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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'MRNA report'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

SILVA, Adalúcia da. "Utilização de um repórter fluorescente para a avaliação funcional de fatores envolvidos na iniciação da tradução de tripanossomatídeos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19542.

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-12T16:05:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação ADALUCIA DA SILVA PPGG 2016.pdf: 2174365 bytes, checksum: e3305d6246515bbc247cd29783f8b265 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-12T16:05:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação ADALUCIA DA SILVA PPGG 2016.pdf: 2174365 bytes, checksum: e3305d6246515bbc247cd29783f8b265 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07<br

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Siboni, Ruth. "Characterization of Small Molecules that Reduce CUG Repeat RNA in Myotonic Dystrophy." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19260.

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Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is an inherited disease characterized by myotonia, insulin resistance, cardiomyopathy, and cognitive deficiencies. DM is a triplet repeat disorder, meaning that affected individuals carry anywhere between 50 and thousands of CTG/CCTG repeats in their genetic makeup. When transcribed into RNA, these repeats become “toxic” in the sense that they serve to bind and sequester important RNA binding proteins. One such family of proteins, the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family, is important in the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, and thus the sequestration of MBNL proteins

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3

Ezzatizadeh, Vahid. "Friedreich ataxia : investigating the relationships between mismatch repair gene expression, FXN gene expression and GAA repeat instability in human and mouse cells and tissues." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7626.

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Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most common inherited ataxia disorder, caused by a GAA repeat expansion mutation within the first intron of the FXN gene. The subsequent deficiency of frataxin protein leads to neurological disability, increased risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy and premature death. The exact FRDA disease mechanism is not yet clear, despite some understanding of epigenetic, transcriptional and DNA repair system effects that lead to frataxin reduction. Previous studies have shown that mismatch repair (MMR) genes can affect other trinucleotide repeat disorders by destabili

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Ly, Socheata. "Investigating the Role of Mutant Huntingtin mRNA in Huntington’s Disease." eScholarship@UMMS, 2020. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1117.

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Mutant mRNA and protein both contribute to the clinical manifestation of many repeat-associated neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders. The presence of nuclear RNA clusters is a feature shared amongst these diseases, such as C9ORF72/ALS and myotonic dystrophy 1/2 (DM1/2); however, this pathological hallmark has not been conclusively demonstrated in Huntington’s disease (HD) in vivo. Investigations into HD – caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene – have largely focused on toxic protein gain-of-function as a disease-causing feature, with fewer studies inve

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Huo, Wenwen. "Quantification of replication present in HIV reports and effect of patient movement between wards on MRSA infection." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2014. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23667.

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Outbreaks of widely spread infectious diseases, such as Human Immunodefficiency Virus (HIV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Swineflu (H1N1) and hospital acquired infections, such as Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium Diffcile, are serious health problems which have been tackled by the World Health Organization and international health protection agencies. Various statistical analyses have contributed a remarkable effect on providing scientific evidence on which to base political decisions and infection control strategies. In this project, we focused

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6

Thieme, René, Susanne Kurz, Marlen Kolb, et al. "Analysis of alpha-2 macroglobulin from the long-lived and cancer-resistant naked mole-rat and human plasma." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-175598.

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Background: The naked mole-rat (NMR) is a long-lived and cancer resistant species. Identification of potential anti-cancer and age related mechanisms is of great interest and makes this species eminent to investigate anti-cancer strategies and understand aging mechanisms. Since it is known that the NMR expresses higher liver mRNA-levels of alpha 2-macroglobulin than mice, nothing is known about its structure, functionality or expression level in the NMR compared to the human A2M. Results: Here we show a comprehensive analysis of NMR- and human plasma-A2M, showing a different prediction in gly

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7

Rohani, Leili, Claire Fabian, Heidrun Holland, et al. "Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells using non-synthetic mRNA." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-205889.

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Here we describe some of the crucial steps to generate induced pluripotent stemcells (iPSCs) usingmRNA transfection. Our approach uses a V. virus-derived capping enzyme instead of a cap-analog, ensuring 100% proper cap orientation for in vitro transcribedmRNA. V. virus\' 2′-O-Methyltransferase enzymecreates a cap1 structure found in higher eukaryotes and has higher translation efficiency compared to other methods. Use of the polymeric transfection reagent polyethylenimine proved superior to other transfection methods. The mRNA created via this method did not trigger an intracellular immune res

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8

Pastic, Alyssa. "LRRK2 Phosphorylates HuD to Affect the Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Parkinson's Disease-Linked mRNA Targets." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38593.

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Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor dysfunction caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons for which there is no known cure. Among the most common genetic causes of PD are mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2), encoding a multi-domain protein with kinase activity. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation causes hyperactivity of the kinase domain and is the most frequent LRRK2 mutation in patients with familial PD, though its role in PD pathology remains unclear. Preliminary data from the lab of our collaborator, Dr. David Pa

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Zapfe, Luise. "mRNA-Expression von Genen des Fett- und Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels unterschiedlicher Fettlokalisationen bei Kühen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-62426.

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Problemstellung: Die Tiergesundheit hat sich bei Milchkühen in den letzten Jahren weltweit negativ entwickelt. Wichtigster Ausdruck dafür ist die auf ca. 2,4 Jahre verkürzte Nutzungsdauer. Dabei spielt das Fettmobilisationssyndrom eine dominante Rolle. Das Fettgewebe ist nicht nur als reiner Energiespeicher, sondern als endokrines stoffwechselaktives Organ anzusehen. Untersuchungen an Menschen und Mäusen haben gezeigt, dass das Fettgewebe in Abhängigkeit von seiner Lokalisation im Körper unterschiedlich auf metabolische und hormonelle Stimuli reagiert. Es gibt Hinweise, dass auch für das Rind

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10

Jarrige, Domitille. "Déchiffrer le "code OPR" pour une meilleure compréhension du rôle physiologique des protéines OPR." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS632.

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À la suite de l’endosymbiose, le génome chloroplastique a rétréci et dépend maintenant du génome nucléaire pour son expression. Chez Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, les protéines Octotricopeptide repeat (OPR), codées dans le noyau, contrôlent l’expression d’ARNm chloroplastiques spécifiques. La répétition OPR est un motif dégénéré de 38 acides aminés, qui forme un tandem d’hélices α antiparallèles qui lient l’ARN. Une répétition OPR est prédite pour interagir avec un nucléotide spécifique grâce à des résidus variables à des positions précises. La succession de répétitions permet aux protéines OPR d

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Rodríguez, Gutiérrez José Luis. "Efectos del piretroide ciflutrin sobre la expresión del mRNA de genes relacionados a apoptosis e inflamación y actividad enzimática antioxidante en cerebro de ratas." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16638.

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Los insecticidas piretroides presentan una alta gama de usos. Ciflutrin, un piretroide de Tipo II, es ampliamente utilizado en agricultura, en el control de plagas, para la salud humana y animal, siendo su principal órgano diana el sistema nervioso, específicamente las proteínas canales de voltaje de sodio. A pesar de ser considerados por causar baja toxicidad, estudios recientes han demostrado su efecto neurotóxico en mamíferos pequeños. Es por esos motivos, que este estudio tuvo como objetivos evaluar la distribución del piretroide ciflutrin sobre tres regiones cerebrales de ratas (hi

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12

Kässner, Franziska, Tina Sauer, Melanie Penke, et al. "Simvastatin induces apoptosis in PTEN‑haploinsufficient lipoma cells." Spandidos Publications, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38594.

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Adipose tissue tumors (lipomas) frequently develop in patients with heterozygous germ line phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations. simvastatin has been demonstrated to exhibit antitumor effects, and so the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of simvastatin on the growth of human PTEN haploinsufficient lipoma cells. Whether the effects of simvastatin in lipomas are mediated via PTEN upregulation was also assessed. The results of the present study revealed that simvastatin treatment reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in human lipoma cells. Furthermore, it was de

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Mestas, Valdivia Bertha Roxana. "Estructura primaria de una PLA2 básica, miotóxica local y sistémica, deducida a partir de mRNA extraído de veneno total de Crotalus durissus terrificus." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14124.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Logra aislar el mRNA que codifica la proteína PLA 2, utilizando una técnica simple. Esto es, amplificando el cDNA que codifica la PLA 2 D49 a través de RT-PCR. El análisis del cDNA codificador de PLA 2 muestra que esta tiene un marco de lectura abierto de 414 pares de bases que codifican un polipéptido de 138 aminoácidos, con un péptido señal de 16 residuos de aminoácidos, seguido de una secuencia polipeptídica de 122 aminoácidos que corresponden a la PLA 2. El análisis también muestra que la proteína está compuesta por 33 aminoácidos

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14

Takahashi, Paula. "Perfis de Expressão Gênica e Possíveis Interações entre microRNAs e mRNAs em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 com Enfoque em Resposta ao Estresse Oxidativo e Reparo do DNA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-01072015-092915/.

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O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) resulta de um ataque autoimune contra as células pancreáticas, extinguindo a produção de insulina e levando à hiperglicemia. Evidências indicam uma associação entre o estresse oxidativo (que pode causar danos no DNA) e o DM1, sendo que apenas alguns trabalhos da literatura relataram a expressão de genes relacionados à respostas ao estresse oxidativo e reparo do DNA em DM1. Ainda, os microRNAs (reguladores pós-transcricionais da expressão gênica) estão envolvidos em vários processos biológicos e condições patológicas, mas informação sobre a expressão dos microR

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15

Herzel, Lydia. "Co-transcriptional splicing in two yeasts." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-179274.

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Cellular function and physiology are largely established through regulated gene expression. The first step in gene expression, transcription of the genomic DNA into RNA, is a process that is highly aligned at the levels of initiation, elongation and termination. In eukaryotes, protein-coding genes are exclusively transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Upon transcription of the first 15-20 nucleotides (nt), the emerging nascent RNA 5’ end is modified with a 7-methylguanosyl cap. This is one of several RNA modifications and processing steps that take place during transcription, i.e. co-trans

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16

Alvarez, Salazar Evelyn Katy. "Producción de mRNA para citoquinas hematopoyéticas (IL-3, GM-CSF e IL-7) en ratones inmunosuprimidos tratados con extracto acuoso de Lepidium meyenii walpers (maca)." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14199.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Determina las propiedades antitumorales e inmunomoduladoras del Lepidium meyenni (maca), que lo convierten en un excelente candidato para investigar su actividad hematopoyética. Se trataron ratones Balb/c a dosis de 200 mg/kg de extracto acuoso (EAc) de maca amarilla por vía oral durante 2 meses previo a la inmunosupresión (IS) con ciclofosfamida (CF), y se evaluó la producción de mRNA para las citoquinas hematopoyeticas: interleuquina 3 (IL-3), factor estimulador de colonias de granulocitos y monocitos (GM-CSF) e interleuquina 7 (IL-7

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Kuo, Wei Hung William. "Involvement of the C-terminal Repeat (CTR) Domain in the Protein Interactions and Functions of Spt5." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/65568.

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Transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II is regulated by an array of protein complexes. Among various elongation factors, Spt5 is conserved in the three kingdoms of life. I investigated functional interactions of its C-terminal repeats (CTR) domain with several elongation protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By using genetics and molecular biology methods, I established two major pathways in this thesis. The first describes how BUR kinase-mediated phosphorylation of CTR domain leads to co-transcriptional recruitment of the PAF complex to regulate histone modifications on active

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18

Verbeek, Judith. "Identifikation von Ziel-mRNA Molekülen der RNA-Helikase DDX1 in humanen Neuroblastomzellen." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13188.

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Das Neuroblastom ist der häufigste extrakraniell gelegene solide Tumor der pädiatrischen Onkologie. Der Verlauf der Erkrankung geht von spontaner Regression oder Differenzierung bis hin zu tödlich verlaufenden Erkrankungen. Die Mortalität von Patienten mit Tumoren in fortgeschrittenen Stadien ist immer noch sehr hoch. Die aggressivsten Tumoren sind die, die eine Amplifikation des Protoonkogens MYCN aufweisen. Eine Untergruppe dieser MYCN amplifizierten Tumoren weist eine Coamplifikation von DDX1 auf. Die Prognose dieser Patienten ist besser als die mit allein MYCN amplifizierten Tumoren, wenn

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Heiker, John T., Matthias Kern, Johanna Kosacka, et al. "Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) mRNA expression is related to human obesity." 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33486.

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If has been proposed that a spontaneous deletion in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene eliminating exons 7-11 in C57BL/6J (B6J) mice is associated with reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro, impaired glucose tolerance, higher epigonadal fat mass and altered susceptibility to diet induced obesity (DIO) of male B6J mice. A potential implication for NNT in human adipose tissue distribution has not been investigated so far. We therefore analyzed NNT mRNA expression in paired human samples of visceral (vis) and subcutaneous (sc) adipose tissue from 221 subjects

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Rohanisarvestani, Leili. "Integration-free mRNA reprogramming of human fibroblasts: The study of aging upon reprogramming." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12076.

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The ability to reprogram adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells could provide a valuable implement for in vitro disease modeling and drug discovery. More importantly, they may potentially serve as an unlimited source of cells for regenerative medicine. However, most of the iPS cells have been generated by retroviral vectors, and therefore they carry the risk of viral integration into the host genome. This problem prevents their use for clinical applications and regenerative medicine. mRNA-mediated delivery of reprogramming factors is an alternative approach for cellular

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Flade, Hans Martin. "STUDIEN ZUR FUNKTION DER 3\'-NICHTTRANSLATIERTEN BEREICHE DES GLUTAMINSYNTHETASE-GENS." Doctoral thesis, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11326.

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Das Enzym Glutaminsynthetase (GS) wird in Organen mit niedriger enzymatischer Aktivität in zumeist allen Zellen exprimiert. Auf der anderen Seite ist die Expression in Geweben mit hoher Aktivität auf spezialisierte Zellen beschränkt. So findet man in der Säugerleber Expression der GS nur in Hepatozyten, die in ein bis drei Zellreihen um die Zentralvenen lokalisiert sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Frage gestellt, ob der zwischen verschiedenen Spezies hoch konservierte 3’-Bereich der nicht-translatierten Region des GS-Gens an der Regulation der Expression und der Zonierung beteiligt i

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Harmel, Eva-Maria Sophia. "Klinisches Erscheinungsbild und funktionelle Charakterisierung eines Patienten mit einer heterozygoten Exon 6 Deletion im IGF1R." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13242.

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Hintergrund: Der Insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei Wachstumsprozessen. Heterozygote IGF1R-Mutationen führen durch eine partielle IGF1-Resistenz zu Kleinwuchs. Methoden: Auxologische und endokrinologische Daten des Patienten wurden erhoben. Anhand von Fibroblasten wurde die IGF1R-Deletion charakterisiert und die Auswirkungen auf die mRNA- und Protein-Expression sowie die Signaltransduktion untersucht. Ergebnisse: Der Junge, der eine heterozygote Exon 6 Deletion im IGF1R – durch Alu-Rekombination verursacht – und eine heterozygote SHOX-Variante (p.Met24

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Bompfünewerer, Athanasius F., Christoph Flamm, Claudia Fried, et al. "Evolutionary patterns of non-coding RNAs." 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32169.

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A plethora of new functions of non-coding RNAs have been discovered in past few years. In fact, RNA is emerging as the central player in cellular regulation, taking on active roles in multiple regulatory layers from transcription, RNA maturation, and RNA modification to translational regulation. Nevertheless, very little is known about the evolution of this \Modern RNA World' and its components. In this contribution we attempt to provide at least a cursory overview of the diversity of non-coding RNAs and functional RNA motifs in non-translated regions of regular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) with an

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Holler, Michael. "Untersuchungen zur Prävalenz von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in einer Pferdeklinik." 2020. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72798.

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Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ist im Rahmen des One-Health-Gedanken eine Gefahr für Mensch und Tier. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde eine Pferdeklinik auf ihre MRSA-Prävalenz in neu ankommenden Pferden und Umgebung getestet. Die beiden getrennten Abteilungen „Innere Medizin“ und „Chirurgie“ konnten dabei separat untersucht werden. Des Weiteren wurde ein Hygienekonzept entworfen, zu dem u.a. Aushänge zur Handhygiene, zusätzliche Händedesinfektionsmittelspender und Reinigungsanweisungen gehörten. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die Höhe der Prävalenz eingehender Pferde sich mit vor

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Szczepaniak, Krzysztof. "Developmental roles of DDX3 helicase LAF-1." 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74063.

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Germ cells are a pool of cells that serve as a link between generations. These cells are separated from the somatic cells by specialized type of cytoplasm, called the germ plasm. Germ plasm contains, membraneless, electron dense subcellular structures, termed germplasm granules that contain numerous components of mRNA metabolism pathway. One of the most prominent protein families, commonly found in germplasm granules are DEAD-box helicases. While this protein family is currently heavily investigated, surprisingly little is known about their functions in germ plasm granules and the mechanisms o

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Dengler, Franziska. "Transport kurzkettiger Fettsäuren über die basolaterale Membran des ovinen Pansenepithels: Mechanismen und Regulation auf Genebene: Transport kurzkettiger Fettsäuren über diebasolaterale Membran des ovinen Pansenepithels:Mechanismen und Regulation auf Genebene." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13147.

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Einleitung: Kurzkettige Fettsäuren (SCFA) stellen das hauptsächliche Energiesubstrat für Wiederkäuer dar. In Anbetracht des - bedingt durch höhere Milch-, Mast und Reproduktionsleistung - steigenden Energiebedarfs von Hauswiederkäuern wie Milchkuh und Mastbulle ist es von zentraler Bedeutung, die Mechanismen zur Resorption dieser Energielieferanten bzw. Ansatzpunkte für die Beeinflussung dieser Transportprozesse genau zu kennen. Dieses Wissen kann möglicherweise dabei helfen, zukünftig die Energieaufnahme der Tiere zu unterstützen bzw. sogar effizienter zu gestalten. Ziele der Untersuchungen:

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Weiß, Susanne. "Mortalität und Morbidität von chronischen Dialysepatienten bei Besiedlung mit Methicillin-sensiblem Staphylococcus aureus sowie Methicillin-resistentem Staphylococcus aureus." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14491.

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Systemische Infektionen mit S. aureus (MSSA und MRSA) und Infektionen des Gefäßzugangs bei HD-Patienten sind eine der wichtigsten Ursachen für Morbidität und Mortalität in dieser speziellen Population. Infektionsrisikos stellen die zunehmende Verwendung von Fremdkörpern, wie Katheter und Graft als Gefäßzugänge, sowie die intensivmedizinische Behandlung bei älteren und multimorbiden Patienten dar. Unter den bakteriell bedingten Infektionen bleiben Staphylokokken der am häufigsten nachgewiesene Stamm. Mit dem zunehmenden Gebrauch von Vancomycin zur Behandlung von MSSA-Infektionen hat das Vorkomm

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Frank, Iris. "Hygieneanalyse in einer Pferdeklinik." 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34116.

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Das Hygienemanagement in einer Pferdeklinik ist komplex. Zum einen erschweren bauliche Gegebenheiten wie rutschfeste Böden oder Holzwände sowie Einstreu und die hierdurch anfallende Staubbelastung die Reinigung und Desinfektion. Zum anderen bringen die Patienten ein vielfältiges, ständig wechselndes Keimspektrum in die Klinik ein. Nosokomiale Infektionen in Pferdekliniken haben in den letzten Jahren zugenommen weshalb Hygienemaßnahmen im Rahmen der Biosicherheit von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde das Hygienemanagement der Chirurgischen Tierklinik (inzwischen Tei

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Hackermüller, Jörg, Nicole-Claudia Meisner, Manfred Auer, Markus Jaritz, and Peter F. Stadler. "The Effect of RNA Secondary Structures on RNA-Ligand Binding and the Modifier RNA Mechanism: A Quantitative Model." 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32908.

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RNA-ligand binding often depends crucially on the local RNA secondary structure at the binding site. We develop here a model that quantitatively predicts the effect of RNA secondary structure on effective RNA-ligand binding activities based on equilibrium thermodynamics and the explicit computations of partition functions for the RNA structures. A statistical test for the impact of a particular structural feature on the binding affinities follows directly from this approach. The formalism is extended to describing the effects of hybridizing small \modifier RNAs' to a target RNA molecule outsid

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