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Journal articles on the topic 'Mounting of microscope specimens'
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1
Stephenson, Hans, and Mark Gabel. "Use of Fishing Weight Putty for Quickly Mounting SEM Specimens." Microscopy Today 12, no. 2 (March 2004): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500052019.
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Projects that require viewing dozens or hundreds of specimens often include countless hours for specimen preparation. Specimens are often affixed to metal or carbon stubs with conductive tape, paint or paste (Rampley, 1976; Witcomb, 1981). The use of conductive paint or paste requires substantial mounting and drying times prior to coating with conductive metal or carbon and observation in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). We here describe a simpler protocol for mounting specimens to expedite specimen preparation.During a recent study, where cryofractured salmon egg membranes were mounted on edge to view transverse sections, we needed an expedient method of specimen mounting to quickly view hundreds of samples. We experimented with mounting specimens in metal putty, a product used by fishermen for weighting fishing line. The methodology described here solved some of the problems of messy specimen mounting and eliminated the need to wait for curing before coating and observation.
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Goodhew, Peter J. "Mounting and Storage Specimens." Microscopy Today 4, no. 10 (December 1996): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006329x.
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Specimen support grids are now almost universally 3.05 mm in diameter, except for a few high resolution stages and some very old instruments. They are available in a vast range of materials and designs. One catalogue lists 86 types in a total of 10 materials. The reason for this proliferation is to enable one to control the following:(a)the amount of support the specimen needs (unsupported areas range from 20 pm to 1 mm in extent);(b)the material of the grid, so that it neither interferes with X-ray analysis nor reacts with the specimen;(c)the labeling of specific regions of a specimen (many grids have identification marks for relocation of interesting fields).The cheapest most widely used supports are copper grids at a spacing of 100 bars in"1. Most grids have a shiny side and a dull side. Opinions differ as to the best side on which to mount the specimen but if a consistent practice is adopted it is always known which way up in the microscope the specimen was mounted.
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Notoya, S., M. Saito, M. Matsuya, T. Ishii, K. Murakami, H. Ohashi, and C. Nielsen. "Development of a High-Speed Optical Microscope Auto-Focus Control System for EPMA." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100164672.
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This paper reports the new development of an optical microscope automatic focus control system (OMAFD) for the JXA-8800/8900 series Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA). In recent years, a method called “wide area mapping” has been increasingly used with EPMA for measurement of X-rays by moving the specimen to obtain 2-dimensional element distributions over large analysis areas. In mapping, the simultaneous acquisition of multiple elements is required. Using an optical microscope, which has a very small (about ±1 μm) depth of focus, the specimen surface needs to be vertically adjusted to the Rowland circle of a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Even with flat specimens, actual analysis points often show some inclination. Specimens are often inclined accidentally during sample preparation and mounting. Moreover, requirements of specimen analysis with curved or irregular surfaces have been increasing.
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Gammon, L. M. "The Science of Mounting Specimens for Metallography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, S2 (July 2012): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612004047.
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Perina, G., and A. I. Camacho. "Permanent slides for morphological studies of small crustaceans: Serban’s method and its variation applied on Bathynellacea (Malacostraca)." Crustaceana 89, no. 10 (2016): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003576.
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Morphological studies of small invertebrates often involve the preparation of slides to observe minute body parts under a compound microscope. Preparation should facilitate observation, through traditional optical microscopy, of small surface structures on different planes, like pores, spines and setae. Various methods and techniques, using different mounting media that specialists have adopted to observe and preserve small crustaceans, have their advantages and disadvantages. Within the order Bathynellacea, specimens in the family Bathynellidae are particularly challenging due to their small size (0.5 to 2.25 mm body length) and very delicate exoskeleton, which tends to be completely digested when using common clearing mounting media, making future consultations impossible. Permanent slides are fundamental to preserve small specimens for scientific collections, because temporary slide preparations can easily result in the loss of body parts in the passage between slide and vial and vice versa. Dr Eugene Serban worked on Bathynellacea for more than 40 years, improving the preparation and preservation of delicate specimens using a stained glycerol-jelly and double cover slip mounting technique. His method is described here with a variation that speeds up the original procedure and was implemented in most recent years by one of the authors (A.I.C.). The technique provides excellent preservation and visualization of body parts on permanent slides, which do not need curation tasks and can last for many years.
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Robinson, Scott, Billy McNeill, and Michael Irwin. "Nondestructive Imaging of Pin-Mounted Museum Insect Specimens Using the Field-Emission Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM-FEG)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015014.
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The abilities of researchers to obtain high-quality images and other data from pin-mounted museum insect specimens using conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are hindered by several necessary constraints. The specimens may represent unique exemplars (e.g., holotypes) upon which the taxon name rests. In some cases the specimen may no longer be extant in any environment outside the museum. Thus these insects must always be handled with extreme care,Tegardless of how they are to be observed.Normal preparation of an insect for SEM involves sputter coating it with a conductive metal to minimize the effects of charging, and conductive paint must be applied to an obscure or uninteresting area to complete the connection to the specimen mount and thus to ground. Generally, unless such specimens have been newly collected, they will have already been killed and allowed to air dry, with a mounting pin inserted through the thorax. The body of the insect shrinks against the pin, which cannot then be removed for observation and later reinserted without damage.
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Ramesh Babu, Shashank, Matias Jaskari, Antti Järvenpää, and David Porter. "The Effect of Hot-Mounting on the Microstructure of an As-Quenched Auto-Tempered Low-Carbon Martensitic Steel." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2019): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050550.
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The effect of hot-mounting for metallographic studies of as-quenched low-carbon martensitic steels has been studied. Hot-mounting is typically carried out at 150–200 °C, i.e., a low-temperature tempering regime. Cold- and hot-mounted specimens from an as-quenched low-carbon auto-tempered steel were examined using a scanning electron microscope and their hardness levels were also compared. It was found that hot-mounting causes additional tempering that manifests as the appearance of new precipitates in those regions that are free of auto-tempered cementite. The observations were rationalized using DICTRA simulations to calculate the potential growth of cementite. Hot-mounting was also shown to cause a small but statistically significant increase in the hardness of the martensite.
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Varnum, Elana, and Richard L. Weiss. "A method for mounting wet specimens for scanning microscopy." Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2, no. 3 (1985): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060020315.
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Decker, Peter, Axel Christian, and Willi E. R. Xylander. "VIRMISCO – The Virtual Microscope Slide Collection." ZooKeys 741 (March 7, 2018): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.22284.
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Digitisation allows scientists rapid access to research objects. For transparent to semi-transparent three-dimensional microscopic objects, such as microinvertebrates or small body parts of organisms, available databases are scarce. Most mounting media used for permanent microscope slides deteriorate after some years or decades, eventually leading to total damage and loss of the object. However, restoration is labour-intensive, and often the composition of the mounting media is not known. A digital preservation of important material, especially types, is important and an urgent need. The Virtual Microscope Slide Collection – VIRMISCO project has developed recommendations for taking microscopic image stacks of three-dimensional objects, depositing and presenting such series of digital image files or z-stacks as an online platform. The core of VIRMISCO is an online viewer, which enables the user to virtually focus through an object online as if using a real microscope. Additionally, VIRMISCO offers features such as search, rotating, zooming, measuring, changing brightness or contrast, taking snapshots, leaving feedback as well as downloading complete z-stacks as jpeg files or video file. The open source system can be installed by any institution and can be linked to common database or images can be sent to the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz. The benefits of VIRMISCO are the preservation of important or fragile material, to avoid loan, to act as a digital archive for image files and to allow determination by experts from the distance, as well as providing reference libraries for taxonomic research or education and providing image series as online supplementary material for publications or digital vouchers of specimens of molecular investigations are relevant applications for VIRMISCO.
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Upton, Murray S. "Aqueous gum-chloral slide mounting media: an historical review." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 2 (June 1993): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034763.
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AbstractAn account is given of the development of aqueous gum-chloral mounting media used for mounting small arthropods on microscope slides. Berlese’s fluid is shown to have never been used by Berlese and other formulae are shown to have been randomly attributed to various authors, often incorrectly. Erroneous formulae and modifications to formulae have been followed by subsequent workers without reference to their origin. Details of the five formulae currently recommended in the literature are given and serious problems are shown to have been encountered with all of them by many workers. In many collections throughout the world gum-chloral slides are steadily deteriorating and specimens becoming irretrievably lost. Those workers advocating the use of gum-chloral aqueous media continue to propose alternative techniques in an attempt to overcome the problems they admit still occur. It is recommended that these media be used only for temporary mounts and never for specimens of taxonomic significance.
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SHARGA, Borys, and Mykhailo VAKERYCH. "PERMANENT FEULGEN STAINING PREPARATION WITHOUT MOUNTING MEDIUM USE." Психологічне здоров’я, no. 1(8) (December 7, 2022): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32689/2663-0672-2022-1-15.
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Abstract. Introduction. Feulgen staining is used in medical and biological studies when it is necessary to assess the level of DNA and its localization in cells. Some fixatives, mounting media and light can decrease the quality of preparations for microscopy by action on dye. Aim of the study. Our experiment aimed і) to develop the Feulgen procedure modification that excluded the use of harsh fixation agents and mounting media and іі) to evaluate visually the effect of periodical light exposure during teaching process within 6 years onto Feulgen stained preparations quality. Materials and methods. To escape the problem of stained specimens deterioration, we omitted the use of strong fixatives and mounting media, and avoided long light expositions on microscopic preparations. For permanent microscopic preparations production, the stained specimen covered with coverslip was properly air dried and then sealed by scotch tape on coverslip perimeter instead of mounting medium use. Preparations were kept wrapped in black paper and used for teaching of medical and biological students for eproximately 20 hours each year within a 6-years period. The microphotographs of the same site in tissue made at the start and end of this period were compared in quality visually. Results and discussion. Air-drying of stained specimens between the glass slide and coverslip without mounting medium followed by their sealing with scotch tape provided preparations of good quality. Their use for teaching of students within 6 years during eproximately 20 hours per year caused no fading or other visually detectable changes in stained tissue. This was proved from comparison of microphotographs made at the start and end of this period. Conclusion. Suggested variation of the Feulgen staining method can be applied for teaching of students in medicine and biology and, possibly, for routine analyses.
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Sweet, Walter C. "Scanning electron microscopy and photomicrography." Paleontological Society Special Publications 4 (1989): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005347.
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In the last two decades, scanning electron miocroscopy has come to be the technique of choice in studies of microfossil structure and morphology. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs are easy to produce, have great depth of field, and resolve minute details over a wide range of magnifications. Hence photomicrographs of images produced in a SEM are now more widely used than ordinary photographs in the illustration of microfossils. Techniques for preparation, mounting and manipulation of specimens in the SEM vary with the instrument available, aims of the study, and skill of the operator. Hence attention is directed here primarily to general aspects of SEM technique.
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Craven, A. J., and W. A. P. Nicholson. "Alignment of EDX Detectors in Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100135800.
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When using an energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) detector on an electron microscope, it is important that the region of the specimen irradiated by the electron beam lies in the centre of the field of view of the collimator, which itself must be correctly positioned with respect to the detector crystal. When the microscope column is vented to atmospheric pressure, it is possible to observe the position of the collimator through ports that give access to the specimen region, provided that the detector has a window that can withstand atmospheric pressure. With a windowless detector, this is not possible although it may be possible to align the collimator assembly in this manner. After initial alignment, the detector is often mounted and de-mounted without such a visual check on the alignment, particularly if the microscope is equipped with a gate valve which allows mounting and de-mounting of the detector without venting the microscope column to atmospheric pressure.
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Grenda-Kurmanow, Magdalena. "Scanning Electron Microscopy as a Tool to Observe the Effects of Simulated Conservation Treatment on Herbarium Specimens." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e26093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26093.
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This paper presents the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations conducted for the project "Heritage preservation and ethnobotany. Analysis of the influence of conservation treatment on genetic material comprised in historic herbaria“ (project no. 2014/13/N/HS2/03118) funded by the National Science Centre in Poland. The main aim of the project is to establish if treatment methods used by herbarium conservators and mounters in different countries are harmful for the DNA material comprised in herbarium specimens. In order to analyse this problem the author conducted an international survey among specialists with documented experience in herbarium treatment. The next step was the evaluation of the results and the choice of materials. The chosen materials were then applied to samples of herbarium specimens, artificially aged in the climatic chamber, and subjected to DNA analysis. The results of the survey illustrated the variety of the materials used to treat and mount specimens. Some of them, such as methyl cellulose, were used in different concentrations and different degrees of polymerization. The project limitations determined the selection of materials for further testing, particularly when it comes to the concentration of a particular adhesive/consolidant. At the same time the main assumption was to identify versions of the material that can effectively penetrate the specimen in order to intensify the potential influence on its DNA. Dessicated plant specimens are not a common material in conservation research because their structure is highly heterogenic, fragile and brittle. Moreover, the materials used for mounting and conservation treatment are most often adapted from bookbinding and paper conservation disciplines. They are not always suitable for the treatment of botanic material and may cause damage. When observations of stratigraphic samples under a traditional microscope proved unsatisfactory, the potential of SEM imaging was examined. SEM turned out to be a very useful tool to observe the effects of simulated conservation treatments conducted on herbarium specimen samples, but only when samples were coated with gold. The conclusions from these observations informed decisions about what versions of the conservation and mounting materials should be used for further testing. Additionally, some samples were observed after artificial aging in aclimatic chamber. It enabled us to observe the degradation of the layers of materials applied onto the specimens. The analysis focussed on the leaves of two species, Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) and Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress).
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NEUHAUS, BIRGER, THOMAS SCHMID, and JENS RIEDEL. "Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations." Zootaxa 4322, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4322.1.1.
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A wide range of aspects concerning microscope slides, their preparation, long-time storage, curatorial measures in collections, deterioration, restoration, and study is summarized based on our own data and by analyzing more than 600 references from the 19th century until 2016, 15 patents, and about 100 Materials Safety Data Sheets. Information from systematic zoology, conservation sciences, chemistry, forensic sciences, pathology, paleopathology, applied sciences like food industry, and most recent advances in digital imaging are put together in order to obtain a better understanding of which and possibly why mounting media and coverslip seals deteriorate, how slides can be salvaged, which studies may be necessary to identify a range of ideal mounting media, and how microscope studies can benefit from improvements in developmental biology and related fields. We also elaborate on confusing usage of concepts like that of maceration and of clearing. The chemical ingredients of a range of mounting media and coverslip seals are identified as much as possible from published data, but this information suffers in so far as the composition of a medium is often proprietary of the manufacturer and may vary over time. Advantages, disadvantages, and signs of deterioration are documented extensively for these media both from references and from our own observations. It turns out that many media degrade within a few years, or decades at the latest, except Canada balsam with a documented life-time of 150 years, Euparal with a documented life-time of 50 years, and glycerol-paraffin mounts sealed with Glyceel, which represents almost the only non-deteriorating and easily reversible mount. Deterioration reveals itself as a yellowing in natural resins and as cracking, crystallization, shrinkage on drying or possibly on loss of a plasticizer, detachment of the coverslip, segregation of the ingredients in synthetic polymers, as well as continued maceration of a specimen to a degree that the specimen virtually disappears. Confusingly, decay does not always appear equally within a collection of slides mounted at the same time in the same medium. The reasons for the deteriorative processes have been discussed but are controversial especially for gum-chloral media. Comparing data from conservation sciences, chemical handbooks, and documented ingredients, we discuss here how far chemical and physical deterioration probably are inherent to many media and are caused by the chemical and physical properties of their components and by chemicals dragged along from previous preparation steps like fixation, chemical maceration, and physical clearing. Some recipes even contain a macerating agent, which proceeds with its destructive work. We provide permeability data for oxygen and water vapor of several polymers contained in mounting media and coverslip seals. Calculation of the penetration rate of moisture in one example reveals that water molecules reach a specimen within a few days up to about a month; this lays to rest extensive discussions about the permanent protection of a mounted specimen by a mounting medium and a coverslip seal. Based on the ever growing evidence of the unsuitable composition and application of many, and possibly almost all, mounting media, we strongly encourage changing the perspective on microscope slides from immediate usability and convenience of preparation towards durability and reversibility, concepts taken from conservation sciences. Such a change has already been suggested by Upton (1993) more than 20 years ago for gum-chloral media, but these media are still encouraged nowadays by scientists. Without a new perspective, taxonomic biology will certainly lose a large amount of its specimen basis for its research within the next few decades. Modern non-invasive techniques like Raman spectroscopy may help to identify mounting media and coverslip seals on a given slide as well as to understand ageing of the media. An outlook is given on potential future studies. In order to improve the situation of existing collections of microscope slides, we transfer concepts as per the Smithsonian Collections Standards and Profiling System, developed for insect collections more than 25 years ago, to collections of slides. We describe historical and current properties and usage of glass slides, coverslips, labels, and adhesives under conservational aspects. In addition, we summarize and argue from published and our own experimental information about restorative procedures, including re-hydration of dried-up specimens previously mounted in a fluid medium. Alternatives to microscope slides are considered. We also extract practical suggestions from the literature concerning microscope equipment, cleaning of optical surfaces, health risks of immersion oil, and recent improvements of temporary observation media especially in connection with new developments in digital software.
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Prakash, Kirti. "Laser-free super-resolution microscopy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2199 (April 26, 2021): 20200144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0144.
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We report that high-density single-molecule super-resolution microscopy can be achieved with a conventional epifluorescence microscope set-up and a mercury arc lamp. The configuration termed as laser-free super-resolution microscopy (LFSM) is an extension of single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques and allows single molecules to be switched on and off (a phenomenon termed as ‘blinking’), detected and localized. The use of a short burst of deep blue excitation (350–380 nm) can be further used to reactivate the blinking, once the blinking process has slowed or stopped. A resolution of 90 nm is achieved on test specimens (mouse and amphibian meiotic chromosomes). Finally, we demonstrate that stimulated emission depletion and LFSM can be performed on the same biological sample using a simple commercial mounting medium. It is hoped that this type of correlative imaging will provide a basis for a further enhanced resolution. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 1)’.
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Nahoaki, Kume P., Yuba D. Akiko, Yoshizawa C. Akiyasu, Sato B. Satoshi, and Fujiyoshi Yoshinori. "High Resolution Cryo-Electron Microscopy Sheds A New Light Upon Biomembrane Architecture." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 494–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100181221.
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Cryo-electron microscopy, together with the rapid cryo-fixation technique, has made it possible to observe chemically unfixed unstained specimens under a transmission electron microscope. Aoki et al. constructed a new cryo-stage in order to reduce irradiation damage upon biological specimens further by cooling them with liquid helium. It was also designed to eliminate shaking of specimens as much as possible by the sophisticated mounting and the refined cooling mechanism of the stage. The stage has proved to achieve a higher contrast and higher resolution of images than a commonly-used cryo-stage cooled solely by liquid nitrogen does. This high resolution cryo-electron microscope (HiRCEM) was originally developed aiming at the improvement of resolution in structural analysis of proteins or nucleic acids, but it has turned out to be quite useful for detecting the architecture of biomembranes as well. This is due to the existence of phosphorus atoms of phospholipids which are heavier than C, H, O, N atoms abundant within biomembranes, and also due to the great optical depth of the membrane where it is aligned parallel to the electron beams.We have examined several kinds of biomembranes as well as the synthesized liposomes under HiRCEM. Among them were the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes (ghosts), the nuclear membrane of chicken erythrocytes, the endoplasmic reticular membrane of rat nerve cells, the chromatophore membrane of a photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum , the thylakoid membrane of spinach chloroplasts and the envelope of influenza type A virus (PR8 & X31). Liposomes we employed were synthesized from the 2:1 mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.
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Kagayama, M., Y. Sasano, M. Hirata, I. Mizoguchi, and I. Takahashi. "An Improved Mounting Method for Observation of Thick Specimens Using Confocal Microscopy." Biotechnic & Histochemistry 71, no. 5 (January 1996): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520299609117165.
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Heck, Christian T., Gwyneth Volkmann, and Holly N. Woodward. "Polyester or epoxy: assessing embedding product efficacy in paleohistological methods." PeerJ 8 (December 15, 2020): e10495. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10495.
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Histological examination of bone microstructure provides insight into extant and extinct vertebrate physiology. Fossil specimens sampled for histological examination are typically first embedded in an inexpensive polyester resin and then cut into thin sections, mounted on slides, and polished for viewing. Modern undecalcified bone is chemically processed prior to embedding in plastic resin, sectioning, mounting, and polishing. Conversely, small fossil material and modern undecalcified bone are typically embedded in higher priced epoxy resin because these specimen types require final sections near or below 100 µm thick. Anecdotal evidence suggests thin sections made of polyester resin embedded material polished thinner than 100 µm increases likelihood of sample peeling, material loss, and is unsuitable for modern tissue and small fossil material. To test this assertion, a sample of modern bones and fossil bones, teeth, and scales were embedded in either polyester resin or epoxy resin. Embedded specimens were sectioned and mounted following standard published protocol. Thin sections were ground on a lapidary wheel using decreasing grit sizes until tissue microstructure was completely discernible when viewed under a polarizing light microscope. Additionally, eight prepared thin sections (four from polyester resin embedded specimens and four from epoxy resin embedded specimens) were continuously ground on a lapidary wheel using 600 grit carbide paper until peeling occurred or material integrity was lost. Slide thickness when peeling occurred was measured for comparing slide thickness when specimen integrity was lost between the two resin types. Final slide thickness ranged from 38 µm to 247 µm when tissue was identifiable using a polarizing microscope. Finished slide thickness varied between resin types despite similar tissue visibility. However, finished slide thickness appears more dependent on hard tissue composition than resin type. Additionally, we did not find a difference of slide thickness when material was lost between resin types. The results of this preliminary study suggest that polyester resins can be used for embedding undecalcified modern hard tissues and fossilized hard tissues without loss of tissue visibility or material integrity, at least in the short term.
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Whittaker, J. E., and R. L. Hodgkinson. "On the preparation of specimens for scanning electron microscopy and a simple technique for plate making, using a black background." Journal of Micropalaeontology 9, no. 2 (March 1, 1991): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.9.2.219.
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Abstract. Methods for cleaning, the mounting of micropalaeontological specimens (foraminifera, ostracods and conodonts) on SEM stubs and for successful plate making on a black background are described.
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Schmid, Thomas, Julia Hidde, Sophie Grünier, Robert Jungnickel, Petra Dariz, Jens Riedel, and Birger Neuhaus. "Ageing Effects in Mounting Media of Microscope Slide Samples from Natural History Collections: A Case Study with Canada Balsam and PermountTM." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132112.
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Microscope slide collections represent extremely valuable depositories of research material in a natural history, forensic, veterinary, and medical context. Unfortunately, most mounting media of these slides deteriorate over time, with the reason for this not yet understood at all. In this study, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and different types of light microscopy were used to investigate the ageing behaviour of naturally aged slides from museum collections and the experimentally aged media of Canada balsam and PermountTM, representing a natural and a synthetic resin, respectively, with both being based on mixtures of various terpenes. Whereas Canada balsam clearly revealed chemical ageing processes, visible as increasing colouration, PermountTM showed physical deterioration recognisable by the increasing number of cracks, which even often impacted a mounted specimen. Noticeable changes to the chemical and physical properties of these mounting media take decades in the case of Canada balsam but just a few years in the case of PermountTM. Our results question whether or not Canada balsam should really be regarded as a mounting medium that lasts for centuries, if its increasing degree of polymerisation can lead to a mount which is no longer restorable.
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Tatman, Stephen. "A secondary stage design for the preparation of microfossils for the SEM." Journal of Micropalaeontology 12, no. 2 (December 1, 1993): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.12.2.154.
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Abstract. The preparation of microfossil specimens for study with the scanning electron microscope involves the transfer of material from slides to stubs. Specimens must then be oriented and mounted securely. To do this accurately the slide and stub should both be viewed through a stereomicroscope. However due to differences in shape and height, both surfaces are not usually in the plane of focus at the same time. Many micropalaeontologists routinely use small boxes or sample tube lids to hold the stub and refocus before finally mounting the specimens. The risk of dropping specimens is reduced by using a single carrier, securely holding both the slide and stub. The design illustrated below (fig.1) was developed from a prototype constructed from cardboard and plastic. The metal unit can easily be made in a workshop at a very low cost or cardboard versions made in the laboratory.The stage is based on the principle that both slide and stub should be held securely, close together and in the same plane of focus. The slide holders should be secure but not too tight otherwise the stub may be jarred as slides are changed. The number of slides which can be held on one unit may be varied. The presence of two holders has proved useful, any more could make the unit cumbersome. If the microscope to be used does not have a wide stage then it may prove more practical to have only one holder.The stub holders allow the stub to be clamped to . . .
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Fang, Gan Phay. "Specimen Preparation for Condoms." Microscopy Today 15, no. 5 (September 2007): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006123x.
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Specimen preparation techniques for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging of condoms as reported by Rosenzweig et al revealed a variety of artifacts. The artifacts were classified as ridging, cracking and melting. The purpose of this article is to introduce a simple specimen preparation technique for condoms to be evaluated via SEM without any surface artifacts. This technique involves the use of two chrome washers to sandwich the condom. The sandwiched condom specimen is then subjected to coating before mounting on an aluminium stub. The execution of this technique requires patience and practice so as not to damage the condom. The method may be applied to any similar polymer material.
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Boutain, Jeffrey R., Adam R. Brown, David T. Webb, and Bryson H. Toyofuku. "Simplified Procedure for Hand Fracturing, Identifying, and Curating Small Macrocharcoal Remains." IAWA Journal 31, no. 2 (2010): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000011.
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Charred plant remains are common and significant components of many archeological assemblages, and the proper identification of these remains is essential for an excavation team to gather the maximum amount of information. Identification of charred plant remains, especially of small pieces, can be difficult due to the brittle characteristics of charcoal and changes in anatomical structure due to charring. Charcoal must be snapped, which is difficult for small specimens, or sectioned with time consuming resin embedding procedures. This study presents an alternative procedure in which small (0.7 mm thick) charcoal specimens are produced, attached to specimen mounting stubs used in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and then hand snapped. This procedure consistently produced flat viewing surfaces. It also reduced the air evacuation time in SEM and facilitated the production of replicas.
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Uryu, Megumi, Katsuyuki Kida, Takashi Honda, Kenichi Saruwatari, Edson Costa Santos, and Justyna Rozwadowska. "Changes in the Magnetic Fields of Star-Shaped JIS-SKS93 Plates Embedded in Clear Acrylic Cold Mounting Resin under Tensile Stress." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.884.
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Fatigue failure of machine components occurs when cracks form in the stress concentration area and propagate under continued loading during component work. In order to understand the relation between the phenomena of stress concentration and crack propagation, non-destructive evaluation methods using in-situ measurements in the stress concentration areas are necessary. In the present work, a scanning Hall probe microscope (SHPM) equipped with a GaAs film sensor was developed and the three dimensional magnetic fields were observed at room temperature in air. The effect of stress on the changes in the magnetic field in steel components is reported. A steel specimen (JIS SKS93) embedded in acrylic resin were strained at different loads and the magnetic field before and after straining were observed. The obtained magnetic images clearly corresponded with the shape of the steel plate. It was possible to measure the changes in the magnetic field of the steel sample after straining under tensile loading, by neutralizing the initial magnetic field of the specimens prior to testing.
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Zippi, Pierre A. "SEM and Light Microscope Mounting and Specimen Location Technique for Same-Specimen Study of Palynological Strew Mounts." Micropaleontology 37, no. 4 (1991): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1485913.
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BIONDI, MAURIZIO, and PAOLA D’ALESSANDRO. "Guilielmia Weise, a little known Afrotropical flea beetle genus: systematic affinities and description of a second new species from Central Africa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini)." Zootaxa 4323, no. 4 (September 25, 2017): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4323.4.9.
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The genus Guilielmia Weise from the high mountains of Central Africa, known on a female specimen only, is redescribed based on new specimens of the type species, and the new species Guilielmia leleupi sp. nov. described here. Habitus photos, and microscope and scanning electron micrographs of diagnostic characters, including the aedeagus, are provided for both the species. Some considerations about taxonomic affinities and morphological adaptations to high altitudes are suggested.
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McLachlan, Sandy M. S., and Elaine C. Humphrey. "Out of the Blue and into the Black: Preparation, Mounting, and Image Rendering of Complex, Chorate Dinoflagellate Cysts for Scanning Electron Microscopy." Microscopy Today 29, no. 6 (November 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929521001334.
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Abstract:We describe an experimental approach for achieving an optimal black background for scanning electron photomicrographs of small samples with elaborate and intricate structures. Specimens of the highly ornate, 66-million-year-old chorate dinoflagellate cyst species Cannosphaeropsis franciscana were selected as the subject of this study. Photomicrographs collected following standard aluminum stub surface placement were compared to those taken of specimens mounted using a novel pin-and-pedestal method. This simplistic mounting technique minimizes the need for post-production image editing and extraneous background removal.
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Popa, Mihai, Bogdan Pricop, Elena Mihalache, Leandru Gheorghe Bujoreanu, and Nicoleta Monica Lohan. "Hot Working Effects on the Damping Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys." Materials Science Forum 907 (September 2017): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.907.180.
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Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys (SMAs) were analysed in two different processing states: (i) hot-forged and (ii) hot-rolled. Both hot-forged and hot-rolled specimens were cut into lamellar configuration, before being homogenized (1073 K/ 18 ks/ water) and tempered (373, 473, 573, 673 K/ 300 s/ water). From each of the five differently treated lamellas, in hot-forged and hot-rolled states, rectangular specimens were cut for dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The remaining segments were sectioned into metallographic specimens. The metallographic specimens were embedded into could mounting resin, ground, polished and etched for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -observations. DMA results revealed the influence of plastic deformation procedure and heat treatment temperature on the reversible martensitic transformation.
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Gupta, P. D., and Shashi B. Relia. "Use of lanthanum as a conductive material in secondary electron imaging." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100124033.
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The use of colloidal lanthanum (La) as a conductive material in preparatory procedures for scanning electron microscopy of dehydrated non-conductive biological specimens has been explored for the present study. The ability of La to bind certain moities of the plasma membrane has been successfully employed to impart conductivity to a wide variety of biological material. LaNO3 solution (2%) in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (CB) was treated with 0.01 N NaOH with vigorous shaking. At pH 7.5 – 7.8 faint flocculent material appeared which indicated the formation of colloidal La. This solution was used for incubation of fresh and/or fixed biological specimen as described. Specimens were incubated in 1% La solution (final concentration) for 3h and 6h followed by fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (glu) for 15 min on specimens were incubated and fixed simultaneously in 1% La and 2.5 glu (final concentration) in 0.1M CB for 3h. Then washed and post fixed in 1% OsO4 in 0.1M CB for 30 min. Tissues were dehydrated in ascending grades of acetone and dried by the CPD technique. After mounting on metallic stubs, the specimens were examined in JEOL 100 CX electron microscope with scanning attachment in the voltage range 20-40 kV and beam current of 50 μA and also in SEM Hitachi S 520 in the voltage range of 1-30 kV and beam current 10-100 μA. It has been shown that La generates enough secondary electrons to form an optimal image having a good contrast. The resolution achieved in this preparation is as good as that obtained in metal-coated samples (Figs. 1,2). In contrast to metal-coated samples, masking of topographical features is not observed in La incubated samples. The later samples are transparent (Fig. 2). The technique is applicable to a variety of specimens such as lipid vesicles (Fig.3), algae (Fig.4), ciliates, single cell suspensions (Fig.2), various tissues of rat (Fig. 5) and radical of germinating beans (Fig.6). La was also used for the preparation of biological material for back-scattered imaging mode. To study the process of phagocytosis, yeast cells were coated with La and incubated with cultures of macrophage tumor AK-5 cells. The engulfed yeast cells could be detected inside the cell as dark bodies (Figs.7,8).
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CHETVERIKOV, PHILIPP E. "Confocal laser scanning microscopy technique for the study of internal genitalia and external morphology of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea)." Zootaxa 3453, no. 1 (September 5, 2012): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3453.1.4.
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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a modern powerful technique that can be used for studying the externaland internal anatomy of arthropods. CLSM has seldom been used in acarology and very rarely for studying eriophyoidmites. It allows the capture of precise digital images of the fine details of external and internal chitinous structures, whichcan be further analysed using various computer programs. CLSM can serve as an effective tool for comparing closelyrelated and/or cryptic species, correcting diagnoses of poorly described taxa, studying immature instars, and particularly,for studying the structures and the functioning of the internal genitalia of adult females and males. In this paper, thepotential use of CLSM for the study of eriophyoids is demonstrated using specimens of 13 mite species and eight generafrom the families Phytoptidae Murray 1877 and Eriophyidae Nalepa 1898. This study showed that freshly mountedspecimens on microscope slides appeared to be the most appropriate for CLSM as older specimens tended to have reducedautofluorescence. The best choice for studying the external morphology and internal genital apparatus of eriophyoid mitesappeared to be the blue laser. Green and light blue wavelengths (488 nm and 532 nm) were found to be less useful. Thequality of CLSM images depended on the slide-mounting medium used. Among those compared, Hoyer’s medium wasfound to be the most appropriate whereas Heinze medium and media including Iodium gave poorer results. The empodiaand proximal parts of setae were shown to have very weak autofluorescence signals, but they reflected red (635 nm) and blue (405 nm) laser light, which could be detected with CLSM.
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Streiker, Scott, and Rachel Smith. "The NEST Laboratory: The Art of a Multi-User Facility." Microscopy Today 14, no. 6 (November 2006): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500058909.
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Radiolaria are marine protozoa that have thrived in the world's oceans for millions of years. They are particularly unique among marine plankton in that they build silica skeletons, which have allowed them to be preserved in the fossil record. These skeletons are ornate and complex and often demonstrate perfect geometric form and symmetry. The complex and beautiful glass-like structures are visually interesting when examined with electron microscopy. These attributes, coupled with their availability, size, ease of mounting and preparation make them superb specimens for introducing students to the use of electron microscopy (EM).
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MORENO, GABRIEL, ANGELA LÓPEZ VILLALBA, AURELIO CASTILLO, and STEVEN L. STEPHENSON. "Some nivicolous species of Lamproderma and Meriderma from the Himalayan Mountains of northwestern India." Phytotaxa 373, no. 3 (October 29, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.3.5.
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A detailed morphological examination of 12 specimens representing seven species in the genera Lamproderma and Meriderma collected from snowbank habitats in the Himalayan Mountains in northwestern India was carried out. Two of the specimens are described herein as Lamproderma spinisporum, a species new to science. In addition, the material from northwestern India is compared with other similar taxa belonging to the genus Lamproderma. Light microscope photographs and scanning electron micrographs of the most representative morphological characters are provided.
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Carlton, Robert A., Charles E. Lyman, and James E. Roberts. "Accuracy and Precision f Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029457.
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This paper presents the results of studies concerning the accuracy and precision of x-ray microanalysis (EDS) in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The ESEM is distinguished by its use-of gas in the microscope specimen chamber for imaging and for charge neutralization. Previous work on EDS-ESEM has concentrated either on qualitative x-ray microanalysis or on correction methods to the enlarged x-ray spatial resolution due to the electron skirt. Recent work shows that quantitative analysis is possible once charge neutralization can be accomplished in practice.Accuracy and precision were evaluated in the work presented here using NIST SRM 482 (goldcopper alloys) and NIST SRM K411 (glass beads). The gold-copper alloy wires were prepared by mounting them in epoxy mounts and polishing to a metallurgical finish. The glass spheres were prepared by sprinkling a small amount of the sample onto double-sided carbon tape mounted onto an aluminum SEM stub.
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Craig, B., L. Hawkey, and A. LeFurgey. "Techniques for cryoultramicrotomy of propane jet frozen biological samples." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014292x.
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Ultra-rapid freezing followed by cryoultramicrotomy is essential for the preservation of diffusible elements in situ within cells prior to scanning transmission electron microscopy and quantitative energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. For cells or tissue fragments in suspension and for monolayer cell cultures, propane jet freezing provides cooling rates greater than 30,000°C/sec with regions up to 40μm in thickness free of significant ice crystal formation. While this method of freezing has frequently been applied prior to freeze fracture or freeze substitution, it has not been widely utilized prior to cryoultramicrotomy and subsequent x-ray microanalytical studies. This report describes methods devised in our laboratory for cryosectioning of propane jet frozen kidney proximal tubule suspensions and cultured embryonic chick heart cells, in particular a new technique for mounting frozen suspension specimens for sectioning. The techniques utilize the same specimen supports and sample holders as those used for freeze fracture and freeze substitution and should be generally applicable to any cell suspension or culture preparation.
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Yaguchi, T., T. Kamino, H. Koike, T. Ishitani, and Y. Kitano. "FIB system for TEM specimen preparation and its application." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 1032–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167627.
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The transmission electron microscope(TEM) is one of the most powerful instrument in materials characterization, and various TEM specimen preparation methods have been developed. It is known that Ar-etching method is most widely applied in the studies of high technology materials. However, it is time-consuming when a specific area is desired for examination. Because it is necessary to iterate through Ar-ion etching and TEM examination until the desired information is obtained.There is a great demand on a new specimen preparation technique that has high positional accuracy, reliability, and throughput.Focused ion beam (FIB) milling has been proposed as a solution to the above requirements. We have developed the FIB system (FB-2000) for SEM/TEM specimen preparation. An external view of the system is shown in Fig.l. The system is designed to use a compatible specimen holder (Fig.2) which allows both FIB milling and TEM observation without re-mounting the specimen. The instrument has maximum accelerating voltage of 30kV and a minimum beam diameter of lOnm. The FIB current density of 15A/cm2 is available.
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Russell, Douglas, Arianna Bernucci, Amy Scott-Murray, Duncan Jackson, Farah Ahmed, Amin Garbout, and Tim Birkhead. "All Our Eggs In One Basket: Challenges of High Resolution X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography of Great Auk Pinguinus impennis Eggshell." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e25794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25794.
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High resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography gives the ability to research objects in unprecedented detail in 3D without damaging them but applying these new techniques to specimens can be complex. In 2017 the Natural History Museum (NHM), London embarked on a ground-breaking project with University of Sheffield to compare extinct Great Auk Pinguinus impennis eggshell microstructure to that of their extant relatives to gain new insight into their breeding ecology. NHM has a ZEISS Xradia 520 Versa X-ray microscope capable of submicron X-ray imaging in 3D but using it required supporting and moving complete eggshells within the confined, potentially harsh, mechanised environment of the microscope without risk. Ensuring the correct position and orientation of each egg to image nine distinct areas on the eggshell was also a challenge. Collaboration with colleagues in the NHM Conservation and Imaging & Analysis Centres developed a bespoke solution to hold and protect the eggs during scanning. All six NHM Great Auk eggshells and the inside of the microscope were surface scanned using a handheld structured light scanner. Scan data produced 3D models from which accurate 3D printed plastic replicas were made of the three Great Auk eggs prioritised for research. Each replica was used to mould a two-part, custom-built, case for each egg constructed from conservation grade epoxy putty and lined with polyethylene foam. This provided close-fitting, durable cases which could be used for the 6-month duration of the project. Each case enclosed its matching Great Auk egg entirely and had the advantage of being rock-hard, electrically insulating and water, heat and chemical resistant. A system of three, interchangeable, tailor-made mounting brackets were designed that married with the cases and held them safely and precisely inside the microscope at the correct angles and positions for imaging. The structured light scan of the inside of the microscope was used to model the necessary rotational movements of the cases and brackets inside the scanner, ensuring that all movements had sufficient clearance to avoid risk of impact. This system successfully protected the fragile c. 200 year old eggs throughout 70 scanning sessions. This provides a methodology for high resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging of any similarly sized, fragile, object.
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Walker, John F. "TEM Sample Preparation for the Semiconductor Industry — Part 3." Microscopy Today 4, no. 6 (August 1996): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500060879.
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Part 1 of this series described how focused ion beam (FIB) microsurgery is used to successfully cross-section and prepare materialspecific samples for SEM and TEM analysis. In Part 2, we detailed how FIB is also the tool of choice to prepare site-specific samples, particularly for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. In this final article of this series, we describe actual sample preparation, cutting a selected area la size and mounting it on a grid for FIB preparation. Focused ion beams are very useful in preparing TEM specimens that have unique characteristics. In particular, the ability of such systems to image submicron features within a structure has allowed accurate identification of the precise place to make a membrane.
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Hermawan, Hendri, Sugeng Santoso, and Aunu Rauf. "Laporan baru tungau Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski dan karakter utama tungau lain pada daun tanaman jeruk di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 18, no. 2 (August 14, 2021): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.18.2.140.
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Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in Indonesia. One of the main problems in citrus production is mite infestation. Many mite species were reported attacking citrus around the world. This study was aimed to identify mites and describe the main characters of various species of mites on citrus in Java, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out at the location of citrus plantations and citrus plants in the yard of the house which was carried out purposively. In a large planting area, sampling was carried out on 10 citrus trees that showed symptoms of mite attack. The identification process is carried out by a mounting process to obtain specimens that can be observed under a compound microscope using PVA. Eight species of mites were collected from 8 various of citrus from 15 location. Six mites species were identified as phytophagous, i.e., Panonychus citri McGregor, Eotetranychus sp., Eutetranychus sp. (Family Tetranychidae), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Family Tenuipalpidae), Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski (Family Tarsonemidae), and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Family Eriophyidae). Meanwhile, the other two species, Amblyseius sp. (Family Phytoseiidae) and Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Family Cheyletidae) were predators. Unidentified mites were Family Tydeidae and Winterschmidtiidae. According to Regulation No. 31 of 2018, P. citri and Ph. oleivora are quarantine pest. T. bilobatus is firstly reported in Indonesia.
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Lempereur, Sylvain, Arnim Jenett, Elodie Machado, Ignacio Arganda-Carreras, Matthieu Simion, Pierre Affaticati, Jean-Stéphane Joly, and Hugues Talbot. "Automated segmentation of thick confocal microscopy 3D images for the measurement of white matter volumes in zebrafish brains." Mathematical Morphology - Theory and Applications 4, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mathm-2020-0100.
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AbstractTissue clearing methods have boosted the microscopic observations of thick samples such as whole-mount mouse or zebrafish. Even with the best tissue clearing methods, specimens are not completely transparent and light attenuation increases with depth, reducing signal output and signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, since tissue clearing and microscopic acquisition techniques have become faster, automated image analysis is now an issue. In this context, mounting specimens at large scale often leads to imperfectly aligned or oriented samples, which makes relying on predefined, sample-independent parameters to correct signal attenuation impossible.Here, we propose a sample-dependent method for contrast correction. It relies on segmenting the sample, and estimating sample depth isosurfaces that serve as reference for the correction. We segment the brain white matter of zebrafish larvae. We show that this correction allows a better stitching of opposite sides of each larva, in order to image the entire larva with a high signal-to-noise ratio throughout. We also show that our proposed contrast correction method makes it possible to better recognize the deep structures of the brain by comparing manual vs. automated segmentations. This is expected to improve image observations and analyses in high-content methods where signal loss in the samples is significant.
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Walker, John F., James K. Odum, and Peter D. Carleson. "Perfect TEM Membranes by focused ion beams: A stress reduction technique." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 1030–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167615.
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With the realisation that the critical dimensions in integrated circuits are shrinking to the point where scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are not sufficiently accurate for many applications, advanced semiconductor fabs are looking to the increased resolution and analytical functionality of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in failure and process analysis. TEM sample preparation is traditionally labour-intensive and needs skilled technical support but, with the acceptance of focused ion beam (FIB) workstations, this preparation and subsequent analysis is now becoming more routine. The reasons are: more reliable preparation with less risk of catastrophic breaking on unique specimens, highly site-specific preparation capable of viewing individual, sub-100 nm features, thin and uniform membranes even with tungsten plugs, and fast and easy preparation techniques.The initial stages of sample preparation involves preparing a sub-100 um sliver mounted on a TEM grid. When mounting this sliver on the grid, care must be taken to prevent any strain from being transferred to the silicon.
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Taha, Asia A., Fatma M. Abouzeid, Mohamed M. Elsadek, and Yasmeen M. Othman. "The Electropolishing of C-Steel in Orthophosphoric Acid Containing Methanolic Plant Extract." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6903159.
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Plant extracts have been regarded as “green” alternatives as additives for metal electropolishing improvement. Therefore, understanding the electrochemical properties and the reaction mechanisms of the electroactive compounds from the plant extracts is necessary to further explore the mechanism and application of the plant extract-based additives for metal dissolution. The C-steel electropolishing behavior in orthophosphoric acid using the galvanostatic polarization and weight loss methods was ascertained. This was inspected via anode potential-limiting current relationship measurement and comparison in a solution of regularly mounting concentrations (from 50 to 1800 ppm of methanolic marjoram, coriander seeds, chamomile, and guava leaves extract), and the influence of temperature on the dissolution kinetics was investigated. Surface morphologies, roughness, and reflection of investigated specimens were inspected with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), profilometry, and Vis-IR spectroscopy. Addition of methanolic plant extract to the electropolishing solution results in a lower limiting current. Retardation percentage gained from mass loss measurement is comparable with those obtained from measurements of galvanostatic polarization. Addition of 500 ppm of marjoram, coriander, chamomile, and guava leaves increases the degree of surface brightness and reflectance to 64.9, 56.59, 27, and 24.5, respectively, relative to electropolishing electrolyte-free solution 16. The roughness (Ra) decreased from 2.7 μm to 0.52 μm without addition of any material. Ra values are 0.28, 0.23, 0.21, and 0.17 μm in the presence of guava leaves, chamomile, coriander seeds, and marjoram.
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Bala, S. C., and K. Karmakar. "Study on diversity and community structure of mite fauna associated with vegetable crops in West Bengal, India." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 2 (March 11, 2022): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/2/mrn-1880.
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Aim: Methodology: Results: Interpretation: A study was carried out to understand the diversity and community structures of phytoseiid and phytophagous mite fauna associated with vegetable crops in West Bengal aiming for the development of better and ecologically sound mite pest management strategy. Mite samples were collected from different agro-climatic zones of West Bengal and the specimens were brought to the AINP on Agricultural Acarology laboratory, BCKV, Kalyani for mounting on glass slides using modified o Berlese’s medium. The slides were then kept on slide wormer at 35-40 C for 5-7 days to process for observation under a phase contrast microscope. A total of fifteen species of phytoseiid mites were recorded belonging to the genera Amblyseius, Euseius, Paraphytoseius, Typhlodromips, Scapulaseius, Neoseiulus, Phytoseius, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) and Indoseiulus. Amblyseius largoensis was observed as predominant mite species followed by Typhlodromips syzygii occupied 19.71 and 15.05 % of total predatory mite population, respectively. The other predatory mites belonging to the family Tydeidae, Bdellidae, Ascidae, Cunaxidae, Cheyletidae and Stigmaeidae were also recorded during the period of investigation. Predatory mites were observed to predate upon different stages of phytophagous mites, mealy bugs and pupae of whitefly. Concerning the phytophagous mites, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus ludeni, Schizotetranychus baltazari, Eutetranychus orientalis, Oligonychus andropogoni, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and Brevipalpus phoenicis were found as destructive mite pests in vegetables. Phytophagous mite is a serious concern for successful vegetables cultivation in West Bengal. Predatory mites were found effective against phytophagous mites and other soft bodied insect and they could be utilized for biological control programme to minimize the use of chemical pesticides.
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Szalóki, Melinda, Viktória Hegedűs, Tamás Fodor, Renáta Martos, Tünde Radics, Csaba Hegedűs, and Balázs Dezső. "Evaluation of the Effect of the Microscopic Glass Surface Protonation on the Hard Tissue Thin Section Preparation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 7742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217742.
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In this study, a new procedure for mounting tissue blocks was described while cutting and grinding the section remains tightly bound to the inert glass surface both chemically and micro mechanically allowing good quality specimens for staining and microscopic analysis. The micromechanical interlocking was achieved by using of frosted glass, the chemical binding was made with 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer (10-MDP) containing bond material. The glass surface activation was achieved by nitric acid etching and the surface was characterized by zeta potential, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. Cylindrical samples were prepared from epoxy embedding materials, cortical bovine bone, and dental titanium to investigate the shear bond strengths (SBS) to microscopic glass slide compared to a routinely used thermoplastic adhesive. Based on the experiments it was found that the micromechanical retention combined with MDP containing bond material improved the SBS data compared to the thermoplastic adhesive. The acid etched glass became positively charged that significantly increased the SBS data of bone and titanium compared with the uncharged version. Therefore, the thickness of the undecalcified bone section with metal can safely reduce to improve histological microscopic analysis.
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Morgado, F., S. Terdalkar, J. R. Gadelha, and M. L. Pereira. "Histology and histochemistry of the reproductive potential of Acartia clausi (copepoda: calanoida)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001074.
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The seasonal fluctuations in zooplankton densities in temperate climates have been long known and the multiplicity of performed studies identified a vast number of factors responsible for these phenomena, such as changes in the physico-chemical factors and other such types of environmental forces governing them. Acartia clausi is a euryaline temperate-boreal species very common in the Portuguese coastal ecosystems, in both estuarine and coastal waters. It is usually described as a temperate water species of neritic calanoid copepod, which is associated with warmer water regions, and as a result becomes more abundant in the summer months, reaching a biomass maximum during the months of July and August. Growth and egg production have been studied extensively in some Acartia species. In the present study histology and histochemistry were selected to determine the reproductive potential of A. clausi.The ovigerous females were identified with a binocular microscope, isolated and fixed in the Bouin’s solution for histological (5 om thickness, mounting and Haematoxylin - Eosin staining) and histochemical analysis (Periodic Acid Schiff method (PAS) with Haematoxylin as a counter stain for the identification of the carbohydrate content and vitellogenic oocytes. The size of the oocytes was evaluated through measurements made with a micrometer.The microscopic studies and Image analysis indicated that, in the month of September, the majority of the oocytes were immature and had reduced or almost negligible carbohydrate contents with very few vitellogenic oocytes (Figure 1 A and B), while the specimens from the month of March exhibited a large difference in the oocyte dimensions. These were mature and more vitellogenic and occupied almost half the volume of the body (Figure 1 C, D and E). This shows that, during the month of September, the environmental conditions are not favorable for the maturation of gonads in these species while in the month of March they proliferate and the species shows a high degree of reproductive potential.This work forms a valid approach in understanding the population fluctuations and reproductive status in a key species of copepod showing a particular temporal variation associated with its reproductive strategy.
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Si, Heyang, Yongle Fang, and Lu Yang. "Application of Supported TiO2 in Carbonated Binding Material and Its Photocatalytic Performance." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111336.
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Although photocatalytic concrete can significantly contribute to the degradation of air pollutants and improving the sustainability levels, the complexity of ordinary cement system often caused the uncertain performance of mixed photocatalysts, which limited the real application of photocatalysts. Since the rapid carbonization hardening and relatively simple composition, γ-C2S carbonated binding material has gained considerable attention for its application in construction material. In this work, quartz sand-supported TiO2-C2S(γ) composites (TQSC) were prepared by mixing photocatalytic quartz sand with γ-C2S and mounting in γ-C2S matrix surface methods. The TiO2-coated quartz sand (TQS) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic performance and durability (washing resistance) of TQSC were also investigated by the degradation ability of NOx and rhodamine B (RhB). The results show that a uniform TiO2 layer on quartz sand was prepared, and the photocatalytic De-NOx (degradation of NOx) performance increased with increasing the mounted amounts of TiO2/quartz sand in γ-C2S carbonated matrix surface, but would decrease the photocatalytic durability. After water-washing, the De-NOx efficiencies of TQSC specimens decreased quickly at the beginning, which were adhering to the mounted amounts of TiO2/quartz sand, but would become stable after water-washing for 3600 s for all samples. The relatively high De-NOx stability and good self-cleaning effect of the water-washed TQSC-60% specimen can be considered a promising photocatalytic product for real applications.
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Wong, Serena, Michael H. Nathanson, Jianxin Chen, and Dhanpat Jain. "Evaluation of Barrett Esophagus by Multiphoton Microscopy." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 138, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2012-0675-oa.
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Context.—Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) based on 2-photon excitation fluorescence and second-harmonic generation allows simultaneous visualization of cellular details and extracellular matrix components of fresh, unfixed, and unstained tissue. Portable multiphoton microscopes, which could be placed in endoscopy suites, and multiphoton endomicroscopes are in development, but their clinical utility is unknown. Objective.—To examine fresh, unfixed endoscopic biopsies obtained from the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction to (1) define the MPM characteristics of normal esophageal squamous mucosa and gastric columnar mucosa, and (2) evaluate whether diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia/Barrett esophagus (BE) could be made reliably with MPM. Design.—The study examined 35 untreated, fresh biopsy specimens from 25 patients who underwent routine upper endoscopy. A Zeiss LSM 710 Duo microscope (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, New York) coupled to a Spectra-Physics (Mountain View, California) Tsunami Ti:sapphire laser was used to obtain a MPM image within 4 hours of fresh specimen collection. After obtaining MPM images, the biopsy specimens were placed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted for routine histopathologic examination. Then, the MPM images were compared with the findings in the hematoxylin-eosin–stained, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. The MPM characteristics of the squamous, gastric-type columnar and intestinal-type columnar epithelium were analyzed. In biopsies with discrepancy between MPM imaging and hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections, the entire tissue block was serially sectioned and reevaluated. A diagnosis of BE was made when endoscopic and histologic criteria were satisfied. Results.—Based on effective 2-photon excitation fluorescence of cellular reduced pyridine nucleotides and flavin adenine dinucleotide and lack of 2-photon excitation fluorescence of mucin and cellular nuclei, MPM could readily identify and distinguish among squamous epithelial cells, goblet cells, gastric foveolar-type mucous cells, and parietal cells in the area of gastroesophageal junction. Based on the cell types identified, the mucosa was defined as squamous, columnar gastric type (cardia/fundic-type), and metaplastic columnar intestinal-type/BE. Various types of mucosa seen in the study of 35 biopsies included normal squamous mucosa only (n = 14; 40%), gastric cardia-type mucosa only (n = 2; 6%), gastric fundic mucosa (n = 6; 17%), and both squamous and gastric mucosa (n = 13; 37%). Intestinal metaplasia was identified by the presence of goblet cells in 10 of 25 cases (40%) leading to a diagnosis of BE on MPM imaging and only in 7 cases (28%) by histopathology. In 3 of 35 biopsies (9%), clear-cut goblet cells were seen by MPM imaging but not by histopathology, even after the entire tissue block was sectioned. Based on effective 2-photon excitation fluorescence of elastin and second-harmonic generation of collagen, connective tissue in the lamina propria and the basement membrane was also visualized with MPM. Conclusions.—Multiphoton microscopy has the ability to accurately distinguish squamous epithelium and different cellular elements of the columnar mucosa obtained from biopsies around the gastroesophageal junction, including goblet cells that are important for the diagnosis of BE. Thus, use of MPM in the endoscopy suite might provide immediate microscopic images during endoscopy, improving screening and surveillance of patients with BE.
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Yang, Tengfei, Shiyong Chu, Bin Liu, Fei Xu, Bo Wang, and Chengwei Wu. "A CNT-Toughened Strategy for In-Situ Repair of Aircraft Composite Structures." Materials 15, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 7691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217691.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to develop an in-situ field-repair approach, especially for aircraft composite structures, to enhance the interlaminar toughness of plain-woven composites (PWCs) by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). MWCNTs were dispersed at each interface between prepreg layers by means of solvent spraying, with a density of 1.58 g/m2. Then, the layers were stacked with the predefined sequence and cured at 120 °C and 1 bar pressure, using a heat-repairing instrument. A standard double cantilever beam (DCB) test was used to investigate the interlaminar toughening effect that was due to the MWCNTs. For comparison, original samples were also prepared. The results indicated that the introduction of MWCNTs can favorably enhance the interlaminar toughness of PWCs in a field-repair approach and the Mode I fracture energy release rate, GIC, increased by 102.92%. Based on the finite element method (FEM) of continuum damage mechanics, the original samples and the MWCNTs toughening specimen under DCB Mode I fracture were modeled and analyzed. The simulation and the experiment were in good agreement. Finally, when the toughening mechanism of MWCNTs was explored with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), we found that a large amount of fiber-matrix (F-M) interface debonding and matrix cracking in mountain shape were the major modes of fracture, accompanied by a small amount of fiber breakage and matrix peeling for the MWCNTs-toughening specimens.
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Wasserman, Arthur J., Y. Pedro Kato, and Frederick H. Silver. "A simple method for exposing and examining the interior of fragile biological materials." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100161850.
Full textAbstract:
Examining the inside of delicate and fragile dry biomaterials is difficult because they are vulnerable to mechanical damage. Compression and sheering of a sample during exposure of the interior can produce artifacts making interpretation of the ultrastructure difficult. In this report a simple method for exposing and retaining the interior substructure of delicate specimens and mounting them for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation is described.Collagen fibers were prepared as described previously. In brief, 1% collagen dispersion, prepared from bovine hide, was extruded through polyethylene tubing with an inner diameter of 0.28 mm into a 37°C, pH 7.5, fiber formation buffer. After 45 mins in the buffer, the fibers were rinsed in isopropyl alcohol for 4 hrs followed by distilled water for 20 mins. The fibers were then crosslinked.The interior of collagen fibers were exposed by deep freezing 1 cm segments of fiber in liquid nitrogen. Using iris scissors the first and last piece of each segment (which contained ends previously exposed to the atmosphere) were snapped away and discarded. Each frozen segment was then snapped in half. By this method each half of the original 1 cm segment had a freshly cleaved top and bottom surface. The segments were transferred to an aluminum foil pouch (in liquid nitrogen).
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Amosun, Taiwo Semiu, Saheed Olalekan Hammed, Antônio Marcos Gonçalves De Lima, and Ilham Habibi. "Effect of quenching media on mechanical properties of welded mild steel plate." Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry 3, no. 1 (September 10, 2022): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/mesi.7121.
Full textAbstract:
Quenching is a swift way of returning metal back to ambient temperature in order to acquire a certain property. Although it is often used to enhance the hardness of metals and their micro-structure, it equally causes a serious variation in the mechanical and physical properties of the metals. This research focuses on quenching media's effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a 150mm x 80mm x 8mm welded mild steel plate through microscopic examination, metallography mounting, surface grinding, and surface polishing. Microstructural analysis with hardness and impact test was carried out on the steel plate using water, air, and oil as the quenching media. The results of the test show the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV) for water, oil, and air to be 284.2, 270.9, and 262.2 HV for the base metal, heat affected zone (HAZ), and weld metal (WM), respectively. The amount of energy absorbed by the three specimens during fracture is 23.12, 25.27, and 26.83 J, respectively. The test further indicates that the water-quenched media exhibited mostly martensitic structures and held back austenite with many structures of cementite while the oil and air media exhibited martensite phase and refined grains structures individually. It is therefore concluded that air is more suitable to cool the weld metal for damping applications in engineering.