Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mouse xenograft models'

Background Novel theranostic options for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are urgently needed. This requires a thorough evaluation of experimental approaches in animal models best possibly reflecting human disease before entering clinical studies. Although several bladder cancer xenograft models were used in the literature, the establishment of an orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice remains challenging. Methods Luciferase-transduced UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells were instilled transurethrally via 24G permanent venous catheters into athymic NMRI and BALB/c nude mice as well as into SCID-beige mice. Besides the mouse strain, the pretreatment of the bladder wall (trypsin or poly-L-lysine), tumor cell count (0.5 × 106–5.0 × 106) and tumor cell dwell time in the murine bladder (30 min – 2 h) were varied. Tumors were morphologically and functionally visualized using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Results Immunodeficiency of the mouse strains was the most important factor influencing cancer cell engraftment, whereas modifying cell count and instillation time allowed fine-tuning of the BLI signal start and duration – both representing the possible treatment period for the evaluation of new therapeutics. Best orthotopic tumor growth was achieved by transurethral instillation of 1.0 × 106 UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells into SCID-beige mice for 2 h after bladder pretreatment with poly-L-lysine. A pilot PET experiment using 68Ga-cetuximab as transurethrally administered radiotracer revealed functional expression of epidermal growth factor receptor as representative molecular characteristic of engrafted cancer cells in the bladder. Conclusions With the optimized protocol in SCID-beige mice an applicable and reliable model of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for the development of novel theranostic approaches was established.

Background Novel theranostic options for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are urgently needed. This requires a thorough evaluation of experimental approaches in animal models best possibly reflecting human disease before entering clinical studies. Although several bladder cancer xenograft models were used in the literature, the establishment of an orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice remains challenging. Methods Luciferase-transduced UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells were instilled transurethrally via 24G permanent venous catheters into athymic NMRI and BALB/c nude mice as well as into SCID-beige mice. Besides the mouse strain, the pretreatment of the bladder wall (trypsin or poly-L-lysine), tumor cell count (0.5 × 106–5.0 × 106) and tumor cell dwell time in the murine bladder (30 min – 2 h) were varied. Tumors were morphologically and functionally visualized using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Results Immunodeficiency of the mouse strains was the most important factor influencing cancer cell engraftment, whereas modifying cell count and instillation time allowed fine-tuning of the BLI signal start and duration – both representing the possible treatment period for the evaluation of new therapeutics. Best orthotopic tumor growth was achieved by transurethral instillation of 1.0 × 106 UM-UC-3LUCK1 bladder cancer cells into SCID-beige mice for 2 h after bladder pretreatment with poly-L-lysine. A pilot PET experiment using 68Ga-cetuximab as transurethrally administered radiotracer revealed functional expression of epidermal growth factor receptor as representative molecular characteristic of engrafted cancer cells in the bladder. Conclusions With the optimized protocol in SCID-beige mice an applicable and reliable model of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for the development of novel theranostic approaches was established.

Thesis (MMedSc )--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The present study investigated in particularly the specific nature of the supporting stromal layer located between the implanted human cyst and host murine tissue, which has yet to be reported. During an initial phase of this study, the particular light microscopic properties of the existing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained experimental cyst was investigated, with regards to the presence or absence of specific morphological features, namely spongiosis, exocytosis, epithelial keratinization, epithelial thickness and hyperplasia, and the vascularity and fibrosis present in the stroma of these experimental sections. Subsequent analysis reported significant spongiosis, in addition to increased exocytosis of immune cells and epithelial keratinization in a number of cysts. Additionally, increased epithelial thickness and hyperplasia was reported in only 2 / 10 experimental tissues, whereas increased vascularity was observed in the stroma following analysis of H&E and Special staining, such as Verhoeff-von Gieson and Masson trichrome results. During the second phase of the study, immunohistochemical analysis with a particularly wide array of antibodies raised against specific human and mouse antigens had been applied. This involved automated immunohistochemical staining with mouse anti-human primary antibodies, in addition to manual staining with rabbit anti-mouse primary antibodies. Subsequent visualization was achieved by means of linking to biotinylated secondary antibodies, and Streptavidin-HRP incubation for standard visualization, followed by counterstaining with Hematoxylin. Maintained positive expression of cytokeratins 5, 13, and 14 was demonstrated in both control human vaginal mucosa and experimental cysts, whereas similar findings were not reported for cytokeratin 1, given the vast keratinization which was observed. Human collagen type IV and laminin of the basement membrane reported positive expression in 9 / 10 and 6 / 10 control human vaginal mucosa tissues respectively. In comparison, negative mouse collagen type IV and laminin was reported in most experimental cysts compared to positive staining in positive control mouse tissues. Immunohistochemical staining for human elastin, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, and fibroblasts revealed maintained positive staining in all control human vaginal mucosa and experimental cysts. However, maintained expression of CD34 (endothelial marker), CD1a (langerhans cells), and human VEGFR-3 in experimental cysts was not demonstrated, compared to positive expression in control human vaginal mucosa. Subsequent analysis of murine antigens illustrated uniformly negative staining for mouse fibronectin, langerhans cells (CD207), and fibroblasts, in addition to negative staining in positive control mouse tissue sections. Furthermore, negative staining for mouse VEGFR-2 was reported in all experimental cysts; however strong positive staining of this marker in mouse kidney tissue had been reported. The findings of this study suggested that the exact nature of the stromal layer is of both human and murine origin. Furthermore, the tissue region located beneath the human vaginal epithelium is suggested to be of human nature, whereas the second distinct region located at the periphery of experimental cyst tissues, is suggested to be murine origin; however the findings of immunohistochemical analysis could not illustrate definitively the exact nature of the intermediate stromal layer, but could in fact demonstrate a mixture of human and murine tissue.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige studie het die spesifieke molekulêre en histologiese eienskappe van die stromale laag geleë tussen menslike sist- en muis velweefsel bestudeer, wat tans nog nie bekend is nie. Gedurende die eerste fase van hierdie studie is die besondere lig-mikroskopiese eienskappe van die bestaande hematoksilien en eosien (H&E) eksperimentele siste bestudeer, met betrekking tot die aan- of afwesigheid van spesifieke morfologiese eienskappe, naamlik spongiose, eksositose van immuunselle, epiteel keratinisasie, epiteel dikte en hiperplasie, en laastens die stromale vaskulariteit en fibrose. Gevolglike analise het daarop gedui dat beduidende spongiose, eksositose en epiteel keratinisasie gevind word in die eksperimentele siste in vergelyking met kontrole vaginal weefsel. Hierteenoor is die verdikking van die epiteel en hiperplasie in slegs 2 / 10 eksperimentele siste gevind, terwyl vermeerderde vaskulariteit aangedui is na gevolglike H&E en spesiale (soos byvoorbeeld Verhoeff-von Gieson en Masson trichrome) kleuringsresultate. Die tweede fase van die studie het die immunokleuring met verskeie mens- en muis spesifieke antiliggame behels, waarby die uitdrukking van verskeie mens antigene vergelyk is met dié van muis. As sulks is ge-automatiseerde immunohistochemie toegepas met muis primêre antiliggame, tesame met fisiese kleuring met konyn primêre antiliggame toegepas. Gevolglike visualisasie is aangedui deur middel van binding met sekondêre antiliggaam en Streptavidin- HRP, gevolg deur teenkleuring met Hematoksilien. Algehele behoud van positiewe uitdrukking van sitokeratien 5, 13, en 14 is bevind, terwyl sitokeratien 1 uitdrukking nie daarwerklik vergelykbaar is met dié van kontrole mens vaginale weefsel nie. Die uitdrukking van mens kollageen IV en laminien van die basaal membraan is verder bestudeer, en het egter positiewe kleuring in 9 / 10 en 6 / 10 van kontrole mens vaginale mukosa aangedui. In vergelykking hiermee kon die huidige bevindings egter net positiewe kleuring in 4 / 10 en 3 / 10 eksperimentele siste vir kollageen IV en laminien onderskeidelik, illustreer. Immunohistochemiese analise van menslike elastien, fibronektien, von Willebrand (vW) faktor en fibroblaste het op deurgaans positiewe uitdrukking van hierdie merkers aangedui in beide eksperimentele en kontrole menslike weefsel. In teenstelling hiermee is volgehoue uitdrukking van CD34 (endoteel merker), CD1a (Langerhans sel merker) en mens VEGFR-3 in ekperimentele siste egter nie illustreerbaar nie, in vergelykking met deurgaans positiewe uitdrukking van hierdie antigene in kontrole mens vaginale mukosa. In opvolging is deurgaans negatiewe uitdrukking van muis fibronektien, langerhans sel (CD207) en fibroblaste bevestig, terwyl negatiewe kleuring ook deurgaans in positiwe kontrole muis weefsel, bekom deur die disseksie van ‘n naakte muis, gevind is. Verder is ook negatiewe kleuring vir VEGFR-2 in alle eksperimentele siste gevind, terwyl egter sterk positiewe kleuring in muis nierweefsel as positiewe weefsel gevind is. Die resultate van die huidige studie het daarop gedui dat die stromale laag onderliggend tot mens vaginale epiteel van menslike oorsprong is, terwyl die periferale stroma onderliggend tot muis velweefsel, ongetwyfeld van muis oorsprong is. Laastens kon die spesifieke oorsprong van die tussenliggende stroma nie aangedui word nie, maar dat dit moontlik uit beide menslike- en muisweefsel bestaan.

Les lymphocytes T ?d seraient des effecteurs essentiels dans la réponse immunitaire aux stress induits notamment par les infections et la tumorigénèse. Plusieurs arguments dont leur localisation intra-épithéliale mais aussi leurs capacités effectrices multiples et rapides les caractérisent comme des acteurs primordiaux dans l’immunité anti-tumorale. Mon projet de thèse consistait à examiner le potentiel anti-tumoral des lymphocytes T ?d humains, Vd2 négatifs (neg), dans un contexte in vivo, grâce à l’utilisation d’un modèle murin. Des études antérieures menées au laboratoire démontraient une expansion de lymphocytes T Vd2neg dans la circulation sanguine de transplantés rénaux développant une infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV). Des clones T Vd2neg, isolés de ces patients, présentaient une forte réactivité in vitro contre des cellules infectées par le CMV mais aussi contre des cellules tumorales notamment d’origine colique (comme la lignée HT29). Un ligand commun induit par l’infection à CMV et la transformation tumorale, reconnu par les clones T Vd2neg serait à l’origine de cette double réactivité. La première partie de mon projet s’est concentrée sur l’étude du potentiel anti-tumoral de ces clones T Vd2neg in vivo, qui comprenait leur capacité à atteindre des cellules tumorales d’origines coliques (HT29) et à les lyser. Dans un modèle de xénogreffe dans des souris immunodéficientes, nous avons démontré que les clones TVd2neg, injectés dans le péritoine (i.p) pouvaient retarder la croissance de tumeurs solides HT29 sous-cutanées. D’après nos résultats, cette inhibition du développement tumoral proviendrait d’une action précoce et spécifique des cellules T Vd2neg et impliquerait le récepteur à chimiokine CCR3. Nos données suggèrent donc que des lymphocytes T Vd2neg, réactifs contre le CMV, pourraient migrer in vivo jusqu’au site d’injection des cellules tumorales et inhiber la croissance de la tumeur probablement grâce à leur acticité cytolytique. La deuxième partie de mon projet de thèse proposait d’approfondir l’étude du rôle des lymphocytes T Vd2neg contre les tumeurs coliques. Ainsi nous avons testé, in vivo, l’implication de lymphocytes T Vd1+ humains, une population représentative des épithéliums intestinaux, dans le cancer métastatique colorectal (CMC). Nous avons développé un modèle d’implantation orthotopique de cellules tumorales HT29 dans des souris immunodéficientes, qui mime le développement du CMC chez l’homme. Des tumeurs primaires intra-caecales et des métastases pulmonaires et hépatiques se développent chez les souris. De plus, nous avons pu suivre leur croissance grâce à l’introduction de la luciférase dans les HT29 et à une technique d’imagerie in vivo en bioluminescence. Nos résultats montrent qu’un traitement continu des souris par des injections de lignée T Vd1+ en i.p inhibe le développement des tumeurs primaires et retarde l’apparition des métastases à distance. Ces données soutiennent l’implication des lymphocytes T Vd2neg dans le contrôle des CMC. De façon intéressante, elles mettent en avant une implication anti-métastatique des cellules T Vd2neg. L’ensemble de nos travaux souligne le rôle des cellules T Vd2neg dans la réponse immunitaire contre les cancers colorectaux et étaye leur potentiel d’action lors de la progression des tumeurs vers des métastases, ouvrant ainsi des perspectives pour l’utilisation de ces cellules dans les thérapies des CMC<br>Gamma delta (?d) T lymphocytes contribute to host immune competence uniquely especially during stress immune responses to infections and tumors. Because ?d T cells colonize epithelial surfaces, where they can exert rapid and pleiotropic effector functions, they are critical protagonists in anti-cancer response. During my Phd project we explored the anti-tumor potential of Vd2 negatives (neg) ?d T lymphocytes, in vivo using a mouse xenograft tumor model. A few years ago, studies in our laboratory showed an increase of peripheral blood Vd2neg ?d T lymphocytes in allograft recipients infected by cytomegalovirus (CMV). Interestingly, Vd2neg ?d T clones isolated from these patients showed a cytotoxic activity against CMV infected fibroblast in vitro. Moreover, they were able to kill colon cancer cells (HT29) in vitro, in contrast to normal epithelial cells. Cancer cell- as well as CMV infected cell- killing involved T cell receptor (TCR) engagement, independently of major histocompatibility complex (CMH) recognition, probably with a common ligand. The first part of my Phd project was undertaken to evaluate the in vivo tumor reactivity of anti-CMV Vd2neg clones, including their ability to inhibit tumor growth as well as their migratory potential toward colon cancer cells. In immunodeficient mice, we showed that systemic intraperitoneal (i.p) injections with human Vd2neg clones inhibited the growth of HT29 hypodermal tumors xenografts. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that Vd2neg T cells had an early and specific anti-tumor effect, and that such activity could be hampered in vivo using an anti-CCR3 antibody. Our study suggest that Vd2neg T cells with an anti-viral potential are able to reach a tumor site in vivo, and inhibit tumoral growth exercising a cytolytic activity. The second part of my Phd project proposed to get further insights on the role of Vd2neg T cells in the immune surveillance against colon cancer. To this aim, we tested, the involvement of human Vd1+ T lymphocytes, a substantial fraction of T cells in intestinal epithelia, in limiting tumor spread in vivo, using a mouse model of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). We sat up a physiological mouse model of CRC by orthotopic microinjection of HT29 colon cell, which mimics the natural history of human CRC. Indeed, primary colic tumors and pulmonary and hepatic distant metastases grew in mice. Furthermore, bioluminescence imaging was used to follow the outcome of luciferase expressing cancer cells. We showed that systemic treatment with human Vd1+ T lymphocytes could inhibit the growth of intracaecal HT29 tumors and led a substantial reduction of distant metastases. Our results are the first arguing for a crucial role of ?d T cells against CRC, specially in preventing the dissemination of colon cancer cells. Taken together, our results underline the role of of ?d T cells in theimmune response against colorectal cancer. Our findings put forward Vd2neg T cells as attractive candidates for novel anti-tumor immunotherapy protocols

LKB1 is the second most commonly altered tumour suppressor gene in lung adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent form of lung cancer. LKB1 is a "master kinase" that has been shown to phosphorylate up to 13 downstream targets. We hypothesised that LKB1 loss is associated with an increased dependency on alternative, targetable pathways. The overall aims of this project were to better understand the role of LKB1 loss in lung cancer and to identify novel approaches to selectively target LKB1 mutated cells. We generated isogenic cells with or without LKB1 and used these to study the effect of LKB1 on cell proliferation. Importantly, we used a range of models including 2D culture, 3D spheroids and, sub-cutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models. To understand the role of LKB1 loss in lung cancer, the effect of LKB1 on mRNA expression was analysed using whole genome RNA Sequencing. To identify novel approaches to selectively target LKB1 mutated cells, we used biological screening methods and also investigated the effect of several metabolic inhibitors. We found that loss of LKB1 expression had no effect on cell proliferation in 2D culture, but was associated with increased growth in 3D spheroids, sub-cutaneous and orthotopic xenografts, as well as greater metastasis in a lung orthotopic model. Gene ontology analysis of the transcriptome identified that genes associated with cAMP signalling and cytoskeletal organisation were differentially expressed between LKB1 deficient and proficient cells. We confirmed that cAMP signalling was increased in LKB1 deficient cells, though there was no difference in sensitivity between LKB1 deficient and proficient cells to cAMP signalling modulators. The bioactive small molecule screen showed that LKB1 deficient cells underwent apoptosis more slowly and therefore, were less sensitive to many compounds, compared with LKB1 proficient cells. Screening in 3D spheroids was a novel approach that we used to identify microtubule inhibitors as potentially selective compounds acting in LKB1 deficient cells. Our RNASeq data suggests that there was a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in LKB1 deficient cells, although this did not affect sensitivity to complex I inhibitors. Importantly, LKB1 deficient cells were more sensitive to glucose and glutamine deprivation which suggests that targeting these metabolic pathways may hold the greatest promise to selectively inhibit proliferation in LKB1 mutated cells.

La progression tumorale est un processus multi-étapes dépendant notamment des interactions entre les cellules cancéreuses et le stroma environnant. Le développement du cancer du sein implique une communication étroite entre les cellules épithéliales mammaires, les cellules inflammatoires, les myofibroblastes et les cellules endothéliales. Ainsi, le microenvironnement tumoral apparaît comme une cible de choix dans le traitement anti-tumoral. L’utilisation de modèles précliniques est une étape clé dans le développement et la validation de nouvelles thérapies. Néanmoins, peu d’études sont disponibles sur le rôle du stroma péri-tumoral dans ces modèles.Dans le but d’étudier le stroma péri-tumoral des modèles précliniques de cancers du sein, nous avons combiné une analyse par cytométrie en flux à une analyse par immunohistochimie afin d’identifier, puis de quantifier, les différentes populations stromales hématopoïétiques (lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, polynucléaires) et non hématopoïétiques (myofibroblastes, cellules endothéliales). Vingt et un modèles de xénogreffe de tumeurs humaines de cancers du sein ainsi que 2 modèles transgéniques (MMTV-PyMT et MMTV-ErbB2), ainsi que leurs allogreffes respectives, furent utilisés lors de ce travail.Les analyses des tumeurs humaines et murines ont montré un infiltrat stromal très hétérogène d’une tumeur à l’autre, avec pour composante majoritaire les macrophages. Un infiltrat important en polynucléaires a également été détecté dans les modèles de PDX, caractéristique d’une inflammation locale importante dans ces modèles. L’analyse phénotypique de macrophages a montré une expression variable de marqueurs M1 et M2 dans les modèles de PDX. Les macrophages issus de tumeurs murines transgéniques, spontanées ou allogreffées, présentaient quant à eux un profil majoritairement M1. L’étude transcriptomique de macrophages triés, a permis à la fois de valider les résultats obtenus au niveau protéique mais a également mis en évidence des différences majeures dans l’expression de nombreux gènes, impliqués dans des voies de signalisation variées telles que la croissance tumorale, l’invasion et la métastase.Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de la tumeur sur son microenvironnement. En effet, celle-ci est à la fois capable d’attirer un panel de cellules stromales qui lui et propre et ensuite de l’activer de façon spécifique<br>Tumor development is a multi-step process influencing by interactions between tumor cells and surrounding stroma. Breast cancer development involves a high level of communication between mammary epithelial cells, inflammatory cells, myofibroblasts and endothelial cells. So, the tumoral microenvironment appears as a prime target for anti-tumoral treatment. The use of preclinical models is a critical step in development and validation processes of new therapies. Nevertheless, the role of stroma in these models is poorly understood.In order to evaluate stromal cell populations in breast cancer preclinical models, we combined flow cytometry analysis and immunohistochemistry to identify, and then quantify, various stromal populations as hematopoietic cells (lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and non-hematopoietic cells (myofibroblasts, endothelial cells). Twenty-one breast cancer patient-derived xenografts as well as 2 transgenic mouse models (MMTV-PyMT and MMTV-ErbB2), and their respective allografts, were studied.Analysis of human and murine tumors showed a strong heterogeneity between tumors regarding infiltrating stroma-cells, with a high proportion of macrophages. A significant amount of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was also detected in PDXs, indicating a local inflammation in these models. The phenotypic analysis of macrophages showed a variable expression of M1 and M2 markers in PDXs. Macrophages infiltrating transgenic mouse tumors, spontaneous or allografted, were mainly M1. Transcriptomic analyses of sorted macrophages, allowed us to validate previous results but also highlighted major differences in the expression of numerous genes implicated in various pathways as tumor growth, invasion and metastasis.Finally, this study highlighted the impact of tumor cells on their surrounding stroma. Indeed, we demonstrate that cancer cells are able to attract a specific panel of stromal cells and activate them in a specific way

Molecular probes capable of detecting colorectal cancer (CRC) are needed for early CRC diagnosis. The objective of this study was to characterize c[CTPSPFSHC]OH (TCP-1), a small peptide derived from phage display selection, for targeting human CRC xenografts using technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-labeled TCP-1 and fluorescent cyanine-7 (Cy7)-labeled form of the peptide (Cy7-TCP-1). (99m)Tc-TCP-1 was generated by modifying TCP-1 with succinimidyl-6-hydrazino-nicotinamide (S-HYNIC) followed by radiolabeling. In vitro saturation binding experiments were performed for (99m)Tc-TCP-1 in human HCT116 colon cancer cells. SCID mice with human HCT116 cancer xenografts were imaged with (99m)Tc-TCP-1 or control peptide using a small-animal SPECT imager: Group I (n=5) received no blockade; Group II (n=5) received a blocking dose of non-radiolabeled TCP-1. Group III (n=5) were imaged with (99m)Tc-labeled control peptide (inactive peptide). SCID mice with human PC3 prostate cancer xenografts (Group IV, n=5) were also imaged with (99m)Tc-TCP-1. Eight additional SCID mice bearing HCT116 xenografts in dorsal skinfold window chambers (DSWC) were imaged by direct positron imaging of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) and fluorescence microscopy of Cy7-TCP-1. In vitro(99m)Tc-HYNIC-TCP-1 binding assays on HCT 116 cells indicated a mean Kd of 3.04±0.52nM. In cancer xenografts, (99m)Tc-TCP-1 radioactivity (%ID/g) was 1.01±0.15 in the absence of blockade and was reduced to 0.26±0.04 (P<0.01) with blockade. No radioactive uptake was observed in the PC3 tumors with (99m)Tc-TCP-1 or HCT116 tumors with inactive peptide. Cy7-TCP-1 activity localized not only in metabolically active tumors, as defined by (18)F-FDG imaging, but also in peritumoral microvasculature. In conclusion, TCP-1 probes may have a distinct targeting mechanism with high selectivity for CRC and tumor-associated vasculature. Molecular imaging with TCP-1 probes appears promising to detect malignant colorectal lesions.

Mice with human immune systems, generated by transplanting human CD34+ cells into immunodeficient mice, are essential tools for studying phenomena unique to the human immune system or poorly reproduced in existing mouse models. Human immune tolerance induction, function and autoimmunity have been poorly modeled in conventional murine models, which often have poor predictive value for preclinical development. Models that allow the study of human immune cells with the reproducibility and flexibility of small animal models are required. In our lab, humanized mouse models have been used to study preclinical protocols for human xenotolerance induction and to better understand the immunological underpinnings of human autoimmunity. These are each areas of critical unmet medical need. Xenotolerance-inducing protocols may be necessary to allow long-term survival of a transplanted pig organ in a human patient, and, with more than 113,000 Americans currently waiting for a life-saving organ, the need to expand the pool available for transplantation is urgent. Additionally, clinical options for patients with autoimmune diseases are limited. Currently, most patients with autoimmunity are only diagnosed after significant immune damage of target organs. Predicting who will develop autoimmunity – and who will not – before damage occurs would be very useful but is currently very difficult. Small animal models that can better help us understand how human autoimmunity develops could help us develop protocols for early detection and even prevention. We have developed a personalized immune model to study the development of an individual patient’s immune system in a transplanted mice to better understand immune abnormalities that underlie autoimmunity. We have used existing humanized mouse models to answer important questions related to human xenotolerance induction and autoimmunity, but in the studies described here we have worked to extend our capacity to use these models to study human T cell development and peripheral function. We would like to be able to study both the initial selection of T cell receptors (TCRs) in the thymus based on their ability to recognize antigen in the context of presenting MHC without reacting unduly to self-antigen, as well as in the periphery, where T cells interact with peripheral antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to maintain homeostasis and respond to antigen. First, we have incorporated TCR transgenesis into our humanized mouse models to allow greater precision in studying thymic selection in our humanized mice. Developing a system for this would allow us to study in greater detail mechanisms of human xenotolerance induction, including confirming that a swine thymus can support positive selection of T cells with human-restricted TCRs to allow a future xenotransplantation patient to maintain immune competence, while also robustly tolerizing human T cells expressing pig-reactive TCRs. We will also expand this system to study the thymic selection of human T cells with autoreactive TCRs to better understand mechanisms of central tolerance and understand how they fail in autoimmunity. Finally, while processes of thymic selection are critical for human T cell development and function, peripheral interactions also have a large impact on human T cell function and homeostasis and may contribute to the development of autoimmunity. For these interactions to occur appropriately requires robust engraftment and reconstitution of APCs, especially of myeloid and B cell lineages, in transplanted immunodeficient mice. APC reconstitution tends to be suboptimal in humanized mice and is even more so in mice transplanted with patient-derived CD34+ cells. Better characterization of human APC populations and their progenitors could allow us to develop approaches to improve long-term human APC reconstitution in patient-derived humanized mice, allowing us to more fully model patient peripheral T cell function.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009.<br>A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on October 13, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

博士<br>國防醫學院<br>生命科學研究所<br>98<br>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 3% of all adult malignancies and clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is major type in renal cancer. The recent estimates of the cancer incidence worldwide about 208,000 new cases of kidney cancer have been diagnosed (1.9% of the world total), and 102,000 persons died because of kidney cancer in 2002. In Taiwan, there are 522 persons died because of kidney cancer in 2007, which is the 14th most common cause of cancer death in men and the 13th in women. Incidence and mortality rates are approximately 1.5 fold as high for men as for women worldwide. clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common kidney cancer (~70%) in adults, which characterized by a high microvascular density produced by tumor-induced neoangiogenesis. Studies have revealed that the major cause of ccRCC is due to loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, which causes an upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha (HIF-alpha) activity, and subsequencely leads to overexpression of VEGF-A. However the clinical targeting drugs which target to VEGFR or VEGF have their limitation for antitumor effect. For further understanding of the issue of drug induced resistant mechanism against anti-angiogenic therapy, we established an in vivo animal model to further approach the issues which come from clinical therapy. This model was developed using human RCC cell lines, grown as xenotransplants in severe combined immunodeficient mice, exposed daily to sorafenib in vivo, followed by serial reimplantation and re-exposure to sorafenib, until a resistant phenotype was obtained. These cell lines were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments to further determine the resistant mechanism. According to the result of animal experiment, the xenotransplants in severe combined immunodeficient mice show resistance on tumor growth curve under high dosage of sorafenib treatment. IHC staining of tumor sections show lots of macrophages and neutrophils infiltrated in sorafenib treated tumors. Resistant tumor cells show that phosphorylation level of c-Raf has no effect under high dosage of sorafenib treatment by western blotting. And the RNA level of IL-10 shows clear increase in fourth resistant generation of 786-0 tumor cells. According to those results, we made a hypothesis that the resistance of tumor comes from the unchanged phosphorylation of c-Raf under high dosage of sorafenib treatment, further activates down-stream signal transduction. It causes cytokine secretion which can promote tumor growth and change tumor microenvironments. It also promotes lots of granulocytes and macrophages infiltrated in tumor site to cause chronic inflammation which can help tumor growth. Therefore tumors generate the resistance to high dosage sorafenib. Recent clinical study shows that small molecular anti-angiogenic drugs, such as sorafenib, sunitinib and bevacizumab, do not have beneficial effects on single usage. Tumor re-growth rapidly continues after drug treatment stops, even causing metastasis. Based on our previous study, we found that inflammatory responses in the microenvironment of tumors contributed to tumor drug resistance. In addition, it is observed that structurally abnormal blood vessels in tumors promoted tumor necrosis and increased interstitial fluid pressure, which further impedes the efficacy of drug delivery. Therefore, we further combined another targeting drug which can be activated by â-glucuronidase released from necrotic tumor and inflammatory cells, and thereby killing tumor cells specifically. We further combined anti-angiogenetic therapy to improve the efficacy of drug delivery. By aiming to deliver more targeting drugs that are activated specially in tumor microenvironment, we counteract on the unwanted drug resistance in tumor microenvironment for an enhanced anti-tumor activity. A potential targeting drug for the present research is 9-aminocamptothecin glucuronide (9 ACG) which is a non-toxic and cell-impermeable glucuronide prodrug. It is suitable for use in combination with anti-angiogenesis treatment in cancer therapy. Based on our previous study, it has been shown that anti-angiogenesis treatment can further improve the delivery and activation of glucuronide prodrugs. Antiangiogenetic antibody DC101 combined with 9ACG shows synergistic long-term tumor suppression (>125 days) on most mice. Immunohistochemistry staining shows tumors from combined treatment (125 days) has large amounts of granulocytes and macrophages infiltration, increased fibrosis and serious neurosis compared to size matched tumors from PBS treatment. It also provides evidence that the major source of β-glucuronidase which can activate 9ACG comes from dead tumor and immune cells. IHC results also show that those cells contain high levels of β-glucuronidase. This complete result proposes that innate immune cells will accumulate in tumor sites. And these cells which have high levels of β-glucuronidase might promote the selected activation of 9ACG to 9AC in tumor site after DC101 antibody treatment. These data show that innate immune factor plays an important role in long term tumor suppression. We also show that vessel endothelial cells became apoptosis after combined DC101 and 9ACG. This combination also causes the blood vessels to decrease. The sections used come from clinical colon patients which show the similar phenomena of large amounts of granulocyte and microphage infiltration. In conclusion, our data shows synergistic anti-tumor activity under a combination of DC101and 9ACG, and provides an evidence for rewarding value for follow-up effort.

L’adénocarcinome épithélial de l’ovaire (CEO) est le cancer gynécologique le plus mortel. La recherche de nouvelles thérapies repose principalement sur des modèles précliniques 2D et in vivo avec des lignées cellulaires (LC) pour générer les évidences nécessaires à l’initiation d’essais cliniques. Ce processus requiert des fonds substantiels en recherche/santé qui est associé à un taux d’attrition élevé laissant supposer des lacunes dans le modèle actuel. Nos publications antérieures suggèrent que la sensibilité in vitro de nos LC du CEO à la chimiothérapie carboplatin varie en 2D ou 3D. Il reste à élucider lequel de ces modèles est le plus représentatif de la réponse in vivo. De ce fait, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que le modèle 3D refléterait plus étroitement la sensibilité in vivo. L’objectif de cette étude était de caractériser la réponse au carboplatin de nos LC du CEO en monocouches et en sphéroïdes (3D), puis de les comparer à leur réponse in vivo (xénogreffes). Un total de 6 LC du CEO a été injecté dans des souris qui ont reçues trois différentes concentrations de carboplatin. Leurs réponses ont été évaluées/classées selon leurs mesures de volume tumoral et l’immunofluorescence. Ces mêmes LC ont été ensemencées dans des plaques à très faible adhérence pour former des sphéroïdes et les traiter. Des analyses de cytométrie en flux ont été effectuées afin de classer les LC selon leur concentration inhibitrice médiane (CI50). Nous avons comparé le tout aux résultats 2D (CI50) précédemment publiés. Nos résultats montrent que le système 3D démontre la meilleure concordance avec le modèle in vivo. Notamment, notre LC ultra-résistance en 2D devient plus sensible en modèle murin ou encore en 3D. Inversement, une LC ultra-sensible en 2D est plus résistante en xénogreffe et en sphéroïde. Les résultats découlant de notre étude sont importants à considérer lors d’investissement de temps et de fonds dans les études de criblage et de prédiction de réponses thérapeutiques.<br>Epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. The drug discovery pipeline is heavily based on preclinical models. Typically, 2D cell line (CL)-based models are used to screen compounds followed by validation in animal models to generate the evidence needed to design clinical trials. This process incurs a high cost to the research pipeline and still results in high drug attrition rates. This may in part reflect the poor translation of preclinical to clinical results and points to deficiencies in modeling. Previous work from our laboratory shows that the sensitivity of our EOC CLs to carboplatin therapy varies between 2D and 3D in vitro models, however it is unclear how these differences align with the in vivo response. We hypothesize that 3D models will more closely reflect therapeutic in vivo response. The objective of this study was to characterize the carboplatin sensitivity of EOC CLs in 2D and 3D-spheroids and compare them to in vivo response using mouse xenografts. We injected mice with 6 different EOC CLs that were treated with 3 different carboplatin concentrations. Tumor volume measurements and immunofluorescence viability stains were used to categorize CLs by their sensitivity. The same CLs were seeded in low attachment plates to form, and thereafter treat, spheroids. Flow cytometry analysis was used to classify CLs by their 50% inhibitory response (IC50). The 2D response (IC50) for these CLs has previously been published. Our results show that therapeutic response changes significantly for a single CL between different systems, and the 3D model was most concordant with the in vivo model. Our ultra-resistant CL in 2D became more sensitive in 3D/mouse models. In contrast, the highly 2D sensitive CL became more resistant in our xenograft/spheroid models. The results are important to consider when investing time/funds in drug screening and therapeutic response prediction studies.