-aprendizagem de forma interdisciplinar a partir de aspectos que procuraram influenciar os participantes em termos pessoais, escolares, físicos e também emocionais, na busca da formação de um cidadão mais consciente e participativo na sociedade.
ABSTRACT. Mountaineering: an experience report of interdisciplinarity between physical education and geography.
BACKGROUND: When discussing environmental issues, we present the interdisciplinary work of Physical Education and Geography in mountaineering.
OBJECTIVE: To present the experience of an interdisciplinary pedagogical proposal in the corporal practice of mountaineering of adventure at CEFET/RJ, campus Petrópolis.
METHODS: This is a descriptive qualitative research, in which we discuss the interdisciplinary activities carried out in the extension project Expeditions of CEFET/RJ at the campus Petrópolis , with the participation of high school students and undergraduate students in Tourism. The data were obtained from individual reports, which were analyzed, ordered and classified according to Gomes (2002).
RESULTS: Seven activities developed in 2018 are reported, evaluated and discussed - trails and hikes in Morro Meu Castelo - twice, Pedra do Quitandinha, Travessia Cobiçado-Ventania, Travessia Uricanal, Travessia Petrópolis-Teresópolis and Caminho do Ouro; being listed the following themes, in physical education: cardiorespiratory frequency, perception of effort, recreation and leisure, adventure tourism, understanding of individual limits, hydration, heart rate monitoring, modified Borg scale, eating habits, history of mountaineering, combating physical inactivity and adventure bodily practices; in geography: ecosystems, urbanization, anthropized landscape, geosciences, terrains, river basins, natural heritage and historical context; in both disciplines: health, environmental education, environmental justice, environmental interpretation, sustainability, preservation and conservation of nature. The imaginary, the risks, the regular practice of physical activity and environmental awareness were the most highlighted results.
CONCLUSION: School physical education reframed contents and teaching-learning processes in an interdisciplinary way from aspects that sought to influence participants in personal, educational, physical and also emotional terms, in the search for the formation of a more conscious and participative citizen in society.
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Di Stefano, Lucia Laura, Bianca Della Libera, and Paolo Rodi. "Effectiveness and Use of Avalanche Airbags in Mortality Reduction Among Winter Recreationists." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (May 2023): s196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23005034.
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Introduction:The number of backcountry skiers and snowboarder surged in the last years, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as ski resorts shut down. Inevitably, this led to an increase in avalanche-related injuries and death. As avalanche rescue device, avalanche airbags are increasingly becoming part of the standard winter mountaineering equipment.Method:This study provides a review of available data and an updated perspective on avalanche airbags, discussing their function and efficacy to reduce mortality and their limitations.Results:Causes of death in individuals caught by avalanches are multiple. Airbags seem to reduce mortality by decreasing chances of critical burial, the most determining risk factor. However, there is scarcity of reliable scientific research on the topic, and the way in which airbags reduce mortality and to what extent is still debated. Several elements seem to influence airbags efficacy, and their use still yields several limitations linked to manufacturing, proper use, users education, and risk compensation.Conclusion:Avalanche airbags seem to be an important tool in reducing mortality in backcountry expeditions. However, more research and standardized data collection is needed to fill the knowledge gap, mountain communities should promote adequate education of winter-recreationists on how to prevent and react to an avalanche, and on the correct use of airbags in combination with already available tools such as transceivers, probes and shovels, and manufacturing companies should ensure higher efficacy of the survival avalanche equipment for better prevention of burial, asphyxia, and trauma.
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Hoppeler, Hans, and Michael Vogt. "Muscle tissue adaptations to hypoxia." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 18 (September 15, 2001): 3133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.18.3133.
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SUMMARY This review reports on the effects of hypoxia on human skeletal muscle tissue. It was hypothesized in early reports that chronic hypoxia, as the main physiological stress during exposure to altitude, per se might positively affect muscle oxidative capacity and capillarity. However, it is now established that sustained exposure to severe hypoxia has detrimental effects on muscle structure. Short-term effects on skeletal muscle structure can readily be observed after 2 months of acute exposure of lowlanders to severe hypoxia, e.g. during typical mountaineering expeditions to the Himalayas. The full range of phenotypic malleability of muscle tissue is demonstrated in people living permanently at high altitude (e.g. at La Paz, 3600–4000m). In addition, there is some evidence for genetic adaptations to hypoxia in high-altitude populations such as Tibetans and Quechuas, who have been exposed to altitudes in excess of 3500m for thousands of generations. The hallmark of muscle adaptation to hypoxia in all these cases is a decrease in muscle oxidative capacity concomitant with a decrease in aerobic work capacity. It is thought that local tissue hypoxia is an important adaptive stress for muscle tissue in exercise training, so these results seem contra-intuitive. Studies have therefore been conducted in which subjects were exposed to hypoxia only during exercise sessions. In this situation, the potentially negative effects of permanent hypoxic exposure and other confounding variables related to exposure to high altitude could be avoided. Training in hypoxia results, at the molecular level, in an upregulation of the regulatory subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Possibly as a consequence of this upregulation of HIF-1, the levels mRNAs for myoglobin, for vascular endothelial growth factor and for glycolytic enzymes, such as phosphofructokinase, together with mitochondrial and capillary densities, increased in a hypoxia-dependent manner. Functional analyses revealed positive effects on V̇O2max (when measured at altitude) on maximal power output and on lean body mass. In addition to the positive effects of hypoxia training on athletic performance, there is some recent indication that hypoxia training has a positive effect on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Reinhart, Kai. "Incognito przez kraj przyjaciół. Nielegalni wspinacze z NRD w Związku Radzieckim." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 12 (August 1, 2019): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.12.22.
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Incognito through a country of friends: Illegal climbers from the GDR in the Soviet UnionAlthough the GDR did not have its own high mountains, it did have an informal community of climbers, of about 1,000 enthusiasts, who despite numerous obstacles managed to go on expeditions to high mountains of the Eastern Bloc. They could not count on any support of the state, because mountaineering is not a kind of sport in which international success can be achieved all the time and because the GDR, unlike e.g. the Soviet Union, could not expect any military benefits from it. The climbers found it especially hard to obtain permission to travel, to go to the mountains on their own, to acquire appropriate equipment and train in preparation for the difficulties awaiting them in high mountains. Only thanks to their extraordinary enthusiasm, organisational creativity and technical skills were they able to overcome obstacles like obtaining invitations from the Soviet Union, casual jobs and making their own equipment in order to be able to reach high mountains. From the late 1970s the climbing community began to experience a revival thanks to a new “hippie generation”. Young people reached the USSR thanks to the so-called “transit visas”, which is why they were described as “transit travellers”. Often they would then travel for weeks or even months “unrecognised through their beloved country”. During these “incognito travels” they had to avoid police patrols and when they were stopped, they had to have good excuses. Despite their illegality, the transit travellers were able to travel across the entire USSR. Their extraordinarily modest way of travelling, often hitch-hiking or walking, meant that they had closer contact with people living in the Soviet Union than was provided for in the German–Soviet friendship, used for propaganda purposes, and could formulate their own opinion on the reality of the “Big Brother”.Through their experiences the climbers managed to distance themselves from the official socialist discourse in the GDR. With their views crossing state borders the climbers could be treated as the vanguard of mass escapes through Eastern European third countries, like e.g. Hungary, which began the collapse of the GDR in 1989.
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Kishore, Thomas M., and Ram K. Nagar. "Mountaineering expedition by persons with intellectual disability." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 12, no. 3 (September 2008): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744629508095322.
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Kain, J. E., L. A. Sonna, R. W. Hoyt, and S. R. Muza. "PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS MONITORING DURING AN ALASKAN MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01600.
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Sonna, Lany A., James E. Kain, Reed W. Hoyt, Stephen R. Muza, and Michael N. Sawka. "Ambulatory Physiological Status Monitoring during a Mountaineering Expedition." Military Medicine 165, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.11.860.
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A'Court, C. H. D., R. H. Stables, and S. Travis. "How To Do It: Doctor on a mountaineering expedition." BMJ 310, no. 6989 (May 13, 1995): 1248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6989.1248.
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Hart, Melissa. "Exploring Cognitive Dissonance on a Ski Mountaineering Traverse: A Personal Narrative of an Expedition to ISHINCA (5530 m) in PERU." Sports 7, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7120249.
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Through a personal narrative account, this paper explores the nature of the author’s cognitive dissonance experienced during a traverse of a high-altitude ski mountaineering objective (Nevado Ishinca 5530 m) in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca. The author experienced psychological discomfort in the ascent and a role of self in determining a continued commitment with the ski mountaineering challenge. Distraction, trivialization, act rationalization and finally attitude change were all used in attempt to reduce negative levels of cognitive dissonance. The lack of consonant cognitions to support abandoning the climb, the notion of free choice, the role of self-concept and self-esteem values motivated continued commitment until the negative levels of arousal subsided. Through a challenging mountaineering experience, I developed a greater self-awareness of the role of commitment to an objective which could be applied to other life events and experiences.
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Vaidya, Rashesh. "Contribution of Mountaineering Tourism to Nepalese Economy." Nepalese Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njhtm.v4i1.53313.
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Snow-capped mountains and Nepal are analogous. The mountains have become synonymous with Nepal. The mountains that run along Nepal's northern border have become not only a symbol of the country but also an important part of its economy. The nation and the Nepalese tourism industries have been branding the snow-capped mountains to attract tourists from around the world. Mountaineers around the world visit Nepal to conquer the mountains. In the process of mountaineering, Nepal has been generating a good amount of revenue. Hence, the paper tries to find out the contribution of mountain tourism to the Nepalese economy. For this purpose, the paper followed a correlation research design. The paper found a perfect connection between the number of mountaineers arriving in Nepal and the royalty collection from them. Hence, the increasing number of mountaineers ultimately determined the royalty collection from mountaineering. Nevertheless, the paper also disclosed that the number of expedition teams and mountaineers arriving in Nepal for mountaineering has a positive connection with the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Nepal.
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DOLYNSKA, Olesia, and Inna SHOROBURA. "MODERN STATE OF SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL TOURISM." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 56, no. 1 (June 15, 2024): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.24.1.15.
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The article explores the concept of sports and recreational tourism. It defines the basic characteristics and goals of sports and recreational tourism, analyzes its varieties and functions. Various approaches to defining this concept are examined, and typical features and peculiarities are identified. The classification of sports and recreational tourism contributes to a more in-depth study of its modifications, determining key development trends and characteristics, and facilitates the systematization of knowledge for a deeper understanding of the essence of sports and recreational tourism. Health and sports activities are one of the most accessible and widespread forms of recreation. Its role will continue to grow, considering the objectively determined decrease in physical mobility and activity among people due to the nature of the development of modern society. Sports tourism is a component of modern tourism, the most active and dynamic part of tourist activity based on communal principles. Sports tourism is also a type of sport that includes various active tourist activities, sports hikes of all difficulty levels, championships, and competitions in all types of sports tourism (hiking, skiing, mountain, water, cycling, motorcycle, car, spelunking, and sailing), complex events, and expeditions. This type of tourism not only offers the opportunity to travel but also involves engaging in sports, preserving and improving health while deriving pleasure from active recreation. One of the key characteristics of sports and recreational tourism is the variety of activities that can be involved in this type of travel. This may include cycling tourism, hiking, water sports, mountaineering, skiing resorts, kayaking or canoeing, snowboarding, and many other activities. This variety provides the opportunity to choose sports activities according to physical abilities and personal preferences. The second key component of sports and recreational tourism is its promotion of a healthy lifestyle. The activities offered by this type of tourism contribute to physical fitness improvement, health preservation, and overall well-being. It allows people not only to relax but also to maintain and improve their health, deriving satisfaction from activity and new travel experiences. Moreover, sports and recreational tourism contribute to understanding among people and create a favourable atmosphere for interaction and joint activities. Travellers who choose this type of journey often travel in groups, where they interact, support each other, and collectively achieve sports goals. This also contributes to the formation of new friendships and team relationships. With the development of infrastructure, sports and recreational tourism become more accessible and popular for the public. This type of travel offers the opportunity to combine the pleasure of relaxation and activity, preserving and improving health, and provides unforgettable travel experiences. Key words: tourism, sports and recreational tourism, sports tourism, functions of sports and recreational tourism, types of sports and recreational tourism.
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Edwards, J. E., D. A. Tanner, A. K. Lindeman, and J. M. Stager. "ENERGY BALANCE DURING A MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION USING DOUBLY LABELED WATER." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00807.
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Doran, Adele, and Gill Pomfret. "Exploring efficacy in personal constraint negotiation: An ethnography of mountaineering tourists." Tourist Studies 19, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 475–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468797619837965.
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Limited work has explored the relationship between efficacy and personal constraint negotiation for adventure tourists, yet efficacy is pivotal to successful activity participation as it influences people’s perceived ability to cope with constraints, and their decision to use negotiation strategies. This article explores these themes with participants of a commercially organised mountaineering expedition. Phenomenology-based ethnography was adopted to appreciate the social and cultural mountaineering setting from an emic perspective. Ethnography is already being used to understand adventure participation, yet there is considerable scope to employ it further through researchers immersing themselves into the experience. The findings capture the interaction between the ethnographer and the group members, and provide an embodied account using their lived experiences. Findings reveal that personal mountaineering skills, personal fitness, altitude sickness and fatigue were the four key types of personal constraint. Self-efficacy, negotiation-efficacy and other factors, such as hardiness and motivation, influenced the effectiveness of negotiation strategies. Training, rest days, personal health and positive self-talk were negotiation strategies. A conceptual model illustrates these results and demonstrates the interplay between efficacy and the personal constraint negotiation journey for led mountaineers.
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Lim, Dong Sup. "A Study on the exclusionary Clause of ‘Professional Climbing for club activities’ in Health-Accidental Insurance." Korean Insurance Law Association 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36248/kdps.2022.16.2.269.
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The standard terms and conditions of Personal accident and Sickness Insurance compensate for sudden, external and identifiable event that happens by chance, but "professional climbing for the purpose of job, duty and club activity" shall not be compensated unless additional contracts.
An insured person, a member of the mountaineering club and an educational technology director of the Gwangju Metropolitan Federation of the Korea Alpine Federation, fell and died while climbing the 8,586m above sea level in Kanchenjunga. The Supreme Court cannot be regarded as professional climbing for the purpose of job or duties ① because it is not a professional climbing for the purpose of maintaining a living, such as the Brand Climbing Team or the Business Team, ② The parallel listing of "the purpose of the club’s activities" along with "job and duty" in the exclusionary provision, is based on the fact that the club’s activities are repeated for a certain period of time, such as job or duty. ③ In other words, in the case of overseas expedition climbing, several people form a team and it will take a considerable period of time from the preparation stage to the actual climbing stage, so it cannot be considered for the purpose of club activities just because several people prepared for a long time and did professional climbing together. ④ In addition, the Gwangju Mountaineering Union, which limited membership requirements to member organizations, was not allowed to join, and the Gwangju Mountaineering Union was not directly or indirectly involved in the expedition. ⑤ In the case of the Himalayan Kanchenjunga expedition, death benefit should be paid because it is not a "professional climbing for the purpose of club activities" stipulated in the exclusionary provision because people from different mountaineering clubs are only one-time. A professional mountaineer who has climbed alpine more than 8,000 meters four times in the past while interpreting the purpose of the club’s activities excessively reduced and recognized the insurer’s responsibility for paying a death benefit again during alpine climbing, making the exclusionary provision useless. Therefore, it is judged that the best way is to clearly define "professional climbing for the purpose of club activities", separate Alpine climbing, and enter into an insurance contract through additional subscription and acceptance procedures for "Professional sports Applicable to the policy" to meet the original purpose of exclusionary provision. It is expected that disputes related to professional climbing for the purpose of club activities will be minimized through the revision of the standard terms and conditions in the future.
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Ulmer, Hans-Volkhart, Julia Risse, and Thomas Küpper. "Practicability of Enteritis – prevention in Trekking and Mountaineering at High Altitude by Systematic Hand Disinfection." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 13, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55225/hppa.175.
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Introduction: The hygienic conditions during trekking or mountaineering at high altitudes are reduced, especially regarding defecation and hand hygiene. An additional problem exists in regions above the snowline, especially in highly frequented regions: snow may be contaminated by faecal microbes, causing diarrhea. Prevention against faecal-oral infections must include not only disinfection of drinking water, but hand disinfection, too, e.g. by a water-free hand gel. The practicability of this measure was tested during a Himalaya expedition on the way to Mt. Everest. Material and methods: 10 participants were instructed to use Stokosept-Gel, an alcohol based skin disinfectant, at least prior to meals, after using a toilet and after handling boot-laces and to note each use (including additional occasions). Results: A very good practicability of using the hand gel, which was absorbed quickly (ca. ¼ min) was reported. 100 ml were sufficient for at least 2 weeks and there were no side effects or problems at the skin. During the mountaineering phase which included a total of 250 person days in the field no diarrhea occurred. Conclusion: We conclude that using such hand gels is – additional to other procedures – a very practical prevention against diarrhea in mountaineering at high altitude.
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Petiet, Carole A., Brenda D. Townes, Robert J. Brooks, and Joel H. Kramer. "Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Functioning of Women Exposed to High Altitude in Mountaineering." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 2 (October 1988): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.443.
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The effects of chronic hypoxemia upon cognition and behavior were studied in women exposed to high altitude in mountaineering. Neuropsychological tests and psychosocial and physiological questionnaires were given to eight women before, during, and immediately after a Himalayan climb to 20,500 feet. Cognitive functioning remained relatively intact with only two significant decrements, complex abstract reasoning and word-finding ability. Significant changes were found on all psychosocial and physiological questionnaires. Feelings of acceptance of others and anxiety declined significantly. Physical symptoms were greatest during the first five days of ascent. Subjects' self-ratings of mental functioning were significantly better after the expedition than either before or during the climb. Self-assessments were correlated with emotions and physical symptoms, not with actual performances on the test battery. It is suggested that complex cognitive tasks and psychosocial functioning be studied in more detail as these were most influenced by exposure to high altitude in mountaineering.
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Reichwein, PearlAnn. "Expedition Yukon 1967: Centennial and the Politics of Mountaineering in Kluane." Canadian Historical Review 92, no. 3 (September 2011): 481–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.92.3.481.
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Friedl, K., S. Plymate, W. Bernhard, and L. Mohr. "Elevation of Plasma Estradiol in Healthy Men During a Mountaineering Expedition." Hormone and Metabolic Research 20, no. 04 (April 1988): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1010802.
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Prószyńska-Bordas, Hanna, and Katarzyna Baranowska. "Selected health issues related to high altitude trekking." Studia Periegetica 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8995.
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The aim of the paper was to investigate health aspects of high altitude trekking such as preparation for the physical exertion during trekking at high altitude, the impact of mountaineering on the daily life before and after the expedition, the effect of high-mountain conditions on health and well-being. It was found that in the pre-departure period trekkers commonly train to ensure that they are physically fit for the expedition. They train alone or under the supervision of a trainer. Self-prepared workouts may turn out to be insufficient due to the lack of appropriate training plans. The most challenging aspects of high altitude trekking for the body include carrying too heavy equipment, dealing with illegibly marked routes, wearing inappropriate clothing, having an unbalanced diet, not having enough water, which can lead to dehydration and infections. Misconduct by other people poses a risk. The specific type of effort involved in mountaineering requires balanced nutrition in terms of both micro- and macro-elements. To find the right combination, one has to either experiment or seek advice from a dietitian. However, relatively few people consult a nutrition coach. Among sanitary problems, the most serious one is inappropriate human waste disposal, the resulting lack of drinkable water. Some of the observed problems result from insufficient regulations regarding the conduct in the mountains and from trekkers’ lack of awareness regarding good practices in such extreme conditions.
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Hillebrandt, David. "A Year's Experience as Advisory Doctor to a Commercial Mountaineering Expedition Company." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 3, no. 4 (December 2002): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/15270290260512891.
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McClung, D. M. "Avalanche character and fatalities in the high mountains of Asia." Annals of Glaciology 57, no. 71 (January 2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2016aog71a075.
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Abstract.With the exception of northern India, there are few, if any, consistent data records relating to avalanche activity in the high mountains of Asia. However, records do exist of avalanche fatalities in the region, contained in mountaineering expedition reports. In this paper, I review and analyze statistics of avalanche fatalities (both snow and ice) in the high mountains of Asia (Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir, Hindu Kush, Tien Shan, Dazu Shan) from 1895 to 2014. The data are stratified according to accident cause, geographical region (Nepal-Tibet (Xizang), Pakistan, India, China, Central Asia), mountain range, personnel (hired or expedition members) and terrain. The character of the accidents is compared with data from North America and Europe. The data show that the important risk components are the temporal and spatial exposure probabilities. It is shown that human actions and decisions govern the pattern of fatal avalanches in the high mountains of Asia.