Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mouton – Parasites

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Mouton – Parasites'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Mouton – Parasites"

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Desquesnes, Marc, and Laurent Tresse. "Evaluation de la sensibilité du test de Woo pour la détection de Trypanosoma vivax." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 49, no. 4 (1996): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9503.

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L'objet du présent travail a été de chiffrer la sensibilité de la technique de Woo pour la détection de Trypanosoma vivax de Guyane, en l'éprouvant sur des échantillons sanguins de parasitémie déterminée, allant de 1 à 1 767 trypanosomes/ml, préparés par dilution de sang infecté dans du sang non infecté. L'expérience a été réalisée avec du sang de mouton. Une technique simple est décrite, pour le dénombrement des parasites dans le sang. Le seuil moyen de positivité du test de Woo chez le mouton a été d'environ 200 ± 110 T. vivax/ml. Le test a présenté une sensibilité de 100 % quand la parasité
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Desquesnes, Marc, and Laurent Tresse. "Evaluation de la sensibilité de la PCR pour la détection de l'ADN de Trypanosoma vivax selon divers modes de préparation des échantillons sanguins." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 49, no. 4 (1996): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9504.

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Vingt deux échantillons sanguins contenant des nombres déterminés de trypanosomes/ml, allant de 1 à 1 767, ont été constitués à partir de sang de mouton infecté par T. vivax, dilué dans du sang d'animal non infecté. La sensibilité de la réaction de PCR a été évaluée sur plusieurs types de préparation du sang : sang total hépariné, plasma, interface globules blancs/plasma de tubes à hématocrite (buffy coat), sang lysé, culot de centrifugation de plasma, et ADN purifié à l'aide d'un kit commercial à base de résine échangeuse d'ions. Le sang total inhibe presque toujours la PCR. La réaction sur p
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Boulkaboul, A., and K. Moulaye. "Parasitisme interne du mouton de race Ouled Djellal en zone semi-aride d’Algérie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 59, no. 1-4 (2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9950.

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Une étude du parasitisme interne a été réalisée chez des ovins de race Ouled Djellal infestés naturellement dans une région semi-aride d’Algérie (Tiaret). Des coproscopies effectuées pendant l’année 2004 sur 423 ovins ont révélé un taux global d’infestation de 78,9 p. 100 et ont permis d’identifier des cestodes (Moniezia spp., Avitellina sp.), des coccidies (Eimeria spp.) et des nématodes dont des strongles respiratoires (Dictyocaulus sp., Muellerius sp., Protostrongylus sp.). Le parasitisme a été saisonnier pour tous les parasites. Les coccidies ont été plus présentes chez les jeunes (n = 164
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Portanier, Elodie, Mathieu Garel, Sébastien Devillard, et al. "Does host socio-spatial behavior lead to a fine-scale spatial genetic structure in its associated parasites?" Parasite 26 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019062.

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Gastro-intestinal nematodes, especially Haemonchus contortus, are widespread pathogenic parasites of small ruminants. Studying their spatial genetic structure is as important as studying host genetic structure to fully understand host-parasite interactions and transmission patterns. For parasites having a simple life cycle (e.g., monoxenous parasites), gene flow and spatial genetic structure are expected to strongly rely on the socio-spatial behavior of their hosts. Based on five microsatellite loci, we tested this hypothesis for H. contortus sampled in a wild Mediterranean mouflon population
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Dakkak, A., and A. Daoudi. "Haemonchus contortus et Ostertagia circumcincta: Expulsion des parasites et restauration de l'integrite de la muqueuse abomasale apres application intraabomasale de l'acide arachidonique chez le mouton infeste experimentalement." Experimental Parasitology 60, no. 3 (1985): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(85)90044-x.

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Carrau, Tessa, Carlos Martínez-Carrasco, María Magdalena Garijo, Francisco Alonso, Rocío Ruiz de Ybáñez, and Paolo Tizzani. "Multivariate Abundance Analysis of Multi-Host/Multi-Parasite Lungworms in a Sympatric Wild Ruminant Population." Diversity 13, no. 6 (2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060227.

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In the analysis of a multi-host/multi-parasite system and its associated risk factors, it is particularly interesting to understand the natural dynamics among pathogens, their hosts, and the environment in wildlife populations. This analysis is particularly feasible in a scenario where multiple overlapping host populations are present in high densities, along with a complex community of parasites. We aimed to describe and analyze the naturally occurring lungworm polyparasitism in a wild ruminant community in Southeast Spain. The respiratory tracts of 250 specimens belonging to four different s
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Diaw, O. T., M. M. Sèye, M. Seye, Y. Sarr, and Georges Vassiliades. "L'immunodiagnostic de la fasciolose à Fasciola gigantica par la technique ELISA au Sénégal. Observatoins préliminaires chez deux agneaux." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 47, no. 3 (1994): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9090.

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L'objet de ce travail est de tester l'utilisation de la technique ELISA au Sénégal pour le diagnostic de la fasciolose à Fasciola gigantica chez le mouton en utilisant comme antigène les produits métaboliques d'excrétion-sécrétion du parasite. Alors que les analyses coprologiques classiques sont négatives jusqu'à la 14è semaine, l'analyse immunologique par le test ELISA permet de trouver les premiers anticorps anti-Fasciola gigantica dès la 4è semaine après l'infection.
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Nguyen Van-Khanh, N. Bourges, D. Concordet, and P. Dorchies. "Mastocytes et éosinophiles de la muqueuse respiratoire du mouton infesté parOestrus ovis(Linné, 1761)." Parasite 3, no. 3 (1996): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1996033217.

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Heddergott, Mike, Natalia Osten-Sacken, Peter Steinbach, and Alain C. Frantz. "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-living European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) hunted in central Germany." Parasite 25 (2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018020.

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Despite increasing consumption of mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) meat in Germany, there is currently no surveillance of Toxoplasma gondii infection in populations of these animals and generally little knowledge about the prevalence of this protozoan in German wild ungulates. Between 2011 and 2015, we collected 138 blood samples from a free-living mouflon population in central German and tested sera for the presence of T. gondii antibodies using a modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:20). Antibodies were detected in 31 of the 138 samples (22.46%). There was a significant difference in
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Orecka-Grabda, Teresa, and Jadwiga Wierzbicka. "Metazoan parasites of the eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) in the Szczecin Lagoon and River Odra mouth area." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 24, no. 2 (1994): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1994.24.2.02.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mouton – Parasites"

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Duranton, Christelle. "Comparaison de l'infestation par Oestrus ovis (Linné, 1761) chez la chevre et le mouton." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30171.

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Strus ovis (linnaeus, 1761) est un parasite frequent chez le mouton et la chevre de nombreux pays mediterraneens et tropicaux, responsable d'une maladie (l'strose) due a la presence et au developpement de larves dans les cavites nasales de l'hote. Une etude bibliographique et une enquete epidemiologique menee a l'abattoir de pezenas ont montre que la prevalence et l'intensite de l'infestation sont plus importantes chez le mouton que chez la chevre naturellement infestes par strus ovis. Nous avons infeste experimentalement des chevreaux et des agneaux par des larves de premier stade d'strus ovi
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Tabouret, Guillaume. "Oestrus ovis(linné 1761) [Diptera : oestridae] chez les ovins : application à la caractérisation des tumeurs mammaires." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30021.

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Jemli, Mohamed Habib. "Fasciolose ovine à Fasciola hepatica : contribution à son étude immunologique et biochimique." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT015A.

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L'auteur etudie la fasciolose a fasciola hepatica chez le mouton, dans le double but de mieux connaitre la physiopathologie de la maladie et d'obtenir des moyens de diagnostic precoces et fiables. Apres un rappel concernant la maladie et ses consequences pathologiques et immunitaires, l'auteur presente les methodes d'etude puis les resultats obtenus chez des moutons infestes experimentalement par 200 metacercaires de grande douve en infestation unique. Il rapporte les perturbations immunologiques et biochimiques observees au cours de cette infestation, en remarquant surtout une augmentation im
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Terefe, Getachew. "Rôle des éosinophiles dans la régulation des populations d'Haemonchus contortus chez le mouton." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000565/.

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Les éosinophiles sont des cellules effectrices recrutées dans le sang et dans les tissus lors d'infestations par des helminthes. Nos études expérimentales avaient pour but d'explorer le rôle de ces cellules dans la résistance des moutons à Haemonchus contortus. In vitro, les éosinophiles de mouton étaient capables de tuer des larves infestantes d'H. Contortus en présence de sérum immun ou non. Dans les études in vivo, (1) les infestations expérimentales étaient accompagnées par une réponse immune de type Th2, plus prononcée et plus soutenue dans le temps chez une race résistante que dans une r
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Yilma, Jobre Makonnen. "Contribution à l'étude de l'épidémiologie, du diagnostic immunologique et de la physiopathologie de l'oestrose ovine (oestrus ovis linne 1761)." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT036A.

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Une etude epidemiologique effectuee dans le sud-ouest a revele une prevalence elevee de l'infestation par oestrus ovis. L'evolution larvaire qui est fonction de la temperature exterieure et du niveau de precipitations, comprend une courte phase estivale de developpement actif et une phase prolongee d'inhibition hivernale. Des essais d'infestations experimentales ont confirme l'influence des facteurs climatiques sur la dipause. Dans une etude de simulation de l'strose par des transplantations larvaires repetees, des resultats ante mortem et post mortem significativement differents ont ete obser
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Rossanigo, Carlos Esteban. "Rôle de l'eau et de la température sur les taux de développement des nématodes parasites du tractus digestif des ruminants." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20293.

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Les conditions climatiques ont un role preponderant sur la repartition geographique et temporelle des differentes especes de nematodes parasites des ruminants. Sur un exemple tire du parasitisme des bovins du centre-ouest d'argentine, temperature et pluviometrie contribuent a expliquer les niveaux d'infestation par les principaux genres. Un travail plus experimental est developpe en vue d'estimer le role de l'eau a proximite immediate des ufs et jeunes larves des nematodes (dans les feces), avec ou sans celui de la temperature, sur la partie du cycle de developpement allant de l'uf a la larve
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Lacroux, Caroline Dorchies Philippe. "Régulation des populations de Nématodes gastro-intestinaux (Haemonchus contortus et Trichostrongylus colubriformis) dans deux races ovines, INRA 401 et Barbados Black Belly." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000299.

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Pénicaud, Juliette Jacquiet Philippe. "Comparaison de la réponse anticorps systémique des ovins Barbados black belly et INRA 401 lors d'infestations expérimentales par Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda : Trichostrongylidae)." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/1756/1/debouch_1756.pdf.

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Moreau, Emmanuelle. "Interactions lymphocytes-antigènes parasitaires au cours de la fasciolose à Fasciola Hepatica Linne, 1758, chez le mouton." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120100.

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Afin de mieux connaitre les mecanismes immunitaires mis en jeu au cours de la fasciolose et afin de rechercher des antigenes <<<>candidats-vaccins<>>>, nous avons etudie, chez des moutons infestes experimentalement, la cinetique des reponses humorale et cellulaire dirigees contre des fractions purifiees des produits d'excretion/secretion de f. Hepatica (pesfh) ainsi que les sous-populations lymphocytaires peripheriques et locales mises en jeu au cours de l'infestation. Par differentes techniques, 9 fractions ont ete purifiees a partir des pesfh : 6 fractions de 50-70, 35-40, 27-30, 24, 20 et <
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Bonnefoi, Marc. "Contribution à l'étude des sporidesmines et de leurs effets biologiques." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30083.

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La sporidesmiotoxicose fut identifiee pour la premiere fois en europe en 1982 chez des moutons du pays basque francais. Connue auparavant en australie et en nouvelle-zelande, il s'agit d'une intoxication des ruminants par les sporidesmines, mytotoxines hepatotoxiques produites dans l'herbe par la moisissure pithomyces chartarum. Les travaux rapportes ont eu pour objet de determiner l'impact de l'intoxication, d'etudier les souches locales de moisissure toxinogene et de preciser le mecanisme d'action toxique des sporidesmines. L'impact economique de la maladie (10% de perte de production) a ete
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Books on the topic "Mouton – Parasites"

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1944-, Watanabe Makoto, Okuno O, Sasaki K, Suzuki O, and Takahashi Nobuhiro 1959-, eds. Interface Oral Health Science 2007: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium for Interface Oral Health Science, held in Sendai, Japan, between 18 and 19 February 2007. Springer, 2007.

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J, Cleri Dennis, ed. Immunology and infectious diseases of the mouth, head, and neck. Mosby Year Book, 1991.

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Nithikathkul, Choosak, Prasert Saichua, Louis Royal, and John H. Cross. Capillariosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0065.

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Capillaria species are members of the superfamily Trichinelloidae. These worms have a filamentous thin anterior end and a slightly thicker oesophagus which is surrounded by glandular cells or stichocytes. This oesophageal pattern is called stichosomal oesophagus. Capillaria species are parasites which are found in many vertebrate animals. More than two hundred species have been reported in several vertebrate species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Cross 1992; Chitwood et al. 1968), but only three species infect humans. These are Capillaria hepatica , C. aerophila and
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Special adaptations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0013.

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Within the considerable diversity of fish there are less-usual attributes of some species which facilitate survival in particular habitats or in response to selective pressures. The intense competition in warm, shallow water results in polymorphism in colour and size and complex social structure in some reef-fish and in different dentitions in cichlids with trophic specializations. Fish in the light-less deep sea are typically dark with large eyes and mouth; often they possess light-emitting photophores. In contrast, dark-dwelling cavefish lack melanin pigmentation, are usually pink, lack phot
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Takahashi, Nobuhiro, Martin A. Taubman, Osamu Suzuki, et al. Interface Oral Health Science 2009. Ingramcontent, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mouton – Parasites"

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Koyuncu, Cafer Erkin, Harun Yilmaz, Faik Sertel Secer, Dogukan Kaya, and Ercument Genc. "Fish Parasites of Tigris and Euphrates River Systems." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_68.

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Öktener, Ahmet. "The Parasites of Fishes of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers: Iraq and Turkey." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_69.

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Perry, Brian, Bernard Bett, Eric Fèvre, Delia Grace, and Thomas Fitz Randolph. "Veterinary epidemiology at ILRAD and ILRI, 1987-2018." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0208.

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Abstract This chapter describes the activities of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and its predecessor, the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) from 1987 to 2018. Topics include scientific impacts; economic impact assessment; developmental impacts; capacity development; partnerships; impacts on human resources capacity in veterinary epidemiology; impacts on national animal health departments and services; impacts on animal health constraints in developing countries; impacts on ILRI's research and strategy; the introduction of veterinary epidemiology and economics at ILRAD; field studies in Kenya; tick-borne disease dynamics in eastern and southern Africa; heartwater studies in Zimbabwe; economic impact assessments of tick-borne diseases; tick and tick-borne disease distribution modelling; modelling the infection dynamics of vector-borne diseases; economic impact of trypanosomiasis; the epidemiology of resistance to trypanocides; the development of a modelling technique for evaluating control options; sustainable trypanosomiasis control in Uganda and in the Ghibe Valley of Ethiopia; spatial modelling of tsetse distributions; preventing and containing trypanocide resistance in the cotton zone of West Africa; rabies research; the economic impacts of rinderpest control; applying economic impact assessment tools to foot and mouth disease (FMD) control, the southern Africa FMD economic impact study; economic impacts of FMD in Peru, Colombia and India; economic impacts of FMD control in endemic settings in low- and middle-income countries; the global FMD research alliance (GFRA); Rift Valley fever; economic impact assessment of control options and calculation of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); RVF risk maps for eastern Africa; land-use change and RVF infection and disease dynamics; epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites; priorities in animal health research for poverty reduction; the Wellcome Trust Epidemiology Initiatives; the broader economic impact contributions; the responses to highly pathogenic avian influenza; the International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE) experience, the role of epidemiology in ILRAD and ILRI and the impacts of ILRAD and ILRI's epidemiology; capacity development in veterinary epidemiology and impact assessment; impacts on national animal health departments and services; impacts on animal health constraints in developing countries and impacts on ILRI's research and strategy.
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Bronstein, Judith L. "Mutualisms." In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0031.

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The unusual behavior of cleaner fish has attracted both popular and scientific curiosity since its discovery early in the 20th century. These fish apparently make their living by removing external parasites from “host” fishes of other species (some also remove bacteria or diseased and injured tissue). When they approach cleaners, hosts assume an unusual motionless posture that allows cleaners to feed from their scales, from their gill cavities, or even inside their mouths. For their trouble, cleaner fish get a meal, and hosts get a good cleaning. The interaction between cleaner fish and their hosts is generally classified as a mutualism, or mutually beneficial interaction between species. Stories about this and other mutualisms have become staples of nature documentaries and the popular literature and have helped lure many students into a lifetime of studying biology. From the perspective of evolutionary ecology, however, the cleaner-host relationship is anything but straightforward (Poulin and Grutter 1996). First, it is not at all clear that this interaction confers reciprocal fitness benefits. Despite several decades of effort, only one study has shown that cleaners significantly reduce hosts’ parasite loads (Grutter 1999), and none has yet demonstrated that reducing parasite loads increases host success. Since cleaners often gouge the host’s flesh, particularly when parasites are few, the interaction is often more costly than beneficial. Second, if cleaning does not confer an advantage, it is not evident why hosts should tolerate and even actively solicit cleaners’ attention. In fact, sometimes hosts lure cleaners only to eat them, but the conditions under which it might be beneficial for a host to doublecross its cleaners like this remain unexplored. Third, we don’t really understand how cleaning behaviors arose in the first place, considering that the first individuals that approached hosts to feed on parasites were very likely eaten. Despite this constraint, cleaning has apparently evolved multiple times; it is found in at least five families, in both marine and freshwater species, and in both the temperate zone and the tropics.
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Warrell, David A. "Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection)." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0187.

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Pentastomida are dioecious, obligate parasites that are currently grouped in subclass Branchiura (fish lice and cycloids) of class Maxillopoda, subphylum Crustacea, phylum Arthropoda. Common names are ‘pentastomes’ (referring to two pairs of hooks above the mouth that give the impression of five stomata) or ‘tongue worms’ (alluding to the tongue-like appearance of some, such as adult Linguatula). Adult pentastomes inhabit the upper respiratory tracts of their end hosts (vertebrates such as reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals) where they feed on blood and other tissues. Their larvae infect internal organs of vertebrate or arthropod intermediate hosts. Pentastomes appear to have coevolved with other maxillopodan/branchiuran parasites and their vertebrate hosts. There are about 100 living species in the orders Cephalobaenida (e.g. genus Raillietiella) and Porocephalida (e.g. genera Linguatula, Armillifer, Porocephalus, Leiperia, and Sebekia).
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Riddell, Anna, and C. Y. William Tong. "Gastro-intestinal, Hepatic, Pancreatic, and Biliary Infections." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0041.

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The gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) hosts the most numerous and diverse reservoir of microbes in humans. There is increasing interest in the relationship between the GIT microbiome and human health. Obesity, diabetes, allergy, and a number of inflammatory diseases have been linked with the human GIT microbiome. Infections of the GIT arise either as a result of a change in the relationship between the commensal microbes colonizing the GIT (endogenous infection) or entry in to the GIT of a micro-organism which causes disease (exogenous infection). Commensals most commonly invade host tissues as a result of compromised defensive barriers. Disease associated with exogenous infection can be toxin-mediated, or associated with local or systemic invasion of the host. Endogenous infections are usually polymicrobial. In the mouth the aetiology, presentation, and anatomical associations have led to the description of a number of syndromes. Peritonsillar infection with involvement of the internal jugular vein is Lemierre’s syndrome, which is particularly associated with infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum. ‘Trench mouth’ is a severe form of ulcerative gingivitis, so named because in the absence of oral hygiene it was a relatively common diagnosis among those in the trenches during the First World War. Ludwig’s angina is a severe infection of the floor of the mouth which spreads in to the submandibular and sub-lingual space, often following a tooth-related infection. Deep neck infections are more common in children than adults and can involve the parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, peri-tonsillar, or sub-mandibular spaces. Children with deep neck infections are more likely than adults to present with cough and respiratory distress. Oesophagitis has a wide range of potential aetiologies. Fungi (particularly Candida species) are probably the most common microbial cause of oesophagitis. Fungal infection of the distal oesophagus is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of disseminated fungal infection. Risk factors for fungal infection include poor oral intake, exposure to antibiotics, immunocompromise (HIV, steroids, cancer treatments), gastric acid suppressants, and damage to mucosal integrity (naso-gastric tubes, acid reflux, varices). Bacteria (including Mycobacteria, Actinomycetes, Treponemes), parasites, and viruses (herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus) are rarer infectious causes of oesophagitis.
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Malik, Junaid Ahmad. "Strongyloidiasis." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch005.

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Strongyloidiasis is a human parasitic ailment brought about by a whiplike nematode worm called Strongyloides stercoralis. Most humans get the infection by coming in contact with contaminated soil whereby the tiny worms penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream from where it passes through the right side of the heart and lungs to mouth, stomach, and small intestines. Replication inside tainted people enables the disease to persevere for quite a long time. Strongyloides can cause a hyperinfection disorder which causes side effects in numerous organ frameworks, including the central nervous system that can prompt death if untreated. The diagnosis is made by blood and stool tests. This chapter is intended to draw a more precise picture of the global prevalence, diagnosis, and risk factors for S. stercoralis. The chapter also discusses the diagnostic approaches for detecting the infection, the morbidity caused and the recommended management. It further discusses some of the reasons why this infection is so neglected and the consequence of this for the estimated global prevalence.
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Abrahams, Peter W. "Human Geophagy: A Review of Its Distribution, Causes, and Implications." In Geology and Health. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162042.003.0010.

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Geophagy (or geophagia) can be defined as the habit of eating clay or earth, a practice about which there is a great deal of misunderstanding. Though many people know and accept that geophagy is undertaken by wild and domesticated animals, and that humans can inadvertently ingest soil by (for example) hand-to-mouth activity, the deliberate consumption of soil by humans appears to be more difficult to comprehend. Yet geophagy (or pica) is a widespread among contemporary nonhuman primates (Krishnamani and Mahaney 2000), suggesting that the practice predates human evolution, and that soil ingestion has continued for a multiplicity of reasons. Therefore, although words such as ‘evil,’ ‘odd,’ ‘filthy’ and ‘degrading’ have been applied to geophagy as practiced by humans, a more enlightened appraisal is to suggest that soil consumption should be considered to be within the normal range of human behavior (Vermeer 1986). The oldest evidence for human geophagy comes from a prehistoric site at Kalambo Falls where the bones of Homo habilis, the immediate predecessor of Homo sapiens, have been found alongside a white clay believed to have been used for geophagical purposes (Root-Bernstein and Root- Bernstein 2000). Human migration then transferred geophagy to other parts of the earth, although Laufer (1930) concluded that the practice is not universal, being unknown in some countries such as Japan, Korea, and parts of Africa. To a certain extent this may be attributable to a lack of reporting on geophagy. For example, although the practice is not recorded in Namibia by Lagercrantz (1958, Figure 1),Thomson (1997) reports that the deliberate consumption of soil is commonly undertaken by pregnant women in the eastern Caprivi region of the country. Geophagy can still be found relatively easily throughout many societies of the world today. While investigating geohelminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection and mineral nutrient deficiencies in children and pregnant women, Geissler et al. (1997, 1998) indicated the prevalence of geophagy in parts of Kenya. In these studies, 73% of 285 school children aged 5-18 years indulged in the practice, whereas 154 of 275 pregnant women (56%) reported eating soil regularly.
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