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Journal articles on the topic 'Moving reference frame'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 August 2022

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1

Grushka, Ya. "THE CRITERION FOR TRANSFERABLE SELF-CONSISTENTLY TRANSLATIONALITY OF COORDINATE TRANSFORM OPERATORS AND REFERENCE FRAMES IN UNIVERSAL KINEMATICS." Bukovinian Mathematical Journal 9, no. 1 (2021): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/bmj2021.01.10.

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From an intuitive point of view universal kinematics are collections (sets) of changing objects, which evolve, being in a certain spatial-geometric environment, and evolution of whi- ch can be observed from many different frames of reference. Moreover, the definition of uni- versal kinematics impose the existence of some (preassigned) universal coordinate transform between every two reference frames of such kinematics. Transferable self-consistently translati- onal reference frames (in vector universal kinematics) are interesting because for such reference frames it is possible to give a clear and unambiguous definition of displacement of a moving reference frame relative to a fixed one, which does not depend on the choice of a fixed point in the moving frame of reference. In the present paper it is shown that an arbitrary reference frame m is transferable self-consistently translational relatively to a reference frame l (in some vector uni- versal kinematics F) if and only if the coordinate transform operator from the reference frame m to the reference frame l is transferable self-consistently translational. Therefore transferable self-consistently translational coordinate transform operators describe the conversion of coordi- nates from the moving and transferable self-consistently translational frame of reference to the (given) fixed frame in vector universal kinematics. Also in the paper it is described the structure of transferable self-consistently translational coordinate transform operators (this is the main result of the article). Using this result it have been obtained the necessary and sufficient conditi- on for transferable self-consistently translationality of one reference frame relatively to another in vector universal kinematics.
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Popov, Igor. "MODELING OF THE PRIVILEGED REFERENCE SYSTEMS." Applied Mathematics and Control Sciences, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2499-9873/2019.1.04.

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It is shown that for uniform and rectilinear motion of two, three or several free inert bodies in one-dimensional or three-dimensional space, arbitrary inertial frames of reference, including those associated with each of the moving inert bodies, are not substantially equivalent in the part of the total kinetic energy. In this case, none of these frames of reference is not unique or distinguished. If it is necessary to select a unique or selected inertial reference frame, one can start from the condition of a minimum of the total kinetic energy of the moving inert bodies in this system. In this case, a unique or distinguished inertial reference system is a relict reference frame connected with the center of masses of the moving inert bodies and with the epicenter of their initial hypothetical interaction. Relict systems of reference are calculated. The bodies do not necessarily interact with them in the first place. The use of relict reference systems allows you to maintain a balance between kinetic energy and the work done. The number of inert bodies in calculating the relict frame of reference can be arbitrarily large.
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Rafałko, Gabriela, Hubert Grzybowski, Paweł Dzienis, and Romuald Mosdorf. "An image analysis method for determining boiling front in minichannel heat exchanger." E3S Web of Conferences 321 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132101006.

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In this work a numerical method for determining boiling front in short time period of flow was presented. A non-stationary boiling in rectangular eleven minichannels (0.25 mm x 0.25 mm x 32 mm) was recorded using Phantom v1610 high speed camera with the speed of 6000 fps. In the algorithm correlation between subsequent frames was computed. Frames were divided into reference and test frames. In each iteration a part of a reference frame called ‘reference gate’ and moving part of a test frame called ‘moving gate’ were considered. A two-dimensional correlation coefficient was calculated. Such method allowed to identify the location of boiling front in each minichannel separately.
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Mungan, Carl E. "The Bernoulli equation in a moving reference frame." European Journal of Physics 32, no. 2 (February 2, 2011): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/32/2/022.

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5

Davies, Kenneth William. "Measuring the One-Way Speed of Light." Applied Physics Research 10, no. 6 (November 30, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v10n6p45.

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This paper describes a method for determining the one-way speed of light. My thesis is that the one-way speed of light is NOT constant in a moving frame of reference, and that the one-way speed of light in any moving frame of reference is anisotropic, in that its one-way measured speed varies depending on the direction of travel of light relative to the direction of travel and velocity of the moving frame of reference. Using the disclosed method for measuring the one-way speed of light, a method is proposed for how to use this knowledge to synchronize clocks, and how to calculate the absolute velocity and direction of movement of a moving frame of reference through absolute spacetime using the measured one-way speed of light as the only point of reference.
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Tyszka, M., R. C. Hawkes, and L. D. Hall. "Moving-Reference-Frame Imaging under Steady-State Free Precession." Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B 101, no. 2 (April 1993): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmrb.1993.1025.

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7

Traill, Declan. "The Problem With the Relativity of Simultaneity." Applied Physics Research 14, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v14n1p26.

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Relativity claims that the simultaneity between two (or more) observers, each traveling in different Inertial Reference Frames (IRFs) is such that for two spaceships moving through space at a high-speed relative to one another “inside the frame of reference of Ship A, everything is moving normally, but everything over on Ship B appears to be moving slower (and vice versa)”. However, as I will explain, this interpretation leads to an inconsistency which cannot be true. I point out the error being made in the interpretation of Minkowski diagrams that leads to this inconsistency, and how the diagram should be interpreted to correct this error. This paper demonstrates that a moving object’s rate of time is determined based on its speed relative to a stationary reference frame and that the light signals propagating between objects (from which observers can determine the other object’s rate of time) move at the speed of light c with respect to this stationary frame. If two objects are moving at the same speed through the stationary frame (but in different directions to each other) then they will have the same degree of time dilation and will thus have the same rate of time, despite the relative motion that exists between them.
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Close, Philip, and Tracie J. Barber. "Explaining Ground Effect Aerodynamics via a Real-Life Reference Frame." Applied Mechanics and Materials 553 (May 2014): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.553.229.

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The principle of relative motion as the cause of forces on a body submersedin a uid is foundational in the study of uid mechanics. In aerodynamics the wind tunnelis used as a convenient and safe method by which to test the aerodynamic performance ofbodies. This body-stationary convention has carried over into the computational world withthe development of CFD, though there is no practical reason why the moving body/stationaryuid set-up that corresponds to reality cannot be used for computational modelling. This pointbecomes particularly important as the concept of ground e ect is introduced. With an extraboundary nearby it becomes harder to appropriatel y match the experimental set-up with reality,and the extra boundary condition also adds complexity to computational simulation. A studywas undertaken to compare the body-stationary and body-moving reference frames in grounde ect. The moving reference frame velocity elds allowed new insight into the aerodynamics ofground e ect.
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Kurnia, Rieswan Pangawira. "A Case for Mezirow’s Transformative Learning." Diligentia: Journal of Theology and Christian Education 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/dil.v3i1.2945.

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<p>Jack Mezirow’s transformative learning theory is one of the most referenced adult education theories. In his theories, transformative learning is the process of effecting change in a frame of reference, using structures of assumption to understand our experiences. Transformative learners move toward a frame of reference with more inclusive self-reflection and more integration of experience. Adult educators should help students become aware and critical of assumptions, their own, and others’. As adult learners, we should be part of transformative learning by being critical with our frames of reference, starting from understanding the world unconsciously in childhood experience, and moving toward a frame of reference with more self-reflection and integration of experience. We should understand the forms, autonomous thinking in transformation theory, and the two domains of learning—instrumental and communicative—as well as their definitions, comparisons, and applications in adult learning. Our experience’s premises, distortions, and situations should be identified and analysed through a transformative lens. Our meaning perspectives are broadened as they are challenged through many deformations and reformations.</p>
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Zhang, Jian, and Tzvi Gal-Chen. "Single-Doppler Wind Retrieval in the Moving Frame of Reference." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 53, no. 18 (September 1996): 2609–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<2609:sdwrit>2.0.co;2.

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Wang, Chengzu, Richard G. Gordon, Tuo Zhang, and Lin Zheng. "Observational Test of the Global Moving Hot Spot Reference Frame." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 14 (July 28, 2019): 8031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl083663.

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12

Sfarti, A. "Generalization of the Thomas-Wigner Rotation to Uniformly Accelerating Boosts." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 3 (June 4, 2021): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.3.79.

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In the current paper we present a generalization of the transforms from the frame co-moving with an accelerated particle for uniformly accelerated motion into an inertial frame of reference. The motivation is that the real life applications include accelerating and rotating frames with arbitrary orientations more often than the idealized case of inertial frames; our daily experiments happen in Earth-bound laboratories. We use the transforms in order to generalize the Thomas-Wigner rotation to the case of uniformly accelerated boosts.
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Agrawal, O. P., and R. Kumar. "A General Superelement Model on a Moving Reference Frame for Planar Multibody System Dynamics." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 113, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930153.

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This paper presents a mathematical formulation for a superelement on a moving reference frame. A group of constrained elements, forming a single degree-of-freedom with respect to some reference frame, is represented by one element. The configuration of a typical superelement is determined with respect to the reference frame using one parameter only. This reduces the number of generalized coordinates needed to define the configuration of the entire system. Energy relations and generalized force expressions are developed in terms of the reference coordinates and superelement parameters. An inverse dynamics approach is used to obtain the functions associated with a superelement. The differential equations of motion of a system consisting of one reference frame and several superelements are derived. Constraints internal to the superelements do not appear in the resulting differential equations. This reduces the dimensions of the problem and the computational time required to solutions. Two examples are considered to demonstrate the feasibility and the efficiency of the method.
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Barber, T. J., E. Leonardi, and R. D. Archer. "A Technical Note on the appropriate CFD boundary conditions for the prediction of ground effect aerodynamics." Aeronautical Journal 103, no. 1029 (November 1999): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000064368.

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The accurate prediction of ground effect aerodynamics is an important aspect of wing-in-ground effect vehicle (WIG) design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions are useful alternatives to expensive (especially in the case of ground effect) wind-tunnel testing. However, the incorporation of the rigid surface effects often leads to confusion due to such a model being in a vehicle fixed reference frame (air moving, vehicle fixed) rather than the real-life situation of a ground fixed reference frame (air fixed, vehicle moving).
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Ziefle, Reiner Georg. "Einstein’s special relativity violates the constancy of the velocity c of light under one-way conditions and thus contradicts the behavior of electromagnetic radiation." Physics Essays 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.3.274.

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On Earth, we always measure the constant velocity c of electromagnetic radiation. Einstein assumed the velocity c of light to be constant in all inertial frames and developed his theory of special relativity by considering a light beam that moves back and forth, whereby he derived transformations between the coordinates of two reference frames: A moving reference frame represented by the coordinate system k and the coordinate system k that is at rest with respect to k. However, by applying Einstein’s theory of relativity, with its postulates of relativistic time dilation and length contraction, to electromagnetic radiation that moves only in one direction, either in the direction of or in the opposite direction to a moving inertial frame, it is demonstrated that the constancy of the velocity c of light is not compatible with Einstein’s theory of special relativity. It becomes obvious that Einstein’s relativistic physics must be an unrealistic theory, and consequently, we need an alternative, nonrelativistic, explanation of the constancy of the velocity c of electromagnetic radiation measured on Earth, and for the special and general “relativistic” phenomena.
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ZHANG, HONGBAO, SHUXIN SHAO, and SONG HE. "HELICITY ENTANGLEMENT OF MOVING BODIES." International Journal of Quantum Information 07, no. 02 (March 2009): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749909005225.

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We investigate the Lorentz transformation of the reduced helicity density matrix for a pair of massive spin 1/2 particles. The corresponding Wootters concurrence shows no invariant meaning, which implies that we can generate helicity entanglement simply by the transformation from one reference frame to another. The difference between the helicity and spin case is also discussed.
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Kontos, Stavros, Harry B. Bingham, Ole Lindberg, and Allan P. Engsig-Karup. "A robust WENO scheme for nonlinear waves in a moving reference frame." Journal of Hydrodynamics 28, no. 3 (June 2016): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6058(16)60652-2.

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18

Smolyakov, A. I., and X. Garbet. "Drift kinetic equation in the moving reference frame and reduced magnetohydrodynamic equations." Physics of Plasmas 17, no. 4 (April 2010): 042105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3360297.

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19

Tyszka, Michael, Rob C. Hawkes, and Laurance D. Hall. "New methods for moving reference frame generation under steady-state free precession." Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 92, no. 1 (March 1991): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(91)90260-z.

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20

Xie, Yi, and Sergei Kopeikin. "Reference frames, gauge transformations and gravitomagnetism in the post-Newtonian theory of the lunar motion." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S261 (April 2009): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309990123.

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AbstractWe construct a set of reference frames for description of the orbital and rotational motion of the Moon. We use a scalar-tensor theory of gravity depending on two parameters of the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism and utilize the concepts of the relativistic resolutions on reference frames adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 2000. We assume that the solar system is isolated and space-time is asymptotically flat. The primary reference frame has the origin at the solar-system barycenter (SSB) and spatial axes are going to infinity. The SSB frame is not rotating with respect to distant quasars. The secondary reference frame has the origin at the Earth-Moon barycenter (EMB). The EMB frame is local with its spatial axes spreading out to the orbits of Venus and Mars and not rotating dynamically in the sense that both the Coriolis and centripetal forces acting on a free-falling test particle, moving with respect to the EMB frame, are excluded. Two other local frames, the geocentric (GRF) and the selenocentric (SRF) frames, have the origin at the center of mass of the Earth and Moon respectively. They are both introduced in order to connect the coordinate description of the lunar motion, observer on the Earth, and a retro-reflector on the Moon to the observable quantities which are the proper time and the laser-ranging distance. We solve the gravity field equations and find the metric tensor and the scalar field in all frames. We also derive the post-Newtonian coordinate transformations between the frames and analyze the residual gauge freedom of the solutions of the field equations. We discuss the gravitomagnetic effects in the barycentric equations of the motion of the Moon and argue that they are beyond the current accuracy of lunar laser ranging (LLR) observations.
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Özkan, Mert, Stuart Anstis, Bernard M. ’t Hart, Mark Wexler, and Patrick Cavanagh. "Paradoxical stabilization of relative position in moving frames." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 25 (June 15, 2021): e2102167118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102167118.

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To capture where things are and what they are doing, the visual system may extract the position and motion of each object relative to its surrounding frame of reference [K. Duncker, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 161–172 (1929) and G. Johansson, Acta Psychol (Amst.) 7, 25–79 (1950)]. Here we report a particularly powerful example where a paradoxical stabilization is produced by a moving frame. We first take a frame that moves left and right and we flash its right edge before, and its left edge after, the frame’s motion. For all frame displacements tested, the two edges are perceived as stabilized, with the left edge on the left and right edge on the right, separated by the frame’s width as if the frame were not moving. This stabilization is paradoxical because the motion of the frame itself remains visible, albeit much reduced. A second experiment demonstrated that unlike other motion-induced position shifts (e.g., flash lag, flash grab, flash drag, or Fröhlich), the illusory shift here is independent of speed and is set instead by the distance of the frame’s travel. In this experiment, two probes are flashed inside the frame at the same physical location before and after the frame moves. Despite being physically superimposed, the probes are perceived widely separated, again as if they were seen in the frame’s coordinates and the frame were stationary. This paradoxical stabilization suggests a link to visual stability across eye movements where the displacement of the entire visual scene may act as a frame to stabilize the perception of relative locations.
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Vreman, A. W., and J. G. M. Kuerten. "Turbulent channel flow past a moving array of spheres." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 856 (October 12, 2018): 580–632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.715.

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We have performed a particle-resolved direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow past a moving dilute array of spherical particles. The flow shares important features with dilute vertical gas solid flow at high Stokes number, such as significant attenuation of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) at low particle volume fraction. The flow has been simulated by means of an overset grid method, using spherical grids around each particle overset on a background non-uniform Cartesian grid. The main focus of the present paper is on the TKE budget, which is analysed both in the fixed channel frame of reference and in the moving particle frame of reference. The overall (domain-integrated) TKE and turbulence production due to mean shear are reduced compared to unladen flow. In the fixed frame, the interfacial term, which represents production due to relative (slip) velocity, accounts for approximately 40 % of the total turbulence production in the channel. As a consequence, the total turbulence production and the overall turbulence dissipation rate remain approximately the same as in the unladen flow. However, a comparison with laminar flow past the same particle configuration reveals that significant parts of various fixed-frame statistics are due to non-turbulent structures, spatial variations that are steady in the moving particle frame. In order to obtain a clearer picture of the modification of the true turbulence and in order to reveal the rich three-dimensional (3-D) statistical structure of turbulence interacting with particles, time averaging in the moving frame of reference of the particle is used to extract the fluctuations entirely due to true turbulence. In the moving frame, the turbulence production is positive near the sides and in the wake, but negative in a region near the front of the particle. The turbulence dissipation rate and even more the dissipation rate of the 3-D mean flow attain very large values on a large part of the particle surface, up to approximately 400 and 4000 times the local turbulence dissipation rate of the unladen flow, respectively. Very close to the particle, viscous diffusion is the dominant transport term, but somewhat further away, in particular near the front and sides of the particle, pressure diffusion and also convection provide large and positive transport contributions to the moving-frame budget. A radial analysis shows that the regions around the particles draw energy from the regions further away via the surprising dominance of the pressure diffusion flux over a large range of radii. Spectra show that (very) far away from the particles all scales of the (true) turbulence are reduced. Near the particles enhancement of small scale turbulence is observed, for the streamwise component of the velocity fluctuation more than for the other components. The most important reason for turbulence reduction and anisotropy increase appears to be particle-induced non-uniformity of the mean driving force of the flow.
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Zeng, QiJun, Z. Cheng, and JianHui Yuan. "Radiation Laws of a Kerr Nonlinear Blackbody in a Moving Frame of Reference." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 50, no. 6 (January 22, 2011): 1671–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-011-0676-3.

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Hartweg, Stefan, and Andreas Heckmann. "Moving loads on flexible structures presented in the floating frame of reference formulation." Multibody System Dynamics 37, no. 2 (March 22, 2016): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-016-9512-0.

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Banko, Antonio, Tedi Banković, Marko Pavasović, and Almin Đapo. "An All-in-One Application for Temporal Coordinate Transformation in Geodesy and Geoinformatics." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050323.

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Over the years, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been established in the geosciences as a tool that determines the positions of discrete points (stations) on the Earth’s surface, on global to local spatial scales in a very simple and economical manner. Coordinates obtained by space geodetic measurements ought to be processed, adjusted, and propagated in a given reference frame. As points on the Earth’s surface do not have a fixed position, but rather, are moving with associated velocities, it is inevitable to include those velocities in the coordinate transformation procedure. Station velocities can be obtained from kinematic models of tectonic plate motions. The development and realization of an all-in-one standalone desktop application is presented in this paper. The application unifies coordinate transformation between different realizations (reference frames) of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) following European Reference Frame Technical Note (EUREF TN) recommendations with temporal shifts of discrete points on the Earth’s surface caused by plate tectonics by integrating no-net rotation (NNR) kinematic models of the Eurasian tectonic plate.
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Redfern, Francis. "Moving dipoles and the relativity of simultaneity." Canadian Journal of Physics 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0831.

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An observer moving parallel to a current-carrying wire detects an electric field due to the Lorentz transformation directed either toward or away from the wire, depending on the relative motion of observer and current. The accepted interpretation of this situation as viewed from the observer’s rest frame is that there is a net linear charge density on the wire. The Lorentz contraction of the separation of fixed ions and charge carriers is different due to their different speeds in the observer’s frame. The idea that a net charge exists on a wire in a reference frame moving parallel to the wire leads to the expectation that there is a charge separation seen on a moving current loop, resulting in paradoxes, such as that proposed by Mansuripur. I argue that the apparent charge on a current-carrying wire is due to a misinterpretation of the Lorentz transformation and is a consequence of the relativity of simultaneity. Given this insight, the nature of the fields of moving dipoles and the nature of the magnetization–polarization tensor are investigated.
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Zhou, Di, Zhiliang Lu, Tongqing Guo, and Ennan Shen. "Development of a moving reference frame-based gas-kinetic BGK scheme for viscous flows around arbitrarily moving bodies." Journal of Computational Physics 373 (November 2018): 698–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2018.07.017.

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Goushcha, Oleg, Robert Felicissimo, Amir H. Danesh-Yazdi, and Yiannis Andreopoulos. "Exploring harnessing wind power in moving reference frames with application to vehicles." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 9 (September 2019): 168781401986568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019865689.

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The possibility of extracting wind power from unique configurations embedded in moving vehicles using microturbine devices has been investigated. In such environments with moving frames or platforms, powered either by humans like bicycles or by chemical reactions like automobiles, the specific power of the air motion is much greater and less intermittent than in stationary wind turbines anchored to the ground in open atmospheric conditions. In a translational frame of reference, the rate of work done by the drag force acting on the wind harnessing device due to the relative motion of air should be taken into account in the overall performance evaluation through an energy balance. A device with a venting tube has been tested that connects a high-pressure stagnating flow region in the front of the vehicle with a low-pressure region at its rear. Our analysis identified two key areas to focus on for potentially significant rewards: (1) vehicles with high energy conversion efficiency, which require a high mass flow rate through the venting duct, and (2) vehicles with low energy conversion efficiency with wakes, which will be globally affected by the introduction of the venting duct device in a manner that reduces their drag so that there is a net gain in power generation.
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Self, Sydney Baldwin. "The Nature of Time - A 21st Century View." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 5185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v14i1.6736.

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21st Century View – Abstract • In 1905 it was generally believed that the universe had always existed. The exact age of Earth was not known. Life on Earth did not start until many years after Earth came into existence.• During the 20th century our understanding of the universe was greatly expanded. The assumptions used in this article follow.o Two mathematical equations, and three experiments are used to develop the ideas presented in this article. o The Universe came into existence about 13.8 billion years ago, Earth came into existence about 4.5 billion years ago, observers probably appeared less than a billion years ago, so time existed without observers for about 3.5 billion years.o This article consists of the application of logic to the above assumptions.• Physical time vs observed time.o The time that existed before observers appeared is termed ‘physical time’. After observers appeared, physical time continued to exist and ‘observed time’ came into being.• The characteristics of physical time are:o Absolute timeo Physical eventso Physical ‘now’o Physical frame of reference• Physical time dilationo Objects that move through space experience time dilation; but they do not observe it.o The Lorentz Transformation describes the computation of time dilation but does not describe physically how it occurs.o The Time Distance Diagram illustrates physically what occurs when a particle experiences time.o The diagram is based on the proposed concept that when a particle experiences time it either moves a tick through time or a Planck time through space; it cannot do both. o Which it does is based on its speed expressed as the probability v/c derived from the Lorentz transformation. • Absolute timeo Photons — and the resulting time — came into existence with the big bang. Photons have been moving through space continuously since the big bang — one Planck length, one Planck time (or tick) at a time.o The movement of photons thru spacetime constitutes absolute time. • Physical Eventso Without events, nothing happens.o Every event has a frame of reference.• Physical ‘Now’o ‘Now’ can occur in both physical time and observed time.o A physical event always results in a physical ‘now’.• Physical Frame of Referenceo Every event must have a frame of reference.o The frame of reference for a physical event has components that cannot be observed, so the frame of reference must be universal.• The characteristics of observed time are:o Observed events.o Observed ‘now’.o Observed frame of reference.• Observed Evento To an observer, his/her observation of an event is unique and is not necessarily the same as the actual event itself or the observation of another observer.• Observed Nowo If an event is observed, each observer has his/her own observed ‘now’ which occurs in observer’s frame of reference.o The ‘now’ experienced by observers is not the same ‘now’ as physical ‘now’ or the ‘now’ experienced by another observer.• Observed Frame of Referenceo Each observer has her/his own frame of reference and his/her own personal clock. • Time Dilationo The current definition of time dilation is no longer relevant. Time dilation must have existed in the period before observers appeared on earth, so time dilation must be an aspect of physical time, not of observed time. • Lorentz Transformationo The Lorentz transformation factor ‘γ’ is computed by dividing ‘v2’ which is a vector by ‘c2’ which is scalar. Both terms should be scalar.
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Hashimoto, Masafumi, Yosuke Matsui, and Kazuhiko Takahashi. "Moving-Object Tracking with In-Vehicle Multi-Laser Range Sensors." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 20, no. 3 (June 20, 2008): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2008.p0367.

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This paper presents a method for moving-object tracking with in-vehicle 2D laser range sensor (LRS) in a cluttered environment. A sensing area of one LRS is limited in orientation, and hence the mobile robot is equipped with multi-LRSs for omnidirectional sensing. Since each LRS takes the laser image on its own local coordinate frame, the laser image is mapped onto a reference coordinate frame so that the object tracking can be achieved by cooperation of multi-LRSs. For mapping the coordinate frames of multi-LRSs are calibrated, that is, the relative positions and orientations of the multi-LRSs are estimated. The calibration is based on Kalman filter and chi-hypothesis testing. Moving-object tracking is achieved by two steps: detection and tracking. Each LRS finds moving objects from its own laser image via a heuristic rule and an occupancy grid based method. It tracks the moving objects via Kalman filter and the assignment algorithm based data association. When the moving objects exist in the overlapped sensing areas of the LRSs, these LRSs exchange the tracking data and fuse them in a decentralized manner. A rule based track management is embedded into the tracking system in order to enhance the tracking performance. The experimental result of three walking-people tracking in an indoor environment validates the proposed method.
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31

Biryukov, V. V., and V. A. Grachev. "Electromagnetic field structure in a round screened waveguide in a moving frame of reference." Technical Physics Letters 40, no. 7 (July 2014): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785014070177.

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32

Patz, H. Samuel. "4716367 Creation and use of a moving reference frame for NMR imaging of flow." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 6, no. 5 (September 1988): VII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(88)90164-6.

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33

Bridges, T. J. "Hamiltonian spatial structure for three-dimensional water waves in a moving frame of reference." Journal of Nonlinear Science 4, no. 1 (December 1994): 221–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02430633.

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34

Madsen, Stine Skov, and Steen Krenk. "Asymptotically Matched Layer (AML) for transient wave propagation in a moving frame of reference." Computers and Geotechnics 82 (February 2017): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.09.005.

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35

Nikravesh, Parviz E., and Yi-shih Lin. "Use of Principal Axes as the Floating Reference Frame for a Moving Deformable Body." Multibody System Dynamics 13, no. 2 (March 2005): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-005-2514-y.

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36

Saleki, Sharif, Patrick Cavanagh, and Peter U. Tse. "The effect of a moving reference frame depends on its perceived not physical motion." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2418.

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37

Stefanovich, Eugene V. "Moving Unstable Particles and Special Relativity." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4657079.

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In Poincaré-Wigner-Dirac theory of relativistic interactions, boosts are dynamical. This means that, just like time translations, boost transformations have a nontrivial effect on internal variables of interacting systems. In this respect, boosts are different from space translations and rotations, whose actions are always universal, trivial, and interaction-independent. Applying this theory to unstable particles viewed from a moving reference frame, we prove that the decay probability cannot be invariant with respect to boosts. Different moving observers may see different internal compositions of the same unstable particle. Unfortunately, this effect is too small to be noticeable in modern experiments.
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38

Bhuiyan, S. A. "Volome Charge Density in Mixed Number Lorentz Transformation." Journal of Scientific Research 11, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v11i2.39632.

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We know charge density is changed when it observes from a moving frame of reference due to the length contraction. In this paper we have studied the volume charge density in special and mixed number Lorentz transformation. We also investigate the changes of the volume charge density of moving system in terms of rest system in mixed number Lorentz Transformations at different angles and velocities.
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39

Chen, Xiaodong, Gregory C. DeAngelis, and Dora E. Angelaki. "Eye-centered visual receptive fields in the ventral intraparietal area." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00057.2014.

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The ventral intraparietal area (VIP) processes multisensory visual, vestibular, tactile, and auditory signals in diverse reference frames. We recently reported that visual heading signals in VIP are represented in an approximately eye-centered reference frame when measured using large-field optic flow stimuli. No VIP neuron was found to have head-centered visual heading tuning, and only a small proportion of cells had reference frames that were intermediate between eye- and head-centered. In contrast, previous studies using moving bar stimuli have reported that visual receptive fields (RFs) in VIP are head-centered for a substantial proportion of neurons. To examine whether these differences in previous findings might be due to the neuronal property examined (heading tuning vs. RF measurements) or the type of visual stimulus used (full-field optic flow vs. a single moving bar), we have quantitatively mapped visual RFs of VIP neurons using a large-field, multipatch, random-dot motion stimulus. By varying eye position relative to the head, we tested whether visual RFs in VIP are represented in head- or eye-centered reference frames. We found that the vast majority of VIP neurons have eye-centered RFs with only a single neuron classified as head-centered and a small minority classified as intermediate between eye- and head-centered. Our findings suggest that the spatial reference frames of visual responses in VIP may depend on the visual stimulation conditions used to measure RFs and might also be influenced by how attention is allocated during stimulus presentation.
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40

Goncharov, A. I. "Illustration of the Relativity Principle Using a Double Breather." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 1(117) (March 17, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)1-01.

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The purpose of this article is to give more clarity to some relativistic laws, primarily the principle of relativity.These laws have been illustrated using linear waves in several of our previous articles. In this work, solutions of the nonlinear sine-Gordon equation in the form of double breathers are used for the same purposes. The exact two-breather solution and the approximate one that is convenient for analysis are presented. Moving breathers are derived from standing breathers through the active Lorenz transformations. Oscillations in a moving breather become out of phase. For each system, the distance between the amplitude maxima is taken as a unit length, and the oscillation period is taken as a time interval unit. It is shown that the observer associated with a moving breather and an observer associated with a standing breather see the same picture; an observer cannot distinguish the state of movement of his breather from rest. Therefore, in a frame of reference based on a moving breather, its oscillations are considered in-phase. In this case, time is determined as if the clocks were synchronized according to the Einstein method.Space-time coordinates of the same event in different frames of reference turn out to be related by the passive Lorentz transformations.
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41

Li, L., S. J. Sherwin, and P. W. Bearman. "A moving frame of reference algorithm for fluid/structure interaction of rotating and translating bodies." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 38, no. 2 (January 20, 2002): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.216.

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42

Kang, Sung-Mo, and Hyo-Sung Ahn. "Shape and orientation control of moving formation in multi-agent systems without global reference frame." Automatica 92 (June 2018): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2018.03.019.

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43

TOMASCHITZ, ROMAN. "TACHYONS IN ROBERTSON–WALKER COSMOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 07, no. 02 (April 1998): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827189800022x.

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Superluminal signal transfer is studied in the context of a preferred cosmic frame of reference provided by the galactic background. The receding galaxies constitute a frame of absolute rest, in which the energy of tachyons (faster-than-light particles) is unambi-guously defined as a positive quantity. The causality violation which arises in relativistic tachyonic theories is avoided. We define interactions of particles and tachyons in terms of elastic head-on collisions and energy-momentum conservation. To compare the theory developed with existing relativistic theories, tachyons are studied at first in a Minkowski universe, and the causality of a superluminal communication process is analyzed. Then we discuss the dynamics of tachyons in a Robertson–Walker universe with linear expansion factor and negatively curved three-space. We point out the consequences that the space expansion has on tachyons, like a finite life-time in the frame of absolute rest, and multiple images in the rest frames of moving observers.
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44

Zhao, Ping, Yong Wang, Lihong Zhu, and Xiangyun Li. "A frame-independent comparison metric for discrete motion sequences." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 9 (January 23, 2020): 1764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219898239.

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To evaluate the kinematic performance of designed mechanisms, a statistical-variance-based metric is proposed in this article to measure the “distance” between two discrete motion sequences: the reference motion and the given task motion. It seeks to establish a metric that is independent of the choice of the fixed frame or moving frame. Quaternions are adopted to represent the rotational part of a spatial pose, and the variance of the set of relative displacements is computed to reflect the difference between two sequences. With this variance-based metric formulation, we show that the comparison results of two spatial discrete motions are not affected by the choice of frames. Both theoretical demonstration and computational example are presented to support this conclusion. In addition, since the deviation error between the task motion and the synthesized motion measured with this metric is independent of the location of frames, those corresponding parameters could be excluded from the optimization algorithm formulated with our frame-independent metric in kinematic synthesis of mechanisms, and the complexity of the algorithm are hereby reduced. An application of a four-bar linkage synthesis problem is presented to illustrate the advantage of the proposed metric.
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45

Iakovlev, Dmitry, Sijung Hu, and Vincent Dwyer. "Frame Registration for Motion Compensation in Imaging Photoplethysmography." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124340.

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Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is an emerging technology used to assess microcirculation and cardiovascular signs by collecting backscattered light from illuminated tissue using optical imaging sensors. An engineering approach is used to evaluate whether a silicone cast of a human palm might be effectively utilized to predict the results of image registration schemes for motion compensation prior to their application on live human tissue. This allows us to establish a performance baseline for each of the algorithms and to isolate performance and noise fluctuations due to the induced motion from the temporally changing physiological signs. A multi-stage evaluation model is developed to qualitatively assess the influence of the region of interest (ROI), system resolution and distance, reference frame selection, and signal normalization on extracted iPPG waveforms from live tissue. We conclude that the application of image registration is able to deliver up to 75% signal-to-noise (SNR) improvement (4.75 to 8.34) over an uncompensated iPPG signal by employing an intensity-based algorithm with a moving reference frame.
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46

Siegel, Jennifer J., Joshua P. Neunuebel, and James J. Knierim. "Dominance of the Proximal Coordinate Frame in Determining the Locations of Hippocampal Place Cell Activity During Navigation." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 1 (January 2008): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00731.2007.

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The place-specific activity of hippocampal cells provides downstream structures with information regarding an animal's position within an environment and, perhaps, the location of goals within that environment. In rodents, recent research has suggested that distal cues primarily set the orientation of the spatial representation, whereas the boundaries of the behavioral apparatus determine the locations of place activity. The current study was designed to address possible biases in some previous research that may have minimized the likelihood of observing place activity bound to distal cues. Hippocampal single-unit activity was recorded from six freely moving rats as they were trained to perform a tone-initiated place-preference task on an open-field platform. To investigate whether place activity was bound to the room- or platform-based coordinate frame (or both), the platform was translated within the room at an “early” and at a “late” phase of task acquisition (Shift 1 and Shift 2). At both time points, CA1 and CA3 place cells demonstrated room-associated and/or platform-associated activity, or remapped in response to the platform shift. Shift 1 revealed place activity that reflected an interaction between a dominant platform-based (proximal) coordinate frame and a weaker room-based (distal) frame because many CA1 and CA3 place fields shifted to a location intermediate to the two reference frames. Shift 2 resulted in place activity that became more strongly bound to either the platform- or room-based coordinate frame, suggesting the emergence of two independent spatial frames of reference (with many more cells participating in platform-based than in room-based representations).
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47

Zhang, Huan, De Wen Zeng, Wen Tao Wang, Jian Jun Li, Wei Wang, and Xiao Ping Fan. "Determining the Region of Single-Target Interest Area by Prediction Method in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 654 (October 2014): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.327.

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Gray values have always been altered in images collected by wireless multimedia sensor networks because of changes in light, weather and other conditions of monitored environment. In this case it may lead to the non-interest areas in the images to be misjudged as interest areas. If there are only a small number of pixels that have been affected in an image, the probability of misjudgment is smaller. However, if the affected pixels are massive, the difference method may judge many of non-interest areas as interest areas by mistake. This will increase the energy consumption of image compression process. Besides, it would not help to improve image quality. Therefore in the case of fixed reference frame, when there is an abrupt change in background environment, and only one concerning target in the image, we propose a method to predict the interest areas of current frame image by using the interest areas of history frames and the movement trend of the moving target. Binary-conversion based on the interest area and background area on the previous two historical frames. By using the connected component labeling algorithm based on run-length coding a single-target interest area can be determined. Predictor is determined according to coordinates’ extremes of two frames, and then the interest area of the current frame is predicted according to the previous frame and the predictor.
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48

Ge, Q., and J. M. McCarthy. "The Image Curve of the Planet in a Spherical Epicyclic Gear Train." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 110, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267459.

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This paper uses the Euler parameters of the motion of the planet of a spherical epicyclic gear train to obtain a curve on the surface of a hypersphere in four dimensions. This curve, called the image curve, represents the rotational motion of the planet as it rolls without slipping on the fixed gear. Two image curves are obtained for two different choices of moving and fixed reference frames and it is shown that they are related by an orthogonal transformation in four dimensional space. The differential properties of the image curve are computed and it is found that the curvature and torsion are constant. A reference position is chosen and the canonical frame and instantaneous invariants of the motion are determined in terms of the dimensions of the gear train.
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49

Keillor, Jocelyn, Karen J. Hodges, Michael Perlin, Nada Ivanovic, and J. G. Hollands. "Imaging Systems in Search and Rescue: Implications for Geographic Orientation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600135.

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Optical imaging systems have the potential to dramatically change the task of a search and rescue technician. An important difference between the traditional process of “looking out the window” and search conducted with the aid of an optical imaging system is that in the case of imaging systems the frame of reference for the viewed display is de-coupled from the technician's frame of reference. We examined the ability of a moving-map display that recorded the locations of designated targets to support geographic orientation in operators with and without knowledge of the modeled terrain. Participants who did not have knowledge of the terrain benefited from the moving map, as when it was present they were less likely to re-identify targets that they had already viewed, whereas those who were already familiar with the terrain model showed no benefit from this manipulation. Both groups had difficulty localizing targets on a map following flight, and the two groups did not differ in their ability to initially detect targets using the system.
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Liang, Yitao, Deshan Zhang, Feng Wang, Yonggang Li, and Meng Zhang. "Method of Multiobject Detecting and Tracking Based on DM643." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/365480.

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The technology of moving objects detection has become an important research subject for its extensive application prospect. In this paper, it is presented that interframe difference algorithm and background difference algorithm are combined to update the background. The algorithm can deal with the flaw of background difference algorithm. The mathematical morphology method is employed to denoise the image, which may be helpful to improve the accuracy of the detection. The Pyramid algorithm is used to compress each frame data of video sequence. Then, the detecting and tracking of moving objects are tested on the hardware platform (DM643) and the software frame (RF5). The running speed is about 3 times faster than before. The result shows that the accuracy demanded by the detection is met. This method can provide a useful reference for similar application.
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