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Stauskis, Vytautas. "PULSE LENGTH DEPENDENCE ON THE DECAY OF THE INTEGRATED PULSE ENERGY/INTEGRUOTO IMPULSO ENERGIJOS SLOPIMO PRIKLAUSOMYBĖ NUO SKIRTINGŲ IMPULSO ILGIŲ." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2000): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2000.10531588.
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The paper deals with the influence of the pulse length on the decay of the sound field energy. Six pulse lengths— 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 and 4500 ms—were selected for investigations. Investigations show that a 2500 ms pulse is too short to correctly assess the background noise time interval. Such pulse length is not suitable for experiments. 3000 ms is the right length, while 3500 ms may be too long, resulting in errors of measurement results. When the pulse length increases to 4000 ms, the decay starting from 2000 ms is different from the pulse length 2500 ms and 3000 ms. Background noise starts from 2300 ms for these pulses, while for a 4000 ms pulse it starts from 3200 to 3300 ms. The length of 4500 ms is completely not suitable for investigations because the background noise zone starts very early, ie at 1800 ms, while for a short 2500 ms pulse it starts much later, after 2300 ms. While investigating energy decay, it is important to determine the maximum decay. At 63 Hz the sound field decay is almost uniform till— 18 dB. Later the decay character is different. The decay of the longest (4500 ms) and the shortest (2500 ms) pulse after— 18 dB is very steep and reaches—30 dB. However, the decay is influenced by the background noise. Thus the shortest and the longest pulses are not suitable for the lowest frequencies. The greatest energy decay is characteristic of the 3000 ms pulse. After 1700 ms energy decreases to—30 dB. Thus at this frequency one may measure the echoing time while approximating decay from 0 to—20 dB. As the frequency increases, the results change. At 100 Hz the energy decays by— 35–37 dB at pulse lengths of 2500 ms and 4000 ms. The greatest decay of— 42 dB is produced by the longest pulse 4500 ms though this arouses certain doubts. Then the echoing time may be measured from 0 to— 30 dB. At 125 octave frequency the smallest maximum decay of— 40 dB is observed with the shortest pulse (2500 ms), while the largest one— 50 dB is produced by the longest pulse (4500 ms). Thus standard echoing time may be measured for this frequency. In the frequency range of 250–2000 Hz, the maximum energy decay is sufficient and amounts to— 50–60 dB. At 4000 Hz the final part of decay is strongly dependent on the pulse length although, as the decay is about— 55 dB in all cases, the standard echoing time may be measured correctly. Pulse length is important only for the calculation of the low-frequency echoing time. At 63–100 Hz the best maximum decay is seen with the pulse 3000 ms long, while at 125 Hz and over the best pulse lengths are from 3000 to 4000 ms. When the hall contains audience and tapestries are on the walls, the energy decay is almost uniform at the pulse lengths of 2000 to 2800 ms. In this case a better decay is obtained with the longest pulse of 2800 ms.
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Li, Yang, Xiao-Li Liu, Zhen-Gang Cai, and Si-Xi Zhang. "LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and pharmacokinetics of jolkinolide B, a potential antitumor active component isolated fromEuphorbia fischeriana, in rat plasma." Biomedical Chromatography 28, no. 2 (July 19, 2013): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.3000.
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DOĞANCI, KAMİL. "Hellespontos ve Çevresini Etkileyen Depremler (MÖ 3000-MS 6. YY)." History Studies International Journal of History 2, no. 11 (April 30, 2019): 535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9737/hist.2019.729.
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Caba, Ioana Cezara, Bogdan Ionel Cioroiu, Elena Butnaru, Alexandra Jitareanu, and Luminita Agoroaei. "LC-MS/MS Bioanalytical Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Three H1-Antihistaminic Drugs in Human Plasma." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 4047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.11.7699.
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The aim of the study was to validate a bioanalytical method, for quantifying desloratadine, loratadine and cetirizine in biological samples, useful in toxicological studies. The analytical performance was investigated using the following parameters: selectivity, limit of detection and quantification, linearity, precision, accuracy, matrix effect and analytical stability in the biological matrix. The method optimization was performed for the LC-MS/MS Ultimate 3000 instrument provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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Manta-Vogli, Penelope D., Kleopatra H. Schulpis, Yannis L. Loukas, and Yannis Dotsikas. "Birth weight related blood concentrations of the neurotransmission amino acids glutamine plus glutamate, phenylalanine and tyrosine in full-term breastfed infants perinatally." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0522.
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AbstractBackgroundThe amino acids glutamine plus glutamate, phenylalanine and tyrosine are implicated in neurotransmission. We aimed to evaluate these amino acid blood concentrations in full-term breastfed infants with different birth weight (BW) perinatally.MethodsBreastfed full-term infants (n = 6000, males 3000, females 3000) BW 2000–4000 g were divided into four equal groups. Both males and females Groups A, 2000–2500 g, B 2500–3000 g, C 3000–3500 g, D 3500–4000 g. Blood samples on Guthrie cards, were taken on the 3rd day of life and quantified via a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.ResultsGlutamine plus glutamate mean values were found to be statistically significantly different between males vs. females in all the studied groups. The highest values were determined in both males and females in group D. Statistically significantly higher values of phenylalanine appeared in group D vs. other groups. Tyrosine mean values were calculated to be statistically significantly different in both sexes in group A compared to other groups.ConclusionsDifferences of glutamine plus glutamate, phenylalanine and tyrosine levels among full-term newborns with different BW are presented for the first time in the literature. Newborns with BW 3000–4000 g are benefited by having higher concentrations of the mentioned neurotransmission related amino acids. Neonatal screening reference values for these amino acids in relation to BW could be established, not only for preterm and low BW infants but also for full-term newborns with BW >3000 g.
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Tisserat, Brent, and Steven Vaughn. "563 Influence of Ultra-high Levels of Carbon Dioxide on Secondary Metabolite Production in Vitro." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 543C—543. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.543c.
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The influence of a wide range of CO2 levels on the growth, morphogenesis, and secondary metabolite production in vitro was evaluated. Shoots of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and a spearmint–peppermint cross (Mentha spicata × Mentha piperita) were grown on MS medium with and without 3% sucrose under 350, 1500, 3000, 10,000, and 30,000 μL CO2/L for 8 weeks. Dichloromethane extracts from leafs were analyzed using GC-MS techniques. Prominent peaks were identified by comparison with known standards. Highest growth (i.e., fresh weight) and morphogenesis responses (i.e., leafs, shoots and roots) were obtained when shoots were grown under 10,000 μL CO2/L regardless of whether or not sucrose was included in the medium. Ultra-high CO2 concentrations (3000 μL CO2/L) stimulated secondary metabolite production regardless of whether or not the medium contained sucrose. However, the combination of certain ultra-high CO2 levels (e.g., 3000 to 10,000 μL CO2/L) and the presence of sucrose in the medium resulted in shoots producing the highest levels of secondary metabolites. These results suggest that in vitro photosynthesis, which is stimulated by ultrahigh CO2 levels, may enhance secondary metabolite production.
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Pingale, Satish G., and Kiran V. Mangaonkar. "Quantification of Lumefantrine in Human Plasma Using LC-MS/MS and Its Application to a Bioequivalence Study." Journal of Pharmaceutics 2013 (September 23, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/437697.
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An analytical method based on protein precipitation has been developed and validated for analysis of lumefantrine in human plasma. Artesunate was used as an internal standard for lumefantrine. Inertsil ODS column provided chromatographic separation of analytes followed by detection with mass spectrometry. The method involves simple isocratic chromatographic condition and mass spectrometric detection in the positive ionization mode using an API-3000 system. The total run time was 2.5 minutes. The proposed method has been validated with linear range of 200–20000 ng/mL for lumefantrine. The intrarun and interrun precision values are within 6.66% and 5.56%, respectively, for lumefantrine at the lower limit of quantification level. The overall recovery for lumefantrine and artesunate was 93.16% and 91.05%, respectively. This validated method was used successfully for analysis of plasma samples from a bioequivalence study.
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Wang, Fuqi, Danni Song, Fengmao Zou, Honghui Zhao, and Xu Zhao. "Quantitation of vistusertib by UHPLC-MS/MS in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study." Bioanalysis 13, no. 17 (September 2021): 1333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2021-0152.
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Aim: The present study aimed to develop a UHPLC-MS/MS method for determination of vistusertib in biological matrix, and to describe the pharmacokinetic behavior of vistusertib in SD rats. Methodology & results: After protein precipitation with acetone and acetonitrile (1:1), the chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column and detected with a SCIEX QTRAP 4500 mass spectrometer under positive ionization mode. The developed UHPLC-MS/MS method showed an excellent linearity within the range of 1.0–3000 ng/ml with good accuracy and precision. Vistusertib showed a rapid absorption and reached the maximum concentration of 3532.2 ± 678.0 ng/ml 20–30 min after oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Conclusion: The established analytical method was fast, sensitive and robust, and successfully applied to describe the pharmacokinetic behavior of vistusertib following an oral administration in rats.
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Müller-Schweinitzer, Else, and Carlo Tapparelli. "Methylergometrine, an Active Metabolite of Methysergide." Cephalalgia 6, no. 1 (March 1986): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1986.0601035.x.
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In conscious dogs methysergide (MS) caused constriction of the saphenous vein at about 3000 times lower doses than methylergometrine (MT) when infused locally, but it elicited only a short-lasting venoconstrictor response when injected systemically intravenously. MS and MT proved to be equally active venoconstrictor agents when administered orally. Analysis of canine plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that after both oral and intravenous administration of MS large amounts of MT appeared in the plasma whereas only low and transient levels of MS could be detected. It is suggested that one of the first steps in metabolism of MS is demethylation at position 1 of the indole, leading to the formation of MT, which may be a main active principle of the therapeutic effectiveness of MS in the interval treatment of migraine headache.
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Wijaya, R. Indra, Purwoko Adhi, Asep Yudi Hercuadi, Dadan Muliawandana, and Ros Sariningrum. "Radar Penembus Dinding UWB-FMCW 500-3000 MHz." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 14, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v14.1-7.
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Radar penembus dinding memiliki potensi untuk dapat digunakan dalam penanganan pasca bencana dan gangguan keamanan.Tulisan ini membahas hasil perancangan dan pembuatan sistem Radar Penembus Dinding Ultra Wide Band Frequency Modulated Continous Wave (UWB-FMCW) yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan suatu objek di balik dinding. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan pembangkit chirp UWB menggunakan kombinasi DDS dan VCO sebagai komponen utama pembangkit gelombang FMCW untuk mendapatkan linearitas yang tinggi, merealisasikan tranceiver dalam arsitektur homodyne, mengembangkan modul akuisisi, serta merealisasikan perangkat lunak untuk melakukan pengolahan sinyal dan menampilkannya dalam bentuk citra secara real time menggunakan MS Visual C++. Sistem radar penembus dinding didesain untuk memiliki resolusi 6 cm dan jarak tidak ambigu 30 m, pada rentang pita frekuensi kerja 500 - 3000 MHz. Dari hasil pengujian dalam skala laboratorium radar ini mampu melakukan identifikasi objek dibalik dinding yang terbuat dari kayu setebal 3 cm pada jarak 4 m dan menampilkannya dalam bentuk citra A-Scan dan B-Scan secara real time.
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Hayward, Nathan, and Andrew J. Calvert. "Eocene and Neogene volcanic rocks in the southeastern Nechako Basin, British Columbia: interpretation of the Canadian Hunter seismic reflection surveys using first-arrival tomography." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, no. 10 (October 2009): 707–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e09-041.
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Geological investigation of the near-surface in the southeastern Nechako Basin is difficult. Shallow seismic reflection imaging is poor due in part to an extensive cover of Eocene and Neogene volcanic rocks. Outcrops of these volcanic rocks, and the primarily Cretaceous bedrock, are commonly obscured by Quaternary deposits and vegetation. Estimates of near-surface P-wave velocity are derived from the tomographic inversion of seismic first-arrivals, an effective tool when seismic imaging is poor. Tomographic model velocities are in agreement with sonic logs and laboratory samples, except for those from the Neogene Chilcotin Group. Cretaceous sedimentary rocks have velocities of ∼2800–4200 ms–1. The Eocene Endako and Ootsa Lake groups, which have velocities of ∼3000–4200 ms–1, are not distinguishable based on velocity. The velocity, the character (density, focus, and penetration depth) of rays, and ties with well and surface geology constrain the subsurface extent of the Endako Group adjacent to well b-82-C. The Chilcotin Group typically exhibits velocities (∼2400–3000 ms–1) lower than corresponding velocities from sonic logs (4500–5200 ms–1) and laboratory measurements (5000–5200 ms–1). These low model velocities may be due to the presence of high porosity, brecciated rocks near to the surface, in comparison with the other measurements that have focussed on lower porosity massive lavas. The lowest mean velocities, located to the southeast, are related to anomalously thick, high porosity, breccia-rich deposits of Chilcotin Group. This conclusion is consistent with the interpretation that the Chilcotin Group is thicker in paleo river valleys.
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Sisu, Ioana, Valentina Udrescu, Corina Flangea, Sorin Tudor, Nicolae Dinca, Lucian Rusnac, Alina Zamfir, and Eugen Sisu. "Synthesis and structural characterization of amino-functionalized polysaccharides." Open Chemistry 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-008-0090-8.
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AbstractA variety of carbohydrates, in particular polysaccharides can be subjected to chemical modification to obtain derivatives with amphiphilic properties, which enable biochemical or biological reactions at the polymer surface. In the present work, a polydisperse maltodextrin mixture of average molecular weight 3000 was coupled with 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMD) via reductive amination reaction. Resulting products were characterized by thermal analysis and positive nanoelectrospray quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Both thermal analysis and MS screening confirmed the formation of the HMD-polysaccharide coupling products. Moreover, HMD-linked polysaccharide chains containing 2 to 26 glucose building blocks were identified by nanoESI Q-TOF MS. MS/MS fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation (CID) at low ion acceleration energies provided strong evidence for HMD-maltodextrin linkage formation and the set of sequence ions diagnostic for the composition and structure of a HMD-linked chain containing 18 glucose residues.
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Rivera, Victor M., and Samuel Landero. "Multiple Sclerosis in Mexican American Population." International Journal of MS Care 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073-7.4.143.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence has notably increased in Latin America. Although people of Mexican ancestry make up most of the Hispanic population in the United States, studies addressing MS in US- or foreign-born Latin Americans are scarce. Of the first 3000 consecutive individuals diagnosed with clinically definite MS at a specialized MS clinic in southeast Texas, 128 were identified as Mexican or Mexican American and are discussed in this article. The sample had a wide age distribution (6–71 years), with most patients diagnosed between the third and fifth decades. Of the patients studied, 68.2% had relapsing-remitting MS, 28.9% had secondary progressive MS, and 2.3% had primary progressive MS. The female-to-male ratio was 4.6:1.0; 60.9% of the patients were US born and 28.9% Mexican born. Sixteen patients commuted between countries. The study suggests that increasing frequency of MS among Hispanic people may augment the prevalence of MS in certain areas of the United States. Epidemiological observations, clinical characterizations, and possible genotypic therapeutic responses may derive from further studies.
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Wang, Xin, Xiang-Jian Zhong, Na Zhou, Ning Cai, Jia-Hui Xu, Qing-Bo Wang, Jin-Jie Li, Qian Liu, Peng-Cheng Lin, and Xiao-Ya Shang. "Rapid Characterizaiton of Chemical Constituents of the Tubers of Gymnadenia conopsea by UPLC–Orbitrap–MS/MS Analysis." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040898.
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Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. is a traditional Tibetan medicinal plant that grows at altitudes above 3000 m, which is used to treat neurasthenia, asthma, coughs, and chronic hepatitis. However, a comprehensive configuration of the chemical profile of this plant has not been reported because of the complexity of its chemical constituents. In this study, a rapid and precise method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UPLC–Orbitrap–MS/MS) was established in both positive- and negative-ion modes to rapidly identify various chemical components in the tubers of G. conopsea for the first time. Finally, a total of 91 compounds, including 17 succinic acid ester glycosides, 9 stilbenes, 6 phenanthrenes, 19 alkaloids, 11 terpenoids and steroids, 20 phenolic acid derivatives, and 9 others, were identified in the tubers of G. conopsea based on the accurate mass within 3 ppm error. Furthermore, many alkaloids, phenolic acid derivates, and terpenes were reported from G. conopsea for the first time. This rapid method provides an important scientific basis for further study on the cultivation, clinical application, and functional food of G. conopsea.
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Xiong, Wei, Ling Wang, Haiyan Zhang, Xiaoqiu Tao, Xuehua Jiang, Zejuan Liu, Jiajia Zhao, and Wenwen Xu. "Quantitation of Apremilast in Beagle Dogs Plasma by UPLC-MS-MS and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (January 15, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8881076.
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A sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method for the determination of apremilast in beagle dog plasma has been developed and successfully validated in the current study. Clopidogrel was employed as an internal standard (IS), and liquid-liquid extraction by tert-butylmethyl ether was used for sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a UPLC BEH Shield RP18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with 5 mM ammonium formate water and 5 mM ammonium formate methanol as the mobile phase with gradient elution. Calibration plots were linear in the range of 2–3000 ng/mL for apremilast in beagle dog plasma. Mean recoveries of apremilast in beagle dogs plasma ranged from 87.4% to 97.4%. The intrarun and interrun precision was less than 6% and 9%, respectively, with the accuracy between 92.4% and 101.1%. The method has also been successfully applied in the pharmacokinetics study of apremilast. The mean t1/2Z was 5.41 h for 30 mg·day−1 for beagle dogs after oral administration. The AUC0-t increased linearly from 3.51 to 1802.13 μ g L − 1 ∗ h after administration of single doses.
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Debeljak, Željko, Ivana Marković, Vatroslav Šerić, Vesna Horvat, Sanja Mandić, Dario Mandić, Iva Lukić, and Jasna Pavela. "Analytical bias of automated immunoassays for six serum steroid hormones assessed by LC-MS/MS." Biochemia medica 30, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/bm.2020.030701.
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Introduction: There is a growing amount of evidence showing the significant analytical bias of steroid hormone immunoassays, but large number of available immunoassays makes conduction of a single comprehensive study of this issue hardly feasible. Aim of this study was to assess the analytical bias of six heterogeneous immunoassays for serum aldosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (OHP) and progesterone using the liquid chromatography coupled to the tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Materials and methods: This method comparison study included 49 serum samples. Testosterone, DHEAS, progesterone and cortisol immunoassays were performed on the Abbott Architect i2000SR or Alinity i analysers (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, USA). DiaSorin’s Liaison (DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy) and DIAsource’s ETI-Max 3000 analysers (DIAsource ImmunoAssays, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium) were chosen for aldosterone and OHP immunoassay testing, respectively. All immunoassays were evaluated against the LC-MS/MS assay relying on the commercial kit (Chromsystems, Gräfelfing, Germany) and LCMS-8050 analyser (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Analytical biases were calculated and method comparison was conducted using weighted Deming regression analysis. Results: Depending on the analyte and specific immunoassay, mean relative biases ranged from -31 to + 137%. Except for the cortisol, immunoassays were positively biased. For none of the selected steroids slope and intercept 95% confidence intervals simultaneously contained 0 and 1, respectively. Conclusions: Evaluated immunoassays failed to satisfy requirements for methods’ comparability and produced significant analytical biases in respect to the LC-MS/MS assay, especially at low concentrations.
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Umar, Arzu, Theo M. Luider, John A. Foekens, and Ljiljana Paša-Tolić. "NanoLC-FT-ICR MS improves proteome coverage attainable for ∼3000 laser-microdissected breast carcinoma cells." PROTEOMICS 7, no. 2 (January 2007): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200600293.
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Fujianto, Slamet, Sugiyanto Sugiyanto, and Mohamad Irwan Katili. "Analisis Variasi Nilai Time Repetition (TR) dan Time Inversion (TI) terhadap Informasi Anatomi Sekuens Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude (TIRM) MRI Wrist Joint Dengan Menggunakan MRI 0,3 Tesla." Jurnal Imejing Diagnostik (JImeD) 2, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jimed.v2i1.3164.
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Backgroud: The Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude (TIRM) pulse sequence is used to examine wrist joint, especially in the coronal plane. Main parameters of inversion recovery pulse sequence are time repetition (TR), time echo (TE) and time inversion (TI). This study aims to analyze the variation of time repetition (TR) and time inversion (TI) on anatomical information using TIRM pulse sequence on wrist joint MR imaging with 0,3 tesla.Methods: This study was a quantitave experimental study with a linear regression test. This study was conducted in Radiology Department of Banyumas hospital using twenty serial images from only one patient with 10 variation of TR (3000 ms, 3200ms, 3400 ms, 3600 ms, 3800 ms, 4000 ms, 4200 ms, 4400 ms, 4600 ms, 4800 ms) and 10 variation of TI (70 ms, 75 ms, 80 ms, 85 ms, 90 ms, 95 ms, 100 ms, 105 ms, 110 ms, 115 ms). Image assessed by only one respondent.Results: There was no significant influence of variation of TR and TI on anatomical information. Significant number was 0,240 which is bigger than p value (0,05). TR and TI variation affected just only 15,5% to anatomical information, 84,5% was influenced by other variables that unconfirmed in this study.Conclusion: There was differences of anatomical information in MRI wrist joint sequence coronal T2WI-FSE fat suppression between SPIR and SPAIR with a significance level of p value 0.001 (p 0.05). SPAIR is the method which is clearer to show the anatomical information of wrist joint.
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Masrol, S. R., Mohd Halim Irwan Ibrahim, Sharmiza Adnan, Muhammad Safiuddin Syah Amir Shah, Nor Mazlana Main, M. F. Esa, and M. H. Othman. "Effect of Beating Process to Soda Anthraquinone Pulp of Oil Palm Male Flower Spikes Fibre." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.158.
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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of beating process to the characteristics of pulp and paper produced from oil palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS). OPMFS pulp was prepared according to chemical Soda-AQ pulping process. 60 gsm handsheet of oil palm male flower spikes paper were prepared from OPMFS pulp with four different beating times which are 0 revolution, 1000 revolutions, 2000 revolutions and 3000 revolutions. All physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated according to TAPPI and MS ISO standards. The results show that overall physical and mechanical characteristics of POMFS paper were influenced and enhanced by beating process between 0 until 3000 revolutions. This research demonstrate some potential characteristics of palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS) paper to be investigated as a newly explored non-wood based raw material for papermaking raw material for papermaking.
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Lang, Michael, Daniela Rau, Lukas Cepek, Fia Cürten, Stefan Ringbauer, and Martin Mayr. "An ID-Associated Application to Facilitate Patient-Tailored Management of Multiple Sclerosis." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081061.
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Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the leading neurological cause of disability in young adults. As a chronic disease, MS requires complex and challenging management. In this context, eHealth has gained an increasing relevance. Here, we aim to summarize beneficial features of a mobile app recently implemented in clinical MS routine as well as beyond MS. PatientConcept is a CE-certified, ID-associated multilingual software application allowing patients to record relevant health data without disclosing any identifying data. Patients can voluntarily share their health data with selected physicians. Since its implementation in 2018, about 3000 MS patients have used PatientConcept. Initially developed as a physician–patient communication platform, the app maps risk management plans of all current disease modifying therapies and thereby facilitates adherence to specified monitoring appointments. It also allows continuous monitoring of various PROs (Patient Reported Outcomes), enabling a broad overview of the disease course. In addition, various studies/projects currently assess monitoring, follow-up, diagnostics and telemetric evaluations of patients with other diseases beyond MS. Altogether, PatientConcept offers a broad range of possibilities to support physician–patient communication, implementation of risk management plans and assessment of PROs. It is a promising tool to facilitate patient-tailored management of MS and other chronic diseases.
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Enko, Dietmar, Sieglinde Zelzer, Markus Herrmann, Robert Krause, and Andreas Meinitzer. "Implementation of a Dual-Column Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass-Spectrometry Method for the Quantification of Isavuconazole in Clinical Practice." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 13, no. 02 (June 2021): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730755.
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Abstract Objectives Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of isavuconazole, which is a novel broad-spectrum antimycoticum against invasive fungal infections, ensures an effective exposure of the drug and minimizes the risk of toxicity. This study is aimed at evaluating the analytical performance of a dual-column liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for isavuconazole quantification. Materials and Methods The method was performed on a Voyager TSQ Quantum triple quadrupole instrument equipped with an Ultimate 3000 chromatography system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California, United States). Analytical and preanalytical requirements of the isavuconazole LC-MS/MS method were evaluated. Sample stability measurements were performed at room temperature (RT) and in serum tubes with separator gel. Results The isavuconazole LC-MS/MS method was linear over the concentration range of 0.2 to 12.8 mg/L. The coefficient of determination (r 2) always exceeded 0.999. Within- and between-run precision ranged between 1.4 to 2.9% and 1.5 to 3.0%, the recovery between 93.9 and 102.7%. At RT, serum samples were stable for 3 days. Isavuconazole serum concentrations were significantly lower after incubation (18 hours) in serum tubes with separator gel at RT. Conclusion The dual-column isavuconazole LC-MS/MS is a reliable tool for the TDM of isavuconazole. Serum samples are stable for at least 3 days and should be collected in tubes without separator gel.
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Apriantoro, Nursama Heru, and Christianni Christianni. "ANALISIS PERBEDAAN CITRA MRI BRAIN PADA SEKUENT1SE DAN T1FLAIR." SINERGI 19, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2015.3.007.
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MRI adalah bagian dari ilmu kedokteran untuk mediagnosa kelainan organ dengan memanfaatkan medan magnet dan pergerakan proton atom hidrogen. Salah satu pemeriksaan MRI adalah pemeriksaan brain. Pemeriksaan MRI brain dapat dilakukan T1 weighted image Spin Echo (T1 SE) atau T1 Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (T1 FLAIR). Kajian dilakukan untuk menentukan perbedaan T1 SE dan T1 FLAIR dari segi citra berdasarkan nilai Rasio Signal terhadap Noise (SNR) dengan MRI GE Type Signa HD xt 1.5 Tesla. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. 20 pasien telah diambil pada pemeriksaan MRI brain pada potongan axial, dengan parameter T1 SE potongan axial dengan parameter Time Repetition (TR) 700 ms, Time Echo (TE) 20 ms, Field of View (FOV) 240 mm, Slice Thickness 5,0 mm, Spacing 1,0 mm, Number of Excitations (NEX) 1, Phase 224, dan total slice 20. T1 FLAIR parameter TR 3000 ms, TE 13,9 ms, TI 920 ms, FOV 240 mm, slice thickness 5,0 mm, spacing 1,0 mm, NEX 1, phase 224, dan total slice 20. SNR dihitung pada anatomi brain meliputi CSF (Cerebro Spinal Fluid), White Matter dan Gray Matter. Hasil penelitian kedua sequence tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sequence T1 SE lebih baik daripada sequence T1 FLAIR.
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Summerday, Nicole Marie, Sherrill J. Brown, Douglas R. Allington, and Michael P. Rivey. "Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (October 10, 2011): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011421839.
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There has been growing interest in determining environmental risk factors that may play a role in the development or progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Epidemiological evidence and data from human and animal studies have shown an association between low serum vitamin D levels and an increased incidence of MS and that supplementation with vitamin D may protect against MS development and/or disease relapses. The most appropriate vitamin D dosage for patients with MS is unclear, but investigators have proposed that serum vitamin D concentrations between 75 and 100 nmol/L (30-40 ng/mL) are optimal to achieve favorable clinical outcomes. Vitamin D supplemented in doses up to 3000 International Units (IU) daily may be necessary to achieve these levels in many patients, and doses of 500 to 800 IU daily appear to be necessary to maintain desired serum vitamin D levels. Short-term supplementation with doses up to 40 000 IU daily has been found to be safe. However, larger and longer clinical studies are needed to assess whether a true relationship exists between serum vitamin D concentrations and MS and to determine a safe and effective amount of vitamin D supplementation.
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Ghelichnia, H. "Essential Oil Composition of Thymus trauvetteri Klokov & Desj. at Different Growing Altitudes in Mazandaran, Iran." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 52, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2019-0020.
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Abstract Thymus trauvetteri Klokov & Desj. (Lamiaceae) is a permanent species that grows in some mountain rangeland of Iran including Mazandaran province. The aerial parts of Thymus trauvetteri were collected during flowering stage in June 2014, from mountain rangelands of Mazandaran province,in North of Iran. Around samples collected from four altitudes (2100 m, 2400 m, 2700 m and 3000 m) in mountain region of Mazandaran province. The goal of current research was to assess the effect of altitude on the chemical composition and function of essential oil in Thymus trauvetteri. The essential oil were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on the results, the essential oil content is between 1.01-1.51% at different altitudes. The highest essential oil (1.51%%) was extracted at an altitude of 2400 m, while it was opposite (1.01%) at an altitude of 3000 m. The main compounds essential oil of Thymus trauvetteri samples were identified: thymol (5.93%-49.75%), carvacrol (1.78%-54.02%), and p-cymen (6.98%-19.07%). According to the results, altitude was significantly (p≤ 0.05) effective on essential oil, thymol, carvacrol and p-cymen rates according to results of correlation analysis. The highest percentage of essential oil is at an altitude of 2400 m and the lowest is 3000 m above sea level. The highest percentage of thymol is in L3 (2700 m) and lowest is in L1 (2100 m). The highest percentage of carvacrol is in L3 (2700 m) and lowest is in L4 (3000 m). The highest percentage of p-cymen is in L1, L2, L3 (2100, 2400 and 2700 m, no significant difference) and lowest is in L4 (3000 m). Variations in essential oil rates and compositions may be due to on genetic, ecological or individual variability.
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Koichubekov, Berik, Ilya Korshukov, Nazgul Omarbekova, Viktor Riklefs, Marina Sorokina, and Xenia Mkhitaryan. "Computation of Nonlinear Parameters of Heart Rhythm Using Short Time ECG Segments." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/983479.
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We propose the method to compute the nonlinear parameters of heart rhythm (correlation dimensionD2and correlation entropyK2) using 5-minute ECG recordings preferred for screening of population. Conversion of RR intervals’ time series into continuous functionx(t)allows getting the new time series with different sampling ratedt. It has been shown that for alldt(250, 200, 125, and 100 ms) the cross-plots ofD2andK2against embedding dimensionmfor phase-space reconstruction start to level off atm=9. The sample sizeNat different sampling rates varied from 1200 atdt= 250 ms to 3000 atdt= 100 ms. Along with, theD2andK2means were not statistically different; that is, the sampling rate did not influence the results. We tested the feasibility of the method in two models: nonlinear heart rhythm dynamics in different states of autonomous nervous system and age-related characteristics of nonlinear parameters. According to the acquired data, the heart rhythm is more complex in childhood and adolescence with more influential parasympathetic influence against the background of elevated activity of sympathetic autonomous nervous system.
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Pengzong, Zhang, Li Yuanmin, Xiong Xiaoming, Deng Shang, Xiong Wei, Lang Zhigang, Du Dongzhou, et al. "Wound Healing Potential of the Standardized Extract of Boswellia serrata on Experimental Diabetic Foot Ulcer via Inhibition of Inflammatory, Angiogenetic and Apoptotic Markers." Planta Medica 85, no. 08 (March 25, 2019): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0881-3000.
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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the wound healing potential and possible mechanism of action of the standardized extract of Boswellia serrata against the experimental model of diabetic foot ulcer. α-Boswellic acid was isolated from the standardized extract of B. serrata and characterized (HPLC, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS). Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i. p.), and wounds were created on the dorsal surface of the hind paw. B. serrata (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p. o.) was administered to the rats for 16 days. The HPLC analysis showed a single peak with a retention time of 12.51 min. The compound was identified with ESI-MS [M + Na]+ = 455.37 as α-boswellic acid. Treatment with B. serrata (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the rate of wound contraction via modulation of oxido-nitrosative stress and elevated the hydroxyproline level at the wound area. reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that streptozotocin-induced increases in TNF-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and Bcl-2-associated X protein, and decreases in angiopoietin-1, Tie2, transforming growth factor beta 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and collagen-1 mRNA expression were significantly inhibited by B. serrata. It also significantly reduced wound cellular necrosis as evaluated by flow cytometry using propidium iodide fluorescence intensity. Streptozotocin-induced histopathological alterations were also significantly ameliorated by B. serrata. In conclusion, standardized extracts of B. serrata exert its wound healing potential via orchestrating mechanisms, which include the inhibition of oxido-inflammatory markers (oxido-nitrosative stress, TNF-α, interleukins, and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), increased collagen synthesis (hydroxyproline and collagen-1) and angiogenesis (Ang-1/Tie2), promoting growth factors (transforming growth factor beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor), and inhibition of apoptosis (Bcl-2-associated X protein) to accelerate wound healing in experimental delayed diabetic foot ulcer.
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Zhang, En, Ying Wang, Fuyi Xie, Xinlei Zhuang, Xianqin Wang, and Xiaomin Yu. "Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Quantitative Determination and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Cirsimarin in Rat Plasma." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 8, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9953664.
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Cirsimarin is a bioactive antilipogenic flavonoid isolated from the cotyledons of Abrus precatorius and represents one of the most abundant flavonoids present in this plant species. Cirsimarin exhibits excellent antioxidant, lipolysis, and other biological properties; it can effectively trigger lipid movement and demonstrates antiobesity effects. In this work, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of cirsimarin in rat plasma after intravenous administration. A standard curve of cirsimarin in blank rat plasma was generated over the concentration range of 1–3000 ng/mL. Six rats were administered cirsimarin intravenously (1 mg/kg). The method only required 50 μL of plasma for sample preparation, and the plasma proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile to pretreat the plasma sample. The precisions of cirsimarin in rat plasma were less than 14%, while the accuracies varied between 92.5% and 107.3%. In addition, the matrix effect varied between 103.6% and 107.4%, while the recoveries were greater than 84.2%. This UPLC-MS/MS method was then applied in measuring the pharmacokinetics of cirsimarin in rats. The AUC(0-t) values of cirsimarin from the pharmacokinetic analysis were 1068.2 ± 359.2 ng/mL·h for intravenous administration. The half-life ( t 1 / 2 ) was 1.1 ± 0.4 h (intravenous), indicating that the metabolism of the compound was quick in the rats. Exploring the pharmacokinetics of cirsimarin in vivo can help better understand its metabolism.
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Nagorniy, A. Aleshukina, I. Aleshukina, and Ermakova. "USE OF MALDI-TOF MS METHOD FOR SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION OF NEMATODES (BY EXAMPLE OF STUDYING PROTEIN PROFILES OF ASCARIDATE AND DIROFILARIA)." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.267-275.
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The article presents the results of studying protein profiles of nematodes relevant for the south of Russia (dirofilaria and ascaridate) using proteomic analysis based on MALDI-TOF MS. Analysis of the protein extracts of dirofilaria and ascaridate showed spectra with high-intensity peaks in the range of 2–20 kDa, the quality of the spectra and the intensities of the spectral peaks were consistent for all samples of the same species. It was noted that reliably frequent peaks were observed in the spectra obtained from various dirofilariae (D. repens and D. immitis) in the range from 3400 to 6000 kDa, that characterize the entire genus of nematodes. In the range above 6000 kDa, the spectra differed by representative peaks, which allowed us to differentiate one species from another according to the protein profile. The spectral profiles obtained from the ascarid A. suum and A. lumbricoi proteins, unlike dirofilaria, showed almost complete homology of graphic images in the m/z range from 3000 kDa to 15 000 kDa. At the same time, protein peaks in the range of 3000–7300 kDa, typical for the entire genus Ascaris, are constant. Three main peaks in both species were found in m/z 13 000, 13 400 and 14 400. Thus, the method of proteomic analysis based on MALDI-TOFF MS can serve as an effective tool in studies of the taxonomic identification of the pathogen.
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Manta-Vogli, Penelope D., Kleopatra H. Schulpis, Yannis L. Loukas, and Yannis Dotsikas. "Quantitation of the arginine family amino acids in the blood of full-term infants perinatally in relation to their birth weight." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, no. 8 (August 27, 2019): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0146.
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Abstract Background Arginine family amino acids (AFAAs) include glutamine (Gln) plus glutamate (Glu), ornithine (Orn), proline (Pro), citrulline (Cit) and arginine (Arg). We aimed to quantitate these amino acids in the blood of full-term infants in relation to their birth weight (BW) perinatally. Methods Breastfeeding full-term infants (n = 2000, 1000 males, 1000 females) with a BW of 2000–4000 g were divided into four equal groups: group A, 2000–2500 g; B, 2500–3000 g; C, 3000–3500 g and D, 3500–4000 g. Blood samples as dried blood spots (DBS) were collected on the third day of life and analyzed via a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) protocol. Results Gln plus Glu mean values were found to be statistically significantly different between males and females in all studied groups. The highest values of these amino acids were detected in both males and females in group D. Orn mean values were found to be statistically significantly different between males and females of the same BW in all groups except the last one. The lower mean value was determined in group A, whereas the highest was determined in group D. Cit and Arg mean values were determined to be almost similar in all studied groups. Conclusions Gln plus Glu and Orn blood concentrations were directly related to infants’ BW. Conversely, Cit and Arg did not vary significantly in all groups.
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Carrera, María José. ""En un lugar della mancha": Samuel Beckett's Reading of in the Notebook." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 18, no. 1 (October 1, 2007): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-018001011.
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This article deals with Beckett's reading of Cervantes's in the 1930s. Sixteen notes that he took in the Notebook (MS 3000 of the Beckett Collection at Reading University), proceeding from the title of Cervantes's novel to chapter 18 of the Second Part, reveal that Beckett's attention focuses on a surprisingly small number of things for such a complex text. With three languages at play – English, French and Spanish – Beckett's manuscript entries betray his close dependence on Ferdinand de Brotonne's French translation of Cervantes's work (a mediating source which is not acknowledged in the notebook).
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Temghare, G. A., S. S. Shetye, and S. S. Joshi. "Rapid and Sensitive Method for Quantitative Determination of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography- Tandem Mass Specrtometry." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2009): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/709478.
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A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma using abacavir as internal standard has been developed and validated. Sample preparation of plasma involved solid phase extraction. Detection was performed using an Applied Biosystems Sciex API 2000 Mass spectrometer. The assay of lopinavir and ritonavir was linear over the range of 50 ng mL-1to 20000 ng mL-1and 20 ng mL-1to 3000 ng mL-1 respectively with a precision of <15% and accuracy in the range of 85-115%. The limit of quantification in plasma for lopinavir and ritonavir was 50 ng mL-1and 20 ng mL-1respectively. The described method has the advantage of being rapid and easy and it could be applied in therapeutic monitoring of these drugs in human plasma
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Ghasemi, Pirbalouti, Mehdi Barani, Behzad Hamedi, Kachouei Ataei, and Abnoos Karimi. "Environment effect on diversity in quality and quantity of essential oil of different wild populations of Kerman thyme." Genetika 45, no. 2 (2013): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1302441p.
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Thymus (thyme) is one of the most important genera with regard to the number of species within the family Lamiaceae. Kerman thyme (Thymus carmanicus Jalas) is an endemic Iranian species, intensively utilized because of its wide ranging medicinal and culinary properties. Aerial parts of T. carmanicus collected from various altitudes including 2000-2500, 2500-3000, and 3000- 3500 m above sea level in Zagros Mountains, Kerman province, South Iran. The yellow oil yields ranged between 0.80 to 1.10% (v/w) for populations collected from various elevations and for the populations collected from various regions ranged between 0.55-1.61% (v/w). GC-MS analyses revealed compounds, constituting 92.2-99.9% of total essential oils. The major constituents of essential oils were carvacrol (47.6-57.9%), thymol (8.3-19.0%), ?-terpinene (7.3-7.9%) and p-cymene (4.4-7.6%), that monoterpenes, especially oxygenated monoterpenes was the main constituent group in essential oil from the aerial parts of T. carmanicus. The results of current study indicated that increasing elevation decreased thymol content in essential oils of the wild populations of T. carmanicus.
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Diveev, D. A., and A. A. Demidov. "Microdynamics of perceptual trustworthiness in perception of facial expressions." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 8, no. 4 (2015): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2015080408.
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The article discusses the phenomenon of «perceptual trust» and its formation in micro intervals of time. The results of two empirical studies of trust’s perceptual estimates by human faces in various aspects of time exposure was revealed. In the first study, the following values of the time exposure used: 100,250 and 1000 ms. It is shown that the value for adequacy of perceptual trust are the highest exposure at 250 ms, and the least at 1000 ms. It is suggested that the evaluation of perceptual trust depends not only on the time of the demonstration of human facial expressions, sex, but also on the expression of human face. Wider range of exposure time values was used in the second study, 100, 300, 500, 1000 and 3000 to 1000 ms. As of stimulus images were made by representatives of persons Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid racial groups. As the subjects were made by representatives of the Mongoloid racial group. The relationship between the adequacy of the perceptual trust evaluations and race of subjects and models are tested and evaluated models was revealed. The main result of the research can be considered a lack of empirical fixation unambiguous relationship between the level of trust in the person being evaluated and the duration of the perception of his face.
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ATROSHI, I., C. GUMMESSON, R. JOHNSSON, E. ORNSTEIN, and I. ROSÉN. "Median Nerve Latency Measurement Agreement Between Portable and Conventional Methods." Journal of Hand Surgery 25, no. 1 (February 2000): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.1999.0316.
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A portable nerve conduction testing device was compared with a conventional method of measuring median nerve distal latencies. In a population-based study, a health questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 3000 participants (aged 25 to 74 years). Two hundred and sixty-two responders with numbness and/or tingling in the median nerve distribution, and 125 asymptomatic responders underwent clinical examination as well as portable and conventional median nerve distal latency measurements. Motor latency measured with the portable device was on average 0.1 millisecond (ms) lower than motor latency measured with the conventional method (95% limits of agreement, −0.8–0.5 ms). Sensory latency (wrist-to-index finger) measured with the portable device was on average 0.3 ms lower than sensory latency (long finger-to-wrist) measured with the conventional method (95% limits of agreement, −0.7–0.1 ms). Strong correlations were found between the latencies measured by the portable and conventional methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.90–0.93). The agreement between the portable and conventional methods in measuring median nerve distal latencies appears to be acceptable. The cut-of value for abnormal sensory latency needs to be lower for the portable than the conventional method if the present measurement techniques are used.
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Masrochah, Siti, Fatimah Fatimah, and Nurdianty Yunitaningrum. "Analisa Informasi Citra MRI Cervical Potongan Sagital Pada Variasi Nilai Time Repetition (TR) Dengan Sekuens Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR)." Jurnal Imejing Diagnostik (JImeD) 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jimed.v6i2.5822.
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Background: One of MRI technique using STIR sequences, such as the cervical examination. STIR sequences used in the cervical spine due to the cervical spine is surrounded by lots of fluids and fat, to reinforce the picture of the cervical spine. According to Braun in 2003 in an article in the American College of Rheumatology, TR on STIR used is 4000 ms. Meanwhile, according to Erika J. Ulbribh in 2011 in an article in the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging TR on STIR sequences were used that 4860 ms. Based on the writer's observation in several hospitals with the same flight characteristics, the value of TR on STIR sequences different - different. At one hospital using TR 5000 ms, then at other hospitals using the TR 3000 ms. TR value is used based on the theory of 2000 ms.Methods: This research is a quantitative study with an experimental approach. Data were collected from May to June 2016 in the. The subjects of this study are volunteers by using a variation of the value of Time Repetition. It is caused during data capture none of the patients with the diagnosis of the lesion or tumour. image of five variations Repetition Time value is 4090 ms, 5190 ms, 6290 ms, 7390 ms and 8490 ms. Selection of variation based on the value of TR used.Results: From the statistical test result known that There are differences in image information MRI Cervical on the variation of the Time Repetition 4090 ms, TR 5190 ms, TR 6290 ms, TR 7390 ms, and TR 8490 ms to the value of ρ value of 0.000 (ρ 0, 05).That is because Repetition Time (TR) sequences Inversion Recovery (IR) should be long enough to provide opportunities so that Net Magnetization Vectors (NMV) can be in full recovery before the next 180 RF pulse inversion. If TR is too short then each network will be recovery with different levels which will ultimately affect the weighting (weighting) is generated.Conclusion: There are differences in Cervical MRI image information on the variation of the value of 4090 ms Repetition Time, TR 5190 ms, TR 6290 ms, TR 7390 ms, and TR 8490 ms to the value of ρ value of 0.000 (ρ 0.05).
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Hu, Xingjiang, Meihua Lin, Wei Zhu, Yunliang Zheng, Qiao Zhang, Guolan Wu, and Yunqing Qiu. "Potential Cytotoxicity, Pharmacokinetics, and Excretion Properties of Sapindoside B from the Seeds of Nigella sativa var. hispidula." Planta Medica 86, no. 05 (February 13, 2020): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1107-3058.
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AbstractThe seeds of Nigella sativa var. hispidula are widely used in food preparation by the Uighur people in western China. Recently, series of oleanane triterpenoid saponins were extracted from the seeds of Nigella sativa var. hispidula, especially α-hederin as representative that exhibited strong antitumor activity. Compared to α-hederin, sapindoside B has just 1 more terminal xylopyranose in the 3-O position and displays similar effects against various human cancer cell lines with cisplatin. Considering this potential cytotoxic activity, a reliable LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify sapindoside B in rat plasma, urine, and feces. Chromatographic separation was conducted on an Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq (3.0 × 150 mm, 3.5 µm) column via an isocratic elution procedure with acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% formic acid. Mass spectrometric detection was coupled with an electrospray ionization source in the MRM mode. The linear range of calibration curves was 15 ~ 3000 ng/mL in plasma/urine and 30 ~ 3000 ng/g in feces. The intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 11.1%, and accuracy ranged from 92.2% to 108.7%. The proposed method was validated and shown to be reliable, precise, and accurate and was successfully applied to its pharmacokinetics and excretion studies. Sapindoside B exhibited dosage-dependent pharmacokinetics in the range of 2.5 mg/kg to 12.5 mg/kg, and only about 2% of intravenous dose of sapindoside B was excreted by the feces and urine in its unchanged form over 48 h. These results provide further data support for evaluating the druggability of sapindoside B.
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Lu, Yi, Xu Ye, Yin Xiaowei, and Zhang Xin. "VIEWING TIME AND FACIAL TRUSTWORTHINESS PERCEPTIONS: GIVE IT A SECOND THINK MAY NOT WORK FOR OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2887.
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Abstract Older adults tend to rate higher on trustworthiness of unfamiliar faces than younger adults. Contrary to the notion that it would be beneficial for them to have enough time to process, cognitive control theory suggests that older adults’ facial trustworthiness evaluation increases over time, making them more vulnerable to fraud. The present study aimed at exploring age differences in trustworthiness perception of unfamiliar faces, and how viewing time could impact. A 2 (age: old vs. young) ×2 (viewing time: 500 ms vs. 3000 ms) ×2 (facial trustworthiness: control vs. low trustworthiness) factorial design was conducted. As expected a significant three-way interaction revealed that viewing time only influenced older adults’ facial trustworthiness evaluation, and only when given shorter viewing time did older adults exhibit accurate facial trustworthiness ratings as younger adults. These findings suggest that a second think in facial perception may not work for older adults.
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Hundt, H. K. L., J. M. Steyn, and L. Wagner. "Post-mortem Serum Concentration of Cantharidin in a Fatal Case of Cantharides Poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 9, no. 1 (January 1990): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719000900108.
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A patient admitted to hospital died shortly after admission without a proper diagnosis having been made. Symptoms as well as the presence of a brown powder found in the possession of the deceased indicated the possibility of cantharidin intoxication. Cantharidin was positively identified by means of a GC/MS analysis, utilizing the selected ion monitoring technique (SIM), for m/z = 197.0813, (M+H+) for cantharidin, under positive chemical ionization conditions at a resolution of 7000 and a mass window of 30 ppm. Quantitation was done by means of a GC/MS SIM analysis of a toluene extract of acidified post-mortem serum under El+ conditions at a resolution of 3000, using clofibrate as internal standard and monitoring m/z = 128.0473 and 128.0029 for cantharidin and clofibrate respectively. The post-mortem serum was found to contain cantharidin at a concentration of 72.3 ng/ m l whilst the cantharides powder contained 0.87% cantharidin.
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Liu, Xuan, Zhu-Mei Sun, Yan-Na Liu, Qing Ji, Hua Sui, Li-Hong Zhou, Fu-Feng Li, and Qi Li. "The Metabonomic Studies of Tongue Coating inH. pyloriPositive Chronic Gastritis Patients." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/804085.
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In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), tongue diagnosis (TD) has been an important diagnostic method for the last 3000 years. Tongue coating can be used as a very sensitive marker to determine the progress of chronic gastritis. Therefore, the scientific, qualitative, and quantitative study for the pathophysiologic basis of tongue coating (TC) emerged as a major direction for the objective research of TD. In our current report, we used GC/MS technology to determine the potential changes of metabolites and identify special metabolic biomarkers in the TC ofH. pyloriinfected chronic gastritis patients. Four discriminative metabolites were identified by GC/MS between the TC ofH. pyloriinfection (G+H) and withoutH. pyloriinfection (G-H) patients: ethylene, cephaloridine,γ-aminobutyric acid, and 5-pyroglutamic acid, indicating that changes in amino acid metabolism are possibly involved in the formation of TC, and the amino acid metabolites are part of the material components of TC inG+Hpatients.
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Gurčinienė, Ona, and Alvydas Šoliūnas. "DVIEJŲ VIENU METU PATEIKTŲ FIGŪRŲ PANAŠUMO ĮTAKA JŲ SUVOKIMUI." Psichologija 20 (January 1, 1999): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.1999..4431.
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Buvo atliktas kelių kartu pateiktų objektų suvokimo regimajame lauke psichofizinis tyrimas. Stimulai buvo nesemantinės geometrinės figūros, pateiktos 4 x 3 matricoje. Penkios figūrų poros, besiskiriančios panašumo lygiu, buvo pateiktos atpažinimui atgalinio maskavimo sąlygomis. Figūrų ekspozicija varijavo nuo 400 iki 3000 ms. Po maskavimo sekė specialus žymekis, kuris nurodė, kuri figūra turi būti aptikta po to pateikiamoje 12 figūrų matricoje.Eksperimento duomenys leido išskirti dvi subjektų grupes. Pirmąjį buvo būdinga tas pats atpažinimo tikslumas visose figūrų porose, jų neveikė figūrų panašumas. Antroji tiriamųjų grupė identiškas figūras atpažino daug geriau, nei skirtingas. Duomenys interpretuojami, remiantis strategijomis, kurias tiriamieji taiko.
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Lamy, Elodie, Fanta Fall, Lisa Boigne, Kirill Gromov, Nicolas Fabresse, and Stanislas Grassin-Delyle. "Validation according to European and American regulatory agencies guidelines of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of free and total ropivacaine in human plasma." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 58, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-1298.
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AbstractBackgroundRopivacaine is a widely used local anaesthetic drug, highly bound to plasma proteins with a free plasma fraction of about 5%. Therefore, the monitoring of free drug concentration is most relevant to perform pharmacokinetic studies and to understand the drug pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship.MethodsA high-sensitivity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method using reverse-phase LC and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is described for the quantitation of both free and total ropivacaine in human plasma. Ropivacaine-d7 was used as an internal standard (IS).ResultsThe method was validated in the range 0.5–3000 ng/mL, with five levels of QC samples and according to the European Medicine Agency and Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The performance of the method was excellent with a precision in the range 6.2%–14.7%, an accuracy between 93.6% and 113.7% and a coefficient of variation (CV) of the IS-normalised matrix factor below 15%. This suitability of the method for the quantification of free and total ropivacaine in clinical samples was demonstrated with the analysis of samples from patients undergoing knee arthroplasty and receiving a local ropivacaine infiltration.ConclusionsA method was developed and validated for the quantification of free and total ropivacaine in human plasma and was shown suitable for the analysis of clinical samples.
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Vũ, Cao Đông, Trương Đức Toàn, Nguyễn Đăng Khánh, Đỗ Tâm Nhân, Võ Trần Quang Thái, Nguyễn Lê Anh, Nguyễn Việt Đức, Nguyễn Giằng, and Nguyễn Trọng Ngọ. "SỬ DỤNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP PHA LOÃNG ĐỒNG VỊ ĐỂ XÁC ĐỊNH HÀM LƯỢNG Ce, Sm, VÀ Yb TRONG MẪU ĐỊA CHẤT BẰNG ICP-MS." Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Đà Lạt 9, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37569/dalatuniversity.9.2.517(2019).
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Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi áp dụng kỹ thuật ID-ICP-MS để xác định hàm lượng của Ce (LREE), Sm (MREE), và Yb (HREE)trong ba mẫu chuẩn địa chất: BHVO-2, BCR-2, và NIST 2711a. Các thí nghiệm hiệu chuẩn trong kỹ thuật ID như hiệu chuẩn hàm lượng và độ phổ biến đồng vị tương đối của dung dịch spike đã được tiến hành bằng thực nghiệm. Bên cạnh đó, nhiễu phổ khối, phân đoạn khối trong ICP-MS cũng được khảo sát, hiệu chỉnh và bình luận. Lần đầu tiên tại Việt Nam kỹ thuật ID-ICP-MS được áp dụng thành công để xác định ba nguyên tố đất hiếm Ce, Sm, và Yb trong mẫu địa chất có nền là đá basalt (BHVO-2 và BCR-2) với độ chính xác và độ lặp lại rất cao (< 5%). Đối với mẫu NIST SRM 2711a có nền là đất, kết quả phân tích có độ lặp lại và độ chính xác xấp xỉ 10%, ngoại trừ kết quả phân tích Ce với hệ số pha loãng DF ~ 3000, là thấp hơn giá trị thông tin của nhà sản xuất là 15.4%.
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Moutin, T., F. Van Wambeke, and L. Prieur. "Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment." Biogeosciences 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2012): 3817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3817-2012.
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Abstract. The overall goal of the BOUM (Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean) experiment was to obtain a better representation of the interactions between planktonic organisms and the cycle of biogenic elements in the Mediterranean Sea (MS), in the context of global climate change and, more particularly, on the role of the ocean in carbon sequestration through biological processes. The BOUM experiment was organized around three main objectives: (1) to give a longitudinal description of the biogeochemistry and the biological diversity of the MS during the strongest stratified period, (2) to study processes at the centre of three anticyclonic eddies, and (3) to obtain a representation of the main biogeochemical fluxes and the dynamics of the planktonic trophic network. The international BOUM cruise took place between 16 June and 20 July 2008, involved 32 scientists on board, and covered around 3000 km in the MS from the south of Cyprus to Marseilles (France). This paper describes in detail the objectives of the BOUM experiment, the implementation plan of the cruise before giving an introduction of the 25 other papers published in this special issue.
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Leung, Thomas C. N., Zhe Qu, Wenyan Nong, Jerome H. L. Hui, and Sai Ming Ngai. "Proteomic Analysis of the Venom of Jellyfishes Rhopilema esculentum and Sanderia malayensis." Marine Drugs 18, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18120655.
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Venomics, the study of biological venoms, could potentially provide a new source of therapeutic compounds, yet information on the venoms from marine organisms, including cnidarians (sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish), is limited. This study identified the putative toxins of two species of jellyfish—edible jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye, 1891, also known as flame jellyfish, and Amuska jellyfish Sanderia malayensis Goette, 1886. Utilizing nano-flow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC–MS/MS), 3000 proteins were identified from the nematocysts in each of the above two jellyfish species. Forty and fifty-one putative toxins were identified in R. esculentum and S. malayensis, respectively, which were further classified into eight toxin families according to their predicted functions. Amongst the identified putative toxins, hemostasis-impairing toxins and proteases were found to be the most dominant members (>60%). The present study demonstrates the first proteomes of nematocysts from two jellyfish species with economic and environmental importance, and expands the foundation and understanding of cnidarian toxins.
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Mylnikov, P. Yu, Yu Tranova, A. V. Shchulkin, and E. N. Yakusheva. "Development and validation of the method for the quantitative determination of methotrexate in a transport medium by HPLC-MS/MS." Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/2587-7836-2021-1-45-51.
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Relevance. BCRP is an efflux transporter protein that plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics of a wide range of drugs. The BCRP activity in vitro experiments is assessed by the transport of transporter protein substrates (methotrexate, etc.) across the bilipid membrane of cells overexpressingBCRP, for example, Caco-2 cells. The aim is to develop and validate a method for the quantitative determination of the BCRP substrate, methotrexate, in the transport medium of Caco-2 cells by HPLC-MS/MS. Methods. The work was performed on an Ultimate 3000 HPLC chromatograph (ThermoFisher, USA) with a TSQ Fortis tandem mass-selective detector (ThermoFisher, USA). The conditions of chromatographic analysis were as follows: column UCT Selectra C18 4.6 mm * 100 mm 5um, 100A, Selectra C18 Guard Cartridges SLC-18GDC46-5UM, separation temperature 35 °С, flow rate 0.3 ml/min, injected sample volume - 2 μl, analysis time - 10 min. Used a gradient elution: the ratio of the solution of 0.1 % formic acid and acetonitrile was at 0 min 75 and 25 %; 0.4 min 60 and 40 %; 6 minutes 20 and 80 %; 8 minutes 75 and 25 %. Under these conditions, the retention time of methotrexate is 3.11 minutes. Detection conditions: methotrexate - positive ionization mode, 455.15 m / z → 308.125 m / z, collision energy 22.99 V, source fragmentation 5, CID gas pressure 2 mTorr. The extraction of methotrexate from the transport medium (Hanks solution with 25 mM Hepes and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide) after incubation with Caco-2 cells for 3 h was carried out with a mixture of methanol + water in a ratio of 1: 1. Results. The developed method was validated according to the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantitative determination, sample transfer, sample stability. The confirmed analytical range of the method was 60 -10,000 nmol / L in the transport medium. Conclusions: a method for the quantitative determination of methotrexate in the transport medium of Caco-2 cells by HPLC-MS / MS was developed and validated.
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Dubois, Benedicte, Gisela Kobelt, Jenny Berg, Daniela Capsa, and Mia Gannedahl. "New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe: Results for Belgium." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23, no. 2_suppl (June 23, 2017): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517708100.
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Introduction: In order to estimate the value of interventions in multiple sclerosis (MS) – where lifetime costs and outcomes cannot be observed – outcome data have to be combined with costs. This requires that cost data be regularly updated. Objectives and methods: This study is part of a cross-sectional retrospective study in 16 countries collecting data on resource consumption and work capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prevalent symptoms for patients with MS. Descriptive analyses are presented by level of severity, from the societal perspective, in EUR 2015. Results: A total of 1856 patients (mean age: 54 years) participated in Belgium; 66% were below retirement age, and of these, 44% were employed. Employment was related to disease severity, and MS affected productivity at work in 85% of the patients. Overall, 95% and 72% of the patients experienced fatigue and cognitive difficulties, respectively, as a problem. Mean utility and annual costs were 0.703 and €26,400 at Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0–3, 0.478 and €45,300 at EDSS 4–6.5, and 0.193 and €62,000 at EDSS 7–9. The mean cost of a relapse was estimated to be €3000. Conclusion: This study provides current data on MS in Belgium that are important for development of health policies and for estimating the value of current and future treatments.
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Uitdehaag, Bernard, Gisela Kobelt, Jenny Berg, Daniela Capsa, and Johan Dalén. "New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe: Results for the Netherlands." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23, no. 2_suppl (June 23, 2017): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517708663.
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Introduction: To estimate the value of interventions in multiple sclerosis (MS) – where lifetime costs and outcomes cannot be observed – outcome data have to be combined with costs. This requires that cost data be regularly updated. Objectives and Methods: This study is part of a cross-sectional retrospective study in 16 countries collecting data on resource consumption and work capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prevalent symptoms for patients with MS. Descriptive analyses are presented by level of severity, from the societal perspective, in EUR 2015. Results: A total of 382 patients (mean age: 54 years) participated in the Netherlands; 81% were below retirement age and of these, 31% were employed. Employment was inversely related to disease severity, and MS affected productivity at work for 82% of patients. Overall, 96% and 73% of patients experienced fatigue and cognitive difficulties, respectively, as a problem. Mean utility and annual costs were 0.744 and €23,100 at Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0–3, 0.595 and €32,300 at EDSS 4–6.5, and 0.297 and €50,500 at EDSS 7–9. The mean cost of a relapse was estimated at €3000. Conclusion: This study provides current data on MS in the Netherlands that are important for the development of health policies and to estimate the value of current and future treatments.
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Kushnir, Mark M., Takara Blamires, Alan L. Rockwood, William L. Roberts, Bingfang Yue, Evrim Erdogan, Ashley M. Bunker, and A. Wayne Meikle. "Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone, and Testosterone with Pediatric and Adult Reference Intervals." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 1138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.143222.
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Abstract Background: Measurement of serum androgens is important in adult, geriatric, pediatric endocrinology, and oncology patients. We developed a liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for simultaneous measurement of androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone in these patients. Methods: We spiked 200 μL of serum or plasma with isotope-labeled internal standards and performed extraction with methyl t-butyl ether. We then derivatized the extracts with hydroxylamine and analyzed them by LC-MS/MS using a 2-dimensional chromatographic separation with a 3.5-min analysis time. Results: Total imprecision for each analyte was <11.2%. Limits of quantification were 10, 50, and 10 ng/L for androstenedione, DHEA, and testosterone, respectively. Reference intervals were established for children (age 6 months to 17 years), men, and women. Androstenedione and DHEA concentrations were lowest in 2- to 3-year-old children. Adult concentrations were achieved in girls at Tanner stage 3 and in boys at Tanner stage 4–5. In premenopausal and (postmenopausal) women the median concentrations of androstenedione, DHEA, and testosterone were 810 (360), 3000 (1670), 270 (180) ng/L, respectively. In postmenopausal women, concentrations of testosterone were age independent, whereas androstenedione and DHEA concentrations decreased with age. In men the median concentrations of androstenedione, DHEA, and testosterone were 440, 2000, and 3700 ng/L, respectively. In men older than 40 years, median concentrations decreased at rates of 5%, 10%, and 20% per decade for androstenedione, DHEA, and testosterone, respectively. Conclusions: This LC-MS/MS method has the required lower limit of quantification and specificity for analysis of endogenous concentrations of androgens in all groups studied. Reference intervals were established for healthy children and adults.
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Bousova, Katerina, Klaus Mittendorf, and Hamide Senyuva. "A Solid-Phase Microextraction GC/MS/MS Method for Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Food and Beverages for the Presence of Legally Restricted Biologically Active Flavorings." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 1189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.4.1189.
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Abstract A method was developed using automated headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC/MS/MS to simultaneously determine the presence of seven biologically active flavoring substances whose levels of use in processed foods is controlled by statutory limits. The method can be applied to identify and quantify the presence of 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin), β-asarone, 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene (estragole), menthofuran, 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene (methyl eugenol), pulegone, and thujone at levels ranging from 0.5 to 3000 mg/kg. The method has been optimized and validated for three different generic food types categorized on the basis of composition and anticipated use levels of flavorings and food ingredients. The food categories are alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages; semisolid processed foods (e.g., soups, sauces, confectionary, etc.); and solid foods (muesli, bakery products, etc.). The method is simple, inexpensive, and rapid, and eliminates the use of flammable and toxic solvents. There is no sample preparation, and using MS/MS, unequivocal confrmation of identifcation is achieved even in highly complex matrixes containing many potential interfering volatiles. The method precision for spiked samples ranged from 2 to 21%, with the greatest variability associated with solid matrixes. The LOD and LOQ values were well below 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively, in all cases for individual substances, fulflling requirements for enforcement purposes. The robustness of the method was demonstrated in a small survey of retail samples of four spirits, fve flavored milks, three energy drinks, fve liqueurs, fve soups, 10 sauces, fve herbal teas, and three breakfast cereals.
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Hashimoto, Mamoru, and Hiro-O. Hamaguchi. "Real-Time Pursuit of Crystal Growth by Millisecond Time-Resolved Multichannel Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943536.
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The surface (about 130 molecular layers) of an oriented thin crystal of decanoic acid was subjected to sudden melting by a laser-induced temperature jump (T-jump), and the process of subsequent crystal re-growth was monitored by millisecond time-resolved multichannel Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The gauche–trans structural change of the alkane part of the molecule has been probed by the CH stretch bands in the 2800–3000 cm−1 region. The change in the molecular orientation has been detected by the OH stretch band around 3065 cm−1. The recovery curves for the CH2 antisymmetric stretch and the OH stretch bands are markedly different from each other in the first 200 ms, suggesting that the gauche–trans structural changes precedes the crystal re-growth. After 500 ms, the recovery curves become identical. This result means that the rate of the gauche to the trans structural change is equal to the rate of the recovery of the molecular orientation. It is highly likely that a fast equilibrium is attained between the gauche and the trans conformations in the liquid phase after 500 ms from the sudden melting and that the crystal re-growth takes place solely via the all-trans structure in the liquid phase.