Academic literature on the topic 'Mt'

The Philippines has diverse avifauna especially on the island of Mindanao which has the highest percentage of forest cover. This study was conducted to assess the species richness and distribution of avian species in four Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in Mindanao, namely: Mts. Apo, Kitanglad, Hamiguitan, and Malindang. Mist netting for a total of 857 net days and point surveys (62 hours)were carried out inside and along the 1-ha permanent plot to document bird species in the area. Sixty-five bird species belonging to 30 families and 49 genera were recorded. Of the four forest ecosystems, Mt. Apo showed the highest species richness (38 species), endemism (58.33%), and species diversity while Mt. Hamiguitan showed the least species richness (20 species). <em>Pachycephala philippinensis </em>was the only species recorded in all LTER sites. Percentage similarity of the species composition across LTER sites was below 55% indicating that each of the four LTER sites showcased a unique avian composition.

Anurans or frogs and toads have high endemism in the Philippines but their presence is threatened due to continuous habitat loss. This study was conducted to determine the species richness and endemism of anurans in four Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in Mindanao, namely: Mts. Apo, Kitanglad, Hamiguitan and Malindang. Twelve randomly selected 20mx20m plots inside the 1-hectare plot were surveyed. Forest floor, leaf litter, fern fronds, tree branches, leaves, trunks, soil, and holes were surveyed extensively for occurrence of anurans. Eighteen species of anurans were documented in four LTER sites with eight species (44%) endemic. Among the four LTER sites, Mt. Malindang had the highest species richness (n=11) with six endemic species while Mt. Apo showed the least richness (n=5). Both Mts. Kitanglad and Apo had the least number of endemic species (n=4). Five species such as the Mindanao endemic <em>Ansonia muelleri, Philautus acutirostris,</em> and <em>P. poecilius</em> and the Philippine endemic <em>Megophrys stejnegeri</em> and <em>Oreophryne anulata</em> are of vulnerable conservation status. Results indicate the need for strengthened conservation efforts on anurans and habitats in Mindanao LTER sites.

Natural Language Interface to Database (NLIDB) translates human utterances into SQL queries and enables database interactions for non-expert users. Recently, neural network models have become a major approach to implementing NLIDB. However, neural NLIDB faces challenges due to variations in natural language and database schema design. For instance, one user intent or database conceptual model can be expressed in various forms. However, existing benchmarks, using hold-out datasets, cannot provide thorough understanding of how good neural NLIDBs really are in real-world situations and its robustness against such variations. A key difficulty is to annotate SQL queries for inputs under real-world variations, requiring considerable manual effort and expert knowledge. To systematically assess the robustness of neural NLIDBs without extensive manual effort, we propose MT-Teql, a unified framework to benchmark NLIDBs against real-world language and schema variations. Inspired by recent advances in DBMS metamorphic testing, MT-Teql implements semantics-preserving transformations on utterances and database schemas to generate their variants. NLIDBs can thus be examined for robustness utilizing utterances/schemas and their variants without requiring manual intervention. We benchmarked nine neural NLIDBs using 62,430 inputs and identified 15,433 defects. We analyzed potential root causes of defects and conducted a user study to show how MT-Teql can assist developers to systematically assess NLIDBs. We further show that the transformed (error-triggering) inputs can be used to augment popular NLIDBs and eliminate 46.5%(±5.0%) errors made by them without compromising their accuracy on standard benchmarks. We summarize lessons from this study that can provide insights to select and design NLIDBs that fit particular usage scenarios.

My work addresses notions of the American landscape through image, memory, and experience. Using found images, video, and a variety of materials to make objects I investigate the intersection of external representations of landscape in American culture and internalized desires of landscapes.

<p>Leber´s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a disease affecting vision, is caused by several point mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Mutations leading to a defect NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase protein will affect the respiratory chain and cause a disturbed ATP production. It is still unknown why this defect leads to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and cells in the opticus nerve as well as demyelination of axons in these areas. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA is an important tool in the diagnosis of the disease. At the present time analysis is based on cleavage by restriction enzymes, which only detects two of the most frequent mutations: m.3460G>A and m.11778G>A. This is far too few considering that more than 30 mutations are known to be associated with LHON. Therefore a new analysis method is requested. Here we describe a method based on the sequencing of the mitochondrial genes MT-ND1, MT-ND4 and MT-ND6, which will detect more than 15 different point mutations associated with the disease. To validate the analysis, DNA from 31 patients with LHON symptoms were sequenced; of these 10 were found to be positive for a LHON mutation. This result indicates that the sequencing analysis will be more effective in diagnosis of LHON than restriction enzymes.</p><br><p>Lebers hereditära optikus neuropati (LHON) är en sjukdom som beror på genetiska förändringar i arvsmassan som leder till att cellens energiomsättning rubbas. Detta gör att nervceller i ögat och synnerven bryts ned vilket leder till en synnedsättning. En patient som drabbas av LHON har inga symptom fram till dess att synen börjar försämras. Sjukdomsförloppet går snabbt och på bara några veckor är patienten ofta helt blind. Diagnostik av LHON idag utgörs av flera undersökningar av öga och synfält. Diagnosen bekräftas av en analys av arvsmassan som finns i mitokondrien, cellens energifabrik. Här beskriver vi en ny förbättrad analysmetod baserad på DNA sekvensering, dvs. bestämning av baserna i mitokondriella arvsmassan. För att utvärdera analysen har vi undersökt 31 patienter med misstänkt LHON - av dessa visade sig 10 bära på en sjuklig förändring. Resultatet visar att sekvensering med fördel kan ersätta den tidigare analysmetoden då fler sjukliga förändringar kan påvisas och utförandet av analysen är mer användarvänligt.</p>

Submitted by Biblioteca do Instituto de Física (bif@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-27T19:05:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese _ficha cartalografica.pdf: 12047542 bytes, checksum: 15c5c46a6007c1cf0e93d34e697f4e96 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T19:05:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese _ficha cartalografica.pdf: 12047542 bytes, checksum: 15c5c46a6007c1cf0e93d34e697f4e96 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Neste trabalho estudamos o comportamento ferromagnético de uma série de multicamadas de ZnO/MT com MT = Fe, CoFe, NiFe. Este tipo de sistemas é importante por suas aplicações na spintrônica; cálculos teóricos em multicamadas de ZnO/Co fixando a espessura da camada do ZnO em 5 nm, mostram que estas estruturas podem ter até 100% de polarização de spin. As multicamadas com estrutura [ZnO(5nm)/MT(t)]x6 foram crescidas por magnetron sputtering variando a espessura do MT numa série de valores t = 0,3; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,0 nm. A estrutura cristalográfica foi analisada com um difratômetro de raios-X (DRX), revelando um crescimento preferencial no plano (002) do ZnO e mostrando um alargamento de linha e picos satélites. A topografia foi analisada com um microscópio de força atômica (AFM), e revela uma relação entre a espessura do MT com as imperfeições da superfície. A resposta magnética estática foi analisada com um magnetômetro de amostra vibrante (VSM) obtendo curvas de magnetização em função do campo (M vs. H) e curvas de magnetização em função da temperatura (M vs. T) pelo método de medidas de zero field cooling (ZFC) e field cooling (FC). As formas das curvas de histerese revelam a mudança da serie, de um filme com interação dipolar forte a um sistema de nanopartículas não interagentes dependendo da “concentração” do MT na multicamada; as medidas de ZFC/FC confirmam que a ordem ferromagnética é favorecida quanto maior é a espessura depositada do MT. A resposta magnética dinâmica foi analisada por espectroscopia de ressonância ferromagnética (FMR), e revela o decrescimento do campo de ressonância na serie, devido á anisotropia de forma, mostrando uma mudança do eixo fácil da magnetização do plano para a perpendicular. Análise química foi feita por espectroscopia de fotoemisão de raios-X, e revela a formação de fases mistas (íons) coexistindo com o MT; e por último medidas de transmitância revelam a existência de um pico plasmon na faixa de 250 – 340 nm. Estes picos de plasmon são característicos de sistemas dielétricos com nanopartículas. O tratamento térmico de 6000C por 2 horas em vácuo da multicamada [ZnO(5nm)/Fe(t)]x6 teve a finalidade de incrementar a espessura do semicondutor magnético diluído (SMDs) na multicamada, mediante a difusão do MT na rede do ZnO; estes sistemas revelam uma mudança nas suas propriedades estruturais e magnéticas e possivelmente o aparecimento do SMDs, devido a que seu comportamento magnético não corresponde a de um filme nem a de um sistema granular.<br>In this work we study the ferromagnetic behavior of a series of multilayer ZnO / MT with MT = Fe, CoFe, NiFe. Such systems are important for applications in spintronics: theoretical calculations in multilayer of ZnO/Co with fixed ZnO thickness of 5 nm show that these structures can have up to 100% spin polarization. The multilayers with structure of [ZnO (5nm) / MT (t)] x6 were grown by means of magnetron sputtering varying the thickness of the MT with the values of t = 0,3; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 and 1, 0 nm. The crystallographic structure is analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and the results revealed a preferential growth of ZnO along (002) plane, enlargement of the width of the peaks and existence of satellite peaks. The topography is analyzed with the atomic force microscope (AFM) and it reveals a relationship between the thicknesses of the MT layers and the surface imperfections. The static magnetic response was analyzed with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and magnetization curves as a function of field (M vs. H) and as a function of temperature (Mvs. T) using the zero field cooling measurements (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) were obtained. The shapes of hysteresis curves show the changes of a film with strong dipolar interactions to a system of non-interacting nanoparticles according to the "concentration" of MT in the multilayer. Measurements of ZFC / FC M-T curves confirm that the ferromagnetic order is favored in the samples with thicker deposited MT layers. The dynamic magnetic response was analyzed by ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FMR) and it shows the decrease of the resonance field in the series, which is due to the shape anisotropy, showing a change of the easy axis of magnetization from in plane to the perpendicular of the plane. The chemical analysis is done by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and the result shows the formation of mixed phases (ions) of the MT. Transmittance measurements reveal the existence of a peak of plasmon in the range of 250 to 340 nm. These peaks of plasmon are characteristic dielectric systems with nanoparticles. Heat treatment for the sample of [ZnO (5nm) / Fe (t)] x6 has been done at 600oC for 2 hours in vacuum in order to increase the thickness of diluted magnetic semiconductor (SMDs) layers in the multilayer system due to the diffusion process of MT atoms. These systems show changes in their structural and magnetic properties, which can be due to the appearance of SMDs since the magnetic behavior does not match to a film or to a granular system.

A motivação deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de modificar argilas com silano para substituírem argilas comerciais ou o carbonato de cálcio, uma carga tradicional utilizada na indústria automotiva, para evitar a contração térmica e diminuir a flamabilidade destes compósitos, sem comprometer as propriedades mecânicas do material final. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo a modificação de argilas minerais com silanos viniltrietoxisilano (VTES) e γ-metacriloxipropiltrimetoxi-silano (MPS), e seu uso em compósitos bi e tricomponentes, em comparação com aqueles preparados usando argilas comerciais (Cloisite® 30B e Cloisite® 15A). Compósitos tricomponentes contendo poliéster / fibra de vidro / argila foram também analisados em comparação com compósitos preparados com carbonato de cálcio. As argilas foram dispersadas em resina por agitação mecânica e sonificação e os compósitos foram preparados por moldagem por transferência de resina (RTM). A funcionalização da Cloisite®Na foi confirmada pelo aparecimento de bandas características na análise de infravermelho e o aumento do espaçamento basal. As vantagens em utilizar as argilas modificadas com silano quando comparadas com as argilas comerciais em compósitos bicomponentes podem ser sumarizadas em: mais elevado módulo de armazenamento e melhor adesão com a resina poliéster com consequente maior temperatura de deflexão térmica e efetividade do reforço em altas temperaturas. No entanto, nanocompósitos preparados com as argilas organomodificadas Cloisite® 30B e Cloisite® 15A apresentaram melhor dispersão (tendência à esfoliação) e volatilização térmica retardada devido ao efeito barreira. Nos compósitos tricomponentes, o coeficiente de expansão térmica apresentou valores reduzidos para as amostras contendo silano. A decomposição térmica de todos os compósitos ocorreu em temperaturas inferiores em atmosfera de ar, e seu comportamento diferiu daquele exposto em nitrogênio. Os compósitos contendo argila apresentaram melhor performance ao fogo, com menor duração e crescimento mais lento, e melhores propriedades mecânicas em relação àqueles preparados com a carga tradicional usada na indústria (carbonato de cálcio). Portanto, para futuros estudos, indica-se trabalhar com argila comercial Cloisite® 30B e esta modificada com silano MPS.<br>The motivation of this work was to verify the possibility of modifying clays with silane to replace commercial clays or calcium carbonate, which is an automotive industry traditional filler, in order to avoid thermal contraction and reduce the flammability of these composites without compromising the mechanical properties of the final material. In order to avoid agglomeration and improve the interaction of Cloisite® Na+ montmorillonite (Mt) with an unsaturated polyester matrix, this study focused on the modification of clay minerals with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) and γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) silanes, and their use in two- and three-component composites in comparison with those prepared using commercial clays (Cloisite® 30B and Cloisite® 15A). Three component composites of polyester/glass fiber/clay were also analyzed in comparison with composites prepared with calcium carbonate filler. Clays were dispersed in the resin by mechanical stirring and sonication and the composites were prepared by resin transfer molding (RTM). Functionalization of Cloisite®Na was confirmed by the appearance of characteristic bands in the infrared analysis and the increase in basal spacing. The advantages of using silane-modified clays compared with commercial organic-modified clays in two-component composites can be summarized as higher storage modulus and improved adhesion to the polyester resin with associated higher thermal deflection temperature and reinforcement effectiveness at higher temperatures. However, nanocomposites prepared with organic modified clays showed better dispersion (tendency to exfoliate) and consequently delayed thermal volatilization due to the clay barrier effect. In three-component composites, the coefficient of thermal expansion showed reduced values for silane-modified samples. All the composites decomposed at lower temperatures in air and their degradation behavior differed from those exposed to nitrogen. The composites with clays showed improved fire performance, with shorter fire duration and slower fire growth, along with better mechanical properties than those with traditional calcium carbonate filler. Therefore, MPS modified and non-modified commercial Cloisite® 30B are indicated in future studies.

Machine translation (MT) is experiencing a renaissance. On one hand, machine translation is becoming more common and used in ever larger scale, on the other hand many translators have an almost hostile attitude towards machine translation programs and those translators who use MT as a tool. Either it is assumed that the MT can never be as good as a human translation or machine translation is viewed as the ultimate enemy of the translator and as a job killer. The article discusses with various examples the limits and possibilities of machine translation. It demonstrates that machine translation can be better than human translations – even if they were made by experienced professional translators. The paper also reports the results of a test that showed that translation customers must expect that even well-known and expensive translation service providers deliver a quality that is on par with poor MT. Overall, it is argued that machine translation programs are no more and no less than an additional tool with which the translation industry can satisfy certain requirements. This abstract was also – as the entire article – automatically translated into English.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2009.<br>Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2010-03-09T20:04:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_AndreaAguiarAzevedo_orig.pdf: 6094022 bytes, checksum: c7b4010d5e6401c34a9fa50d6f3e6789 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Lucila Saraiva(lucilasaraiva1@gmail.com) on 2010-03-10T01:58:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_AndreaAguiarAzevedo_orig.pdf: 6094022 bytes, checksum: c7b4010d5e6401c34a9fa50d6f3e6789 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-10T01:58:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_AndreaAguiarAzevedo_orig.pdf: 6094022 bytes, checksum: c7b4010d5e6401c34a9fa50d6f3e6789 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-26<br>Mato Grosso, junto à opinião pública nacional e internacional, se destaca por ser considerado o estado com maior extensão de área desmatada nos últimos 15 anos (1992-2007) em decorrência do avanço da fronteira agropecuária. Esse fato, entre outros, gerou um mal estar político no estado e precipitou a descentralização de parte da política florestal em 1999, antes, sob a competência federal. Em 2000, foi criado o Sistema de Licenciamento Ambiental de Propriedades Rurais (SLAPR), que teve como novidade a utilização da tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto e do Sistema de Informações Geográficas no Licenciamento das Propriedades. Nesse trabalho, avaliaram-se os resultados dessa política, bem como o processo de seu desenvolvimento, a motivação e os conflitos de sua implementação num estado como o Mato Grosso, que também se destaca pela sua elevada produção agropecuária. O período de análise foi de 2000 a 2008. Percebe-se que, a despeito da descentralização, não houve um processo organizado de participação com a comunidade local para implementação e/ou modificação da política, qualificando-se como uma “descentralização centralizada” no corpo burocrático do estado. Sobre os resultados da política refletidos nos desmatamentos no estado, percebe-se que praticamente não houve diferença na quantidade de desmatamento dentro e fora do SLAPR nesse período, não fosse pela legalidade daqueles que ocorreram dentro do Sistema, fora das Reservas Legais. O pico dessa legalidade ocorreu em 2002, quando 71% dos desmatamentos acima de 200 hectares no estado foram autorizados. Esses resultados, além das diversas entrevistas realizadas com os atores envolvidos na formulação do SLAPR, atestam que havia um “projeto econômico” por trás da implementação do Sistema que, no limite, legitimaria a produção do estado, com a utilização de uma política ambiental “eficaz”. A tecnologia envolvida na política simbolizava ao mesmo tempo “controle do estado” e “transparência” diante do “mundo globalizado”, que precisava de garantias sobre a legalidade dos produtos oriundos no estado. Contudo, a partir de 2003, esse projeto econômico se interrompe, para dar lugar ao vertiginoso aumento de desmatamento que ocorreu no estado. A partir de então, os resultados da política se mostram deficitários em diversos aspectos, já que a legalidade dos desmatamentos autorizados pela SEMA chega a 4% do total realizado no estado em 2007. Essa dificuldade de compreensão desse projeto econômico pelo setor produtivo e pelo novo governo do estado, a partir de 2003, refletiu negativamente no SLAPR e expôs de forma mais veemente os conflitos em torno da conservação das áreas privadas no estado. Os principais conflitos acontecem em torno do passivo ambiental existente e da quantidade de Reserva Legal em área de floresta e, para tentar solucionálos, o governo do estado cria, em 2008, uma lei – o Mato Grosso Legal – que divide o SLAPR em duas partes, prorrogando a legalização dos passivos da Reserva Legal. Esse novo “projeto econômico” (de adequação) supera o anterior quando não só legitima a produção, mas também a forma de ocupação do estado. A ideia é “regularizar” todas as propriedades rurais do estado da forma como elas estão, mesmo as que foram desflorestadas ilegalmente após 2000. A política ambiental, portanto, se transforma numa “política de adequação” aos interesses dos grupos hegemônicos, dentro de uma abordagem de Desenvolvimento Sustentável retórico, utilizado como ideologia na justificação e legitimação dessa forma de produção, além de ser utilizada como instrumento de busca de consenso em torno da “hegemonia ambiental” pelo agronegócio. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>Mato Grosso continues to be a must in the domestic and foreign media since it has been considered the Brazilian state with the largest deforested area in the last 15 years (1992-2007) due to the enlargement of the agribusiness field. This fact, among others, has generated a political discomfort in the state and it has generated a process of decentralization of part of the foresting policy in 1999, previously conducted by the federal government. In 2000, the Rural Proprieties Environmental Licensing System (SLAPR, in Portuguese) was created, and it brought out the use of remote sensor technology as well as a geographical information system in proprieties licensing. For some time, the results of such policy were analyzed along with its development process, the reasons and conflicts for its use in the state of Mato Grosso, which is also known for its high cattle raising production. The period of analysis was from 2000 to 2008. It was clear that, despite decentralization, there was not an organized process of participation with the local community in order to implement and/or modify such policy, becoming a “centralized decentralization” in the bureaucratic body of the state. As to the result of the policy reflected in the deforestation rates in the state, it was plain to see that there was no difference in the amount of deforestation inside and outside SLAPR during this time, except those legal cases that occurred in the system, outside the legal reserves. The top of such legal affair occurred in 2002, when 71% of the deforestation above 200 hectares in the state was authorized. These results, and the interviews with the people involved in the creation of the SLAPR, show that there was an “economical plan” behind the implementation of the system that, somehow, would legitimate the production of the state, by means of an “effective” environmental policy. The technology involved in the policy symbolized both “state control” and “transparency” to the “globalized world”, which demanded guarantees over the legal origin of the products from the state. However, from 2003 on, this economical project ceased, leaving ground to the grand increase in the deforestation rate in the state. Since then, the policy results have been defective in many aspects, since the legal condition in the deforestation rate authorized by SEMA reached 4% of the total carried out in the state in 2007. Such difficulty in understanding this economical project by the productive sector and the new state government staff, from 2003 on, caused a negative reaction in the SLAPR and exposed more accurately the conflicts over the conservation of private areas in the state. The main conflicts occurred over the existing environmental liabilities and the quantity of legal reserves in forest areas and, to try to solve it, the state government created, in 2008, a law – the Legal Mato Grosso – that divides SLAPR in two sections, postponing the official acceptance of the legal reserves liabilities. This new “economical project” (of adaptation) exceeds the previous one because it not only legitimates the production but also the occupation style of the state. The idea is to “make official” every state rural property the way they are now, even those that were illegally deforested after the year 2000. The environmental policy has become an “adaptation policy” to the interests of hegemonic groups, in an approach of rhetorical sustainable development, used as an ideology to justify and legitimate such form of production, and it is also used as a means to reach consensus over the “environmental hegemony” generated by agribusiness. _______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMÉ<br>Le Mato Grosso, d’après l’opinion publique nationale et internationale, se distingue comme l’état avec la plus grande déforestation depuis les 15 dernières années (1992 – 2007) en conséquence de l’expansion de l’agriculture et de l’élevage. Ce fait, entre autres a provoqué un malaise politique dans l’état, et a acceleré la décentralisation d’une partie de la politique de déboisement en 1999 qui, au paravant était sous la compétence féderale. En 2002 fut crée le « Sistema de Licenciment de l’environnement des proprietésd rurales » (SLAPR), qui a eu comme nouveauté l’utilisation de La téchnologie de « Sensoriamento Remoto » et du Système d’ informations Geografiques dans Le licencencement des Proprietés. Dans ce travail ont été evalués les résultats de cette politique, aussi bien que le processus de son développement, la motivation et les conflits de son implantation dans un état comme le Mato Grosso, qui par ailleurs se détache par la production agricole et l’ élevage. La periode d’étude a été de 2000 à 2008. On aperçoit que malgré la décentralisation, il n’a pas été organisé un processus de participation de la communauté locale pour l ‘implantation et/ou la modification de la politique, qualifiée comme une « décentralisation centralisée » dans l’administration de l’état. Concernant les résultats de la politique qui se reflètent dans la déforestation de l’état on aperçoit qu’il n’y pratiquement pas eu de différences dans la quantité de déboisément à l’interieur et en dehors du SLAPR pendant cette période, excepté par la légalité de celles qui ont eu lieu dans le Système, en dehors des Réserves Legales. Le point maximum/ le plus haut de cette legalité s’est passé en 2002, lorsque 71% de déforestation au dessus de 200 hectares a été autorisée dans l’état. Ces résultats, en plus des diverses interviews realisés avec les auteurs impliqués dans la formulation du SLAPR, attestent qu’il y avait un « projet économique » derrière l’implantation du Système qui, bien qu’à la limite, légitimisait la production de l’état, avec l’utilisation d’une politique environnementale « efficace ». La technologie impliquée dans la politique symbolise en même temps « contrôle de l’état » et « transparence » face au « monde globalisé » qui avait besoin de garanties pour la légalité des produits venus de l’état. Cependant, à partir de 2003, ce projet économique c’est interrompu pour faire place à l’augmentation vertigineuse de la déforestation qui a eu lieu dans l’état. A partir de ce moment, les résultats de la politique se présentent déficitaires dans divers aspects, déjà que la legalité du déboisement autorisée par la SEMA arrive à 4% du total réalisé dans l’état en 2007. Cette difficulté de compréhension de ce projet économique par le secteur produtif et par le nouveau gouvernement de l’état, à partir de 2003, s’est relevé négativement dans le SLAPR et a plus fortement exposé les conflits à l’égard de la conservation des espaces privés dans l’état. Les conflits les plus importants se passent à l’égard des dettes existant dans l’environnement, et de la quantité de Réserve Legale dans la forêt, et pour essayer de trouver des solutions, le gouvernement de l‘état a créé, en 2008, une loi – Le Mato Grosso Legal – qui sépare le SLAPR en deux parties, en prolongeant la legislation des reserves légales. Ce nouveau projet économique» (d’adéquation) dépasse le précedent non seulement dans ce qui concerne la legitimité de la production, mais aussi la façon d’occuper l’état. L’idée est de « régulariser» toutes les propriétés rurales de l’état comme elles sont, y compris celles qui ont été déboisées illegalement après 2000. La politique environnementale se transforme en une « politique d’adéquation » à l’interêt des groupes hégémoniques, d’après um abordage de Développement Durable rhétorique, utilisé comme idéologie de justification et légitimation de cette forme de production, en plus d’être utilisé comme un instrument de recherche de consensus autour de « l’hégémonie environnementale » par les affaires agraires. _______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN<br>Mato Grosso, en el contexto de la opinión pública nacional e internacional, se destaca por estar considerada la mayor extensión de área deforestada en los últimos 15 años (1992-2007) con el transcurso del avance de la frontera agraria ganadera. Este hecho entre otros, generó un mal estar político en el estado y precipitó la descentralización por parte de la política forestal en 1999, antes, perteneciente a la competencia federal. En 2000, fue creado el Sistema de Licenciamiento Ambiental de Propiedades Rurales (SLAPR) que tuvo como novedad la utilización de la tecnología de Sensoriamiento Remoto y del Sistema de Informaciones Geográficas en el licenciamiento de las propiedades. En este trabajo, se evaluarán los resultados de esta política, así como el proceso de subdesarrollo, la motivación y los conflictos de su implementación en un estado como es Mato Grosso, que también se destaca por su producción agraria ganadera. El período de análisis fue desde 2000 a 2008. Se percibe, respecto a la descentralización, que no tuvo un proceso organizado de participación de la comunidad local para la implementación de modificaciones, denominada como uma “descentralización centralizada” en el cuerpo burocrático del estado. Sobre el estado de la política reflexiva en las deforestaciones en Mato Grosso, se percibió que prácticamente no hubo diferencia em la cualidad de deforestación dentro y fuera de SLAPR en este periodo, no por la legalidad de los que sucedieron dentro del sistema, si no fuera de la Reservas Legales. El punto álgido de esta legalidad ocurrió en 1992, cuando 71% de las más de 2000 hectáreas en el estado fueron autorizadas. Los resultados, además de las entrevistas realizadas con actores envueltos en la formulación del SLAPR, afirman que existía un “proyecto económico” detrás de la implementación del Sistema, hasta que se legalizara la producción del estado, con la utilización de una política ambiental “eficaz”. La tecnologia involucrada en la política simbolizaba al mismo tiempo “el control del estado” y “la transparência delante del mundo globalizado”, que estaría necesitando garantías para la legalidad de los productos oriundos en el estado de Mato Grosso. Sin embargo, a partir de 2003, este proyecto económico se interrumpe, para dar lugar a la vertiginosa deforestación que sucede en el estado. A partir de entonces, los resultados de la política muestran un déficit en diversos aspectos, ya que la legalidad de las deforestaciones autorizadas por SEMA llega al 4% del total realizado en el estado en 2007. La dificultad de comprensión de este proyecto económico por el sector productivo y por el nuevo gobierno del estado, a partir de 2003, retrocedió negativamente en SLAPR y expuso de la forma más enérgica los conflictos en torno de la conservación de las áreas privadas en el estado. Los principales conflictos suceden en torno de la inercia ambiental existente y de la cantidad de Reserva Legal en el área de floresta y, para intentar solucionarlos, el gobierno de este estado crea, en 2008, una ley –Mato Grosso Legal - que divide el SLAPR en dos partes, prorrogando la legalización de los pasivos RL. Este nuevo “proyecto económico” (de adaptación) supera al anterior no solamente en la legítima producción, como también en la forma de ocupación del estado. La idea es “regularizar” todas las propiedades rurales del estado conforme ellas están, hasta las que fueron deforestadas ilegalmente después de 2000. La política ambiental se transforma en una “ política de adaptación” a los intereses de los grupos de supremacía, dentro de una aproximación de Desarrollo Sustentable elocuente, utilizando como ideología la justa y auténtica forma de producción, además de ser utilizada como instrumento de búsqueda de concordancia de ideas en torno de la “supremacía ambiental” por el agro-negocio.

Orientadores: Roberto Perez Xavier, Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho, Jayme Alfredo Dexheimer Leite<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaesdeBarros_AntonioJoao_D.pdf: 13753407 bytes, checksum: 7829bac6dd90368a6cdfb200a9c0c0db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007<br>Resumo: A Província Aurífera Alta Floresta (PAAF) localiza-se na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico. Dentro desta província a região de Peixoto de Azevedo - Novo Mundo tem se constituído no principal distrito produtor de ouro. Nessa região, ortognáisses tonalíticos do embasamento forneceram idades que variam de 2816 ±4 Ma (Pb-Pb evaporação), em zircões de paleossoma, a 1984 ±7 Ma (U-Pb zircão), além de TDM = 2,62 Ga e ?Nd (1984 ) = ¿4,35. Esses dados evidenciam a presença de um embasamento heterogêneo e de caráter predominantemente crustal para essas rochas. A idade arqueana é correlacionável ao embasamento da Província Amazônia Central (Complexo Xingu) e a idade paleoproterozóica marca um episódio de retrabalhamento. Com base nas relações de campo, geoquímica e geocronologia, cinco corpos graníticos foram individualizados na região de estudo: Novo Mundo, Nhandu, Peixoto, Santa Helena Antigo e Santa Helena Jovem. O Granito Novo Mundo tem composição de sienogranito- monzogranitomonzonito, é sub-alcalino a cálcio -alcalino, levemente peraluminoso e com médio a alto potássio. Idades Pb-Pb entre 1970 ±3 Ma e 1964 ±1 Ma foram obtidas para o monzogranito e sienogranito, respectivamente. O monzonito foi datado por SHRIMP (U-Pb em zircão), revelando uma idade de 1956 ±12 Ma. O sienogranito apresenta idade TDM = 2,76 Ga e ?Nd (1964) = -7,62, enquanto o monzonito TDM =2,55 Ga e ?Nd (1956) = -4,58. O Granito Nhandu, constituído principalmente por biotita monzogranito, é peraluminoso a metaluminoso, de médio potássio e natureza cálcioalcalina, e idade de cristalização estimada em 1848 ±17 Ma (U-Pb em zircão). O Granito Peixoto é representado por monzogranito, granodiorito e tonalito, com biotita e hornblenda, sendo metaluminoso a levemente peraluminoso, de médio potássio e natureza cálcio -alcalina. Datação Pb-Pb por evaporação de zircão forneceu uma idade de 1792 ±2 Ma. A ocorrência restrita de terrenos gnáissicos de idade Arqueana com intrusões de granitos tardi a pós-tectônicos de idades > 1,95 Ga e TDM >2,4 Ga, evidenciam eventos de geração de crosta mais antiga que os definidos para a Província Ventuari-Tapajós (1,95-1,8 Ga e TDM entre 2,2 a 1,9 Ga). As mineralizações auríferas da região de Peixoto de Azevedo - Novo Mundo compreendem os seguintes estilos: (i) filões sinuosos, extensos, em milonitos formados ao longo de zonas de cisalhamentos dúctil; (ii) disseminadaa nos granitos Novo Mundo e Santa Helena Jovem (1967±3 Ma); e (iii) veios de quartzo e stockwork alojados em granitos do tipo Nhandu e Peixoto. O granito Novo Mundo é um marco temporal para mineralizações de ouro disseminado na PAAF, tendo como exemplo o depósito Novo Mundo (alvo Luizão). A mineralização nesse depósito constitui-se de quartzo (5-20%), sericita (40-50 %), clorita (5-20 %) e pirita (5-35 %). O granito Santa Helena Antigo (GSHA - 1986 ± 6 Ma) e o granito Santa Helena Jovem (GSHJ - 1967 ± 3 Ma) são os principais hospedeiros da mineralização aurífera do depósito de Santa Helena. Ambos são cálcio-alcalinos, de médio a alto K. Dois tipos de mineralização ocorrem nesse depósito hospedadas preferencialmente no GSHJ: filão de quartzo com bandas de pirita em rochas miloníticas; venular (minério granítico) com sulfetos (pirita ± calcopirita ± galena) e sulfossais (Bi+S+Cu±Ag±Te±Se±Mo±Pb). Tanto o sistema hidrotermal de Novo Mundo, como o do GSHJ assemelham-se em vários aspectos aos sistemas hidrotermais auríferos associados a rochas intrusivas (Intrusion Related Gold Deposits)<br>Abstract: The Alta Floresta Auriferous Province (MT) is located in the south of the Amazonian Craton. Within this province, the Peixoto de Azevedo-Novo Mundo region has been one of the main gold- producing district. In this region, basement gneisses yielded ages varying from 2816 ± 4 Ma (Pb-Pb zircon), in paleossoma, to 1984 ±7 Ma (U-Pb zircon), as well as TDM = 2.62 Ga and ?Nd (1984)= ¿4,35. These data suggest the occurrence of an heterogeneous basement which formed predominantly by crustal-sourced rocks. The Archean age is correlated with the basement (Xingu Complex) of the Central Amazonian Province, whereas the Paleoproterozoic age marks an episode of reworking. On the basis of field relationships, geochemistry and geochronology, five granite suites have been recognized in the region and coined as Novo Mundo, Nhandu, Peixoto, Santa Helena Antigo e Santa Helena Jovem. The Novo Mundo Granite is sub-alkaline to calcalkaline, slightly peraluminous, with medium to high potassium, and shows compositions of syenogranite- monzogranite- monzonite. The syenogranite yielded a Pb-Pb age of 1964 Ma, whereas the monzogranite an age of 1970 Ma. The monzonite dated by SHRIMP (U-Pb zircon) displayed an age of 1956 Ma. The syenogranite presented TDM=2,76 Ga and ?Nd(1964) = -7,62, whereas the monzonite yielded TDM=2,55 Ga and ?Nd (1956) = -4,58. The Nhandu granite is dominated by biotite monzogranite and is commonly calc-alkaline, metaluminous to peraluminous and with medium potassium. The age of the Nhandu biotite monzogranite was defined at 1848±17 Ma (U-Pb on zircon). The Peixoto granite is represented by isotropic, equigranular to porphyritic biotite monzogranite, hornblende-biotite granodiorite and biotite tonalite of calc-alkaline nature, slightly peraluminous to metaluminous and with medium potassium. A Pb-Pb zircon age of 1792 ±2 Ma was obtained for the biotite monzogranite. The occurrence of restricted gneisses of Archean age intruded by late to post tectonic Paleoproterozoic granite suites with ages > 1.95 Ga and TDM > 2.4 Ga, suggest that crustal generation in the region may have locally taken place at ages older than previously defined for the Ventuari- Tapajós Province (1.95-1.8 Ga and TDM of 2.2-1.9 Ga).The gold deposits hosted by the granitic and gneissic terranes of the Peixoto de Azevedo - Novo Mundo region comprise the following styles: (i) lodes in milonites along shears zones; (ii) disseminated, particularly in the Novo Mundo and Santa Helena Jovem granites (1.967±3 Ma); and (iii) quartz veins and stockworks hosted by the Nhandu and Peixoto granites. The Novo Mundo granite is an important temporal marker for disseminated gold mineralization in the Alta Floresta Province, having as example the Novo Mundo gold deposit (Luizão Prospect). The mineralization consists of quartz (5-20%), sericite (40- 50%), chlorite (5- 20%) and pyrite (5- 35%). The Santa Helena Antigo granite (1986 ± 6 Ma) and the Santa Helena Jovem granite (1967 ± 3 Ma) are the main hosts of the Santa Helena gold deposit. Both are calc-alkaline, medium to high K. The Santa Helena gold deposit comprises two types of mineralization: auriferous quartz lodes with pyrite and mylonite rock bands; vein systems (granitic ore) with sulfides (pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± galena) and sulfosalts (Bi+S+Cu±Ag±Te±Se±Me ±Pb), hosted preferentially by the Santa Helena Jovem granite. Both the Novo Mundo and the Santa Helena gold deposits reveal a series of similarities to Intrusion Related Gold Systems<br>Doutorado<br>Metalogenese<br>Doutor em Geociências

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2009.<br>Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2011-05-22T11:14:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_NathandosSantosDebortoli.pdf: 16619796 bytes, checksum: 5e3ab283e87f3f07fc5d880e359bfa2c (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza(jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2011-05-23T00:42:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_NathandosSantosDebortoli.pdf: 16619796 bytes, checksum: 5e3ab283e87f3f07fc5d880e359bfa2c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-23T00:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_NathandosSantosDebortoli.pdf: 16619796 bytes, checksum: 5e3ab283e87f3f07fc5d880e359bfa2c (MD5)<br>As mudanças climáticas antrópicas ainda pouco compreendidas causam alterações nos regimes atmosféricos globais, levando diversos países a enfrentar problemas sociais, ambientais e econômicos. O Brasil, grande exportador de grãos e fortemente dependente da agricultura, poderá sofrer perdas significativas em suas áreas de produção, com o aumento das temperaturas e o decréscimo das precipitações. Nos últimos vinte anos, a política fundiária e as iniciativas privadas no estado do Mato Grosso têm convertido a cobertura florestal de seu território para diversas culturas e atividades agrícolas. Essas modificações podem trazer conseqüências no ciclo hidrológico em escala local, regional e global. O estudo das séries históricas de dados pluviométricos dos últimos 30 anos, aliado às interpretações de imagens de satélite quanto as mudanças do uso da terra, é de grande importância para verificar as tendências das precipitações em áreas altamente antropizadas, como o caso da rodovia BR-163 no norte do estado do Mato Grosso. A análise da pesquisa limita-se a comparação de uma área controle - região pouco desmatada ou alterada - no noroeste do Estado do Mato Grosso, e uma área antropizada pela frente pioneira, ao norte da BR-163 também no estado do Mato Grosso. Com o cruzamento dos dados de uso do solo (índice NDVI de vegetação) e de precipitações (estações pluviométricas nas regiões citadas) por meio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento (imagens LANDSAT 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007) e geoestatística, métodos interpoladores (Inverso Ponderado da Distancia - IDW e Krigeagem ordinária), são analisadas as tendências dos últimos 30 anos do ciclo hidrológico no norte do estado. Destarte essa informação se torna crucial no entendimento das inter-relações do uso do solo com o clima regional e local, assim como suas conseqüências para a sustentabilidade (econômica, social e ambiental) no estado. _________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>Anthropogenic climate change still poorly understood cause changes in global weather systems, leading several countries to cope with social, environmental and economic issues. Brazil a major exporter of grains and heavily dependent on agriculture may suffer significant losses in areas of production, with increasing temperature and decrease in rainfall rates. In the last twenty years the land policy and private initiatives in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso have converted forest into several crops and agricultural activities. These changes could cause severe consequences to the hydrological cycle at local, regional and global level. The study of historical rainfall data for the past 30 years, concurrently with interpretations of satellite imagery as well as changes of land use, is of great importance to confirm the trends of precipitation in areas highly affected by anthropogenic activities, as the case of BR - 163 in the state of Mato Grosso. The analysis of the research is limited to a comparison of a control area (non deforested) in the northwestern part of Mato Grosso, with a pioneer front area (deforested with intense land use) in the north portion of BR-163 in Mato Grosso. With the crossing of land use data NDVI (vegetation index), deforestation and meteorological stations (rainfall) by remote sensing tools and geo-statistics methods (LANDSAT images from 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007)(IDW and Ordinary Kriging) the 30 years range of hydrological cycle in the northern state is addressed. Therefore, this information is crucial to understand the interrelationship of land use with regional climate and its consequences for the four pillars of sustainable development.

ศึกษาปัญหาการจองช่องสัญญาณที่ใช้โทเค็นหลายอันสำหรับโพรโทคอลควบคุมการเข้าถึงตัวกลางในระบบสื่อสารไร้สายความเร็วสูง เทคนิคการจองช่องสัญญาณที่นำเสนอมี 3 เทคนิคคือ MT-CFP, MT-UNI และ MT-UNI+LA หลักการพื้นฐานที่สำคัญซึ่งนำมาใช้ในการพัฒนาเทคนิคที่เสนอประกอบด้วย การใช้ค่าความน่าจะเป็นในการจองแบบค่าคงที่ การเลือกสล็อตการจองอย่างสุ่ม และการจำกัดจำนวน เทคนิคทั้งหมดที่เสนอได้รับการออกแบบให้เหมาะสมโดยเฉพาะสำหรับระบบที่เวลาประวิงการแพร่กระจายครบรอบ (Round-trip propagation delay) ยาวกว่าเวลาประวิงการส่งสัญญาณ (Transmission delay) สมรรถนะของเทคนิคแต่ละเทคนิคที่เสนอถูกประเมินในรูปของจำนวนผู้ใช้บริการโดยเฉลี่ยที่ประสบความสำเร็จ ในการจองภายใต้ข้อกำหนดของระบบที่แตกต่างกันหลากหลายลักษณะ โดยการปรับเปลี่ยนจำนวนผู้ใช้บริการจำนวนสล็อตการจอง และจำนวนโทเค็นการจอง การประเมินสมรรถนะของระบบอาศัยการวิเคราะห์ทางคณิตศาสตร์เป็นหลัก ชุดสมการที่ได้พัฒนาขึ้นสามารถให้ผลลัพธ์เป็นพารามิเตอร์ที่เหมาะสมกับระบบ พร้อมทั้งนำเสนอแนวการวิเคราะห์ทางคณิตศาสตร์และสูตรการประมาณจำนวนโทเค็นที่เหมาะสมในระบบต่างๆ ซึ่งถือได้ว่าเป็นพารามิเตอร์ที่มีความสำคัญอย่างมากต่อสมรรถนะของเทคนิคที่ใช้โทเค็นหลายอัน ผลการวิเคราะห์สมรรถนะของเทคนิคการจองที่นำเสนอได้นำไปเปรียบเทียบกับเทคนิคเดิมซึ่งเป็นเทคนิคที่ใช้โทเค็นเพียง 1 อัน ได้แก่ CFP, UNI และ UNI+LA พบว่าเทคนิคที่ถูกพัฒนาขึ้นทั้งหมดมีสมรรถนะเหนือกว่าเทคนิคที่มีอยู่เดิม โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในสภาวะที่โหลดของระบบมีค่าน้อยถึงปานกลาง

This report presents an analysis of the threat posed by active volcanoes in Canada and outlines directives to bring Canadian volcano monitoring and research into alignment with global best practices. We analyse 28 Canadian volcanoes in terms of their relative threat to people, aviation and infrastructure. The methodology we apply to assess volcanic threat was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the 2005 National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS). Each volcano is scored on a number of hazard and exposure factors, producing an overall threat score. The overall threat scores are then assigned to five threat categories ranging from Very Low to Very High. We adjusted the methodology slightly to better suit Canadian volcano conditions by adding an additional knowledge uncertainty score; this does not affect the threat scoring or ranking. Our threat assessment places two volcanoes into the Very High threat category (Mt. Meager and Mt. Garibaldi). Three Canadian volcanoes score in the High threat category (Mt. Cayley, Mt. Price and Mt. Edziza) and two volcanoes score in the Moderate threat category (the Nass River group and Mt. Silverthrone). We compare the ranked Canadian volcanoes to similarly scored volcanoes in the USA and assess the current levels of volcano monitoring against internationally recognised monitoring strategies. We find that even the most thoroughly-studied volcano in Canada (Mt. Meager) falls significantly short of the recommended monitoring level (Mt. Meager is currently monitored at a level commensurate with a Very Low threat edifice, according to NVEWS recommendations). All other Canadian volcanoes are unmonitored (other than falling within a regional seismic network emplaced to monitor tectonic earthquakes). Based on the relative threat and scientific uncertainty surrounding some Canadian volcanoes, we outline five strategies to improve volcano monitoring in Canada and lower the uncertainty about eruption style and frequency: installation of real-time seismic stations at all Very High and High threat volcanoes, comprehensive lithofacies studies at Mt. Garibaldi in order to reduce uncertainty surrounding the frequency and style of volcanism, hazard mapping at Mt. Garibaldi and Mt. Cayley and publication of existing hazard analyses and mapping for Mt. Meager as a comprehensive hazard map, regular satellite-based ground deformation monitoring at all Very High to Moderate threat edifices, and, finally, installation of a landslide detection and alerting system at Mt. Meager.

This report presents an analysis of the threat posed by active volcanoes in Canada and outlines directives to bring Canadian volcano monitoring and research into alignment with global best practices. We analyse 28 Canadian volcanoes in terms of their relative threat to people, aviation and infrastructure. The methodology we apply to assess volcanic threat was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the 2005 National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS). Each volcano is scored on a number of hazard and exposure factors, producing an overall threat score. The overall threat scores are then assigned to five threat categories ranging from Very Low to Very High. We adjusted the methodology slightly to better suit Canadian volcano conditions by adding an additional knowledge uncertainty score; this does not affect the threat scoring or ranking. Our threat assessment places two volcanoes into the Very High threat category (Mt. Meager and Mt. Garibaldi). Three Canadian volcanoes score in the High threat category (Mt. Cayley, Mt. Price and Mt. Edziza) and two volcanoes score in the Moderate threat category (the Nass River group and Mt. Silverthrone). We compare the ranked Canadian volcanoes to similarly scored volcanoes in the USA and assess the current levels of volcano monitoring against internationally recognised monitoring strategies. We find that even the most thoroughly-studied volcano in Canada (Mt. Meager) falls significantly short of the recommended monitoring level (Mt. Meager is currently monitored at a level commensurate with a Very Low threat edifice, according to NVEWS recommendations). All other Canadian volcanoes are unmonitored (other than falling within a regional seismic network emplaced to monitor tectonic earthquakes). Based on the relative threat and scientific uncertainty surrounding some Canadian volcanoes, we outline five strategies to improve volcano monitoring in Canada and lower the uncertainty about eruption style and frequency: installation of real-time seismic stations at all Very High and High threat volcanoes, comprehensive lithofacies studies at Mt. Garibaldi in order to reduce uncertainty surrounding the frequency and style of volcanism, hazard mapping at Mt. Garibaldi and Mt. Cayley and publication of existing hazard analyses and mapping for Mt. Meager as a comprehensive hazard map, regular satellite-based ground deformation monitoring at all Very High to Moderate threat edifices, and, finally, installation of a landslide detection and alerting system at Mt. Meager.

IMprovisational Tinkering (MT) emphasizes the creative, improvisational nature of problem solving that is the hallmark of MT as an educative, inquiry-based practice in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. Broadly, Improvisational Tinkering refers to the skill involved in Computational Thinking (CT) refers to MT and CT align with the aspirations of the Singapore education system. The school Science curricula places, at the heart of its curricula framework, the learners to apply themselves meaningfully in the new digital age.