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Cameron, Nancy G. "MSN Orientation and Reference Course." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7055.
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Teixeira, André Marcão. "e-participation: BOT MSN : ADRAL." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18406.
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Por incrível que pareça, existem ainda muitas pessoas renitentes à Internet, por a considerarem fria e impessoal. No entanto, no inimaginável leque de possibilidades da Internet, existe uma que também está a conquistar esta parcela da população que ainda resiste à tecnologia. Com o atendimento virtual, o utilizador tem a impressão de estar realmente a conversar com um assistente real. Através dos robôs de conversação, as empresas podem estabelecer um canal de comunicação interactivo com os visitantes das páginas, complementando ou substituindo outras formas de acesso à informação, dando respostas directas às questões dos utilizadores, podendo manter um diálogo coerente por diversos minutos como se estivesse a conversar com uma outra pessoa. Com a utilização destes robôs no MSN, uma nova janela se abre cheia de possibilidades, desde a simplificação do acesso a dados, apoio ao negócio, até à publicidade. /ABSTRACT; As incredible as it may seem, there are still many people with backwards about the Internet, by considering cold and impersonal. However, in an unprecedented range of possibilities of the Internet, there is also an capturing this portion of the population who still resist the technology. With the virtual service you have the impression of being really talking to a real wizard. Through the chat bots, companies could provide a channel for interactive communication with visitors of the pages, complementing or replacing other forms of access to information, giving direct answers to questions from users and can maintain a consistent dialogue for several minutes as if you were talking with another person. With the use of these robots on MSN, a new window opens full of possibilities, from the simplification of access to data, business support, to advertising.
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Cameron, Nancy G. "MSN Online Orientation and Reference Program." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7057.
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Moreno, Carolline Gabriela Leite. "O MSN de papel: um gênero também argumentativo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5787.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-24MSN Paper proposal is constituted of written interaction, in the form of conversation, via notebook paper. It can involve two or more students, having that the interaction is developed through the exchange of rotations which may have the format of question/answer, assertive/response. At long last, this is the development of chat talk inside the classroom with a different tool from that usually used, once this is what is available to them. This proposal was adopted as an alternative pedagogical practice to work on the argumentation of an eighth grade (ninth year), working as a kind of unlock activity to the participant students. However, the object to be analyzed was not taken in its original format in the analysis herein developed, but in a deployment of type, once it was used for the pedagogical work with the argumentation, what makes it to transmute in another type. This transmutation of type consisted in the elaboration of a dialogue in the form the students already knew in pairs, from a theme proposed by the teacher. This practice was adopted in view of the complexity that the conventional argumentative types have assumed to most of the students through the documents and guidelines of education, what makes a lot of students be unsuccessful in the production of this gender. Therefore, the purpose is to expose this alternative practice of argumentative text production in the classroom, used as an ―unlock‖ activity of argumentation, aiming to comprehend its operation and effectiveness, presenting the characteristics of the type ―paper MSN‖ and justifying the reason it configures as that; besides, we will analyze it as an activity responsible/responsive and investigate the presence of that kind of argumentation. It is important to point out that the aim of this paper is to evaluate the language operation, of the argumentation, and not to describe a methodological proposal of the work with the gender, although the paper pervades through that question. The text produced by the students will be analyzed taking into consideration two perspectives: the concept of responsiveness/responsibility of Bakhtin and other aspects which are attached, and the theory of argumentation studied by Selma Leitão, who possesses a perspective cognitive- psychological. We will consider that both the approaches are relevant to the treatment of the gender analyzed, one because it treats the language operation, and the other because it works more specifically with the argumentation, treating as well questions related to the education. As from the analysis realized, we can conclude that the gender enables the students to comprehend the operation of the argumentation; even when they assume, in large scale, the speech of others, of adults, that does not mean that they are omitting themselves, on the contrary, they choose a position to defend. There is a responsible activity there, although the communicative relations will occur in reason of the other, our acts are of entire responsibility, because they are unique and unrepeatable. We understand, as well, that the texts will grow, create a body, always complementing the enunciation produced by the interlocutors; in different moments of the texts analyzed, the idea of an interlocutor is retaken and complemented by the other, what reaffirms the dialogism, the responsiveness. Concerning to the argumentation, in accordance with the theory studied by Leitão, this one occurred in the texts, that means, the format of the gender permitted it to be developed.
O gênero MSN de papel consiste na interação escrita, em forma de conversa via folha de caderno. Pode envolver dois alunos ou mais, sendo que a interação desenvolve-se mediante a troca de turnos que pode ter o formato pergunta/resposta, assertiva/réplica. Enfim, é o desenrolar de uma conversa de chat dentro da sala de aula com uma ferramenta diferente da usual, pois é o que se encontra disponível para eles. Esse gênero foi adotado como uma prática pedagógica alternativa para verificar argumentação numa turma de oitava série (nono ano), funcionando como uma espécie de atividade de desbloqueio para os alunos participantes. Porém, o objeto a ser analisado não foi tomado em seu formato original na análise aqui desenvolvida, mas sim em um desdobramento do gênero, pois foi utilizado para o trabalho pedagógico com a argumentação, o que faz que ele se transmute em outro gênero. Essa transmutação do gênero consistia na elaboração de um diálogo nos moldes que os alunos já conheciam em duplas, a partir de um tema proposto pela professora. Essa prática foi adotada tendo em vista a complexidade que os gêneros argumentativos convencionados pelos documentos e diretrizes de ensino assumem para a maioria dos alunos, o que faz com que muitos aluno tenham insucesso no que se refere à produção desses gêneros. Diante disso, tem-se por objetivo expor essa prática alternativa de produção de texto argumentativo em sala de aula, utilizada como uma atividade de ―desbloqueio‖ a argumentação, buscando compreender seu funcionamento e efetividade, apresentando as características do gênero ―MSN de papel‖ e justificando porque se configura como tal; além disso, busca-se analisá-lo como atividade responsável/responsiva e investigar a presença da argumentação nesse gênero. É importante destacar que o centro deste estudo é avaliar o funcionamento da linguagem, da argumentação, e não descrever uma proposta metodológica para o trabalho com o gênero, embora o trabalho perpasse por essa questão. Os textos produzidos pelos alunos serão analisados a partir de duas perspectivas: o conceito de responsividade/responsabilidade de Bakhtin e outros aspectos que lhe são ligados, e a teoria da argumentação estudada por Selma Leitão, a qual possui uma perspectiva cognitiva-psicoloógica. Considera-se que ambas as abordagens são pertinentes ao tratamento do gênero em questão, uma porque trata do funcionamento da linguagem, e a outra porque trabalha mais especificamente com a argumentação, tratando também questões relativas a ela no ensino. A partir das análises realizadas, pode-se concluir que o gênero possibilitou aos alunos compreender o funcionamento da argumentação; mesmo eles tendo, em grande parte, assumido o discurso de outros, de adultos, não significa que estejam se omitindo, pelo contrário, escolhem uma posição para defenderem. Há aí uma atividade responsável, pois embora as relações comunicativas ocorram em função do outro, nossos atos são de nossa inteira responsabilidade, pois são únicos e irrepetíveis. Constata-se, ainda, que os textos vão crescendo, criando corpo, sempre na complementação dos enunciados produzidos pelos interlocutores; em vários momentos dos textos analisados, a ideia de um interlocutor é retomada e complementada pelo outro, o que reafirma o dialogismo, a responsividade. Concernente à argumentação, de acordo com a teoria estudada por Leitão, essa ocorreu nos textos, ou seja, o formato do gênero permitiu que se desenvolvesse.
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Cameron, Nancy G. "An Evidenced-Based Orientation Course for an Online MSN Program." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7046.
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Preloading student satisfaction and success factors into an online program orientation course can strengthen the potential for student retention and success. The nursing literature is lacking in this area. Much of the information found on retention is focused on the undergraduate student in a face-to-face classroom setting. Less literature can be found on graduate level education retention and the body of knowledge regarding graduate online education retention is even more limited (Perry, Boman, Care, Edwards, & Park, 2008). Retention rates in online graduate education, not specific to nursing, vary widely, but are typically poorer than in face-to-face programs (Barry & Mathies, 2011; Patterson & McFadden, 2009). Increasing student retention and graduation is crucial for maintaining and increasing performance-based funding in educational institutions. Meeting common student needs early in the program can provide the resources and support needed for overcoming future barriers to graduation.
Cameron (2013) compiled common student needs: positive social experiences with students and faculty/advisors, course delivery system understanding, asynchronous participation understanding, requirements of e-learning, requirements of graduate and program education, and evidence of institutional commitment through excellence in advising and online resource availability and access. A reduction in overall anxiety about entering graduate education and an increased confidence in the ability to succeed are vital for students entering graduate education. Early access to peers, faculty advisors, and university resources can improve the students’ sense of community and belonging and provide a strong support system. These early steps ease technology frustrations, communication difficulties, and any perceived support inadequacies.
A completely online Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) program orientation course was developed to meet the identified common student needs. The program provides early access to the MSN program’s Learning Management System (LMS), access to peer support, faculty advisor, and university resources. Students were taught the basic structure of courses (including content, discussions, quizzes, and drop boxes) to ease the stress of the first few weeks of class. Graduate study requirements and expectations were explained along with the differences between online and face-to-face study. Students received guidance in balancing work, life, and study. Students were given opportunities to practice the most commonly used technologies in the program.
Ten newly admitted MSN students participated in the study. A post course phone interview was initiated with each following course completion, using a five-level Likert scale (1 being the lowest score and 5 the highest score) to assess the course and student perceived preparedness for the MSN program. Four categories of questions were used: knowledge regarding graduate online study, resources, and program expectation; proficiency with the LMS; communication access to other students and faculty advisor; and access to university resources. A final question was asked of students regarding their overall anxiety level about starting the MSN program. All students reported decreased anxiety and increased comfort with graduate online education, increased self-confidence, and feelings of support.
Students are able to focus more on the course subject matter in the first few weeks of class when they have a clearer understanding of the LMS, graduate school and online learning expectations, and resource/support availability before classes start. A positive early start adds strength for managing future barriers and frustrations of graduate education. These concepts may be applied to meet the specific requirements of other academic programs. Further research is needed to compare the retention rates of those participating in the orientation program and those who did not. The finding in this project support the importance of an orientation program to graduate nursing studies which includes setting realistic expectations, developing a sense of community and support, and practicing for proficiency in the program LMS.
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Cameron, Nancy G. "An Evidence-Based Orientation Course for an Online MSN Program." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7047.
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Students are able to focus more on the course subject matter in the first few weeks of class when they have a clearer understanding of the LMS, graduate school and online learning expectations, and resource/support availability before classes start. A positive early start adds strength for managing future barriers and frustrations of graduate education. These concepts may be applied to meet the specific requirements of other academic programs. Further research is needed to compare the retention rates of those participating in the orientation program and those who did not. The finding in this project support the importance of an orientation program to graduate nursing studies which includes setting realistic expectations, developing a sense of community and support, and practicing for proficiency in the program LMS.
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Reed, Kyle Andrew. "Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Peanut Skin using HPLC-MSn." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30160.
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Consumers view natural antioxidants as a safe means to reduce spoilage in foods. In addition, these compounds have been reported to be responsible for human health benefits. Identification of these compounds in peanut skins may enhance consumer interest, improve sales, and increase the value of peanuts. This study evaluated analytical methods which have not been previously incorporated for the analysis of peanut skins. Toyopearl size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for separating phenolic size-classes in raw methanolic extract from skins of Gregory peanuts. This allowed for an enhanced analysis of phenolic content and antioxidant activity based on compound classes, and provided a viable preparatory separation technique for further identification. Toyopearl SEC of raw methanolic peanut skin extract produced nine fractions based on molecular size. Analysis of total phenolics in these fractions indicated Gregory peanut skins contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds. Further studies revealed the fractions contained compounds which exhibited antioxidant activities that were significantly higher than that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a common synthetic antioxidant used in the food industry. This indicates peanut skin extracts are a viable antioxidant source, and that synthetic antioxidants can be replaced with those naturally-derived from peanut by-products. Structures contained in each fraction were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry (MSn). Prior to this study, approximately 20 compounds have been identified in peanut skins. The combination of Toyopearl SEC with ESI-HPLC-MSn allowed for the identification of 314 phenolic-based compounds, most of which are newly discovered compounds in peanut skins. Many compounds identified are known to have powerful antioxidant effects, and also have been reported to exhibit numerous beneficial chemical and biological activities, including the treatment of various human health-related conditions. It is evident that peanut skins may be a potential untapped source for the extraction of natural food antioxidants, nutracueticals, and even pharmaceuticals. Because peanut skins are largely a wasted resource to peanut processors, the novel polyphenols identified in this research could have a significant financial impact on the peanut industry.Ph. D.
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Komolafe, Olufemi O. "High-speed optical packet switching over arbitrary physical topologies using the Manhattan Street Network." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366847.
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Ribas, Agustí Albert. "Avaluació de compostos fenòlics en aliments mitjançant tècniques HPLC-DAD i UHPLC-DAD-MSn." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116771.
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The doctoral thesis has developed new methods for the analysis of phenolic compounds in tomato, lettuce and dry-cured sausages with vegetable extracts. The new-developed chromatographic methods are simplified and validated, allowing the quantification of the main phenolic compounds in these foods. The objective of this thesis has been to develop both simplified and validated chromatographic methods, allowing the quantification of the most representative phenolic compounds in samples. The methods have been developed in typical foods of the Catalan diet: tomato, lettuce and dry-cured sausage (fuet and llonganissa), the latter, added with vegetable extracts rich in phenolic compounds, aiming to improve their nutritional valueLa tesi doctoral desenvolupa nous mètodes d'anàlisi de compostos fenòlics en tomàquet, enciam i embotits curats amb extractes vegetals. Els mètodes cromatogràfics desenvolupats són simplificats i validats, i permeten la quantificació dels principals compostos fenòlics presents en aquests aliments. L’objectiu de la tesi ha estat el desenvolupament de mètodes d'anàlisi cromatogràfics simplificats però alhora validats i que permetin quantificar un nombre de compostos representatiu de la diversitat fenòlica de les mostres. Els mètodes s'han desenvolupat en aliments significatius de la dieta catalana: tomàquet, enciam i embotit sec curat (fuet i llonganissa), en aquest últim cas, amb extractes vegetals rics en compostos fenòlics per millorar-ne el perfil nutricional
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Lee, Ely, and 李儀莉. "Perceptions and practices of code-mixing in MSN among secondary schoolstudents in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43241074.
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Fusco, Andrea Cristian [UNESP]. "Práticas letradas/escritas na internet: marcas do outro no processo de textualização via MSN." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86578.
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fusco_ac_me_sjrp.pdf: 456420 bytes, checksum: 8e2bcc0ab0fcd8c32306e5f7bfbd0565 (MD5)Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe-se a investigar se e de que modo a relação aluno/professora de Língua Portuguesa se (re)constitui em práticas de letramento/escrita em ambientes virtuais de enunciação. O conjunto do material é formado por 23 “conversas” via Windows Live Messenger (popularmente chamado de MSN), coletadas entre 2010 e 2011, totalizando 8h31min de interação on-line entre adolescentes ─ alunos da rede municipal de ensino de São José do Rio Preto (SP), na faixa etária de 13 a 15 anos, com acesso frequente à internet e às práticas de letramento/escrita em meio digital ─ e professora de Língua Portuguesa. Ao analisarem-se essas “conversas”, tenciona-se discutir que a escrita em ambientes digitais – por ser prática social de linguagem – não se constitui apenas em função da tecnologia que lhe dá suporte – embora não se possa desprezá-la –, mas a partir de um conjunto de relações dialógicas com a alteridade. Ao apresentar análise descritiva do corpus à luz dos conceitos de heterogeneidade propostos por Authier-Revuz (2004) e do modo heterogêneo de constituição da escrita, proposto por Corrêa (2004), este trabalho busca investigar, nos enunciados analisados, marcas linguísticas que demonstrem que a escrita constitui-se como modo de enunciação dividida entre sujeitos socialmente organizados e historicamente situados. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho discute marcas linguísticas – pontos de heterogeneidade – que denotam que, ao “conversarem” pelo MSN, os sujeitos, ao mesmo tempo, atualizam e transformam as relações que os constituem enquanto aluno e professora
This research paper aims to investigate if and in which way the Portuguese Language teacher/student relation is (re)established in literacy/writing practices in virtual environments of utterance. The material, which was collected between 2010 and 2011, is composed of 23 “chats” via Windows Live Messenger (MSN), with a total of 8h31min online interaction between the teenagers – local school students from São José do Rio Preto (SP), between 13 and 15 years old, who frequently had access to the internet and the literacy/writing practices in electronic format - and the Portuguese Language teacher. The analyzes of these chats argues that the writing in digital environment – for being language social practice- is not only constituted by the technological function support – although this cannot be despised -, but also from a group of dialogue relations on account of the otherness. By presenting the corpus descriptive analyzes according to the concepts of heterogeneity suggested by Authier-Revuz (2004) and the heterogeneous mode of the writing constitution proposed by Corrêa (2004), this paper aims to show (in the analyzed material) linguistic marks, which demonstrate that the writing consists of utterance mode, divided into socially organized and historically situated individuals. The present paper then, tries to show that it is possible to point out linguistic marks - heterogeneity points – ,which mean that once individuals are chatting on the MSN, they are not only updating their already constituted teacher/student relation, but also transforming it
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Fusco, Andrea Cristian. "Práticas letradas/escritas na internet : marcas do outro no processo de textualização via MSN /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86578.
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Orientador: Fabiana Cristina KomesuBanca: Lourenço Chacon Jurado Filho
Banca: Fernanda Correa Silveira Galli
Resumo: Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe-se a investigar se e de que modo a relação aluno/professora de Língua Portuguesa se (re)constitui em práticas de letramento/escrita em ambientes virtuais de enunciação. O conjunto do material é formado por 23 "conversas" via Windows Live Messenger (popularmente chamado de MSN), coletadas entre 2010 e 2011, totalizando 8h31min de interação on-line entre adolescentes ─ alunos da rede municipal de ensino de São José do Rio Preto (SP), na faixa etária de 13 a 15 anos, com acesso frequente à internet e às práticas de letramento/escrita em meio digital ─ e professora de Língua Portuguesa. Ao analisarem-se essas "conversas", tenciona-se discutir que a escrita em ambientes digitais - por ser prática social de linguagem - não se constitui apenas em função da tecnologia que lhe dá suporte - embora não se possa desprezá-la -, mas a partir de um conjunto de relações dialógicas com a alteridade. Ao apresentar análise descritiva do corpus à luz dos conceitos de heterogeneidade propostos por Authier-Revuz (2004) e do modo heterogêneo de constituição da escrita, proposto por Corrêa (2004), este trabalho busca investigar, nos enunciados analisados, marcas linguísticas que demonstrem que a escrita constitui-se como modo de enunciação dividida entre sujeitos socialmente organizados e historicamente situados. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho discute marcas linguísticas - pontos de heterogeneidade - que denotam que, ao "conversarem" pelo MSN, os sujeitos, ao mesmo tempo, atualizam e transformam as relações que os constituem enquanto aluno e professora
Abstract: This research paper aims to investigate if and in which way the Portuguese Language teacher/student relation is (re)established in literacy/writing practices in virtual environments of utterance. The material, which was collected between 2010 and 2011, is composed of 23 "chats" via Windows Live Messenger (MSN), with a total of 8h31min online interaction between the teenagers - local school students from São José do Rio Preto (SP), between 13 and 15 years old, who frequently had access to the internet and the literacy/writing practices in electronic format - and the Portuguese Language teacher. The analyzes of these chats argues that the writing in digital environment - for being language social practice- is not only constituted by the technological function support - although this cannot be despised -, but also from a group of dialogue relations on account of the otherness. By presenting the corpus descriptive analyzes according to the concepts of heterogeneity suggested by Authier-Revuz (2004) and the heterogeneous mode of the writing constitution proposed by Corrêa (2004), this paper aims to show (in the analyzed material) linguistic marks, which demonstrate that the writing consists of utterance mode, divided into socially organized and historically situated individuals. The present paper then, tries to show that it is possible to point out linguistic marks - heterogeneity points - ,which mean that once individuals are chatting on the MSN, they are not only updating their already constituted teacher/student relation, but also transforming it
Mestre
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Van, Aerden Christel. "Régiosélectivité du couplage estrogènes/désoxynucléosides : étude structurale des adduits par RMN et HPLC/MSn." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA06A656.
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Rezaire, Aïra. "Activité anti-oxydante, et caractérisation phénolique du fruit de palmier amazonien Oenocarpus bataua (patawa)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0573/document.
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En raison de sa richesse en ressources génétiques, et des utilisations traditionnelles locales qui en sont faites, la biodiversité végétale issue du bassin amazonien constitue une véritable source de principes actifs à valoriser. L’espèce Euterpe oleracea Mart., vernaculairement appelée baie d’açai, qui connaît un intérêt scientifique important, est le parfait exemple de ressources naturelles bioactives valorisées issues de cette zone géographique. Les études scientifiques lui confèrent de très nombreuses propriétés biologiques, mais, la plus connue et la plus médiatisée est sa capacité antioxydante liée majoritairement à sa composition polyphénolique. En Guyane française, on peut parler de « diversité » au sein de la famille des Palmiers puisque plus de 75 espèces y ont été recensées. Parmi lesquelles, on peut citer une espèce très commune ayant des propriétés surtout alimentaires, et dont la connaissance phytochimique reste, à l’heure actuelle, très limitée : l’Oenocarpus bataua Mart dit patawa. Ce sujet de thèse de doctorat s’articule autour de la mesure de l’activité antioxydante du fruit mûr de ce palmier, et de la détermination des polyphénols responsables de cette dernière. La singularité de ce travail réside dans l’étude des différentes composantes tissulaires du fruit : mésocarpe, épicarpe et mélange épicarpe/mésocarpe (MEM). Dans un premier temps, les conditions les plus favorables d’extraction de biomolécules (notamment de l’épicarpe et du mésocarpe) ont été définies à l’aide du test DPPH. Les tests préliminaires effectués sur les tissus pris séparément, ont conduit à sélectionner un mélange acétone/eau (70/30, v/v) pour révéler, au mieux, la capacité antioxydante de chaque partie du fruit. Une étape de délipidation initiale s’est avérée nécessaire dans le cas de l’étude du mésocarpe. La confirmation de l’activité antioxydante a été réalisée au moyen d’autres tests d’activité chimique (TEAC, FRAP, ORAC), et a été complétée par l’utilisation d’un test d’activité biologique (KRL) en raison de ses mécanismes réactionnels plus complets. Il en ressort que le tissu végétal le plus antioxydant est le mésocarpe qui contient des proanthocyanidines, famille de composés phénoliques connue pour ses nombreuses activités biologiques.Le même travail a été effectué sur les tissus regroupés (fruit global ou MEM). Ainsi, a été retenue l’utilisation du solvant mixte acétone/eau sans étape de délipidation initiale. La capacité antioxydante du fruit étudié a été comparée à celle de l’açai, espèce choisie comme référence. Il s’avère que les extraits d’açai ont une activité antioxydante très supérieure à celle du patawa lorsqu’ils sont testés vis-à-vis de l’ORAC et du KRL. Le tissu mésocarpe a, lui, démontré une capacité antioxydante supérieure à celle de l’açai. Ces résultats sont à associer avec la composition phytochimique propre à chaque fruit. La composition polyphénolique du fruit de patawa, déterminée par UPLC/MSn, supposerait la présence d’anthocyanes, de tanins condensés, de stilbènes et d’acides phénoliques. Ces travaux, qui méritent d’être approfondis, en particulier pour le mésocarpe, ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives d’utilisation du fruit patawa, en particulier l’incorporation de composés phénoliques issus du mésocarpe dans des formulations galéniques ayant attrait aux domaines de la Nutrition, de la Cosmétique et de la PharmaceutiqueDue to its wealth in genetic resources, and to traditional uses, plant biodiversity issued from the Amazonian Basin is a real source of active process to valorize. The specie Euterpeoleracea Mart., usually called acai berry, which is experiencing a huge scientific interest, is the perfect example of valued natural bioactive resources from the geographic area. Scientific studies give it many biological properties, but the most known is its antioxidant property mainly due to its polyphenolic composition. In French Guiana, we can use the term “diversity” within the palm family with more than 75 species identified. Among them is a common species, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., called “Patawa”, mainly with alimentary properties but for which knowledge of phytochemical properties is until now very poor. The present research deals with determining the antioxidant activity of this palm fruit and with the identification of the polyphenols responsible for it.The uniqueness of this work lays in the study of the different tissue components of this fruit namely the mesocarp, the epicarp and mixing epicarp / mesocarp (MEM). In a first time, the most favorable extraction conditions of biomolecules (particularly of the epicarp and mesocarp) were defined using the DPPH test. The preliminary tests performed on those tissues taken separately, have led to select an acetone / water (70/30, v / v) to reveal, at best, the antioxidant capacity of each part of the fruit. An initial defatting step was necessary in the case of the study of the mesocarp. The confirmation of the antioxidant activity was carried out by other tests of chemical activity (TEAC, FRAP, ORAC), and was supplemented by the use of a bioassay (KRL) due to its more complete reaction mechanisms. Results point out that the most antioxidant tissue is the mesocarp that contains proanthocyanidins, phenolics of a chemical family known for its numerous biological activities.The same work was performed on tissues combined (overall result). The mixed solvent acetone / water, without initial defatting step, has been selected. The antioxidant capacity of fruit was compared to that of the Acai specie chosen as a reference. It turns out that acai extracts have antioxidant activity much greater than that of Patawa when tested vis-à-vis of ORAC and KRL. In contrary, mesocarp tissue has a greater antioxidant capacity than that of Acai. These results can be associated with the phytochemical composition of each fruit. The polyphenolic composition of the fruit of Patawa determined by UPLC / MSn, reflects the presence of anthocyanins, condensed tannins, stilbene and phenolic acids. This work, which deserves to be deepened, especially for the mesocarp tissue, opens new prospects for the use of Patawa fruit, especially the incorporation of phenolic compounds from the mesocarp in pharmaceutical formulations linked to the fields of Nutrition, of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals
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Kernalléguen, Angéline. "Caractérisation et localisation des xénobiotiques dans les cheveux par spectrométrie de masse Maldi." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0754.
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L’analyse des cheveux est à présent reconnue comme un outil pertinent dans le domaine de la toxicologie car elle permet de fournir un historique des habitudes de consommation d’un individu, qu’il s’agisse d’une consommation ponctuelle ou répétée.L’analyse d’un seul cheveu par désorption/ionisation laser assistée par matrice (MALDI) offre de nombreux avantages par rapport aux techniques conventionnelles : la quantité de cheveux est réduite, la préparation des échantillons est simplifiée et les images sont acquises avec une résolution spatiale très élevée (~100 µm). L’imagerie MALDI (MALDI-MSn) nous a permis de caractériser et de cartographier l’évolution des quantités de xénobiotiques le long du cheveu avec une très haute résolution spatiale sans une préparation trop longue ou trop complexe des échantillons au préalable.La spectrométrie de masse MALDI couplée à des plaques micro-réseaux (Microarrays for Mass Spetrometry, MAMS) nous a permis de développer une méthode pour effectuer une semi-quantification de la cocaïne, de la benzoylecgonine, de l’ecgonine méthyl ester et du cocaéthylène à partir d’une quantité de 1 mg de cheveux et 2 heures d’extraction ; les résultats sont bien corrélés avec une méthode de quantification validée. Cette méthode est pertinente lorsque des résultats urgents sont requis. Au total, le développement de ces deux applications nous a permis de démontrer la pertinence de la spectrométrie de masse MALDI dans l’analyse toxicologique du cheveu. Les perspectives consistent à améliorer ces protocoles afin de les transposer en routine et de développer des méthodes de screening large par spectrométrie de masse MALDIHair analysis is now recognized as a relevant tool in the field of toxicology. It provides a precise history of an individual’s exposure to drugs, whether it is a punctual or repeated consumption.Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) has many advantages over conventional techniques: the amount of hair needed is reduced, the sample preparation is simplified and the images are acquired with high spatial resolution (~ 100 μm).MALDI (MALDI-MSn) imaging allowed us to characterize and map the evolution of drugs amounts along the hair with very spatial resolution avoiding long and complex pre-sample preparation.MALDI coupled to Microaarays for Mass Spectrometry (MAMS) allowed us to develop a method for semi-quantitation of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester and cocaethylene using 1 mg of hair and 2 hours of extraction; the results are well correlated with a validated quantification method. This method is relevant when urgent results are required.In total, the development of these two applications demonstrates the relevance of MALDI mass spectrometry in the toxicological analysis of hair. The prospects are to improve these protocols in order to transpose them routinely and to develop large screening methods by MALDI mass spectrometry
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Lygrisse, Justin. "Detection and quantification of ketamine and clomiphene in complex matrices by LC and ESI-MSN." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2424.
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The research presented here details the development of two separate methods for ESI-MS and LC. The first chapter gives an introduction to the first of the methods presented here, the detection of ketamine in alcoholic drinks. The second chapter gives a brief introduction into the relevance of developing a method for investigating clomiphene in biological samples. The third and fourth chapters outline the experimental parameters for the ketamine and clomiphene detection methods, respectively. Included are the parameters used for the mass spectrometer, liquid chromatography, and UV/Visible absorbance spectroscopy as well as the methods for extraction and sample work up. Chapter five outlines the development of a method for detecting and quantifying the date rape drug Ketamine HCl in alcoholic drink matrices. The sixth chapter outlines the development of LC and MS methods for detecting and quantifying clomiphene citrate in fetal calf serum and the initial results for the extraction and detection of clomiphene citrate in meconium. Chapters seven and eight present the conclusions for the ketamine and clomiphene studies, respectively, with directions for future studies.Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry
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Silcocks, S. E. "Component analysis of natural products by Lc, Lc-Api-Ms, and Lc-Api-MSN techniques." Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639034.
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Natural products provide a wide and virtually inexhaustible source of novel, useful, and often hard to synthesise compounds. However, due to the origin of these products, the matrices tend to be complex, and individual components are difficult to isolate and conclusively identify. The majority of this thesis focuses on the separation, identification, and quantification of certain species inherent within natural product samples. Liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry techniques were utilised for this research. Chapter One provides a brief history and introduction to the principles and applications of liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and their use as an interfaced combined system. Chapter Two incorporates an investigation into the main component groups of cashew nut shell liquid (i.e. cardanol, cardol, 2-methylcardol, and anacardic acid). Compositional trends relative to the degree of applied heat treatment were examined. The compositions of certain regional samples were also compared. Chapter Three encompasses four synthesised phyto-oestrogen compounds known to naturally occur in plant-derived sources suspected as having potential cancer-protective activity. A separation of the four compounds is described, along with an account of their mass spectral identification and characterisation. Selected ion and selected reaction monitoring techniques were utilised for the determination of the limits of detection of each analyte. Chapter Four investigates the highly complex composition of propolis, a natural product manufactured by bees, and reported to provide a range of medicinal benefits. A liquid chromatographic separation of the substance is described. Additionally, differently sourced samples were mass spectrally analysed, and each one characterised and compared by their eight most abundant compounds. Chapter Five is an exception to the majority of the thesis and covers novel double-charge-transfer spectrometry investigations into the double-ionisation energies of acetonitrile and fluorinated benzene molecules. A brief appraisal of theorised values is also included.
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Lee, Ely. "Perceptions and practices of code-mixing in MSN among secondary school students in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43241074.
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Manteigas, Nuno Miguel Nodin. "Behavioural and psychological self-perceived impact of using the internet to meet sexual partners among MSN." Doctoral thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário das Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/3385.
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Esta investigação debruça-se sobre a população de homens que têm sexo com homens (HSH) que utilizam sítios na Internet para encontros amorosos e sexuais. Teve como objectivo compreender qual o impacto dessa experiência sobre o comportamento, percepção do self e percepção dos outros e qual a natureza desse impacto. Recorreu-se a uma metodologia de carácter misto para o efeito.
Para a fase qualitativa foram entrevistados 36 HSH sobre a sua utilização da Internet, encontros com parceiros sexuais contactados online (PO) e sexo seguro. Depois de transcritas, as entrevistas foram analisadas tematicamente para os estudos apresentados.
Para a fase quantitativa desenvolveu-se um questionário e uma escala destinados a compreender em detalhe a questão sob investigação, baseados nas temáticas identificadas durante a fase qualitativa. Os dados foram recolhidos online. Um total de 317 HSH que cumpriram com os critérios de seleção foram utilizados para o primeiro estudo quantitativo e 313 para o segundo. Cada uma das fases da investigação levaram à produção de dois estudos. O primeiro estudo qualitativo (Estudo Exploratório) analisou os conceitos e práticas de sexo seguro de um grupo de HSH com experiência de conhecer PO. Neste estudo verificouse que, para a maioria dos participantes, as estratégias de prevenção utilizadas com PO ou com aqueles contactados offline eram os mesmos, assim não confirmando a nossa hipótese inicial sobre a influência da Internet sobre comportamentos. O segundo estudo qualitativo (Estudo 1) explorou as percepções de alterações no self
associadas à experiência de encontrar PO. Os resultados sugeriram a existência de tais alterações tanto ao nível do self quanto das percepções de outros, de formas positivas (e.g. exploração de potencial individual desconhecido; aquisição de competências de
comunicação sexual), negativas (e.g. sentimentos de desconfiança em relação aos outros) e neutras. O primeiro estudo quantitativo (Estudo 2) descreveu o desenvolvimento de uma escala de avaliação das percepções e preferências relativas a conhecer PO, a Sexual Use of the
Internet Scale (SUIS), recorrendo aos temas identificados no Estudo 1. A análise factorial exploratória identificou seis factores estatística e tematicamente coerentes: “Impacto positivo da Internet”, “Autoexposição sexual online”, “Vantagens de conhecer homens online”,
“Preferência por conhecer homens online”, “Desconfiança de homens online”, e “Impacto negativo da Internet”. Por último, o segundo estudo quantitativo (Estudo 3) averiguou se certos aspectos da
experiência de conhecer PO e características dos utilizadores de sites de encontros se associavam a percepções de impacto dessa experiência sobre o self, tal como avaliados pela SUIS. As ANOVAs realizadas sugerem que homens que conhecem PO há menos tempo, homens mais novos e homens solteiros apresentam maior percepção desse impacto. O número de PO, a frequência de conhecer PO e a orientação sexual não apresentaram
resultados significativos. Os resultados são discutidos no contexto de preocupações e debates antigos sobre o impacto de tecnologias sobre os seres humanos e sobre a sociedade. Os nossos estudos não suportam o lado tecnofóbico nem o tecnofílico deste debate, mas contribuem para uma visão mais detalhada desta área de investigação. A nossa investigação contribui para o aumento do conhecimento relativo a processos de alteração identitária associados à utilização de plataformas virtuais de encontros de carácter social e sexual entre HSH e também de forma mais alargada. ABSTRACT:This research focuses on men who have sex with men (MSM) and use dating and sexual networking websites. Its aims are to understand if and how using these websites affects the men’s behaviour, self-perceptions and perceptions of others. A mixed methods approach was used to investigate this topic. The research was organised into a qualitative and a quantitative phase, each leading to the production of two studies. For the qualitative phase, 36 MSM were interviewed about their internet use, meeting sexual partners online, and safe sex. Transcribed interviews were thematically analysed for both
studies presented. For the quantitative phase, a survey and a scale aimed at further understanding the research topic were developed based on themes identified during the qualitative phase. Data was
collected online. In total, 317 MSM who met selection criteria were retained for the first and 313 for the second quantitative study.
The first qualitative study (Exploratory Study) analyses the safer sex concepts and practices of a group of MSM who meet sexual partners online. This study reports that for most participants, the prevention strategies used with partners met for sex online were the
same as those used with partners met for sex offline, thus failing to confirm our initial hypothesis of internet-mediated behaviour change.
The second qualitative study (Study 1) explores these men’s perceptions of self-change associated with their online sexual experience (OSE). The results suggest that OSE does
impact on these men’s perceptions of themselves and of others in positive (e.g. exploration of unknown personal potential; development of better sexual communication skills), negative (e.g. increased suspiciousness of others) and neutral ways. The first quantitative study (Study 2) describes the development of a scale aimed at
investigating men’s perceptions and preferences of meeting sexual partners online - the Sexual Use of the Internet Scale (SUIS) - which was informed by the findings of Study 1. The exploratory factor analysis identifies six thematically interconnected and statistically coherent factors: “positive impact of the internet”, “sexual self-exposure online”, “advantages of meeting men online”, “preference for meeting men online”, “mistrust of men online”, and “negative impact of the Internet”. Finally, the second quantitative study (Study 3) aims to ascertain whether specific aspects of the online sexual networking experience and site-user characteristics affect perceived impact
upon the self, by using the SUIS. The ANOVA analyses carried out indicate that men with less experience of meeting others online, younger men and single men have significantly higher levels of perceived self-change associated with using the internet to meet sexual partners. The number of online partners, frequency of meeting partners online and sexual orientation has no significant impact on self-perception. The results are discussed in the context of centuries-old debates and concerns about the impact of technology on humans and society. Our findings provide no support for the
technophile or the technophobic sides of this debate, but contribute to a more nuanced reading of this field of inquiry. Our research adds to the knowledge of ongoing processes of identify and self change associated with using online social and sexual networking platforms
amongst both MSM and more at large.ABSTRACT:This research focuses on men who have sex with men (MSM) and use dating and sexual networking websites. Its aims are to understand if and how using these websites affects the men’s behaviour, self-perceptions and perceptions of others. A mixed methods approach was used to investigate this topic. The research was organised into a qualitative and a quantitative phase, each leading to the production of two studies. For the qualitative phase, 36 MSM were interviewed about their internet use, meeting sexual partners online, and safe sex. Transcribed interviews were thematically analysed for both studies presented. For the quantitative phase, a survey and a scale aimed at further understanding the research topic were developed based on themes identified during the qualitative phase. Data was collected online. In total, 317 MSM who met selection criteria were retained for the first and 313 for the second quantitative study. The first qualitative study (Exploratory Study) analyses the safer sex concepts and practices of a group of MSM who meet sexual partners online. This study reports that for most participants, the prevention strategies used with partners met for sex online were the same as those used with partners met for sex offline, thus failing to confirm our initial hypothesis of internet-mediated behaviour change. The second qualitative study (Study 1) explores these men’s perceptions of self-change associated with their online sexual experience (OSE). The results suggest that OSE does impact on these men’s perceptions of themselves and of others in positive (e.g. exploration of unknown personal potential; development of better sexual communication skills), negative (e.g. increased suspiciousness of others) and neutral ways. The first quantitative study (Study 2) describes the development of a scale aimed at investigating men’s perceptions and preferences of meeting sexual partners online - the Sexual Use of the Internet Scale (SUIS) - which was informed by the findings of Study 1. The exploratory factor analysis identifies six thematically interconnected and statistically coherent factors: “positive impact of the internet”, “sexual self-exposure online”, “advantages of meeting men online”, “preference for meeting men online”, “mistrust of men online”, and “negative impact of the Internet”. Finally, the second quantitative study (Study 3) aims to ascertain whether specific aspects of the online sexual networking experience and site-user characteristics affect perceived impact upon the self, by using the SUIS. The ANOVA analyses carried out indicate that men with less experience of meeting others online, younger men and single men have significantly higher levels of perceived self-change associated with using the internet to meet sexual partners. The number of online partners, frequency of meeting partners online and sexual orientation has no significant impact on self-perception. The results are discussed in the context of centuries-old debates and concerns about the impact of technology on humans and society. Our findings provide no support for the technophile or the technophobic sides of this debate, but contribute to a more nuanced reading of this field of inquiry. Our research adds to the knowledge of ongoing processes of identify and self change associated with using online social and sexual networking platforms amongst both MSM and more at large.
Programa Operacional Ciência e Inovação [POCI–2010] da Fundação Para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)
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Melton, Tyler C., and Stacy D. Brown. "The Fate of Sulfamethazine in Sodium-Hypochlorite-Treated Drinking Water: Monitoring by LC-MSN-IT-TOF." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5317.
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Pharmaceutical compounds represent a rapidly emerging class of environmental contaminants. Such compounds were recently classified by the U.S. Geological Survey, including several antibiotics. An LC-MS/MS screening method for the top five antibiotics in drinking water was developed and validated using a Shimadzu LC-MS-IT-TOF. The separation was performed using a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column with a gradient elution. Sulfamethazine was exposed to conditions intended to mimic drinking water chlorination, and samples were collected and quenched with excess sodium sulfite. Kinetics of sulfamethazine degradation was followed as well as the formation of the major chlorinated byproduct (m/z 313). For the screening method, all five antibiotic peaks were baseline resolved within 5 minutes. Additionally, precision and accuracy of the screening method were less than 15%. Degradation of sulfamethazine upon exposure to drinking water chlorination occurred by first order kinetics with a half-life of 5.3 × 10(4) min (approximately 37 days) with measurements starting 5 minutes after chlorination. Likewise, the formation of the major chlorinated product occurred by first order kinetics with a rate constant of 2.0 × 10(-2). The proposed identification of the chlorinated product was 4-amino-(5-chloro-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-benzenesulfonamide (C12H13N4O2SCl) using MS (n) spectra and databases searches of SciFinder and ChemSpider.
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Ruffel, Lucas. "Procédé de co-atomisation séchage pour l'encapsulation d'un principe actif au sein de nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0130.
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Les nanosystèmes à visée biomédicale sont de plus en plus étudiés en tant qu’outil thérapeutique pour la délivrance contrôlée de substances actives. Grâce à leurs propriétés de surface, leur morphologie, leur réseau poreux organisé ainsi que leur biocompatibilité, les nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse de type MCM-41 (notées MSN) font partie des nanovecteurs les plus répandus. Leur synthèse et leur fonctionnalisation externe/interne ont été largement étudiées ainsi que leurs propriétés biologiques. Néanmoins, les procédés conventionnels de charge en molécules actives de MSN, comme l'imprégnation, ne présentent pas une efficacité de charge suffisante et sont difficiles à envisager à l'échelle industrielle. Pour surmonter ces limitations, nous avons mis en place un procédé innovant de co-séchage par atomisation pour les MSN, utilisant le Nano Spray Dryer B-90. L’ibuprofène a été choisi comme molécule modèle en raison de ses propriétés physico-chimiques, dont son caractère très faiblement hydrosoluble, de sa taille moléculaire et de la littérature abondante associée. Des techniques complémentaires, telles que DLS, MEB, MET, SAXS, RMN du solide, Adsorption d’azote, ATG/ATD, … etc ont été utilisées pour effectuer une caractérisation multi-échelle des particules chargées. Les poudres séchées par atomisation ont été analysées du point de vue de la taille et de la morphologie des agrégats de MSN formés lors de l’atomisation, de la charge des pores et de la conformation de l'ibuprofène et de ses interactions avec la silice. La caractérisation de poudre atomisée dans des conditions considérées comme référentes prouve que l’ibuprofène se charge dans les pores des MSN et se trouve dans un état qualifié de pseudo-liquide au sein du réseau, interagissant de manière non préférentielle avec la matrice de silice. Un mécanisme de charge en deux étapes a été proposé.Une première étape de charge au sein de la suspension initiale résulte de l’équilibre entre les molécules d’ibuprofène libres en solution et celles physisorbées à l’intérieur des pores des MSN. La seconde étape est réalisée au cours du séchage provoquant l’évaporation du solvant et la diffusion des molécules d’ibuprofène libres dans le réseau de pores. Le rapport massique ibuprofène/silice dans la suspension initiale affecte fortement la localisation (dans les mésopores ou en dehors) et l’état physique (cristallisé, amorphe ou pseudo-liquide) de l'ibuprofène. La quantification de chacune de ces phases a permis de calculer des taux de charge précis. Ainsi, pour des ratios élevés en ibuprofène dans la suspension initiale, il a été démontré que le remplissage des pores continue de s’exercer, alors même que de l’ibuprofène cristallin se forme à l’extérieur des pores. L’augmentation du taux de remplissage des pores s’accompagne dans ce cas d’une densification de l’ibuprofène dans le réseau poreux, passant d’un état pseudo-liquide à un état amorphe. La concentration initiale en solide dans la suspension ainsi que la composition du solvant modifient la densité des agglomérats de MSN. En outre, les paramètres liés au procédé : la taille des pores de la buse d’atomisation, le débit de suspension d’alimentation, la température et le débit du gaz sécheur ont un effet moindre sur la charge en principe actif mais impactent la taille, la morphologie et la densité des agglomérats, ainsi que le rendement de récupération de la poudre en fin d’opération. Ces effets résultent de l’influence de ces paramètres sur la composition des gouttes formées par la buse d’atomisation et sur la cinétique de séchage. Une étude préliminaire a permis d’évaluer les propriétés de libération des MSN chargées et de mettre en évidence une libération rapide et complète de l’ibuprofène encapsuléNanosystems for nanomedicine have been extensively studied as a therapeutic tool for drug delivery. Thanks to their surface properties, their morphology, organized porous network and biocompatibility, MCM-41 type Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN) are among the most common nanocarriers. Synthesis and external/internal functionalization of these MSN have been increasingly studied, as well as their biological properties. Nevertheless, the conventional drug loading processes of MSN, such as impregnation, do not enable sufficient efficiency and are difficult to scale-up. To overcome these limitations, we implemented an innovative co-spray-drying process, using the Nano Spray-Dryer B-90, to load MSN. Ibuprofen has been chosen as a model molecule, due to its physico-chemical properties, including a slightly water-solubility, its molecular size, and an abundant literature on this molecule. Complementary techniques such as DLS, SEM, TEM, SAXS, solid-state NMR, N2 adsorption, TGA/TDA were used to perform a multi-scale characterization of the loaded particles. Spray-dried powders have been analysed from aggregates size and morphology to pore loading (ibuprofen conformation and ibuprofen interaction with silica). The reference spray dried powder characterization demonstrates the effective ibuprofen loading inside MSN pores, in a liquid-like state without preferential interaction with the silica matrix. Two consecutive stages of pore filling have been proposed. The first one is due to ibuprofen physisorption in the MSN in the initial suspension, resulting of an equilibrium between free ibuprofen in solution and adsorbed molecules. The second stage occurs during the drying step. Inside the droplets, the evaporation leads to the diffusion of the molecules from the solvent to the pores. The ibuprofen/silica weight ratio inside the initial suspension strongly affects the location (inside or outside the mesopores) and the conformation (crystallized, amorphous or liquidlike) of ibuprofen. The quantification of each phase led to estimate precise loading rates and demonstrated tunable pore filling. Thus, for high initial ibuprofen:silica ratios the pores are still loaded whereas a crystalline ibuprofen phase appears out of the porous network. The increase of the loading rate is then due to the densification of the intraporous ibuprofen, switching from a liquid-like state to an amorphous one. The initial solid concentration of the suspension and the solvent composition influences the MSN agglomerates density. Furthermore, the process parameters: mesh pore size, suspension flow rate, gas temperature and flow rate have a minor effect on the drug loading. However, they strongly affect the agglomerate size, morphology, density, and the recovery powder yield. Those effects result from the influence of these parameters on the droplets and on the drying kinetics. A preliminary study allowed to evaluate the drug release MSN-loaded properties, and to highlight a fast and total release of the loaded
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Peixoto, Adrielle Beze. "Ciência e tecnologia e as alterações nas formas de sociabilidade: um estudo sobre o software MSN messenger." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2005. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3341.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This research studies the changes in sociability caused by science and technology. In order to reach our goal, we analyzed the software MSN Messenger in regards to its use in the business administration area and by an interpersonal communication group. For these studies we used theories that emphasize the aspects of face/without face interaction, the importance of form for the groups which were analyzed. We tried to map the history of science and technology development in the state of Goiás and the effort of the government to fight the digital exclusion. However, we found members of the society who are highly qualified, therefore making use of the information technologies in their daily life, this enabled us to get to know the inner aspects of each group, as well as their specific characteristics. The application of theories was done through the analysis of interviews and dialogues which furnished us the structure and application of the groups and also the influence of the MSN Messenger over the sociability forms of their members.
A pesquisa em questão refere-se ao estudo das alterações conseqüentes dos fenômenos relacionados à área de ciência e tecnologia sobre as formas de sociabilidade. Com a intenção de alcançarmos nosso objetivo, propusemo-nos à análise do uso do software de comunicação instantânea MSN Messenger, em sua aplicação à área administrativa e junto a um grupo de comunicação interpessoal. Para este estudo lançamos mão de teorias que realçam os aspectos da interação com rosto/sem rosto, e a importância da forma quando da percepção dos grupos em análise. Procuramos construir o histórico do desenvolvimento da ciência e tecnologia em Goiás e o esforço deste estado para combater a exclusão digital. Verificamos, entretanto, a existência de parcelas da sociedade que se encontram altamente qualificadas para seu uso, promovendo a inserção das tecnologias da informação no cotidiano social. Essa constatação permitiu-nos conhecer os aspectos internos de cada grupo, bem como as características particulares de cada um. A aplicação das teorias junto aos grupos estudados ocorreu por meio da análise de entrevistas e diálogos pertinentes a um e outro grupo, o que nos forneceu a estrutura e aplicativos dos grupos, e ainda a influência do software MSN Messenger sobre as formas de sociabilidade de seus integrantes.
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Dahlgren, Oksana. "Ungdomars identitet genom chatspråk." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-32103.
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AbstraktDahlgren, O (2009). Ungdomars identitet genom chatspråk (The Identity of Youth throughthe Language of Chat) Malmö: Lärarutbildningen: Malmö högskolaExamensarbetet beskriver identitetssökandeprocessen bland ungdomar och på vilket sättchatspråk formar dagens ungdomars identitet. Syftet med examensarbetet är att beskrivaungdomsperioden och ge en syn på hur chatt formar den nutida ungdomens identitet.Dessutom syftar arbetet till att bidra till föräldrars och vuxnas medvetenhet om en sådanungdoms livssituation för att de skall kunna ha förståelse för ungdomarna, acceptera derasbeteende och språk och vara ett stöd. Arbetet har utgått ifrån följande frågor: Vad kan enidentitetssökandeprocess bland ungdomar innebära? På vilket sätt kan chatt och chatspråkforma ungdomars identitet? De metoder som använts för att få svar på frågeställningarna harvarit att intervjua ungdomar om chatt och chatspråk och att göra en undersökning av utdragenur chatt av de intervjuade ungdomarna. Den teoretiska bakgrunden bestod avjagidentitetsbegreppet samt den psykoanalytiska teorin och det socialpsykologiskaperspektivet och begreppen chatt och språk. Resultatet pekar på att chatt är en del av dennutida ungdomens vardag. Slutsatsen i examensarbetet är att chatt och chatspråk formardagens ungdomars identitet genom att ge dem tillhörighet till en grupp och är ett fält där dekan uttrycka sin personlighet.Nyckelord: Ungdomar, identitet, chatt, chatspråk, MSN, smiley, emoticon.AbstractDahlgren, O (2009). Ungdomars identitet genom chatspråk (The Identity of Youth throughthe Language of Chat) Malmö: Lärarutbildningen: Malmö högskolaThis examination work describes the identity searching process among youths and in whatway chat language forms the identity of the today’s youths. The purpose of the examinationwork is to describe the youth period and give a view of in what way chat forms the today’syouths identity. Further more this work aims to contribute to parents´ and grown-ups´awareness about such a situation of life among youth, for them to be able to haveunderstanding for the youths, accept their behavior and language and to support them. Thework is based on the following questions: What may the identity searching process mean? Inwhat way may chat and chat language form the youth’s identity? The methods which wereused to get answers of the issues have been to interview the youths about chat, and chatlanguage, and to make a research of extracts from the personal chat examples of theinterviewed group. The theoretical background consisted of the I-identity definition, as wellas the psychoanalytical theory and the social psychological theory, and the definitions of chatand language. The result indicates towards that chat and chat language is a part of today’syouth’s everyday life. The conclusion of the examination work is the following: chat and chatlanguage form the today’s youth identity by means of giving them the feeling of belonging toa group and is a field for expression of their personality.Keywords: Youth, identity, chat, chat language, MSN, smiley, emotional icon.
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Zhou, Yuan. "Opening a Relationship Online : An Analysis of Openings of MSN Conversation in the Shipping Business in Southeast Asia." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-82020.
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This is a thesis about the emerging of an interpersonal relationship between professionals in shipping business in Southeast Asia. The participants are strangers in the same trade and located in different parts of the region but gradually get to know each other and cooperate in business through the use of a computer chatting software. In this study, the opening of conversations of computer mediated communication is investigated with a focus on signs of a developing relationship. The thesis consists of five parts, starting with the introduction, following which is the outline of previous theoretical framework on the topic. The third section is about the data and methodology. It explains the setting of the current data; displays how the empirical material is collected, how the data has been translated and used as analytic resource, and what method that is going to apply in the analysis. The fourth section is the main part of the thesis. Where it discusses extracts of openings of conversations in the current data, analyzes how the participants set up a connection, and shows various ways that they initiate their conversations through CMC in a business setting. In the fifth section of discussion and conclusion, the study in the previous sections is summarized. With detailed analysis of various openings of conversations in the current data, this thesis is aiming to discover the clues that indicate the emerging of a relationship between the participants.
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Brachotte, Gilles. "Internet et Windows Live Messenger (ex MSN) chez les adolescents. : usages et liens sociaux : entre performance et évolutions ?" Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOL014.
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Cette recherche s’interroge sur les pratiques et les usages d’Internet et de Windows Live Messenger. Elle dresse un panorama des usages d’Internet et de WLM chez l’adolescent et analyse leur appropriation dans une phase où l’individu est en expérimentation et en quête d’identités sociale et culturelle. Nous étudions les spécificités de WLM et les types de sociabilité qui se tissent par son biais. Les résultats mettent en évidence la permanence ou l’évolution des pratiques des objets étudiés. Nous nous interrogeons sur les traits permettant de définir, socialement et techniquement la « culture jeune » et mettons en exergue un ensemble de critères spécifiques à la diffusion et à l’appropriation d’un dispositif par les adolescents. Comprendre et analyser l’usage social de WLM permet de saisir les termes relationnels de son insertion et les changements sociaux et culturels induits par les pratiques. Pour cela, le corpus est constitué de deux enquêtes séparées de 3 ans auprès de collégiens, lycéens et étudiants de Côte d’Or. D’un point de vue théorique, le travail s’appuie sur la sociologie des usages et permet d’étudier Internet et la WLM comme des dispositifs socio-techniques. Cette perspective questionne les concepts de culture numérique, de fractures numériques et sociales, d’usage social et de lien social. Une dernière partie de cette thèse établie des préconisations de développement des TIC en Bourgogne et en zone rurale. Nous avons procédé à trois entretiens avec les sénateurs de Côte d’Or afin d’avoir la vision politique d’acteurs de terrains locaux et nationaux, sur le rôle et les enjeux des TIC dans l’aménagement du territoire et dans leurs implications au service du lien social et de la cohésion socialeThis thesis examines the practices and uses of the Internet and of Windows Live Messenger. It charts out different uses of the Internet and WLM among young people, and analyses the way they are adopted, at a time when the individual is experimenting with social and cultural identities. It deals with the specificities of WLM, and the types of sociability associated with it. The results of the study show that practices linked to the objects studied evolve in some areas, while remaining stable in others. The thesis seeks to establish the key traits which go to make up, socially and technically « young people’s culture », and lays out the different criteria specific to the propagation and adoption of a technical artifact by young people. Understanding and analyzing the social uses of WLM allows us to identify the relational context surrounding its insertion and the social and cultural evolutions implied by associated practices. For this reason, the study is based on a corpus composed of two empirical data-sets, recorded three years apart, involving middle-school, high-school and university students from the Côte d’Or region of Burgundy. From a theoretical viewpoint, the study is based on user sociology and approaches the Internet and WLM as social and technical artifacts. This perspective questions the concepts of digital culture, of digital and social divides, of social use and of social relations. A final part of the thesis applies the findings to the development of ICT in Burgundy and in rural regions, in the form of a set of guidelines. A series of three interviews were conducted with local politicians elected to the French senate, in order to establish the vision of political leaders both on local and national levels, concerning the role and the issues surrounding ICT from the point of view of urban development, and their implications, in terms of social relations, for maintaining social cohesion
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Dzvapatsva, Godwin Pedzisai. "Contextualisation of instructional time utilising mobile social networks for learning efficiency: a participatory action research study for technical vocational education and training learners in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32605.
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Despite the fact that some studies have shown a connection between learning efficiency and instructional time, there is lack of research that has been carried out within the Technical Vocational Education and Training sector with a particular focus on National Certificate Vocational programmes. To fill this gap, the current study utilised WhatsApp, an instance of a Mobile Social Network, in extending instructional time beyond the normal lecturing timetables with the objective of improving learning efficiency for NCV learners studying Computer Programming as a subject. To achieve the objective, a pragmatic approach was adopted in carrying out a participatory action research project. Qualitative data and quantitative data were collected concurrently in three phases using semi-structured interviews, questionnaire and documents. Thematic analyses and statistical analyses were applied to the data collected from five colleges in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The findings of the study highlighted multiple issues: Firstly, awareness of instructional time phenomena was very minimal from the lecturers and the learners. Secondly, there were no formal interventions in place to recover or extend instructional time beyond the traditional college boundaries. In overall, the implementation of WhatsApp was well-supported at the five locations. However, statistical results from the five locations after implementation of the intervention were mixed. Results indicated an overall pass rate of 69.2% (n=54) of the total number of learners (N=78) who sat for the final examination. While pass rates at each of the other four locations was above 50%, the pass rate of the fifth location was considerably low (37%). The study generated three contributions to knowledge: practical, theoretical and methodological. Firstly, through the study, practical interventions were generated to assist learners outside the classes. Secondly, the thesis generated propositions from data and an integrated Mobile Social Network framework was developed which is expected to be a useful course of action for lecturers who want to improve learning efficiency through extending instructional time. A key methodological contribution has been the application of mixed methods choices in the collection, analyses of data and interpretation of results.
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Sealey-Voyksner, Jennifer A. Jorgenson James W. "Investigation of immunogenic gluten peptides identification using enzymatic tagging and HPLC-MSn; analysis and quantification using HPLC-MS/MS /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2764.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 10, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry." Discipline: Chemistry; Department/School: Chemistry.
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Ky, Isabelle. "Characterisation of grape and grape pomace polyphenolics : their absorption and metabolism and potential effects on hypertension in a SHR rat model." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4942/.
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This study investigated the beneficial potential effects of grape pomaces obtained after winemaking of different Mediterranean grape varieties from crude materials to their in vivo effectiveness. Grapes and their respective grape pomaces from six different V. vinifera L. cultivar were studied namely Grenache (from two different locations [GRE1 and GRE2]), Syrah (from two different locations [SYR1 and SYR2]), Carignan (CAR), Mourvèdre (MOU), Counoise (COU) and Alicante (ALI) grape varieties from the Rhône Valley. The comparison of several wine industry by-products with their respective grapes provided evidence that pomace remaining at the end of the winemaking process can be very rich sources of antioxidants. The quantitative and qualitative distribution of polyphenols by HPLC-PDA-Fluo-MS in grape pomaces showed significant differences through varieties and vintages varying from 15% to 70% of polyphenols extracted. Seeds from Grenache (GRE1), Syrah (SYR1) and skins from Syrah (SYR1), Carignan and Alicante were of particular interest because of their higher polyphenol contents in terms of flavan-3-ols (monomers, dimers and trimers) up to 8.7 mg/g DW and anthocyanins (glycosides, acetylated and coumaroylated derivatives up to 17.40, 1.57 and 2.38 mg/g DW, respectively). The investigation of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic 70% extracts of seeds from Carignan and Syrah (SYR1) and skins from Carignan and Alicante was carried out as they contained high levels of total phenols and antioxidant activity. Several extracts, were tested in order to evaluate their in vivo biological effects on hypertension using a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model. A series of different grape pomace extracts were tested in association with verapamil. All in vivo experiments demonstrated that some grape pomace extracts administrated with or without co-ingestion with verapamil possessed an anti-hypertensive activity. This was evident with GRE1 (EA70) seed pomace extract, SYR1 (EA70) seed pomace extract, ALI (EA70) skin pomace extract administrated alone and with GRE1 (EA70) seed pomace extract, SYR1 (EAQ) seed pomace extract, ALI (EA70) skin pomace extract and SYR2 (EAQ) skin pomace extract administrated in association with verapamil. Grape pomace extracts with or without co-ingestion with verapamil were absorb as phase II metabolites mainly including glucuronide, O-methyl glucuronide, sulfate, and O-methyl sulfate derivatives of (epi)catechin which arise from the metabolism of monomeric flavan-3-ols. The detection by HPLC-PDA-Fluo-MSn and GC-MS of microbial-derived metabolites of flavan-3-ols, hydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactones in their glucuronide and sulfate forms confirmed the absorption of metabolites derived from both monomeric and polymeric flavan-3-ols from grape pomace extracts and subsequent post-absorption conjugation. Numerous metabolites derived from further microbial degradation of hydroxyvalerolactones were also detected. The urinary excretion of these metabolites accounted for a larger proportion of the total polyphenol ingested than phase II metabolites of monomeric flavan-3-ols, indicating the important role of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism of polymerized procyanidins. All these metabolites may have exerted biological effects during the period in which they circulated in the bloodstream. This study constitutes the first step of assessing grape pomace as an enhancer of the verapamil, an anti-hypertensive drug. Substantial levels of polyphenols, especially flavan-3-ols, procyanidins and anthocyanins, remain in pomace after the winemaking process in quantities sufficient to exert anti-hypertensive effects. In addition, according to the extract used and its composition, it is feasible to modulate anti-hypertensive effects by amplifying or decreasing polyphenols and/or verapamil absorption.
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Walters, Ingrid Nicola. "A single system study examining the effects of a social support system on reducing stress in a Black female MSN student." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1996. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1068.
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This study implemented a social support system into the weekly regiment of a second year, Black, female graduate student. Utilizing the Stress-Arousal Checklist to examine the subject's levels of stress before and after the intervention periods, the study showed that after implementing social support there was a decrease in the level of stress experienced by the subject.
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Brummer, Pind Daniella. "Poetry Slam. En studie av vilken betydelse Poetry Slam har som litteratur och som identitetsskapande verksamhet för ett antal tävlingsdeltagare." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18510.
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Today, the definition of literature has changed. Walter J. Ong talks about the secondary spoken language that has surfaced as a result of new technical innovations to our writing tools. This also transforms our attitude towards literature and we can see a return to literature based on verbal characteristics. According to Hans Hertel the verbal renaissance reflects a modern man need to come closer to each other and create togetherness. This master thesis adheres to these views and states that Poetry Slam is a manifestation of these theories. It also argues that Poetry Slam can not only be viewed upon as a literary movement. Besides providing literary teaching practices for large quantities of individuals, performing Poetry Slam also facilitates personal development. The master thesis is an interview based study, which aims to ascertain the importance of Poetry Slam as literature and its effect on the identity defining processes of those participating in Poetry Slam contests. The foundation for the essay’s line of questioning is based on the literary theories of Pierre Bourdieu. It also incorporates the theories of identity creation in a modern day society by Thomas Ziehe. The subjects interviewed have a thorough understanding on how to assess verbal art forms. It is also a common understanding that poetry is a wider art form than literature. Despite this, there is a positive interpretation and evaluation of the literature in question. Several of the subjects supplying the underpinning information firmly believes that participation in Poetry Slam sessions will further their carriers as poets. This consequently leads to a conflict between their goals and the aim and purpose of Poetry Slam.Uppsatsnivå: D
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Welter-Lüdeke, Jessica Verfasser], and Hans H. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Maurer. "Amphetamine-derived new psychoactive substances : metabolic fate and toxicological detectability of methiopropamine, three methyl-amphetamine isomers, camfetamine, 5-APB, 6-APB, 5-MAPB, and 6-MAPBin urine and human liver preparations using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn techniques / Jessica Welter-Lüdeke. Betreuer: Hans H. Maurer." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078898189/34.
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Bradshaw, Gabrielle. "Investigation of genetic variants in human immunodeficiency and an Australian non-Hodgkin lymphoma population." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/180906/2/Gabrielle_Bradshaw_Thesis.pdf.
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This investigative study identified a missense moesin protein variant R171WMSN as the disease-causing mutation in an unknown primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) through an exome sequencing (WES) approach. As PIDs can confer incidence of lymphoproliferative disorders, candidate genes and variants identified by WES were also investigated in another lymphoid abnormality, i.e. non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), to determine association with NHL subtypes. In addition, variants located within microRNAs and their targets were investigated in association with NHL susceptibility in an Australian cohort of matched NHL cases and healthy controls where SNPs in MIR143 were shown to be significantly associated with NHL risk.
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Schildt, Holger. "Sicherheitsaspekte von Instant Messaging." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB12103506.
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Olsson, Mimmi, and Martine Andersen. "Klicka och läs vidare : En stilistisk analys av sex internetartiklar och deras klickrubriker." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24413.
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En kommersialisering av hur nyheter förmedlas har skett på redaktionerna där de blivit beroende av en klickekonomi för att få inkomst. Artiklarnas fokus har bytt från objektiv nyhetsförmedling till uppseendeväckande rubriker som ska locka mottagaren till att klicka sig in på artikelsidan. Lotta Halvarsson (2014:33–34) har uppmärksammat att journalistik i dagsläget använder material och källor som är hämtat från PR-byråer vilket har förändrat informationsvärdet. Hennes slutsats är att vad klickjournalistik vill uppnå är att hålla mottagaren nöjd, glad och passiv, för att skapa större benägenhet till att klicka på annonserna vid sidan av artiklarna. Vi har uppmärksammat fenomen och har med en stilistisk metod exponerat de stilmarkörer klickjournalistiken använder för att attrahera mottagare. Det analyserade materialet är hämtat från msn.se och består av sammanlagt sex artiklar från hemsidans ”inrikesnyheter” samt ”toppnyheter”. Vi har utfört en kvalitativ undersökning av stilmarkörer och deras effekt på texterna, kompletterad med två kvantitativa metoder för att konkretisera LIX-värde och nominalkvot i artiklarna. Klickrubrikerna och deras stilmarkörer har också analyserats och kopplats till respektive artikel innehållsmässigt och stilmässigt. Den här undersökningen har visat tendenser till samband mellan artiklar med likartat innehåll, antingen nöje eller nyhetsförmedling. Detta var inte vårt huvudfokus i undersökningen, men en intressant utkomst av genomförda analyser. De artiklar som var inriktade på nöje visade en mer skönlitterär stil där emotiva drag var inbäddade i texten. Dessa artiklar hade även i större utsträckning en synlig berättare vilket gett dem en mer personlig stil. De artiklar som var inriktade på nyhetsförmedling hade mer opersonliga stildrag i form av en osynlig berättare och färre emotiva inslag. Klickrubrikens syfte i förhållande till artiklarna påvisade också en skillnad beroende på artiklarnas förmedlande syfte. Artiklarna som var inriktade på nöje hade en klickrubrik som dolde vad artikeln handlade om och väckte istället mottagarens nyfikenhet för vad klickrubrikens formulering innebar. De mer nyhetsförmedlande artiklarna hade istället klickrubriker med syftet att uttrycka en sammanfattning av artikelns innehåll.
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Sabor, Jalal. "Processeur de signal digital à architecture parallèle implémenté en FPGA. Application à un système de surveillance à domicile des nourrissons à risque de MSN." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUE5019.
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L'objectif de ce mémoire est la contribution à la réalisation d'un système de monitorage à domicile d'aide à la recherche sur la mort subite du nourrisson. Dans ce cadre il s'agit de développer un moniteur ambulatoire intelligent de suivi du nourrisson intégrant des fonctionnalités de surveillance cardio-respiratoire et d'enregistrement des paramètres d'environnement à des fins de traitement ultérieur. Après avoir identifié tous les paramètres d'intérêt majeur, et conçu autour des capteurs une chaine de mise en forme des signaux et d'acquisition, nous avons développé un processeur de signal digital intelligent capable de gérer l'acquisition, de traiter en temps-réel tous les signaux et de transmettre les données via une liaison RS232 vers un système d'archivage. L'architecture parallèle du VSP a été implémentée dans un réseau de portes reprogrammables de type FGPA. Le prototype actuel peut être l'objet d'un transfert de technologie en vue d'une industrialisation
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Balmori, Pastor Alba. "Harnessing the interaction nanoparticle-protein for the design of smart carriers for drug delivery." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667848.
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Les NP han sorgit com prometedors sistemes d'administració de fàrmacs per les seves possibles aplicacions terapèutiques. El procediment comú per a aquest propòsit és dissoldre, encapsular i, finalment, adsorbir o adherir un medicament a la superfície de la NP, evitant el dany no desitjat a les cèl·lules i òrgans sans. De la mateixa manera, les nanopartícules de sílice mesoporoses (MSN) recentment han atret molta atenció en el camp de la nanomedicina per les seves característiques singulars. No obstant això, l'eficàcia terapèutica de les MSN quan s'utilitzen com a sistemes d'administració de fàrmacs sovint es veuen compromeses per l'alliberament previ del fàrmac carregat durant la circulació sanguínia i la manca de capacitat per arribar al destí desitjat. Tenint en compte aquests dos problemes, proposem en aquesta Tesi doctoral la utilització de la "protein corona" per evitar aquest alliberament prematura essent aquesta encaixada al porus. Per aconseguir això, s'han construït HSA-NP carregades amb un fàrmac antitumoral per a la direccionalitat selectiva del fetge utilitzant MSN. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball és el desenvolupament d'un complex de nanopartícules i proteïnes, capaç de subministrar eficientment un fàrmac terapèutic. Aquest complex ha d'evitar simultàniament l'alliberament prematur i ser capaç de fer targeting al fetge per efecte de la PC.
Per assolir això, en primer lloc, s'ha optimitzat la síntesi de MSN, per tal d'obtenir MSN reproduïbles i amb propietats definides. Després, la caracterització corresponent dels seus trets fisicoquímics va mostrar que, mitjançant el disseny d'un DOE, és possible dilucidar quins paràmetres tenen una major influència en la síntesi de MSN. A més, en el present treball s'ha demostrat que és possible una determinació qualitativa i quantitativa de la "protein corona" mitjançant un ús innovador d'equips analítics; el nanoDSC i l'ITC. Això permet aprofundir en el coneixement i control de PC. També s'ha avaluat l'efecte de la PC en el perfil d'alliberament d'un fàrmac antitumoral. Finalment, s'ha demostrat que la "protein corona" proporciona un alliberament més sostingut del fàrmac a una línia cel·lular de tumor hepàtic, sense afectar la viabilitat cel·lular.
En conclusió, els resultats han demostrat que la relació entre la mida de porus i la mida de la proteïna en els sistemes HSA-MSN determina l'aplicació del sistema. En aquest treball s'ha proposat que, mitjançant l'enginyeria de PC, segons la relació de mida entre el porus i la proteïna es poden fer servir les mateixes proteïnes que formen la "protein corona" per bloquejar la sortida prematura del fàrmac mentre es dirigeix a l'òrgan desitjat.Las NP han surgido como prometedores sistemas de administración de fármacos por sus posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas. El procedimiento común para este propósito es disolver, encapsular y, finalmente, adsorber o adherir un medicamento a la superficie de la NP, evitando el daño no deseado a las células y órganos sanos. De la misma manera, las MSN recientemente han atraído mucha atención en el campo de la nanomedicina debido a sus características singulares. Sin embargo, la eficacia terapéutica de las nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosas (MSN) cuando se utilizan como sistemas de administración de fármacos a menudo se ven comprometidas por la liberación previa del fármaco cargado durante la circulación sanguínea y la falta de capacidad para llegar al destino deseado. Teniendo en cuenta estos dos problemas, proponemos en esta Tesis doctoral la utilización de la “protein corona” para evitar esta liberación prematura siendo ésta encajada en el poro. Para lograr esto, se han construido HSA-NP cargadas con un fármaco antitumoral para la dirección selectiva al hígado utilizando MSN. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un complejo de nanopartículas y proteínas, capaz de un suministrar eficientemente un fármaco terapéutico. Este complejo debe evitar simultáneamente la liberación prematura y ser capaz de atacar al hígado por efecto de la PC. Para alcanzar esto, en primer lugar, se ha optimizado la síntesis de MSN, con el fin de obtener MSN reproducibles y con propiedades definidas. Luego, la caracterización correspondiente de sus rasgos fisicoquímicos mostró que, mediante el diseño de un DOE, es posible dilucidar qué parámetros tienen una mayor influencia en la síntesis de MSN. Además, en el presente trabajo se ha demostrado que es posible una determinación cualitativa y cuantitativa de la “protein corona” mediante un uso innovador de equipos analíticos; el nanoDSC y el ITC. Esto permite profundizar en el conocimiento y control de la PC. También se ha evaluado el efecto de la PC en el perfil de liberación de un fármaco antitumoral. Finalmente, se ha demostrado que la “protein corona” proporciona una liberación más sostenida del fármaco a una línea celular de tumor hepático, sin afectar la viabilidad celular. En conclusión, los resultados han demostrado que la relación entre el tamaño de poro y el tamaño de la proteína en los sistemas HSA-MSN determina la aplicación del sistema. En este trabajo se ha propuesto que, mediante la ingeniería de la PC, según la relación de tamaño entre el poro y la proteína se pueden usar las mismas proteínas que forman la “protein corona” para bloquear la salida prematura del fármaco mientras se dirige al órgano deseado.
NPs have gained promise for its potential therapeutic applications as drug delivery systems. The common procedure for this purpose is dissolving, encapsulating, and finally adsorbing or adhering a drug on the NPs surface, avoiding the undesired damage to healthy cells and organs. In the same way, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have recently attracted a lot of attention in the nanomedicine field due to their singular characteristics. However, the therapeutic efficiency of MSNs when used as drug delivery systems is often compromised by the pre-release of loaded drug molecules during the blood circulation and the lack of ability to do targeting. Considering these two problems, we propose in this doctoral Thesis the utilization of the widely known protein corona to avoid this premature release by fitting it into the pore. To achieve this, Human Serum Albumin-NP loaded with an antitumor drug for selective liver targeting MSN has been constructed. The main objective of this work is the development of a nanoparticle-protein complex capable of an efficient delivery of a therapeutic drug. This complex should simultaneously avoid premature release and be able to do liver targeting both by effect of the PC. To reach this, first of all the synthesis of MSNs has been optimized, in order to obtain MSNs reproducible and with defined properties. Then, the corresponding characterization of their physicochemical traits showed that through the design of a DOE it is possible to elucidate which parameters have a higher influence on MSN synthesis. Furthermore, it has been here demonstrated that a qualitative and quantitative determination of the protein corona through an innovative use of analytical equipment is possible, the nanoDSC and ITC. This allows the deepening in the PC knowledge and control. It has also been assessed the effect of the protein corona in the release profile of an anti-tumor drug. Finally, the protein corona has been shown to provide a more sustained release of the drug to a liver tumor cell line, without affecting cell viability. In conclusion, results have shown that the relationship between the pore size and the protein size in HSA-MSN systems determine the system’s application. In this work it has been proposed the PC engineering according to the size ratio between the pore and the protein to use the same proteins that form the protein corona as gatekeepers while targeting the desired organ.
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Dias, Nathalia Baptista [UNESP]. "O uso de um sistema LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS e MSn na prospecção de novos componentes peptídicos do veneno da vespa social Polybia paulista." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87715.
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dias_nb_me_rcla.pdf: 2468653 bytes, checksum: f8a7aea8e6bf4a1721726d766144e387 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O desenvolvimento dos venenos e aparelhos de ferroar entre os Insecta representa um atributo evolutivo que contribuiu para a adaptação dos insetos em muitos ambientes terrestres diferentes. Os venenos desses insetos são misturas complexas de compostos biologicamente ativos, tais como compostos de baixa massa molecular, peptídeos e proteínas. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a capacidade de se detectar e identificar diferentes compostos de natureza peptídica, em concentrações bastante reduzidas nos venenos animais, utilizando-se diferentes abordagens de espectrometria de massas. Isso tem permitido a construção de bibliotecas peptídicas de grande interesse aplicado à biotecnologia. O veneno da vespa social Polybia paulista tem sido intensamente investigado, porém somente os peptídeos mais abundantes deste veneno são conhecidos: os mastoparanos Polybia -MPI e -MPII, o peptídeo quimiotáctico Polybia-CP e a Paulistina. Este fato deve-se principalmente à utilização de abordagens clássicas até então, com coletas “off-line” em relação às análises de sequenciamento, fazendo com que somente os peptídeos mais abundantes pudessem ser investigados. Com os avanços na área da espectrometria de massas, incluindo o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de analisadores do tipo “ion-trap” utilizado no presente trabalho, tornou-se possível a investigação de amostras pouco abundantes, com alta velocidade de aquisição de dados e elevada resolução. O presente estudo visou a obtenção de um perfil peptídico detalhado do veneno de P. paulista por uma abordagem analítica moderna e mais sensível, além de padronizar o sequenciamento destes peptídeos por espectrometria de massas sequencial de maneira “on-line”. Os peptídeos foram detectados e sequenciados utilizando-se um sistema LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS e MSn...
The evolution of venoms and their injection apparatuses among the Insecta represents an evolutionary attribute which contributed for thr adaptation of the insects to many different terrestrial environments. The venoms of insects are complex mixtures of biologically active compounds, such as low molecular mass compounds, peptides and proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability to detect and identify different compounds in very low concentrations in animal venoms, using different approaches of mass spectrometry. This has allowed the construction of peptide libraries of great applied interest in biotechnology. The venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista has been intensively investigated, but only the most abundant peptides of this venom are known: the mastoparans Polybia-MPI and -MPII, the chemotactic peptide Polybia-CP and the Paulistine. This fact is mainly due to the use of classical approaches, using offline collections in relation to peptide sequencing, so only the more abundant peptides could be investigated. With the advances in mass spectrometry, including the development of analyzers type ion-trap as the one used in present work, it became possible to investigate low abundance samples, with high speed of data acquisition at high resolution. The objective of this study was to profile and sequence the peptide compounds present in the venom of the social wasp P. paulista using a modern and very sensitive analytical technique, and standardize the sequencing of peptides by high resolution LC-MS and MSn strategy. Peptides were detected and sequenced using a LCESI- IT-TOF/MS and MSn system of high resolution and sensitivity. The analysis of the venom was performed by high performance liquid chromatography on a reverse phase (HPLC), and the analytes (peptides) were characterized ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Dias, Nathalia Baptista. "O uso de um sistema LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS e MSn na prospecção de novos componentes peptídicos do veneno da vespa social Polybia paulista /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87715.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Mario Sergio PalmaBanca: Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes
Banca: Alberto José Cavalheiro
Resumo: O desenvolvimento dos venenos e aparelhos de ferroar entre os Insecta representa um atributo evolutivo que contribuiu para a adaptação dos insetos em muitos ambientes terrestres diferentes. Os venenos desses insetos são misturas complexas de compostos biologicamente ativos, tais como compostos de baixa massa molecular, peptídeos e proteínas. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a capacidade de se detectar e identificar diferentes compostos de natureza peptídica, em concentrações bastante reduzidas nos venenos animais, utilizando-se diferentes abordagens de espectrometria de massas. Isso tem permitido a construção de bibliotecas peptídicas de grande interesse aplicado à biotecnologia. O veneno da vespa social Polybia paulista tem sido intensamente investigado, porém somente os peptídeos mais abundantes deste veneno são conhecidos: os mastoparanos Polybia -MPI e -MPII, o peptídeo quimiotáctico Polybia-CP e a Paulistina. Este fato deve-se principalmente à utilização de abordagens clássicas até então, com coletas "off-line" em relação às análises de sequenciamento, fazendo com que somente os peptídeos mais abundantes pudessem ser investigados. Com os avanços na área da espectrometria de massas, incluindo o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de analisadores do tipo "ion-trap" utilizado no presente trabalho, tornou-se possível a investigação de amostras pouco abundantes, com alta velocidade de aquisição de dados e elevada resolução. O presente estudo visou a obtenção de um perfil peptídico detalhado do veneno de P. paulista por uma abordagem analítica moderna e mais sensível, além de padronizar o sequenciamento destes peptídeos por espectrometria de massas sequencial de maneira "on-line". Os peptídeos foram detectados e sequenciados utilizando-se um sistema LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS e MSn ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The evolution of venoms and their injection apparatuses among the Insecta represents an evolutionary attribute which contributed for thr adaptation of the insects to many different terrestrial environments. The venoms of insects are complex mixtures of biologically active compounds, such as low molecular mass compounds, peptides and proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability to detect and identify different compounds in very low concentrations in animal venoms, using different approaches of mass spectrometry. This has allowed the construction of peptide libraries of great applied interest in biotechnology. The venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista has been intensively investigated, but only the most abundant peptides of this venom are known: the mastoparans Polybia-MPI and -MPII, the chemotactic peptide Polybia-CP and the Paulistine. This fact is mainly due to the use of classical approaches, using offline collections in relation to peptide sequencing, so only the more abundant peptides could be investigated. With the advances in mass spectrometry, including the development of analyzers type ion-trap as the one used in present work, it became possible to investigate low abundance samples, with high speed of data acquisition at high resolution. The objective of this study was to profile and sequence the peptide compounds present in the venom of the social wasp P. paulista using a modern and very sensitive analytical technique, and standardize the sequencing of peptides by high resolution LC-MS and MSn strategy. Peptides were detected and sequenced using a LCESI- IT-TOF/MS and MSn system of high resolution and sensitivity. The analysis of the venom was performed by high performance liquid chromatography on a reverse phase (HPLC), and the analytes (peptides) were characterized ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Cederlund, Persson Agneta, and Birgitta Olsson. "Min man har fått stroke,men jag då. En litteraturstudie om närståendes erfarenheter och behov." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24144.
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The purpose of this examination paper was to investigate relatives to stroke patients, their experiences and needs.Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka hur närstående till strokedrabbade kan påverkas samt vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som är relevanta för närstående. Resultatet visar att närstående önskar att de fått mer information, stöd, kommunikation och tillgänglighet av sjuksköterskor.
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M'Nasri, Najib. "Elaboration de nanomatériaux composites métal@nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuses (MSN) : étude des performances catalytiques en phase aqueuse et des propriétés d'adsorption sélective du diiode en phase gaz." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20199.
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Ce travail a concerné l'étude de la fonctionnalisation métallique et du contrôle morphologique de nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse appelées MSN. La voie de fonctionnalisation par synthèse directe a été privilégiée et a consisté en une encapsulation des précurseurs métalliques dans la phase porogène. L'insertion de cuivre, palladium, platine, argent or et de bimétalliques Cu/Pd et Pd/Pt a été réalisée. Il résulte de cette approche une localisation des nanoparticules métalliques dans les pores et d'une grande accessibilité des fonctionnalités à l'origine des excellentes performances catalytiques mesurées. Ces performances et le recyclage du catalyseur Cu@MSN ont été démontrés pour des réactions de Huisgen et de Sonogashira. Il a également été étudié l'adsorption de l'iode moléculaire en phase gaz sur des MSN fonctionnalisées par des nanoparticules d'argent avec d'excellentes capacités de rétentionThe objective of this thesis was to develop efficient synthesis routes to prepare mesoporous silica-based nano-sized particles, designated as MSN, with controllable morphology and derivatised with selected transition metals. One-pot preparation and surface functionalisation procedures based on the insertion of the metal-phase precursor into the porogen aggregates were thoroughly optimised leading to silica particles containing such single metals as copper, palladium, platinum, silver or gold, as well as a two-metal phase of copper and palladium or that of palladium and platinum. It was demonstrated that the highly dispersed metal phase was localised on the pore surface and therefore it was readily accessible to the target chemicals on which to base the catalytic performance of the resulting materials. Among others, the remarkable catalytic performance of the Cu@MSN material in Huisgen and Sonogashira reactions and its propensity to undergo efficient recycling were proven through laboratory-scale testing. Experimental study of the selective adsorption of iodine vapour onto MSN supports functionalised with silver nanoparticles indicated an excellent retention capacity of such materials
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Forslund, Kajsa, and Ambjörn Lindfors. "En studie av ungdomars skrivpraktik i skolan och på fritiden." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Teacher Education (LUT), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-5236.
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De olika skrivpraktikerna som ungdomar idag möter rymmer olika former och villkor där skolans mer formativa förhållningssätt ställer andra krav både till sitt innehåll och form jämfört med fritidens skrivpraktik där ungdomarna ofta själva väljer både textarena och formen för denna.
Syftet med den här undersökningen var att försöka förstå och ge en bild av de olika skrivpraktiker som eleverna möter dels på sin fritid och dels i skolan. Vi ville även studera om fritidens skrivpraktik påverkade skolans skrivpraktik och i så fall hur. Undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av åtta olika informanter, lika många flickor och pojkar, fördelat på fyra stycken i årskurs 8 på grundskolan och fyra stycken i årskurs 1 på gymnasiet. Resultatet har sedan analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning och visade att det skiljer sig mellan ungdomars privata skrivpraktik jämfört med skolans mer formella genreinriktade skrivpraktik. Skillnaderna utgörs av vad som inspirerar ungdomar till skrivande, om ämnesområdet har en verklighetsförankring med en autentisk mottagare, samt syftet med själva skrivpraktiken.
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Lojo, Adis, and Jessica Neljestam. "Formellt och informellt lärande och dess inverkan på språkutvecklingen : En studie om hur elever i årskurs nio anser att de lär sig engelska bäst." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-14943.
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Sociala medier och andra medier har kommit att ta en stor plats i det svenska samhället. I takt med att samhället förändras har också elevernas intressen och vanor gjort det. Vi har under utbildningen till språklärare observerat att kunskapsnivån inom ämnet engelska kan skilja ganska mycket mellan elever i samma klass. Syftet med studien är därför att ta reda på hur elever i årskurs nio anser att de lär sig engelska bäst och hur formellt och informellt lärande påverkar deras språkutveckling. För att få svar på syftet och studiens frågor har vi använt oss både av en kvantitativ metod i form av en enkät med fasta svarsalternativ, och en kvalitativ metod i form av en intervju i fokusgrupp. Resultaten visar att de flesta respondenterna anser sig kunna engelska bra eller mycket bra och att social medier och andra medier har en gynnsam effekt på deras språkutveckling. Även det formella lärandet har visat sig ha positiv inverkan. Det framgår också att hörförståelsen och den skriftliga förmågan är de färdigheter de anser sig utveckla och kunna bäst. Studiens slutsats är att det finns plats och intresse för det informella lärandet i den formella klassrumsundervisningen.
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Gunnarsson, Angelica. "Elevers upplevelse av Sfi Svenska För Invandrare : Man hör mycket från andra skolor men min var jättebra." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-45201.
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Eftersom Svenska för invandrare (Sfi) både är ett allmänt debatterat område samtidigt som det är ett sparsamt kartlagt forskningsområde undersöker den här studien Sfi-utbildningen utifrån ett elevperspektiv. Genom en kritiskt fenomenologisk ansats ges elevernas enskilda upplevelser utrymme att höras. Med stöd av ett antal kritiskt fenomenologiska begrepp analyseras elevernas uttalanden för att ge en bild av de kringliggande strukturer som formar elevernas upplevelser. Med en kvalitativ ansats har 5 tidigare Sfi-elever intervjuats i en mindre stad i Sverige. Alla elever uttryckte positiva upplevelser trots att de har hört synpunkter från vänner som var frustrerade över att inte bli klara med utbildningen. Elevernas upplevelser formas av en rad olika faktorer som både kan kopplas till deras individuella förutsättningar men också tidigare och pågående traumatiska upplevelser, samhälleliga omständigheter och undervisningens kvalitet. En viktig del i övergången från Sfi till vidare studier och arbete var stödet från lärare och personer utanför utbildningen. Studiens slutsatser är att utbildningen fyllt sitt syfte för de intervjuade eleverna, men att urvalet till denna undersökning har påverkat resultatet då samtliga intervjuade elever hade tagit sig igenom utbildningen under en relativt kort tidsperiod och numera är etablerade i studie- och arbetsliv. Resultatet går att koppla till tidigare relevant forskning inom utbildning i svenska som andraspråk. Förslag på vidare studier är bland annat att undersöka gruppen elever inom Sfi- utbildningen som uppvisar en långsam kunskapsprogression och därmed tar längre tid för att slutföra utbildningen.
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Wu, Tzu-Hsien, and 吳姿嫻. "MSN and Everyday Life." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92446597739992733211.
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Tsao, Yin-teshou, and 曹哲銘. "MSN Forensics System on IXP425." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08483181984459001670.
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碩士國立中正大學
通訊工程研究所
95
Instant messaging (IM) software has gained popularity within these few years; and many companies adopted IM as a tool for their main business communication. However, a lot of companies suffer from IM security incidents and they can not determine the appropriate countermeasures for IM-related threats. Our mission is to develop a network tool by combining the power and flexibility of the network processor to provide 5W1H solutions for the MSN Messenger. The MSN-shot is a real time network forensics system, which allows network managers to visualize activity of MSN Messenger and furthermore manage these evidences from a web interface. MSN-shot architecture consists of MSN-shot sensor and EAS (Evidence Administrator Server). Embedded with System-Awareness Decision Classifier, MSN-shot sensor is able to adjust the amount of data to be collected according to the current system status and to keep evidence integrity as much as possible according to the file format and the current system status. EAS is the surveillance interface for network administrators to manage, review and analyze these collected evidences. We have prototyped MSN-shot that can successfully reconstruct the MSN Messenger behaviors including the user presences (online, offline, away, etc), text messages and files being transferred. Regarding the performance tests, we used a packet generator (SmartBits) to generate and send extra traffics to MSN-shot; and the result shows that the MSN-shot works on 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps and 4 Mbps traffics with no packet loss.
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Lee, Szu-Han, and 李思漢. "Connectedness and Autonomy on MSN Messenger." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40560520176159396007.
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YU, Wen-hao, and 游文豪. "Applying MSN to Administrative Affairs System." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48492299431639387917.
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碩士國立新竹教育大學
資訊科學研究所
99
In universities, the students often receive the message via the news system or e-mail. However, most students ignore these messages which result in to loss his/her rights and interests. The main reason is that the information from the outside is so much that students can't (or don't) read all these messages. Therefore, it is important how to provide the useful message according to students' need. Taking administrative affairs of National Hsinchu University of Education for instance, we combined several information systems in school to send the important and relevant messages about students by using Instant Messaging.
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Chang, Chia-Hsin, and 張加欣. "An Implementation of Secure Channel in MSN." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63658849003413049504.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
電腦與通訊工程所
93
Instant messages that transfer in the network are encased in the IP packet in plaintext form. To avoid leaking the privacy out, we encrypt the instant messages with Symmetric Key Cryptography before sending them. After encryption, even if they are captured during the transmission, they can’t be decrypted. Furthermore, we exchange the Certificate to get the other side’s public key. Before we exchange the secret key, we encrypt it with the public key. After another side receives the encrypted secret key, he decrypts it with his private key. Finally, they can encrypt and decrypt the instant messages with the secret key, and make sure of their privacy. After all, we can build an secure channel in MSN.
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Catarino, Joana Filipa Andrade. "Probing striatal subpopulations in outcome-dependent action control in rats." Master's thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/133286.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMO:Uma característica comum entre humanos e animais é a capacidade de selecionar a ação mais apropriada para atingir um objetivo desejado. A isto chamamos controlo voluntário de ações, um processo modulado pelas nossas necessidades internas e fatores externos que tende a adaptar-se às diferentes situações com que nos deparamos sempre virado para o resultado que se pretende alcançar - ser recompensado ou evitar ser punido. Este processo contribui para a obtenção de um comportamento considerado otimizado através da maximização do número de recompensas e minimização do número de punições recebidas, encontrando-se sobre a influências do Pavlovian bias, um processo que descreve a propensão para a realização de ações para obter recompensas (Go) e de suprimi-las para evitar punições (No-go).
Estudos recentes associaram a atividade do estriado com o controlo de ações que são dependentes de um
resultado, sugerindo que este é facilitado por duas subpopulações de neurónios espinhosos médios (MSN):
neurónios que expressam o recetor de Dopamina 1 (D1) ou o recetor de Dopamina 2 (D2). D1-MSN
constituem a via direta dos Gânglios da base, enquanto os D2-MSN constituem a via indireta. A forma como
estas vias atuam ainda não é totalmente compreendida, existindo diferentes modelos que tentam explicar o
seu modo de ação: o modelo clássico descreve a atividade destas vias como independente e antagonista,
enquanto o modelo sinergético argumenta que elas atuam de forma cooperativa, estando simultaneamente
ativas. A mesma controvérsia é gerada em relação à forma como as recompensas ou punições são codificadas por estas subpopulações. Ainda que muitos avanços tenham sido feito para melhor caracterizar o controlo de ações dependentes de um resultado, ainda existe muito por compreender. Com este projeto de tese, pretendemos obter novo conhecimento sobre a forma como o controlo de ações dependentes de um
resultados é codificado por subpopulações do estriado (D1-MSN e D2-MSN), e se a sua atividade neuronal
diverge entre as diferentes sub-regiões (regiões dorsais e ventrais do estriado - VMS, aDLS e pDMS).
Para este fim, usámos uma nova abordagem viral e volumes de injeção otimizados para promover a
expressão de GCaMP no estriado de rato. Em seguida, registámos a atividade neuronal em VMS, aDLS e pDMS usando fotometria de fibra enquanto os animais realizavam uma tarefa de recompensa e punição (“Go/No go”). Estudos comportamentais também foram realizados para elucidar o valor subjetivo de um estímulo aversivo (som de alta intensidade em combinação com luz forte). Com este projeto, descobrimos que a expressão de GCaMP no estriado de rato pode ser alcançada através da combinação das proteínas
recombinantes Cre e Flippases. É também mostrado que três segundos de estímulo aversivo contínuo
formado por 90dB de white noise em combinação com luz forte são aversivos para os animais. Mais
importante ainda, mostrou-se que o seu valor subjetivo é semelhante a um pellet de açúcar, o que permite
a comparação de condições de recompensa e punição na tarefa “Go/No-go”. Finalmente, os dados de
atividade neuronal destacam que atividade relacionada com o movimento e recompensa podem ser
encontradas nas três sub-regiões estudadas, mas com diferentes padrões de atividade. Embora a atividade
em aDLS pareça ir de acordo com o modelo sinergético, em VMS e pDMS, a atividade de D1- e D2-MSN parece ser menos cooperativa e sinergética. Diferenças entre os diferentes tipos de trials para alguns eventos e sub-regiões foram também encontradas.
O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação promove a aquisição de conhecimento sobre a contribuição do
estriado no controlo de ações dependentes de um resultado. Mais investigação sobre os mecanismos
neuronais que estão na base do processo de tomada de decisões é necessária para melhor compreender
quais os mecanismos que podem estar comprometidos em doenças psiquiátricas e como será possível, no
futuro, criar tratamento mais especializados para este pacientes.A BSTRACT: A common characteristic of humans and animals lies in their ability to select the most appropriate action to achieve a desired goal. Voluntary action control (i.e., action initiation, and suppression), a process modulated by our internal needs and external factors, tends to adapt to the different situations we face and is biased to the outcome intended to achieve - to be rewarded or to avoid being punished. This process contributes to the achievement of optimal behavior by promoting the maximization of rewards and the minimization of punishments and is under influence of Pavlovian bias, a process that describes our tendency to activate actions in the face of reward (Go) and suppress them to avoid being punished (No-go). Recent studies have associated activity in the striatum in outcome-dependent action control. More specifically, action control is facilitated by two subpopulations of medium spiny neurons (MSN): Dopamine 1 (D1) and Dopamine 2 (D2) receptor-expressing MSN. D1-MSN underlie the direct pathway of the basal ganglia while D2-MSN dominate the indirect pathway. The activity of these pathways generates controversy in the field, with different models trying to elucidate how they contribute to action control. A Classical model describes their activity as independent and antagonistic while a synergetic model argues that they act in a cooperative and synergetic way. The same controversy is seen regarding the way outcome-valence (reward and punishment) is encoded by these striatal subpopulations. Although a lot of effort has been made to better characterize outcome-dependent action control, it still remains poorly understood. Thus, with this thesis project, we intended to gain new insights into the way outcome-dependent action control is encoded by striatal subpopulations (D1-MSN and D2-MSN), and if their activity signals diverge between different striatal subregions (VMS, aDLS, pDMS). To this end, we used a novel viral approach and optimized injection volumes to promote GCaMP expression in the rat’ striatum. We then recorded activity in VMS, aDLS, and pDMS using in vivo fiber photometry while rats performed a novel Go/No-go reward and punishment task. Behavioral studies to better understand the subjective value of an aversive stimulus (loud white noise together with bright light) were also performed. We found that GCaMP expression in the rat striatum can be achieved by employing combined Cre x Flippase recombinases. In addition, we also showed that three seconds of continuous aversive stimulus formed by 90dB of white noise paired with bright light is aversive for the animals. More importantly, the subjective value was comparable to one sugar pellet, allowing us to compare reward and punishment conditions in the Go/No-go task. Furthermore, we found that animals can successfully learn and perform the Go/No-go task with Pavlovian bias influencing the performance between Go and No-go reward trials. Finally, neuronal data highlights that movement- and reward-related activity can be found in the three subregions but with different patterns of activity. Although activity in aDLS seems to be following the synergetic model, in VMS and pDMS the activity of D1- and D2-MSN seems to be less cooperative and synergetic. Differences were also found between trial types for some events and subregions. The work presented in this thesis promotes the gain of knowledge about striatal contribution to outcome-dependent action control. Further investigation regarding the neuronal mechanisms underlying decisio-making is needed to better understand which mechanisms might be impaired in psychiatric conditions and how we can create target-specific treatments for these patients.
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Lin, Grace Shin-Yi, and 林欣怡. "Response Tokens in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from MSN Talk." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85429727914808454282.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
英語學系
94
ABSTRACT The present study aims to investigate the discourse functions of response tokens (RTs), shi-o, o, zhende o, and zhende ma in Mandarin Chinese in MSN talk. We draw on a databank consisting of 126,462 morphemes to explore the differences and similarities among the four tokens. Generally speaking, except for initial RT o, the other response tokens always occur after new and unexpected informing. However, their differences rely on the different degrees of surprise of the previous informing, with zhende ma ranking highest in its surprise tone, zhende o next, followed by shi-o and o last. This can be further supported by the following components after these response tokens. For instance, all RTs can be followed by a statement, but distinctive from the features of the other RTs, the statement after IRT o often displays the chatter’s informed state and o does not express much interest of the current speaker. Besides, the brief talk after o and shi-o are often related to negative feelings while the one after zhende o and zhende ma are not. Hence, o and shi-o may prevent the topic from advancing and initiate a new topic which attracts the speaker. Questions are another turn components that often follow RTs and they are used to maintain the continuation of the talk. Questions occur less after IRT o since the informing prior IRT o is usually not surprising. Questions emerge after shi-o, zhende o, and zhende ma more easily since their prior informing is usually new and unexpected and prompts the current speaker to pursue the topic. With respect to the relationship between social factors (gender and age) and these RTs, overall, most of the statistical results show that social factors do not correlate a lot to the frequency or the functional differences of these RTs, with only a few exceptions. First, females in college-age group use more IRT os than men do, although IRT o seems to be a less feminine expression since it signals the chatter’s indifference, often found in men’s talk. This may be accounted for by the fact that among close peers at this age, females use more masculine forms to establish solidarity. Second, significant relationship is found between chatters of different genders and the frequency of shi-o. That is, females use shi-o than men do. Such a result can be explained by the fact that shi-o is a device showing the chatter’s politeness to decrease the face-threatening behavior in offending the other interlocutor, such as showing disinterest to continue the topic, or prefiguring the coming of disagreement and another new topic. Third, there is significant relationship between age and different functions of shi-o. Further investigation shows that shi-o-plus-Q in 31-39 years-olds is used more than shi-o occurring before dispreferred responses in younger group, for older women who use more feminine show more politeness than younger women do.