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1
Baskara, Angga, I. N. Arsana, and N. K. A. Juliasih. "GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI HATI TIKUS WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus) PASCA PEMBERIAN MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT." JURNAL WIDYA BIOLOGI 10, no. 01 (January 9, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/widyabiologi.v10i01.238.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been used very widely in the community as a food flavoring, and is thought to have a detrimental effect. This study aims to determine the effect of MSG on liver histopathology. 28 Wistar rats were used in this study. Rats were grouped into four groups: control (K), MSG-1 (MSG dose 1.5 mg / g bodyweight), MSG-2 (MSG dose 3.5 mg / g bw), and MSG-3 (MSG dose 4, 5 mg / g bw). MSG is given every day for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, the rat were euthanized and dissected for taking the liver. Histology preparation were made using the paraffin method and stained with Hematoxyclin Eosin (HE) staining. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that the dose of MSG was 1.5; 3; and 4.5 mg / g bw causes liver damage with the same level of damage in the form of focused degeneration in one place. The higher the dose, the more degeneration of focused on one place which were found. Liver tissue damage scores in group K, MSG-1, MSG-2, and MSG-3 were 0; 0.4; 0.42857, and 0.45714. Conclusion, the administration of MGS has an effect on liver histopathology.
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Egbuonu, Anthony Cemaluk Chinedum, Emmanuel Obi, Chinedu P. Nwuke, Cynthia Uchechi Simon, Justina Utodinachi Oleghibe, Nnaemeka Raymond Ezenwafor, and Ebere Mercy Chukwu. "Monosodium Glutamate Plus Artemether-lumefantrine Overdose Altered Malondialdehyde, Total Protein and Albumin Concentration in Rats." Advanced Journal of Graduate Research 7, no. 1 (December 7, 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajgr.7.1.70-79.
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This study aimed at assessing alterations in malondialdehyde, MDA, total protein and albumin concentration in the serum and liver homogenate of monosodium glutamate (MSG)-challenged rats co-treated with artemether-lumefantrine, AL. Methods involving colourimetric estimation were employed in thirty rats randomly grouped into six (n = 5) and for seven consecutive days, fed feed and water (Group A), AL therapeutic dose (Group B), AL overdose (therapeutic dose × 5) (Group C), MSG (8000 mg/kg body weight) (Group D), AL therapeutic dose plus MSG (Group E) or AL overdose plus MSG (Group F). Total protein concentration (2.64±0.09 g/dL, 2.81±0.14g/dL, respectively) in the liver homogenate of rats exposed to MSG (group D) or MSG plus AL overdose (group F) and malondialdehyde concentration in the liver homogenate of MSG plus AL overdose-fed rats (0.45±0.04 mg/ml) lowered (P<0.05) as against other groups. However, serum albumin concentration in MSG (2.59±0.13 g/dl) or AL overdose plus MSG (3.24±0.12 g/dl) fed rats was higher (P<0.05) compared to the control (2.02±0.04 g/dl). The Total protein: Albumin ratio lowered while the Albumin: total protein ratio increased in rats in MSG, AL overdose plus MSG or AL overdose groups compared with the control. Thus, the apparent MSG plus AL overdose-induced adverse influence on the studied parameters and samples of non-malarial infested rats could be via compromised liver-mediated protein metabolism capacity and bio-functions following possibly enhanced protein-malondialdehyde adduct formation in the rats.
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Sassaki, Kikue Takebayashi, Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem, Otoniel Antonio Macedo dos Santos, Carlos Eduardo Shimabucoro, Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune, João César Bedran-de-Castro, and Ricardo Martins Oliveira-Filho. "Neuroendocrine alterations impair enamel mineralization, tooth eruption and saliva in rats." Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira 17, no. 1 (March 2003): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-74912003000100002.
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Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rats causes definite neuroendocrine disturbances which lead to alterations in many organ systems. The possibility that MSG could affect tooth and salivary gland physiology was examined in this paper. Male and female pups were injected subcutaneously with MSG (4 mg/g BW) once a day at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day after birth. Control animals were injected with saline, following the same schedule. Lower incisor eruption was determined between the 4th and the 10th postnatal days, and the eruption rate was measured between the 43rd and the 67th days of age. Pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow was measured at 3 months of age; protein and amylase contents were thereby determined. The animals treated with MSG showed significant reductions in the salivary flow (males, -27%; females, -40%) and in the weight of submandibular glands (about -12%). Body weight reduction was only about 7% for males, and did not vary in females. Saliva of MSG-treated rats had increased concentrations of total proteins and amylase activity. The eruption of lower incisors occurred earlier in MSG-treated rats than in the control group, but on the other hand the eruption rate was significantly slowed down. The incisor microhardness was found to be lower than that of control rats. Our results show that neonatal MSG treatment causes well-defined oral disturbances in adulthood in rats, including salivary flow reduction, which coexisted with unaltered protein synthesis, and disturbances of dental mineralization and eruption. These data support the view that some MSG-sensitive hypothalamic nuclei have an important modulatory effect on the factors which determine caries susceptibility.
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Gaspar, Renato Simões, Renata Ohana Alves Benevides, João Lucas de Lima Fontelles, Caroline Castro Vale, Lucas Martins França, Paulo de Tarso Silva Barros, and Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes. "Reproductive alterations in hyperinsulinemic but normoandrogenic MSG obese female rats." Journal of Endocrinology 229, no. 2 (May 2016): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-15-0453.
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Obesity and metabolic syndrome are the common causes of reproductive and fertility disorders in women. In particular, polycystic ovary syndrome, which is clinically characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology, has been increasingly associated with metabolic disorders. However, given the broad interplay between metabolic and reproductive functions, this remains a field of intense research. In this study, we investigated the effect of monosodium l-glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity on reproductive biology of female rats. Newborn female rats were subcutaneously injected with MSG (4g/kg/day) or equiosmolar saline (CTR) each 2 days up to postnatal day (pnd) 10. On pnd 60, estrous cycle was evaluated using vaginal smears twice a day for 15 days, which showed MSG rats to be oligocyclic. Thereafter, animals were killed on estrous phase for blood and tissue collection. MSG rats had increased body mass, accumulation of retroperitoneal and visceral fat pads, and visceral adipocyte hypertrophy compared with CTR rats. MSG rats were also dyslipidemic and hyperinsulinemic but were normoglycemic and normoandrogenic. Ovarian morphology analysis showed that MSG rats had a two-fold decrease in oocyte count but a six-fold increase on ovarian follicular cysts, along with a higher number of total primordial and atretic follicles. Moreover, MSG rats had a four-fold increase in anti-Müllerian hormone immunohistochemical staining on antral follicles. Taken together, data presented here characterize MSG obesity as a unique model to study the metabolic pathways underlying reproductive disorders in the absence of overactivated hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.
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Nwanneka, Ofodile Lauretta, Abraham Abigail, Ayoade Yemisi, Adamu Governor Oniovosa Leonard, Ovioma Godwin Onoriode, Nwakanma Moses Ndubuisi Chikere, Bikomo Ojigho Ewenodere, Ikegwu Emmanual, and Ayodeji Ayo Adekunle. "Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Ganoderma lucidum on the Haematology, Oestradiol, Cholesterol and Protein Levels of Wistar Rats Fed with Monosodium Glutamate." Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjps2020.18.2.4.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) at high concentration has been reported to alter the physiological and biochemical states of animals and humans. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a polypore mushroom reported to possess many medicinal attributes such as anticholesterolemia and the control of hormonal disorders. The present study investigated the effect of water extract of G. lucidum in the changes of haematology, oestradiol, cholesterol and protein levels of Wistar rats induced by MSG. Haematological analysis was determined from plasma, while oestrogen, serum total protein and cholesterol levels were determined from the serum of the rats. Results showed that MSG significantly raised the level of oestrogen (62.5 ± 0.28 pg/mL) in the rats which was significantly reduced in the rats fed with MSG for 30 days before treating them with the extracts of G. lucidum (30.85 ± 12.94 pg/mL–44.15 ± 0.92 pg/mL) and in rats fed concurrently with MSG and G. lucidum. The cholesterol level was significantly reduced in the rats treated with MSG and G. lucidum (200 mg/kg) concurrently compared to rats fed with MSG alone. The white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) levels were within normal in rats fed with both MSG and G. lucidum as in the control group while the rats fed with MSG only had low WBC, neutrophil (NEU) and RBC. This could imply that G. lucidum ameliorates the effect of MSG on serum oestrogen, serum cholesterol, WBCs, NEU, platelets and lymphocytes.
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Ogunlabi, Olugbenga O., Bukunola O. Adegbesan, Adedayo A. Adebisi, and Emmanuel O. Ajani. "PRE-TREATMENT WITH PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS STALLS DYSLIPIDEMIA AND UTERINE TOXICITY IN MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ADMINISTERED RATS." African Journal of Science and Nature 9 (November 10, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.46881/ajsn.v9i0.165.
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Studies have implicated intake of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in fibroid development, but reports on the correlation between dyslipidemia and fibroid induction with an intake of MSG are inconsistent. This study investigates the risk of dyslipidemia in MSG intake and the therapeutic effect of administration of Phyllanthus amarus. Forty adult female Wistar rats randomize to 5 groups of 8 rats each were used. MSG was administered continuously to groups 2-5 at 200 mg/Kg body weight for 28 days. After 28 days, blood was withdrawn from rats in groups1, 2 and 3after anaesthetizing with diethyl ether. They were then sacrificed and the uterus, kidney and liver excised. MSG administrations were later discontinued in the remaining groups of rats, and P. amarus leaves extract was administered daily to group 4. Treatments were later continued for the next 28 days after which the rats were sacrificed. Total cholesterol (TC), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), High-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), triglyceride, artherogenic (AI) and coronary risk index (CRI), glucose and total protein were then determined in the serum. The organs were also weighed, and the uterus was used for histopathology studies. Results indicate that serum cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, API, CRI and glucose were raised with MSG administration whereas; HDL-c was reduced. Co-administration of P. amarus with MSG prevented these alterations. Withdrawal of MSG without treatment and administration of P. amarus after MSG administration also reduced the cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, AI and CRI. Although the final body weights and uterine weight ratio were increased with MSG administration and co-administration of P. amarus with MSG prevented these alterations, no observable difference was observed in the histology of the uterine tissues. The study suggests that MSG administration is positively correlated with dyslipidemia and uterine toxicity. Results also show that co-administration of P. amarus with MSG may offer protection against these metabolic changes
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Dalkin, A. C., J. A. Duncan, S. Regiani, and J. C. Marshall. "Reduction of pituitary GnRH receptors in immature rats treated with monosodium glutamate." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 248, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): E126—E131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.1.e126.
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The number of pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors increases during sexual maturation in the rat and probably reflects changes in hypothalamic GnRH secretion. As GnRH is synthesized in various hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleas (ARC), we investigated the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced lesions of the ARC in the rat. In males and females treated with MSG during the first 10 days of life, GnRH receptor content (GnRH-RC) was unchanged from controls at 10 days but was decreased at 20 and 30 days of age (P less than 0.01). Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) were similar in MSG-treated and control males but were significantly lower in 10-day-old females (P less than 0.01). Injections of GnRH (3 micrograms every 8 h on days 18 and 19) restored GnRH-RC to control values in MSG-treated rats. Both MSG and untreated control rats showed similar LH responses to acute injections of GnRH, but responses were attenuated (P less than 0.05) after 2 days pretreatment with GnRH in rats that had received MSG. Ovarian GnRH-RC was similar in both MSG-treated and untreated controls. These data indicate that MSG-induced lesions of the ARC reduce pituitary GnRH-RC in immature rats, and the more marked effects in females suggest a more significant role in the ARC in the control of GnRH secretion during maturation in females. The lack of MSG-induced changes in ovarian GnRH-RC indicates that GnRH from the arcuate nucleus is not responsible for the increase in ovarian GnRH receptors seen during sexual maturation.
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França, L. R., M. O. Suescun, J. R. Miranda, A. Giovambattista, M. Perello, E. Spinedi, and R. S. Calandra. "Testis Structure and Function in a Nongenetic Hyperadipose Rat Model at Prepubertal and Adult Ages." Endocrinology 147, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 1556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0640.
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There are few data for hormonal levels and testis structure and function during postnatal development in rats neonatally treated with monosodium l-glutamate (MSG). In our study, newborn male pups were ip injected with MSG (4 mg/g body weight) every 2 d up to 10 d of age and investigated at prepubertal and adult ages. Plasma levels of leptin, LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone (T), corticosterone, and free T4 (FT4) were measured. MSG rats displayed elevated circulating levels of corticosterone and hyperadiposity/hyperleptinemia, regardless of the age examined; conversely, circulating prolactin levels were not affected. Moreover, prepubertal MSG rats revealed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in testis weight and the number of Sertoli (SC) and Leydig cells per testis. Leptin plasma levels were severalfold higher (2.41 vs. 8.07; P < 0.05) in prepubertal MSG rats, and these animals displayed plasma LH, FSH, T, and FT4 levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data indicate that testis development, as well as SC and Leydig cell proliferation, were disturbed in prepubertal MSG rats. Adult MSG rats also displayed significantly higher leptin plasma levels (7.26 vs. 27.04; P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) LH and FSH plasma levels. However, T and FT4 plasma levels were normal, and no apparent alterations were observed in testis structure of MSG rats. Only the number of SCs per testis was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the adult MSG rats. In conclusion, although early installed hyperadipose/hyperleptinemia phenotype was probably responsible for the reproductive axis damages in MSG animals, it remains to be investigated whether this condition is the main factor for hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction in MSG rats.
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Pakpahan, Patrick, and Deri Edianto. "Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on the Weight Gain of Experimental Rats." Journal of Endocrinology, Tropical Medicine, and Infectious Disease (JETROMI) 3, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jetromi.v3i3.6721.
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Background: Obesity, as defined by the WHO is an abnormal fat consolidation or excessive fat deposit. Those excessive fat deposits have been known to be the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. One such additive is known to improve the taste of the food is Monosodium Glutamate (MSG). The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of MSG on weight gain. Methods: This is a simple experimental design with a pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted in the Animal House laboratories of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Sumatera Utara between October and November of 2019. The sample in this experiment is male Wistar rats aged 10-11 weeks that will be fed with standard animal feed mixed with MSG. There are 2 groups of rats (each group 16 rats), one group 1 (non-MSG), and group 2 (MSG). The rats were fed with animal feed (ad labium) for 31 days. The feed given every single day will be weighed and documented. The subcutaneous fat was taken from the abdominal and axillary regions. Result. After 31 days of treatment, re-weighing of both groups of animals was carried out. The initial weight, final weight, total weight gain, total fat extracted and total feed consumed was not different significant (p>0,05). Conclusion. The feeding of MSG for 31 days, did not have significant effects on weight gain. A longer time is needed for evaluation of MSG effect on weight gain
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Farombi, E. O., and O. O. Onyema. "Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in the rat: modulatory role of vitamin C, vitamin E and quercetin." Human & Experimental Toxicology 25, no. 5 (May 2006): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327106ht621oa.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) continues to function as a flavor enhancer in West African and Asian diets. The present study examines the modulatory effects of dietary antioxidant vitamin C (VIT C), vitamin E (VIT E) and quercetin on MSG-induced oxidative damage in the liver, kidney and brain of rats. In addition, the effect of these antioxidants on the possible genotoxicity of MSG was investigated in a rat bone marrow micronuclei model. MSG administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 4 mg/g body wt markedly increase malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in the liver, the kidney and brain of rats. Simultaneous administration of VIT C, VIT E and quercetin to MSG-treated rats significantly reduced this increase in MDA induced by MSG. VIT E reduced lipid peroxidation most in the liver followed by VIT C and then quercetin, while VIT C and quercetin showed a greater ability to protect the brain from membrane damage than VIT E. The decreased glutathione (GSH) level elicited by MSG in the three organs corresponded with marked increase in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST). While MSG increased (P B / 0.001) the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver, it decreased significantly the activities of these enzymes in the kidney and the brain. The three antioxidants were effective at ameliorating the effects of MSG on GSH levels and the enzymes in the three organs examined. While MSG increased the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver and kidneys of rats (P B / 0.001), the activity of the enzyme was abysmally low in the brain. There were marked increases in the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and g-glutamyl transferase in rats treated with MSG. The antioxidants tested protected against MSG-induced liver toxicity significantly. MSG at a dose of 4 mg/g significantly (P B / 0.01) induced the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs). Co-treatment of rats with VIT C and quercetin inhibited the induction of MNPCEs by MSG (P B / 0.001). VIT E failed to protect against MSG-induced genotoxicity. The results indicate that dietary antioxidants have protective potential against oxidative stress induced by MSG and, in addition, suggest that active oxygen species may play an important role in its genotoxicity.
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Castrogiovanni, Daniel, Luisina Ongaro, Guillermina Zuburía, Andrés Giovambattista, and Eduardo Spinedi. "Oral Metformin Treatment Counteracts Adipoinsular Axis Dysfunction in Hypothalamic Obese Rats." International Scholarly Research Notices 2015 (April 5, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/284042.
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Rats neonatally treated with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) are deeply dysfunctional in adulthood. We explored the effect of an oral low dose of metformin treatment in male MSG rats on adipoinsular axis and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) dysfunctions, in both basal (nonfasting) and endotoxemia conditions. MSG rats, treated or not treated with metformin (30 days prior to experimentation), and control litter-mates (CTR) were studied at 90 days of age. Peripheral concentrations of glucose, lipids, and hormones were determined in basal and post-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment conditions. Food intake and body weight (BW) were recorded and VAT mass and leptin mRNA levels were evaluated. Data indicated that MSG rats were lighter and displayed hypercorticosteronemia, hypophagia, adipoinsular axis hyperactivity, and enhanced VAT mass associated with an increased leptin gene expression. Interestingly, metformin-treated MSG rats corrected BW catch-up and counteracted VAT (mass and leptin mRNA level) and adipoinsular axis (basal and post-LPS) dysfunctions. Thus metformin treatment in MSG rats is able to correct several VAT and metabolic-endocrine dysfunctions. Our study suggests that a low-dose metformintherapy is effective to correct, at least in part, adipoinsular axis dysfunction in hypertrophic obese phenotypes, such as that of the human Cushing syndrome.
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Nahok, Li, Phetcharaburanin, Abdul, Wongkham, Thanan, Silsirivanit, Anutrakulchai, Selmi, and Cha’on. "Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Renders Alkalinizing Properties and Its Urinary Metabolic Markers of MSG Consumption in Rats." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100542.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer and its effects on human health are still debated. We aimed to investigate whether MSG can act as alkalinizing agent in murine models and if its metabolites are biomarkers of MSG consumption. For this purpose, adult male Wistar rats were given water added with 1 g% MSG or three types of control water, including sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). At 14 days, urinary pH, electrolytes, urinary metabolites and ion-exchanger gene expression were determined. The results revealed that MSG-treated rats had significantly more alkaline urine and higher levels of urinary sodium and bicarbonate similar to NaHCO3 controls. These changes correlated with a lower expression of ion-exchanger genes, namely, CAII, NBC1, and AE1, which are involved in bicarbonate kidney reabsorption. The urinary metabolic profiles also revealed similar patterns for the MSG and NaHCO3 groups. In conclusion, MSG exhibits similar properties to NaHCO3, an alkalinizing agent, with regard to inducing alkaline urine, reducing bicarbonate kidney reabsorption, and generating a specific urinary metabolic pattern. We believe that these observations will be useful to further study the MSG effects in humans.
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M. Abdou, Heba, Eman H. Hassan, and Rania Gaber Aly. "Monosodium glutamate (MSG):promoter of neurotoxicity, testicular impairment, inflammation and apoptosis in male rats." Swedish Journal of BioScience Research 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51136/sjbsr.2020.78.90.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most common food additives extensively used as a flavor enhancer. MSG induced lipid peroxidation and inflammation. The present study aimed to assess the neurotoxicity, testicular impairment, inflammation and apoptosis induced by MSG. Thirty adult male Wistar rats, weighing about 180-200 g were assigned equally into five groups, each consists of six rats. Animals of Group I are controls and they received distilled water, whereas animals of Groups II, III, IV and V were given oral daily doses of MSG 0.8, 1, 2 and 3 g/kg body weight, respectively for consecutive 70 days. Administration of different doses of MSG revealed a significant elevation in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), β amyloid 1-42, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), cholesterol and sperm abnormality while it showed reduction in the level of GSH and SOD, CAT and GST antioxidant enzymes activities, sperm count and sperm motility. MSG led to disruption in neurotransmitter levels; serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate and GABA, also disorders in sexual hormones; testosterone, FSH and LH. The present results were confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical observations that obviously designate the neurodegeneration and reproductive toxicity. In conclusion, administration of low and high doses of MSG provoke deleterious effects on oxidant/ antioxidant markers, neurotransmitters, inflammatory cytokines, sexual hormones, brain and testes structures. Prominence hazards of lasting exposure to low and high doses of MSG on neuronal and testicular health. Therefore, its use should be restricted.
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da Silva Franco, Claudinéia Conationi, Carina Previate, Kátia Gama de Barros Machado, Silvano Piovan, Rosiane Aparecida Miranda, Kelly Valério Prates, Veridiana Mota Moreira, et al. "Chronic Glibenclamide Treatment Attenuates Walker-256 Tumour Growth in Prediabetic Obese Rats." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 42, no. 1 (2017): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477117.
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Background/Aims: The sulphonylurea glibenclamide (Gli) is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In addition to its antidiabetic effects, low incidences of certain types of cancer have been observed in Gli-treated diabetic patients. However, the mechanisms underlying this observation remain unclear. The aim of the present work was to evaluate whether obese adult rats that were chronically treated with an antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide, exhibit resistance to rodent breast carcinoma growth. Methods: Neonatal rats were treated with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) to induce prediabetes. Control and MSG groups were treated with Gli (2 mg/kg body weight/day) from weaning to 100 days old. After Gli treatment, the control and MSG rats were grafted with Walker-256 tumour cells. After 14 days, grafted rats were euthanized, and tumour weight as well as glucose homeostasis were evaluated. Results: Treatment with Gli normalized tissue insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, suppressed fasting hyperinsulinaemia, reduced fat tissue accretion in MSG rats, and attenuated tumour growth by 27% in control and MSG rats. Conclusions: Gli treatment also resulted in a large reduction in the number of PCNA-positive tumour cells. Although treatment did improve the metabolism of pre-diabetic MSG-rats, tumour growth inhibition may be a more direct effect of glibenclamide.
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Hamza, Reham Z., Fawziah A. Al-Salmi, and Nahla S. El-Shenawy. "Evaluation of the effects of the green nanoparticles zinc oxide on monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity in the brain of rats." PeerJ 7 (September 23, 2019): e7460. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7460.
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Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used extensively as a food additive in the diets of many countries around the world. Aim of the study Our aim was to determine the effects of green zinc oxide nanoparticles on MSG-induced oxidative damage, neurotransmitter changes, and histopathological alternation in the cerebral cortexes of rats. Methods MSG was administered orally at two doses of 6 and 17.5 mg/kg body weight. The higher dose was associated with a significant decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutathione (GSH) in the cerebral cortex of rats. Results The administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles/green tea extract (ZnO NPs/GTE) to 17.5 mg/kg MSG-treated rats was associated with significant improvements in all parameters previously shown to be altered by MSG. The higher dose of MSG induced significant histopathological variation in brain tissue. Co-treatment of rats with ZnO NPs/GTE and MSG-HD inhibited the reduction of neurotransmitters and acetylcholinesterase by MSG. Conclusions ZnO NPs/GTE have the potential to protect against oxidative stress and neuronal necrosis induced by MSG-HD. ZnO NPs/GTE conferred a greater benefit than the control treatment or ZnO NPs or GTE administered separately.
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A. Newairy, Al-Sayeda, Fatma A. Hamaad, Mayssaa M. Wahby, and Heba M. Abdou. "The potential therapeutic effect of red clover’s extract against an induced molecular neurodegeneration in male rats." Swedish Journal of BioScience Research 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51136/sjbsr.2020.39.50.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer. Oxidative neurotoxicity of MSG is well established. This study explored the therapeutic effect of red clover’s (RC) extract against MSG–induced neurodegeneration. HPLC-analysis revealed that formononetin, genistein, daidzein and biochanin A are the major isoflavones in RC’s extract. Four equal groups of male rats were used: control group, MSG-treated group, MSG plus RC-treated group and RC-treated group. The gene expression of iNOS, TNF-α, Cox-2 and p53 were evaluated in the brain extract using RT-PCR. The histological and electron microscopic examinations as well as the cholinergic function, the neurotransmitters and the oxidative status were also assessed. The MSG significantly up regulated the expression levels of iNOS, TNF-α, Cox-2 and p53. The activity of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), the monoamine neurotransmitters and the oxidative status as well as the histological and electron microscopic examinations confirmed the MSG-induced neurodegeneration. The administration of RC plus MSG diminished the expression of the inflammatory cytokines, the activity of AChE and the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters. RC also ameliorated the oxidative stress and the histological and the electron microscopic alterations. Accordingly, the present study provides an insight on the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials of RC’s extract as neuroprotective agent.
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Schoelch, Corinna, Thomas Hübschle, Ingrid Schmidt, and Barbara Nuesslein-Hildesheim. "MSG lesions decrease body mass of suckling-age rats by attenuating circadian decreases of energy expenditure." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): E604—E611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2001.
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Suckling-age rats display endogenous circadian rhythmicity of metabolic rate (MR) with energy-saving, torpor-like decreases, which are sympathetically controlled and suppressed by leptin treatment. We investigated whether neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment, known to cause arcuate nucleus damage and adult-age obesity, alters energy balance in the first two postnatal weeks. Continuously recorded MR and core temperatures (Tc) show that MSG treatment disinhibits the periodic, sympathetically controlled, energy-saving drops of Tc and MR. Increased energy expenditure thus explains reduced body fat at normal lean body mass found in MSG-treated pups artificially nourished identically to controls. In MSG-treated mother-reared pups, lean body mass is additionally reduced, suggesting that MSG also reduces suckling. Plasma leptin levels are similar in controls and MSG-treated pups but higher per unit of fat mass in the latter. We conclude that the postweaning development of MSG obesity and depressed thermogenesis are preceded by an early phase of increased energy expenditure with decreased fat deposition during suckling age and hypothesize cell damage in the arcuate nucleus to be involved in both.
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Al-Qtaitat, Aiman, Sinan S. Farhan, Aiman Al-Maathidy, Ghadeer Almuhaisen, and Jihad Alzyoud. "Potential Protective Effect of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Juice on Monosodium Glutamate Induced Seminiferous Tubules Changes in Adult Male Albino Rats: Histological Study." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 16, no. 3 (September 14, 2019): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2778.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been recognized as flavor enhancer that adversely affects male reproductive systems. The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of pomegranate juice on MSG induced histopathological changes in the seminiferous tubules of rats. Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups of ten rats each; Group I (Control group), received daily standard diet only for one month. Group II (Pomegranate group), received daily pomegranate juice only for one month. Group III (MSG group), received daily a single dose of 60 mg/kg body weight of MSG for one month. Group IV (MSG and Pomegranate group), received daily a single dose of 60 mg/kg of MSG concomitant with pomegranate juice for one month. Group V (MSG withdrawal group), received daily a single dose of 60 mg/kg body weight of MSG for one month then leaved for another one month. The testis was subjected to histological study, using light and electron microscopes, and the cauda epididymis was used for caudal sperm count. Results: MSG induced toxicity in testicular tissues. Pomegranate juice resulted in improving the MSG induced changes, and it had the ability to increase sperms number and to reduce sperms abnormalities. Supplementation of pomegranate juice could ameliorate the MSG induced testicular toxicity. Thus, it could have a role in improving male fertility.
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Larsen, P. J., J. D. Mikkelsen, D. Jessop, S. L. Lightman, and H. S. Chowdrey. "Neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment alters both the activity and the sensitivity of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis." Journal of Endocrinology 141, no. 3 (June 1994): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1410497.
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Abstract We have investigated the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) lesioning of the arcuate nucleus on both central and peripheral components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis under basal conditions and under acute and chronic stress. Plasma ACTH levels were lower in MSG-lesioned rats (27 ± 7 pg/ml) compared with controls (71 ± 18 pg/ml) while corticosterone levels were elevated (523 ± 84 ng/ml compared with 176 ± 34 ng/ml). Quantititative in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA levels in the medial parvocellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were significantly lower in MSG-treated rats. MSG lesioning resulted in an enhanced response of corticosterone to restraint stress (1309 ± 92 ng/ml compared with 628 ± 125 ng/ml in sham-lesioned animals), while ACTH responses to restraint stress in MSG-lesioned and sham-MSG groups were not significantly different (160 ± 24 pg/ml and 167 ± 24 pg/ml respectively). These data suggest that MSG-lesioned rats have an increased adrenocortical sensitivity. In rats subjected to the chronic osmotic stimulus of drinking 2% saline for 12 days, plasma ACTH levels were significantly reduced (15 ± 5 pg/ml) and the ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint stress were eliminated. ACTH levels were also reduced in MSG-treated animals given 2% saline and the ACTH response to acute stress remained absent in these animals. However, a robust corticosterone response to restraint stress was observed in saline-treated MSG-lesioned rats. These data demonstrate that MSG lesioning results in elevated basal and stress-induced plasma corticosterone, and restores the adrenocortical response to stress which is absent in chronically osmotically stimulated rats. The evidence is consistent with the suggestion that MSG lesions a pathway involved in tonic inhibition of the HPA axis. In addition, the adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH and other secretagogues may be increased in MSG-treated animals. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 497–503
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Egbuonu, Anthony Cemaluk C., and Gladys A. Ekwuribe. "Pulverized Mangifera indica (Mango) Seed-kernel Modulated Serum Lipid Profile in Monosodium Glutamate-challenged Rats." Journal of Applied Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (August 5, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jab.v5i2.11649.
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Mangifera indica seed kernel was assessed for antinutirent content and effects on serum lipid profile of monosodium glutamate-challenged rats. Group A rats received 8000 mg/kg body weight, b.w of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Group B rats received the sample extract (300 mg/kg b.w). Group C rats were sham-administered distilled water. Groups D and E rats received 8000 mg/kg b.w of MSG in addition to 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w, respectively of sample extract. Tannin (29.21±5.39 mg/100 g) was highest (p<0.05) while phytate (0.38±0.02 mg/100g) was least. After fourteen days daily oral exposure, MSG-exposed rats had higher (p<0.05) total cholesterol (CHOL), triacylglycerol (TAG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) but lower (p<0.05) high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration compared to rats in the other groups. MSG-intoxicated rats co-treated respectively with 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of the extract had dose dependent reduction (p<0.05) compared to the corresponding effects in non-extract-co-treated MSG-intoxicated rats. Compared to others, rats in the Extract group had higher (p<0.05) CHOL: TAG but lower (p<0.05) TAG:CHOL ratios while rats in the MSG-group had higher (p<0.05) HDL:LDL but lower (p<0.05) LDL:HDL ratios. Results demonstrated the preponderance of tannin in, and significant serum lipid lowering potential in normal and MSG-challenged rats of, the sample. Studies using antinutrient-process-reduced sample in hyperlipidemia-related health-challenged models and collaborating the suggested implication of lipid-profile-component-ratios are warranted and recommended.
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Kondro, Maryana, Nazarii Kobyliak, Oleksandr Virchenko, Tetyana Falalyeyeva, Tetyana Beregova, and Petro Bodnar. "Multiprobiotic therapy from childhood prevents the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adult monosodium glutamate-induced obese rats." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2015-0025.
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Abstract Considering the association between microflora and obesity, and the significantly higher prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese people, the aim of our study was to investigate the preventive effect of multiprobiotics on the monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced NAFLD model, in rats. The work was carried out on 60 rats placed into three groups: the Control group, the MSG-group and the MSG-probiotic group. The MSG-group and the MSG-probiotic group were injected with 4 mg/g of MSG subcutaneously neonatally on the 2nd-10th days of life. The MSG-probiotic rats were also treated with 140 mg/kg of multiprobiotic “Symbiter” from the 4th week of life. In the 4-month-old rats, biochemical and morphological changes in liver were assessed, and steatosis was confirmed by the NAFLD activity score (NAS). Our results reveal that the multiprobiotic lowered total NAS, the degree of steatosis and the liver lobular inflammation caused by MSG. It also brought about decreased liver total lipids and triglycerids content, as well as decreased visceral adipose tissue mass. However, there was no difference in the liver serum biochemical indicators between all experimental groups. The obtained data does suggest the efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of NAFLD.
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da Cunha, Natalia Veronez, Phileno Pinge-Filho, Carolina Panis, Bruno Rodrigues Silva, Laena Pernomian, Marcella Daruge Grando, Rubens Cecchini, Lusiane Maria Bendhack, and Marli Cardoso Martins-Pinge. "Decreased endothelial nitric oxide, systemic oxidative stress, and increased sympathetic modulation contribute to hypertension in obese rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 306, no. 10 (May 15, 2014): H1472—H1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00520.2013.
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We investigated the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on autonomic cardiovascular parameters, vascular reactivity, and endothelial cells isolated from aorta of monosodium glutamate (MSG) obese rats. Obesity was induced by administration of 4 mg/g body wt of MSG or equimolar saline [control (CTR)] to newborn rats. At the 60th day, the treatment was started with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 20 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline. At the 90th day, after artery catheterization, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were recorded. Plasma was collected to assess lipid peroxidation. Endothelial cells isolated from aorta were evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence intensity (FI) emitted by NO-sensitive dye [4,5-diaminofluoresceindiacetate (DAF-2DA)] and by ROS-sensitive dye [dihydroethidium (DHE)]. Vascular reactivity was made by concentration-response curves of acetylcholine. MSG showed hypertension compared with CTR. Treatment with l-NAME increased MAP only in CTR. The MSG induced an increase in the low-frequency (LF) band and a decrease in the high-frequency band of pulse interval. l-NAME treatment increased the LF band of systolic arterial pressure only in CTR without changes in MSG. Lipid peroxidation levels were higher in MSG and were attenuated after l-NAME. In endothelial cells, basal FI to DAF was higher in CTR than in MSG. In both groups, acetylcholine increased FI for DAF from basal. The FI baseline to DHE was higher in MSG than in CTR. Acetylcholine increased FI to DHE in the CTR group, but decreased in MSG animals. We suggest that reduced NO production and increased production of ROS may contribute to hypertension in obese MSG animals.
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Iyappan R, Neeraj K Sharma, and Senthilkumar S K. "Neuroprotective activity of Garcinia morella desr against monosodium glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rats." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 2243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4448.
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The aim of the present study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of Garcinia morella Desr leaves in monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced neurotoxicity in rats. The MSG 2 g/kg, i.p. was used to induce the neurotoxicity. The rats were administrated with methanol extract of Garcinia morella Desr leaves (MEGM) 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. and Dextromethorphan 30 mg/kg, p.o. after 1 h injection of MSG. The animals were evaluated for its behavioural factors such as muscle grip and locomotor activity. At the end of the study, the antioxidant enzymes levels, neurotransmitter levels, TNFα, ß-amyloid and mineral levels were estimated in brain homogenate. The MEGM treated group shows significant improvement of behavioural and locomotor activity and muscle strength against MSG induced neurotoxicity. The glutathione, SOD, catalase and total protein levels were significantly increased in MEGM treated group. However, significant reduction within the level of varied neurotransmitters like AChE, Dopamine, TNFα, ß-amyloid were observed on treatment with MEGM extract. Further, MEGM also significantly decrease the MSG induced toxicity through declined levels of Ca+2 and Na+ with increased levels of K+. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the MEGM has significant neuroprotective activity against MSG induced neurotoxic rats.
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Guareschi, Zoé M., Ana C. Valcanaia, Vanessa M. Ceglarek, Pamela Hotz, Bruna K. Amaral, Domwesley W. de Souza, Thainan A. de Souza, et al. "The effect of chronic oral vitamin D supplementation on adiposity and insulin secretion in hypothalamic obese rats." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 1334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519000667.
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AbstractReduced plasma vitamin D (VD) levels may contribute to excessive white adipose tissue, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidaemia. We evaluated the effect of chronic oral VD supplementation on adiposity and insulin secretion in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated rats. During their first 5 d of life, male neonate rats received subcutaneous injections of MSG (4 g/kg), while the control (CON) group received saline solution. After weaning, groups were randomly distributed into VD supplemented (12 µg/kg; three times/week) and non-supplemented (NS) rats, forming four experimental groups (n 15 rats/group): CON-NS, CON-VD, MSG-NS and MSG-VD. At 76 d of life, rats were submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 2 g/kg), and at 86 d, obesity, IR and plasma metabolic parameters were evaluated. Pancreatic islets were isolated for glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS), cholinergic insulinotropic response and muscarinic 3 receptor (M3R), protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) expressions. Pancreas was submitted to histological analyses. VD supplementation decreased hyperinsulinaemia (86 %), hypertriacylglycerolaemia (50 %) and restored insulin sensibility (89 %) in MSG-VD rats, without modifying adiposity, OGTT or GIIS, compared with the MSG-NS group. The cholinergic action was reduced (57 %) in islets from MSG-VD rats, without any change in M3R, PKA or PKC expression. In conclusion, chronic oral VD supplementation of MSG-obese rats was able to prevent hyperinsulinaemia and IR, improving triacylglycerolaemia without modifying adiposity. A reduced cholinergic pancreatic effect, in response to VD, could be involved in the normalisation of plasma insulin levels, an event that appears to be independent of M3R and its downstream pathways.
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Rahayu, Mulyati Sri, Sri Wahyuni, and Yuziani. "Effects of Oral Administration of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) on Obesity in Male Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 4 (June 10, 2021): 851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i4.355.
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Introduction: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most widely employed food enhancers. Although the umami compound, controversy persists regarding the effects of MSG intake on body weight. Chronic MSG intake may result in excessive body weight gain and obesity. Consumption of MSG result in organ damage, cardiovascular disease, oxidative stress, and also risk factors for obesity. This study aims to determine the effect of oral MSG on obesity in adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).Methods: This true experimental study used the post-test control group design. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (received distilled water), Group 1 (MSG 0.378 mg/gr BW), Group 2 (0.756 mg/gr BW) and Group 3 (1.512 mg/gr BW). The obesity parameter was obtained by the Lee index. Kruskal-Wallis test follows by Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the Lee index between groups.Results: Lee’s index mean for each group was 358.4%, 314.1%, 287.8%, and 320.9%, respectively. The Kruskal Wallis test showed a significant difference in the Lee index between groups (p = 0.043). A follow-up test using Mann-Whitney found a significant difference between group 2 and the control group (p = 0.043, p <0.05). The mean of Lee index of group 2 was 70.51% lower than the control group.Conclusion: This study concluded that Lee index was not increased in MSG-treated rats than in the control group after oral MSG intervention for 21 days.
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Nahok, Kanokwan, Jutarop Phetcharaburanin, Jia V. Li, Atit Silsirivanit, Raynoo Thanan, Piyanard Boonnate, Jarus Joonhuathon, et al. "Monosodium Glutamate Induces Changes in Hepatic and Renal Metabolic Profiles and Gut Microbiome of Wistar Rats." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061865.
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The short- and long-term consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) increases urinary pH but the effects on the metabolic pathways in the liver, kidney and the gut microbiota remain unknown. To address this issue, we investigated adult male Wistar rats allocated to receive drinking water with or without 1 g% MSG for 2 weeks (n = 10, each). We performed a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomic study of the jejunum, liver, and kidneys, while faecal samples were collected for bacterial DNA extraction to investigate the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We observed significant changes in the liver of MSG-treated rats compared to controls in the levels of glucose, pyridoxine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, kynurenate, and nicotinamide. Among kidney metabolites, the level of trimethylamine (TMA) was increased, and pyridoxine was decreased after MSG-treatment. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that MSG-treated rats had increased Firmicutes, the gut bacteria associated with TMA metabolism, along with decreased Bifidobacterium species. Our data support the impact of MSG consumption on liver and kidney metabolism. Based on the gut microbiome changes, we speculate that TMA and its metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) may be mediators of the effects of MSG on the kidney health.
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Hamza, Reham Z., Fawziah A. Al-Salmi, Hebatullah Laban, and Nahla S. El-Shenawy. "Ameliorative Role of Green Tea and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Complex Against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Rats." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 6 (May 20, 2020): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666191203095036.
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Background and Objective: This study was designed to estimate the long-term effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles/green tea (ZnONPs/GTE) complex against monosodium glutamate (MSG). The antioxidant/oxidative status, testosterone levels, DNA damage, and histopathological changes of testis were evaluated. Methods: The rats were divided into eight groups that were treated as follows: saline, the lower dosage of MSG (6.0 mg/kg), the higher dosage of MSG (17.5 mg/Kg), GTE, ZnONPs, ZnONPs/GTE and the last two groups were treated with the lower dosage of MSG or the higher dosage of MSG with ZnONPs/GTE complex. The data showed minimal toxicity in testicular tissue after the administration of ZnONPs. Results: The MSG treatment in the adult male rats reduced testosterone levels and disrupted testicular histology, which revealed dose-dependence of MSG. Also, ZnONPs induced testicular dysfunction through the interference of antioxidant/oxidant balance and suppression of testosterone levels as well as induction of cellular damage of testis. The combination of ZnONPs with GTE complex significantly protects against MSG or ZnONPs toxicity by decreasing the DNA damage, oxidative stress, and enhancement of antioxidant as well as histological structure of testis. Conclusion: We could recommend using ZnONPs/GTE complex to reduce the toxicity of ZnONPs and MSG on the testis at the cellular and oxidative stress levels.
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Dada, M. O., and C. A. Blake. "Monosodium l-glutamate administration: effects on gonadotrophin secretion, gonadotrophs and mammotrophs in prepubertal female rats." Journal of Endocrinology 104, no. 2 (February 1985): 185—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1040185.
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ABSTRACT We have studied gonadotrophin secretion and immunocytochemically stained gonadotrophs and mammotrophs in 35-day-old female rats which had been treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG) as neonates. We also compared our morphometric data in the saline-treated controls with those we have previously obtained in normal adult female rats. The size of the anterior pituitary glands was reduced but the serum levels, the pituitary gland concentrations and contents, and the in-vitro basal release rates of LH and FSH were not significantly altered by MSG treatment. The size of the LH and FSH cells was reduced by MSG administration, but the volume and numerical densities of LH and FSH cells, and the percentage of LH and FSH cells in the pars distalis were not affected. The results suggest that in spite of the smaller size of LH and FSH cells and of the anterior pituitary glands in the MSG-treated rats, the cells contain normal amounts of hormone and the basal LH and FSH secretion rates of the glands are not significantly depressed, contributing to the maintenance of normal serum gonadotrophin concentrations. The volume density of prolactin cells was not increased by MSG treatment. The volume density of gonadotrophs and the percentage of cells which are gonadotrophs in anterior pituitary glands of prepubertal female rats were greater than those in adult female rats, but the reverse was true for the volume density of prolactin cells, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between the relative numbers of gonadotrophs and mammotrophs in prepubertal and adult female rats. J. Endocr. (1985) 104, 185–192
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Dawson, R., M. A. Pelleymounter, W. J. Millard, S. Liu, and B. Eppler. "Attenuation of leptin-mediated effects by monosodium glutamate-induced arcuate nucleus damage." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 273, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): E202—E206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e202.
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Leptin is a protein secreted by adipocytes that is important in regulating appetite and adiposity. Recent studies have suggested the presence of leptin receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ANH). Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) damages the ANH, resulting in obesity and neuroendocrine dysfunction. Neonatal administration of MSG was utilized to test the hypothesis that the anatomic site for many of leptin's actions is the ANH. Female control (n = 6) and MSG-treated rats (n = 7) were implanted for 14 days with osmotic minipumps containing phosphate-buffered saline or leptin (1 mg.kg-1.day-1). Leptin suppressed (P < 0.05) body weight gain in controls but did not suppress weight gain in MSG-treated rats. Leptin decreased (P < 0.05) fat depots in controls but had no effect in MSG-treated rats. Night feeding was suppressed (P < 0.05) in leptin-treated control rats. MSG-treated rats showed a suppression in food intake that was of a smaller magnitude and appeared later in the course of leptin treatment. These findings suggest that leptin mediates some physiological actions related to fat mobilization via receptors located in the ANH.
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Egbuonu, A. C. C., and R. P. Amadi. "Ethanolic Extract of Ground Vernonia Amygdalina Stem Exhibited Potent Antibacterial Activity and Improved Hematological Bio-Functional Parameters in Normal and Monosodium Glutamate-Intoxicated Rats." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 3 (April 26, 2021): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i3.2.
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Herein, Vernonia amygdalina stem ethanolic extract, VASEE, was elucidated for its antibacterial activity in vitro by disk-diffusion technique and, in vivo effect on some hematological parameters of normal and monosodium glutamate, MSG-intoxicated rats. For in vivo study, 20 male albino rats assigned into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E) were, for 14 days, respectively administered MSG (8000 mg/kg body weight, bw), VASEE (200 mg/kg bw), Control (Vital feed and tap water), MSG (8000 mg/kg bw + VASEE, 200 mg/kg bw), and MSG (8000 mg/kg bw + VASEE, 400 mg/kg bw). In vitro, the VASEE-related activity against the tested bacterial pathogens was significant (P < 0.05), dose dependent and comparable to that by the standard antibacterial drug, Ciprofloxacin. In vivo, VASEE compared to control and MSG groups improved (P < 0.05) and, notably at the highest tested dose modulated the monosodium glutamate intoxication-related effect on, the studied hematology of rats. Thus, VASEE exhibited potent activity against the tested bacterial pathogens, improved, and potentially modulated MSG-intoxication-related effect on, the rats’ hematological functions. The study underscored a promising antibacterial application of the extract of hitherto wasted bitter leaf stem that could offer novel therapeutic benefits on the hematology of especially MSG-intoxicated rats, warranting further studies.
Keywords: Hematology, intoxication, bitter leaf stem, packed cell volume, Red blood cell
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Prastiwi, D., A. Djunaidi, and G. Partadiredja. "High dosage of monosodium glutamate causes deficits of the motor coordination and the number of cerebellar Purkinje cells of rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 11 (February 19, 2015): 1171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115572706.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been widely used throughout the world as a flavoring agent of food. However, MSG at certain dosages is also thought to cause damage to many organs, including cerebellum. This study aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of MSG on the motor coordination and the number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of Wistar rats. A total of 24 male rats aged 4 to 5 weeks were divided into four groups, namely, control (C), T2.5, T3, and T3.5 groups, which received intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, 2.5 mg/g body weight (bw) of MSG, 3.0 mg/g bw of MSG, and 3.5 mg/g bw of MSG, respectively, for 10 consecutive days. The motor coordination of the rats was examined prior and subsequent to the treatment. The number of cerebellar Purkinje cells was estimated using physical fractionator method. It has been found that the administration of MSG at a dosage of 3.5 mg/g bw, but not at lower dosages, caused a significant decrease of motor coordination and the estimated total number of Purkinje cells of rats. There was also a significant correlation between motor coordination and the total number of Purkinje cells.
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Sispitasari, Yeti Eka. "Gambaran Histologi Ginjal Tikus Wistar Yang Terpapar MSG Setelah Perlakuan Diberikan Jus Tomat Dan Diberhentikan Perlakuan Saja." JOURNAL OF MUHAMMADIYAH MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST 1, no. 2 (May 28, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/jmlt.v1i2.1499.
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MSG causes many side effects on the body, but MSG has long been used as a food flavor that can bring tastes (umami) and play a role in strengthening the taste. The chemical structure of MSG is no different from Glutamic Acid (glutamate), it is one of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins in the body. So the use of MSG needs to be discontinued to prevent kidney damage due to continued consumption of MSG, two research were conducted to determine the effect of discharging of MSG consumption by being given tomato juice (1) and discharged without treatment (2), the second study was seen from the histology picture of rats wistar mouse.Methods were experimental with post test only control group design. The research (1) used 15 wistar rats divided into three groups: group I without treatment (pellet AD II and drinking water), group II was given MSG for 14 days and group III was given tomato juice and MSG for 14 days. The study (2) used 27 rats divided by 9 groups. The sample is selected by simple random sampling method. The mice were then gradually turned off on the 29th, 43rd and 57th days. There was no significant difference in mean number of normal and damaged proximal tubules in all treatment groups. The renal histologic features in the treatment group I (MSG) and the treatment group II (MSG and tomato juice) showed normal glomeruli, tubular epithelial tubules, and lumen tubular narrowing whereas in mice discharged without treatment there was no apparent difference between the two MSG Giving groups damage to proximal tubules and renal corpusculum and regeneration after 14 days of discontinuation of MSG. Conclusions from these two experiments occurred damage to the renal tubules Keywords: MSG, Kidney, Wistar Rat
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Yin, Guo-shu, Shao-da Lin, Dong-chuan Xu, Ru-qiong Sun, Kun Lin, and Chu-jia Lin. "Handle Region Peptide Ameliorating Insulin Resistance but NotβCell Functions in Male Rats Neonatally Treated with Sodium L-Glutamate." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/493828.
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Handle region peptide (HRP), which was recognized as a blocker of (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), may block the function of (P)RR. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HRP with a large dose of 1 mg/kg/d on glucose status in the rats treated neonatally with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). At the age of 8 weeks, the MSG rats were randomly divided into MSG control group, HRP treated group with minipump (MSG-HRP group), losartan treated group (MSG-L group), and HRP and losartan cotreated group (MSG-HRP-L group) and fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Losartan but not HRP increased the levels of insulin releasing and ameliorate glucose status although both losartan and HRP improved insulin sensitivity. On the one hand, both losartan and HRP decreased levels of pancreatic local Ang-II and NADPH oxidase activity as well as its subunitsP22phox. On the other hand, losartan but not HRP decreasedα-cell mass and number of PCNA-positive cells located periphery of the islets and decreased picrosirius red stained area in islets. HRP ameliorating insulin resistance but notβ-cell functions leads to hyperglycemia in the end in male MSG rats, and the dual characters of HRP may partly account for the phenomenon.
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&NA;. "MSG protects against P. carinii pneumonia in rats." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1149 (August 1998): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199811490-00019.
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Scott, Thomas, Justus V.Verhagen, Zoltan Karádi, Barbara Giza, and Yutaka Oomura. "Neural responses to MSG in rats and monkeys." Sensory Neuron 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856501750387265.
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El-Shenawy, Nahla S., Reham Z. Hamza, Fawziah A. Al-Salmi, and Rasha A. Al-Eisa. "Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide/Camellia sinensis Complex on the Kidney of Rats Treated with Monosodium Glutamate: Antioxidant and Histological Approaches." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 7 (August 8, 2019): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190522075928.
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Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are robustly used biomedicine. Moreover, no study has been conducted to explore the consequence of green synthesis of ZnO NPs with Camellia sinensis (green tea extract, GTE) on kidneys of rats treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Methods: Therefore, the objective of the research was designed to explore the possible defensive effect of GTE/ZnO NPs against MSG-induced renal stress investigated at redox and histopathological points. Results: The levels of urea and creatinine increased as the effect of a high dose of MSG, in addition, the myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activates were elevated significantly with the high dose of MSG. The levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid, glutathione, and thiol) were decreased sharply in MSG-treated rats as compared to the normal group. Conclusion: The data displayed that GTE/ZnO NPs reduced the effects of MSG significantly by reduction of the level peroxidation and enhancement intracellular antioxidant. These biochemical findings were supported by histopathology evaluation, which showed minor morphological changes in the kidneys of rats.
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Al-Salmi, Fawziah A., Reham Z. Hamza, and Nahla S. El-Shenawy. "The Interaction of Zinc Oxide/Green Tea Extract Complex Nanoparticles and its Effect on Monosodium Glutamate Toxicity in Liver of Rats." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 6 (July 9, 2019): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190408120532.
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Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are increasingly utilized in both industrial and medical applications. Therefore, the study was aimed to investigate the effect of green nanoparticle complex (green tea extract/zinc oxide nanoparticles complex, GTE/ZnO NPs) on oxidative stress induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the liver of rats. Methods: Wistar male rats (n=64) weighing between 200-250 g were divided randomly into eight groups: control group was given physiological saline (1 mg/kg), two groups were treated with two different doses of MSG (MSG-LD, MSG-HD; 6 and 17.5 mg/Kg, respectively), GTE was given 1 mg/mL, 5th group was treated with ZnO NPs and 6th group was treated with GTE/ZnO NPs complex while, 7th and 8th groups were treated with MSG-LD + GTE/ZnO NPs complex and MSG-HD + GTE/ZnO NPs complex, respectively. All substances were given orally for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the study, the liver was homogenized for measurement of the oxidative stress status and anti-inflammatory biomarkers as well as histological and transmission alternations. Results: Results showed that the antioxidant enzymes activity and glutathione level were significantly decreased in MSG groups than control in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, the malondialdehyde and inflammatory cytokines levels were significantly increased in MSG groups than the control group. The liver indicated no evidence of alteration in oxidative status, anti-inflammatory and morphological parameters in GTE, ZnO NPs and GTE/ZnO NPs complex groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, MSG at both doses caused oxidative stress and inflammation on liver after 28 days of exposure that supported histological analysis and transmission view of hepatic parenchyma. GTE/ZnO NPs act as partial hepato-protective against MSG.
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Arise, Rotimi O., Abimbola K. Arise, Oluwole I. Oyewole, and Sylvia O. Malomo. "Ivermectin Protects against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in the Rat." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afmnai-2019-0004.
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Summary Monosodium glutamate (MSG), an established excitotoxic food additive, has been found to induce oxidative stress in all tissues. To examine the protective effects of ivermectin on MSG-induced excitotoxicity, 28 male albino rats were randomized into four groups. Group 1, the control, received 1 ml of oral distilled water, group 2 was administered an aqueous solution of MSG (4 mg/kg body weight/day). Group 3 was co-administered with the same dose of MSG and 0.4 mg/kg body weight of ivermectin, while group 4 rats received orally the same dose of MSG for 2 weeks, after which ivermectin was administered orally for 1 week. Administration of MSG orally for 21 days and for 14 days, followed by oral administration of ivermectin for 7 days, significantly increased (p < 0.05) glutathione-S-transferase, nitric oxide synthase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as malondialdehyde and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations while Na+ - K+ - ATPase, Ca2+ - Mg2+ - ATPase, acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to the control. However, co-administration of MSG and ivermectin for 21 days did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05) in all the parameters studied compared to the control. This result suggests that ivermectin may protect against MSG-induced excitotoxicity in rats.
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UTUME, LN, PM Ansha, and TA Gav. "effects of Orally Administered Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) on the Metabolic Syndrome of Adult Albino Rats." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 3, no. 3a (November 15, 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.185.
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Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) or glutamate is a commonly used flavour enhancer, naturally found in protein-rich foods; although produced commercially through the fermentation of molasses. MSG is essential in the metabolism of living bodies. The increase in MSG consumption has become a growing concern due to the lack of adequate data on its effects. This study investigates the effects of MSG on weight and blood glucose levels of adult albino rats for an experimental period of eight (8) weeks. Twenty-four (24) albino rats weighing between 48.7 g to 94.6 g were randomly divided into four (4) groups of six (6) rats each: 1 control group and 3 test groups. Test groups were fed and daily doses of MSG dissolved in water (8 g/L, 10 g/L and 15 g/L respectively) were administered orally. The control group were fed on plain water and rat chow (grower’s mash) only. Weekly weights, fasting blood glucose levels of rats were measured, and change in behaviour and exploratory tendencies observed, all through the experimental period. Glycosylated haemoglobin was tested at the end of the experimental period to confirm the weekly blood glucose levels. There was no significant difference in the average weights (P ˃ 0.05). Blood glucose levels maintained a normal range of 4.5 – 5.1 % (good glycemic control) over the experimental period. The study illustrates that Monosodium Glutamate has no adverse effects on weight and blood glucose levels when consumed daily, but not exceeding a 15 g dose. Further research to validate casual inference may be necessary. The consumption of MSG should be in moderation and individuals prone to hypoallergenic reactions should ensure to check product labels for MSG before the consumption of foods. Further research can be carried out using higher doses as well as other metabolic markers in the body to further consolidate empirical data.
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JAWORSKA-ADAMU, JADWIGA, ALEKSANDRA KRAWCZYK, and KAROL RYCERZ. "Influence of monosodium glutamate on calretinin immunoreactivity in the dorsal raphe nucleus in adult rats." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 05 (2019): 6255–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6255.
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The aim of this study was to investigate changes of calretinin immunoreactivity in neurons and neuropil of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) after subcutaneous administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to adult rats. Studies were conducted on 60-day-old male rats. The animals were divided into a control group (C) and two other groups receiving MSG at a dose of 2g/kg b.w. (I) and 4g/kg b.w. (II) subcutaneously for 3 consecutive days. Immunohistochemical peroxydese-antiperoxydase reaction was conducted with the use of a specific anti-calretinin (CR) antibody on brain slides containing DRN of 63-day-old rats. The cells and neuropil were morphologically and morphometrically analysed under the light microscope Olympus BX51. Statistically significant differences were studied with ANOVA and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. In 63-day-old rats, in DRN: dorsal (DRNd), ventral (DRNv) and interfascicular (DRNif) parts, in animals receiving MSG (I and II), there was a decrease in CR- immunoreactivity in neurons and neuropil in comparison to control rats. Only in the ventrolateral part (DRNvl) a few intensively stained CR-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated. Light microscope observations were confirmed by morphometric analyses. In the DRNd and DRNv of rats receiving MSG (I and II) a decrease in average CR-immunoreactive neuron density was shown in comparison to the C group. In the DRNvl part, a statistically significant decrease in the analysed parameter was present only in I group of animals. Conversely, in DRNif no statistically significant differences were shown between studied groups of rats. In the DRN of animals receiving MSG (I and II) a decrease in average digital immunostaining intensity for CR occurred in neurons and neuropil. The obtained results demonstrated a decrease in CR immunostaining intensity level in neurons and neuropil and a decrease in density of studied protein immunoreactive cells under the influence of subcutaneous administration of MSG to adult rats. These results suggest that MSG may cause neuronal death as a result of oxidative stress or it can alter a calretinin conformation in cells after binding to calcium ions.
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Shukry, Mustafa, Ahmed M. El-Shehawi, Wafaa M. El-Kholy, Rasha A. Elsisy, Hazem S. Hamoda, Hossam G. Tohamy, Mohamed M. Abumandour, and Foad A. Farrag. "Ameliorative Effect of Graviola (Annona muricata) on Mono Sodium Glutamate-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats: Antioxidant, Apoptotic, Anti-inflammatory, Lipogenesis Markers, and Histopathological Studies." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111996.
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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive, and there is a trepidation that MSG plays a critical role in multiple hepatic disorders. This study was planned to investigate Graviola extract (GE) effects on hepatic and cellular alterations induced by MSG. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control (received normal saline), Graviola (received 200 mg/kg body weight), MSG (received 2.4 gm MSG/kg, 15% of Lethal dose (LD50) of MSG), Graviola + monosodium glutamate (MSG + GE; received GE, 200 mg/kg/day and MSG 2.4 gm/kg body weight (BW) for the next four weeks), and monosodium glutamate + Graviola (received MSG only (2.4 gm/kg BW) daily for four weeks, then concomitant with Graviola (200 mg/kg BW) daily for the next four weeks. MSG and GR were administered orally for eight weeks. Our results showed that MSG caused a significant increase in oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) level, a tumor protein (P53), hepatic cellular damage, as well as proapoptotic markers caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)-like protein 4 (Bax). A significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and an antiapoptotic agent B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl-2) was observed. The detected MSG effects were normalized by Graviola administration, either a prophylactic or protecting dose. Besides, Graviola reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) and led to the upregulation of the silent information regulator protein one gene expression gene (SIRT1).In conclusion, the results suggest that Gaviola’s interrelated antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties are potential mechanisms to enhance hepatic deficits and protect the liver. Graviola can, therefore, be considered a promising hepatoprotective supplement. Additionally, further human clinical trials are also necessary to validate the present research.
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Shangloo, Prenika, Midhat Syed, and Sangeeta Gupta. "Effect of monosodium glutamate on liver of adult albino rats: a light microscopic study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20211883.
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Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) or Aji-no-moto is the common flavouring agent which is inadvertently used in all the packed and ready to use food items. Its use has grabbed the attention with reporting of Chinese restaurant syndrome and many more side effects. This flavouring agent effects almost all the organs of the human body but the statistics regarding its ill effects are very limited, thus no objections are being raised for its use in eatables. In current study we planned to analyse the pathological effects of MSG on the liver of adult albino rats.Methods: The study was conducted on 18 inbred adult albino rats of either sex. The rats of control group (A) received only standard diet with distilled water, low dose test group (B) rats received 0.5 mg/kg of MSG dissolved in distilled water and high dose test group (C) rats received 1.5 mg/kg of MSG dissolved in distilled water per orally for 28 days. After the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed to dissect out the liver tissue which was later subjected to histological processing and tissue sectioning.Results: The liver tissue sections of the control group (A) revealed normal hepatic architecture with central veins located in the centre of the hepatic lobule and portal areas containing portal triad formed by portal venule, hepatic arteriole and bile ductile. On the other hand, the liver sections of low dose group (B) exhibited pathological changes in the form of dilated and congested central vein with sinusoidal dilatation. In high dose group (C), more marked pathological changes seen in group B along with dilatation of the portal vein was also seen.Conclusions: MSG is most widely used food additive whose safe limits for use need to be scrutinized. The current study was planned to access the minimal low dose limit of MSG for use. The observations of the afore mentioned study revealed that even small dose of MSG of 0.5 mg/kg is capable of producing pathological effects in liver which is the main site of metabolism of xenobiotics
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Guareschi, Zoé Maria, Vanessa Marieli Ceglarek, Patrick Fontes Rodrigues, Luiz Pierre Huning, Cintia Festinalli, João Paulo de Arruda Amorim, and Sabrina Grassiolli. "Exercise and Vitamin D Supplementation Modify Spleen Morphology in Lean, but not, in Monosodium-Glutamate-Obese Rats." Journal of Spleen and Liver Research 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2578-2371.jslr-19-2819.
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We evaluated the effect of exercise and vitamin D supplementation on histological aspects of the spleens of lean and obese rats. Male Wistar rats received neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4g/Kg), while Control (CON) rats received an equimolar solution. At 30 days of age, CON and MSG rats were subdivided into Exercised (E) or Sedentary (S) groups and Vitamin D (VD; 12µg/Kg) supplemented or non-supplemented (NS) groups. At the 86th day of life, rats were euthanized, and their body weights and adiposity were evaluated. Spleens were submitted to histomorphometric analysis of the white pulp (WP), germinal center (GC) and lymphatic nodule (LN). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (p<0.05). MSG treatment promoted a reduction in spleen weight, increased LN thickness and WP area, but reduced GC occupation, compared to spleens of CON-lean rats (p<0.05). Exercise and VD did not provoke changes in the spleens of MSG-obese rats. In CON-lean rats, E and VD induced augmentation of LN thickness. VD supplementation increased the WP area, while E reduced GC area occupation in spleens of CON-lean rats (p<0.05). In conclusion, exercise and VD supplementation increased LN thickness and WP area, but had the opposite effect on the GC in spleens of CON-lean rats. However, neither exercise nor VD supplementation prevented the development of morphological abnormalities in the spleens of MSG-obese rats.
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Stratford, Jennifer M., Kathleen S. Curtis, and Robert J. Contreras. "Linoleic acid increases chorda tympani nerve responses to and behavioral preferences for monosodium glutamate by male and female rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 3 (September 2008): R764—R772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00916.2007.
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Previous studies suggest that the chorda tympani nerve (CT) is important in transmitting fat taste information to the central nervous system. However, the contribution of the CT in this process may depend upon the presence of other taste stimuli and/or differ in males and females. Accordingly, the present study investigated the role of the CT in free fatty acid taste processing by examining electrophysiological activity of the CT in response to the free fatty acid linoleic acid (LA), as well as by measuring behavioral responses to LA-taste mixtures. We recorded whole nerve responses from the CT in response to lingual application of LA with or without monosodium glutamate (MSG) in anesthetized male and female rats. In addition, we examined preferences for MSG + LA taste mixtures in behavioral tests. Although lingual application of LA alone did not produce CT whole nerve responses, coapplication of LA and MSG elicited greater CT responses than did MSG alone. These findings were paralleled by greater preferences for MSG + LA taste mixtures than for MSG alone. In both cases, the effect was particularly pronounced in male rats. Thus LA enhances CT activity and behavioral responses to LA + MSG taste mixtures, although there are sex differences in the effects. These results suggest that CT input is important in mediating behavioral responses to fat taste, but the effects depend upon other taste stimuli and differ in males and females.
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Kobyliak, Nazarii, Ludovico Abenavoli, Tetyana Falalyeyeva, Oleksandr Virchenko, Belemets Natalia, Tetyana Beregova, Petro Bodnar, and Mykola Spivak. "Prevention of NAFLD development in rats with obesity via the improvement of pro/antioxidant state by cerium dioxide nanoparticles." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 89, no. 2 (April 21, 2016): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-632.
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Background. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn aggravates the disease progress. We have investigated novel cerium dioxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) due to their promising antioxidant auto-regenerative ability and low toxicity.Methods. 30 white male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control, monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity and MSG treated with nCeO2 (MSG+nCeO2) groups. Newborn rats of control group were injected with saline (control). MSG- and MSG+nCeO2 groups were injected with MSG (4 mg/g concentration, 8 µl/g volume) between the 2nd and the 10th days of life subcutaneously [13]. At the age of 1 month, rats of group II were administered water 2.9 ml/kg orally, MSG+nCeO2 group received 1 mM solution of nCeO2 1 mg/kg orally. 4-months rats were sacrificed and the liver was harvested for histological and biochemical analysis. To assess the morphological changes in the liver we used NAS (NAFLD activity score). The content of lipid peroxidation products and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the liver were studied by standard biochemical methods [Refs].Results. In 4-month rats we found significantly lower total score (1.3±0.26 vs 3.6±0.34, p<0.001), degree of steatosis (1.1±0.18 vs 2.1±0.18, p<0.001), manifestation of lobular inflammation (0.2±0.13 vs 1.2±0.2, p<0.001) and ballooning degeneration (0.0±0.0 vs 0.3±0.15, p=0.034) due to NAS in the nCeO2 group compared to the MSG-group. nCeO2 significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue, namely it reduced the conjugated dienes content by 27% (p<0.05), TBA-products – by 43% (p<0.05) and Schiff bases – by 21% (p<0.05).Conclusions. Due to its antioxidant properties nCeO2 significantly reduces the incidence of NASH and improves the main NAFLD histological features.
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Keely, Scott P., Melanie T. Cushion, and James R. Stringer. "Diversity at the Locus Associated with Transcription of a Variable Surface Antigen of Pneumocystis carinii as an Index of Population Structure and Dynamics in Infected Rats." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.47-60.2003.
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ABSTRACT Pneumocystis carinii expresses a surface glycoprotein called MSG. Different isoforms of MSG are encoded by a gene family spread over at least 15 telomeric sites. Only one locus, called UCS, supports the production of MSG mRNA. Previous studies showed that P. carinii populations from individual rats exhibited high degrees of diversity with respect to the MSG genes attached to the UCS locus. This diversity could have been generated primarily in the rats studied. Alternatively, the rats may have been infected by P. carinii organisms that were already different at the UCS locus. To investigate this issue, we examined the UCS locus in P. carinii from rats that had been exposed to few of the microbes at a specified time, which produced a bottleneck in the microbial population. Some of the rats with bottlenecks produced P. carinii populations in which a single MSG sequence resided at the UCS locus in 80 to 90% of the organisms, showing that P. carinii can proliferate within a rat without generating the very high levels of UCS diversity previously seen. From the degree of diversity observed in the bottlenecked populations, the maximum rate of switching appeared to be 0.01 event per generation. These data also suggest that the infectious dose is as low as one organism, that rats that share a cage readily infect each other, and that the doubling time of P. carinii in vivo is ∼3 days. In addition, we found that inoculation with 107 P. carinii organisms from a population highly heterogeneous at the UCS locus reproduced this heterogeneity. By contrast, shifts in population structure occurred in rats given 104 P. carinii organisms, suggesting that a small fraction of these proliferated.
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Krynytska, Inna, Mariya Marushchak, and Anastasiia Rutska. "Gender-Specific Differences of Oxidative Processes in the Population of Circulating Neutrophils of Rats in a Setting of Prolonged Administration of Monosodium Glutamate." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjdnmd-2019-0013.
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Abstract Background and aims: Monosodium salt of glutamic acid (MSG) is one of the most common food additives. The aim of study was to assess, in gender-specific terms, how prolonged administration of MSG effects on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation and the apoptotic/necrotic processes in the population of rats circulating neutrophils. Material and methods: Experimental studies were conducted on 32 mature white rats. MSG was administered intragastrical at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. The analysis of cell samples to determine neutrophils with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signs of apoptosis\necrosis was evaluated with flow laser cytometry method. The total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was determined by monitoring the rate of conversion of L-arginine into citrulline. The total quantity of NO metabolites was assessed by evaluating of nitrite and nitrate ions. Results: We found a significant increase in generation of ROS, intensification of nitroxydergic processes, an increase in the percentage of apoptotic neutrophils and no changes in the percentage of necrotic neutrophils. Conclusions: We observed activation of oxidative and nitroxydergic processes in rats with prolonged administration of MSG, which initiate apoptosis. In gender-specific terms, a more pronounced changes were seen in male rats.
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Sadek, Kadry, Tarek Abouzed, and Sherif Nasr. "Lycopene modulates cholinergic dysfunction, Bcl-2/Bax balance, and antioxidant enzymes gene transcripts in monosodium glutamate (E621) induced neurotoxicity in a rat model." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 94, no. 4 (April 2016): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2015-0388.
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The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on brain tissue and the relative ability of lycopene to avert these neurotoxic effects were investigated. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups: group I, untreated (placebo); group II, injected with MSG (5 mg·kg−1) s.c.; group III, gastrogavaged with lycopene (10 mg·kg−1) p.o.; and group IV received MSG with lycopene with the same mentioned doses for 30 days. The results showed that MSG induced elevation in lipid peroxidation marker and perturbation in the antioxidant homeostasis and increased the levels of brain and serum cholinesterase (ChE), total creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes BB (CPK-BB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities and gene expression were increased and glutathione content was reduced in the MSG-challenged rats, and these effects were ameliorated by lycopene. Furthermore, MSG induced apoptosis in brain tissues reflected in upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax while lycopene upregulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Our results indicate that lycopene appears to be highly effective in relieving the toxic effects of MSG by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and inducing modifications in the activity of cholinesterase and antioxidant pathways. Interestingly, lycopene protects brain tissue by inhibiting apoptosis signaling induced by MSG.
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Vorhees, Charles V. "A Test of Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Developmental Neurotoxicity in Rats: A Reappraisal." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, Suppl. 5 (2018): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494781.
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In 1979, we tested dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) for developmental neurotoxicity in rats. The study was recently cited for establishing a No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for MSG as a food additive resulting in a change in the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Therefore, I re-evaluated the study [Vorhees et al.: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 50: 267–282]. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 0, 1.7, 3.4, or 5.1% MSG prior to conception, throughout gestation and lactation, and the same diets were fed to the offspring until 90 days of age. About 18–20 L were tested per dose with litter and sex factors in data analyses. There were 21 functional tests with 36 dependent variables and 10 body weight and histological outcomes. Of the functional tests, 4 were significant involving 6 effects. Two effects were on swimming ontogeny: one was an improvement and the other an atypical minor delay of no significance. Two effects were on active avoidance: one was a low-dose female-only extinction effect and the other a high-dose male-only acquisition effect, neither providing evidence of consistency. One was on passive avoidance, but was an improvement not a deficit. The last was on open-field rearing in the absence of its normal association with locomotion changes. Thus, it can be concluded, as was done in 1979 and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration who sponsored the study, that there is no evidence in these data that dietary MSG is developmentally neurotoxic, hence, the study provides no basis for the establishment of a NOAEL and changing the ADI for dietary MSG.
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Fatmaningrum, Widati, and Woro Setia Ningtyas. "Mung bean sprout extract suppresses Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) effect on the reproductive hormones (FSH and Estrogen) in female Wistar rats." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 27, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v1i12019.24-27.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of mung bean sprout extracts on Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen hormone in female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG).Materials and Methods: This true experimental study was conducted by using post-test only control group design in the laboratory for animal experimentation of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Airlangga University in which Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 2 months weighing 150-200 grams were used in this experiment. The samples comprised of 5 rats distributed in each group, totaling 7 groups. I Control Group (P1) was provided with Aquades for 37 days; II (P2) was provided with Aquades for 7 days + MSG 0.03 mg/g of weight on day 8-37; III (P3) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 72mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0,03mg/g of weight; IV (P4) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 144mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0.03mg/g of weight; V (P5) was provided with Aquades for 7 days + MSG 0.7 mg/g of weight on day 8-37; VI (P6) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 72mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0.7mg/g of weight; VII (P7) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 144mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0.7mg/g of weight.Serum samples were taken for Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Estrogen with ELISA method. Data analysis to test the differences between groups was done by using one way Anova statistical test.Results: MSG dosage 0,03mg/gBB or 0,7mg/g BB was significant difference in FSH (p = 0,011) and estrogen (p = 0,008).Conclusion: obtained from this research that giving green bean sprout extract influence to the level of FSH and estrogen hormone.