Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mucor circinelloides'
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Jackson, Frances Mary. "Lipid biosynthesis in Mucor circinelloides." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319098.
Full textSilva, Cinthya Barbosa da. "Valorização biotecnológica do glicerol residual do biodiesel para produção de biomassa e lipídeo unicelular (sco) por mucor circinelloides ucp 050 isolado de manguezal." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1016.
Full textGlycerol (also known as glycerin) is an important by-product in the process of manufacture of biodiesel, corresponding to 10% of the by-product formed in the reaction of transesterificação of this biofuel. The purification costs of raw glycerol is high and disables its use in the industries of foods, druggs, and cosmetics. Thus, several methods of reuse of residual glycerol have been attemped, including combustion, anaerobic digestion, animal food, as well as its biological conversion in products of aggregate value. Moreover, the establishment of a dynamics of related technological innovation and scientific development to the glycerin as a possible raw material for the microbial biotechnological processes are of great importance. In this study the effects of the residual glycerin of biodiesel were evaluated on the growth, biomass production, morphology, oxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase; gluthation-S-Transferase and catalase, lipid peroxidation, production of lipids and fatty acid of Mucor circinelloides. The results revealed alterations in all parameters tested. The glycerin presence in culture medium induced increase in cellular growth and biomass compared to growth in glucose and pure glycerol. The residue metabolization is a viable alternative for exceeding glycerin produced for production of biomass, lipids and antioxidant enzymes, pointing the industrial and biotechnological potential application of the isolate. Moreover, the ability of use of the by-product also can be applied as substrate for biodiesel production.
Li, Yonghua. "A biochemical and molecular study of lipid biosynthesis in Mucor circinelloides." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395508.
Full textAidil, bin Abdul Hamid Aidil Bin Abdul. "The biochemistry of lipid accumulation in Mucor circinelloides and Mortierella alpina." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8031.
Full textTrieu, Trung Anh. "Identifying components of the non-Canonical RNA silencing mechanism in Mucor circinelloides = Identificación de componentes del mecanismo no canónico de silenciamiento mediado por RNA en Mucor circinelloides." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/308346.
Full textThe increasing knowledge on the functional relevance of endogenous small RNAs (esRNAs) as riboregulators has stimulated the identification and characterization of these molecules in numerous eukaryotes. In the basal fungus Mucor circinelloides, an emerging opportunistic human pathogen, esRNAs that regulate the expression of many protein coding genes have been described. These esRNAs share common machinery for their biogenesis consisting of an RNase III endonuclease Dicer, a single Argonaute protein and two RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Besides participating in this canonical dicer-dependent RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, the M. circinelloides rdrp genes are involved in the production of a novel dicer-independent esRNA class, which showed a very strong strand bias, being exclusively sense to the mRNAs, and a random spread of size distribution, suggesting that they are degradation products of endogenous mRNAs. The overall objective of this thesis is to characterize this putative mRNA degradation pathway, identify the RNase involved and use the Mucor silencing mechanisms for whole-genome functional analysis. These global objectives are specified in the following: Objectives: i) Functional analysis of the rdrp-dependent dicer-independent pathway in the regulation of gene expression. ii) In silico identification of M. circinelloides candidate RNases to be involved in the dicer-independent degradation pathway. iii) Functional studies of the candidate genes in the production of rdrp-dependent dicer-independent esRNAs. iv) Construction of genomic libraries for functional analysis by knocking-down genes using silencing vectors to identify M. circinelloides sequences with putative roles in pathogenesis. v) Generation of null mutants for each candidate gene to confirm the phenotype and investigate their roles in Mucor pathogenesis. Methods: in vivo and in vitro genetic manipulations were used to analyze gene functions. These include methods to isolate, amplify and analyze the expression of specific genes and genetic transformation of living cells. Genomic DNA libraries were constructed in silencing vectors containing dual promoters for whole-genome functional analysis and identification of candidate genes with a possible role in Mucor pathogenesis. Phenotypic analyses were used to evaluate the functions of candidate genes in growth, morphogenesis and virulence of this fungus. Results: Expression analysis demonstrated that the new rdrp-dependent dicer-independent pathway regulates gene expression by promoting the specific degradation of mRNAs by a previously unknown RNase. This pathway mainly regulates conserved genes involved in metabolism and cellular processes and signaling, such as those required for heme biosynthesis, and controls responses to specific environmental signals. Searching the Mucor genome for candidate RNases to participate in this pathway, and functional analysis of the corresponding knockout mutants identified a new protein, R3B2, which is only found in basal fungi. This RNase III-like protein participates in both the rdrp-dependent dicer-independent non-canonical pathway and the canonical dicer-dependent RNAi pathway, highlighting its crucial role in the biogenesis and function of regulatory esRNAs. RNAi was applied to carry out whole-genome functional analysis in Mucor. Two RNAi-based genomic libraries were constructed. Introduction of these libraries into M. circinelloides identified several transformants with abnormal phenotypes. Silencing and molecular analyses demonstrated that two specific genes were responsible for the phenotypic alterations. Phenotypic analyses of the corresponding disruption mutants revealed the role of those genes in M. circinelloides morphogenesis and pathogenesis. Conclusions: A novel non-canonical RNA silencing mechanism promoting mRNA degradation in M. circinelloides has been identified and characterized. This pathway is rdrp-dependent dicer-independent and regulates gene expression by degrading specific mRNAs. The RNase involved in this pathway, R3B2, presents unique domain architecture and it is also involved in the canonical dicer-dependent RNAi pathway. Our results expand the role of RdRPs in gene silencing and reveal the involvement of these proteins in a new RNA degradation process that could represent the first step in the evolution of RNAi. A new approach for large-scale functional genomics using RNAi has been successful developed in M. circinelloides. Two genes that participate in Mucor morphogenesis have been identified. Gene mcmyo5 encodes a Myosin class V protein that plays an essential role in Mucor morphogenesis and pathogenesis. Gene mcclasp encodes a CLASP protein, which is also involved in morphogenesis, but does not play any significant role in Mucor pathogenesis.
Silva, Franco Fátima. "Regulación de las respuestas a la luz en el hongo mucor circinelloides." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/124096.
Full textIntroduction Light regulates many developmental and physiological processes in a large number of organisms. Most light responses studied in fungi require blue-light photoreceptors similar to Wc-1 of Neurospora crassa. The best-known light response in the fungus Mucor circinelloides is the biosynthesis of β-carotene. In this organism, CrgA, a protein that shows characteristics of ubiquitin ligases, represses carotenogenesis in the dark and affects also other cellular processes, like sporulation or vegetative growth. Objectives The main goal of this thesis was to study light transduction pathways in fungi, specifically photocarotenogenesis and phototropism responses, using M. circinelloides as a model. The main objective was divided in the following specific objectives: 1. Identification and isolation of wc-1 genes in M. circinelloides. 2. Characterization of photocarotenogenesis and phototropic responses. 3. Generation of knockout mutants of each wc-1 gene in M. circinelloides and analysis of their phenotypes. 4. Generation of double knockout mutants of crgA and each wc-1 gene and analysis of their phenotypes. Methods The most complete molecular toolset in zygomycetes is available in M. circinelloides. The photocarotenogenesis response has been studied in this organism and there are several mutants available in structural and regulatory genes of the biosynthesis of carotenes. A bacteriophage λ genomic library of M. circinelloides and Southern blots were used to identify and clone the three wc-1 genes of M. circinelloides (mcwc-1). To characterize mcwc-1a, mcwc-1b and mcwc-1c and to study their relationships with crgA, simple and double (crgAΔ) knockout mutants for each mcwc-1 gene were generated. Phototropism of sporangiophores and β-carotene content in the mycelium were analysed. Changes in the level of mRNAs in response to light of carotenogenic genes and of mcwc-1 genes were also studied by Northern blots. In addition, the expression levels of Mcwc-1b, its post-translational modifications and it possible interaction with CrgA were analysed using Western blots and co-immunoprecipitation. Conclusions Here, we show that M. circinelloides sporangiophores exhibit a positive phototropism. Analysis of light responses to different light wavelengths within the visible spectrum demonstrated that phototropism is induced by green and blue light, whereas carotenogenesis is only induced by blue light. Three white-collar-1 genes (mcwc-1a, mcwc-1b and mcwc-1c), coding for proteins showing similarity with the Wc-1, were identified in this thesis. All three contain a LOV (light, oxygen or voltage) domain, similar to the one present in fungal and plant blue-light receptors. The study of the knockout mutants for each mcwc-1 gene, showed that mcwc-1c is involved in the light transduction pathway that controls carotenogenesis and that positive phototropism is controlled by mcwc-1a gene. It seems therefore that mcwc-1a and mcwc-1c genes control different light transduction pathways, although cross-talk between both pathways probably exists, because mcwc-1a is involved in the light regulation of mcwc-1c expression. Analysis of double knockout mutants crgAΔ mcwc-1Δ showed that the effect of crgA on carotenogenesis is mediated by mcwc-1b, which acts as a carotenogenesis activator. Finally, it was demonstrated that CrgA is involved in the proteolysis-independent mono- and di-ubiquitylation of Mcwc-1b, which results in its inactivation. The existence and characteristics of the three mcwc-1 genes and the phenotypes of their knockout mutants support the successive duplication of the wc-1 like genes hypothesized in zygomycetes, followed by the functional specialization allowed by the presence of several copies.
Marques, Nathália Sa Alencar do Amaral. "Produção, caracterização e aplicação de biossurfactante produzido por Mucor circinelloides UCP/WFCC 0001." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2017. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1297.
Full textBiossurfactantes são metabólitos secundários de origem microbiana com propriedades tensoativas capazes de atuar como solubilizantes, dispersantes, formadores de espuma e agentes molhantes. Surfactantes de origem biológica são mais vantajosos do que os sintéticos, visto que exibem pouca toxicidade, biodegradabilidade e alta eficiência. Os surfactantes de origem biológica podem ser classificadas de acordo com alguns critérios como, por exemplo, seu peso molecular, carga iônica e tipo de secreção. Contudo, o princípio fundamental de classificação continua a ser a sua estrutura química, o que lhes permite ser divididos nas seguintes classes: glicolipídicos, lipopeptídicos, surfactantes particulares, ácidos graxos, fosfolipídios, lipídios neutros e biossurfactantes poliméricos. Essas biomoléculas possuem uma vasta gama de aplicações na indústria de alimentos, na agricultura, em couro, em cosméticos, na área têxtil, recuperação avançada do petróleo e na biorremediação. A contaminação de solos e águas subterrâneas por hidrocarbonetos tornou-se um foco de grande preocupação, a principal fonte destes poluentes provém de operações rotineiras de lavagem de navios, vazamentos de óleo no mar e, especialmente acidentes relacionados a exploração e transporte de petróleo. O uso de biossurfactante tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial na biorremediação de áreas impactadas por petróleo e seus derivados, estes hidrocarbonetos tornam-se mais acessíveis para degradação microbiana local quando tratados com agentes tensoativos. O biossurfactante lipopeptídico produzido por M. circinelloides apresentou atividade superficial de 26 mN/m relativamente estável em condições ambientais adversas, com uma CMC de 1,5% e rendimento de 6 g/L. O tensioativo exibiu semelhança aos surfactantes químicos por apresentar uma área de deslocamento de óleo de 50 cm2 em dispersão de água-óleo, bem como reduzir a viscosidade do óleo de 843,6 cP para 14,7 cP. Além disso, o biossurfactante foi capaz de recuperar 95,9% de óleo de motor adsorvido em uma amostra de solo argiloso, apresentando considerável potencial para uso em processos de biorremediação, especialmente na indústria de petróleo.
Biosurfactants are secondary metabolites of microbial origin with tensoactive properties capable of acting as solubilizers, dispersants, foaming agents and wetting agents. Surfactants of biological origin are more advantageous than synthetic ones, since they exhibit little toxicity, biodegradability and high efficiency. Surfactants of biological origin can be classified according to some criteria such as, for example, their molecular weight, ionic charge and type of secretion. However, the fundamental principle of classification remains their chemical structure, which allows them to be divided into the following classes: glycolipids, lipopeptides, particular surfactants, fatty acids, phospholipids, neutral lipids and polymeric biosurfactants. These biomolecules have a wide range of applications in the food industry, agriculture, leather, cosmetics, textiles, advanced oil recovery and bioremediation. Contamination of soils and groundwater by hydrocarbons has become a focus of major concern, most in developing countries, because of their wide environmental distribution, which can reach the ground, groundwater and air. Consequently, these toxic compounds are the leading causes of death from toxicity. However, the main source of hydrocarbons in the environment comes from routine shipwreck operations, oil leaks in the seabed and especially accidents related to the exploration and transportation of oil. The use of biosurfactant has become an essential tool in the bioremediation of areas impacted by oil and its derivatives, these hydrocarbons become more compatible for microbial degradation when treated with surfactants. The lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by M. circinelloides showed a relatively stable surface activity of 26 mN / m in adverse environmental conditions, with a CMC of 1.5% and yield of 6 g / L. The surfactant exhibited similarity to chemical surfactants by having a 50 cm2 oil displacement area in water-oil dispersion, as well as reducing the oil viscosity from 843.6 cP to 14.7 cP. The biosurfactant was able to recover 95.9% of adsorbed motor oil in a clayey soil sample, presenting considerable potential for use in bioremediation processes, especially in the petroleum industry.
Song, Yuanda. "Studies on the role of malic enzyme in lipid accumulation in Mucor circinelloides." Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342864.
Full textSindle, Astrid Elizabeth. "Evaluation of the effect of morphological control of dimorphic Mucor circinelloides on heterologous enzyme production." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1207.
Full textAlmeida, Alex Fernando de [UNESP]. "Cultivo de Mucor circinelloides em substratos líquido e sólido para produção de ácidos graxos insaturados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94981.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Os ácidos graxos insaturados, presentes naturalmente em óleos vegetais e peixes de áua fria, possuem potentes atividades biológicas como precursores antiinflamatórios e hormonais. A busca por novas fontes de organismos ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados da família ômega 6 tem-se intensificado. Os fungos filamentosos do solo da ordem Mucorales são conhecidos por possuírem naturalmente altas concentrações destes ácidos graxos. Neste estudo foram inicialmente utilizadas duas linhagens de Mucor circinelloides isoladas de solo de área de caatinga (M1) e cerrado (M2), com as quais foram realizados teste preliminares para selecionar a melhor linhagem produtora de ácido gama-linolênico (AGL). A partir dos resultados obtidos nos cultivos em sistema automatizado foram selecionadas as melhores fontes de carbono, glicose e maltose, para produção de biomassa e também o melhor pH 5,8 para o cultivo submerso. Nos cultivos submerso objetivando-se melhor produção de AGL, selecionouse a linhagem M1 sob as condições de cultivo com pH 5,8, temperatura 25° C, rotação de 150 rpm e inóculo com de 1.107 esporos.mL-1. Os cultivos em substrato sólido foram realizados com farinha de soja, farelo de trigo, polpa cítrica, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de mandioca, acrescidos com extrato de levedura 1% e mantidos a 25° C, por 168 horas. Foram observados decréscimos no teor de lipídios totais (LT) em todos os cultivos realizados. A farinha de soja foi o melhor substrato para produção de AGL. Este substrato suplementado com diferentes suplementos carbônicos demonstrou que a mistura de óleo de canola: óleo de gergelim 2% (1:1 p/p) foi o maior indutor de AGL (6,2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 26,0 g.g-1 LT). A adição de casca de arroz ao substrato melhorou a aera o do substrato e o aproveitamento deste pelo fungo, acentuando a forma o de AGL (8,4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 36,3 g.g-1 LT). Os testes de temperatura
Unsaturated fatty acid naturally occur in vegetable oils and cold-water fishes. They have powerful biological activities being anti-inflammatory and hormone precursor. The search for new organisms which are rich in omega 6 unsaturated fatty acid family has been intensified. Soil filamentous fungi from Mucorales order are known by having high fatty acids concentrations. Firstly, two Mucor circinelloides strains isolated from caatinga soil area, M1, and from cerrado, M2, have been used. The preliminary tests have been carried out to select the best strain for production of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). From the automatized incubator system results, either the best carbon sources, glucose and maltose or the best pH, 5.8, have been selected for biomass production in submerged culture. In that cultures focused on better GLA production, M1 strain has been selected under pH 5.8, temperature of 25 C, 150 rpm rotation and with a 1.107 mL-1 spore inocula. The cultures in solid substrate have been carried out with soy flour, wheat bran, citric pulp, sugar cane bagasse and cassava rind, added with 1% yeast extract, at 25 C, for 168 hour. The increase of total lipids (TL) values of all cultures has been observed. The soy flour was the best substrate for GLA production. The substrate added with different carbonic supplements, demonstrated that canola:sesame 2% (1:1 w/w) oil mixture was the best inducer of GLA production (6.2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 26.0 mg.g-1 TL). The rice rind addition in the substrate improved the aeration and the exploitation of it, for the fungi strain, increasing the GLA synthesis (8.4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 36.3 mg.g-1 TL). Temperature tests have shown that 20 C during 144 hours followed by 12 C during 24 hours has leaded to a greater GLA production (12.9 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 43.4 mg.g-1 TL) When the spore concentration as increased to 1.108 spores.mL-1 there was an increase in the GLA production (14.2 g.Kg-1; 58.1 mg.g- 1 TL). The culture ...
Almeida, Alex Fernando de. "Cultivo de Mucor circinelloides em substratos líquido e sólido para produção de ácidos graxos insaturados /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94981.
Full textBanca: Eleonora Cano Carmona
Banca: Sandra Regina Ceccato Antonini
Resumo: Os ácidos graxos insaturados, presentes naturalmente em óleos vegetais e peixes de áua fria, possuem potentes atividades biológicas como precursores antiinflamatórios e hormonais. A busca por novas fontes de organismos ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados da família ômega 6 tem-se intensificado. Os fungos filamentosos do solo da ordem Mucorales são conhecidos por possuírem naturalmente altas concentrações destes ácidos graxos. Neste estudo foram inicialmente utilizadas duas linhagens de Mucor circinelloides isoladas de solo de área de caatinga (M1) e cerrado (M2), com as quais foram realizados teste preliminares para selecionar a melhor linhagem produtora de ácido gama-linolênico (AGL). A partir dos resultados obtidos nos cultivos em sistema automatizado foram selecionadas as melhores fontes de carbono, glicose e maltose, para produção de biomassa e também o melhor pH 5,8 para o cultivo submerso. Nos cultivos submerso objetivando-se melhor produção de AGL, selecionouse a linhagem M1 sob as condições de cultivo com pH 5,8, temperatura 25° C, rotação de 150 rpm e inóculo com de 1.107 esporos.mL-1. Os cultivos em substrato sólido foram realizados com farinha de soja, farelo de trigo, polpa cítrica, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de mandioca, acrescidos com extrato de levedura 1% e mantidos a 25° C, por 168 horas. Foram observados decréscimos no teor de lipídios totais (LT) em todos os cultivos realizados. A farinha de soja foi o melhor substrato para produção de AGL. Este substrato suplementado com diferentes suplementos carbônicos demonstrou que a mistura de óleo de canola: óleo de gergelim 2% (1:1 p/p) foi o maior indutor de AGL (6,2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 26,0 g.g-1 LT). A adição de casca de arroz ao substrato melhorou a aera o do substrato e o aproveitamento deste pelo fungo, acentuando a forma o de AGL (8,4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 36,3 g.g-1 LT). Os testes de temperatura
Abstract: Unsaturated fatty acid naturally occur in vegetable oils and cold-water fishes. They have powerful biological activities being anti-inflammatory and hormone precursor. The search for new organisms which are rich in omega 6 unsaturated fatty acid family has been intensified. Soil filamentous fungi from Mucorales order are known by having high fatty acids concentrations. Firstly, two Mucor circinelloides strains isolated from caatinga soil area, M1, and from cerrado, M2, have been used. The preliminary tests have been carried out to select the best strain for production of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). From the automatized incubator system results, either the best carbon sources, glucose and maltose or the best pH, 5.8, have been selected for biomass production in submerged culture. In that cultures focused on better GLA production, M1 strain has been selected under pH 5.8, temperature of 25 C, 150 rpm rotation and with a 1.107 mL-1 spore inocula. The cultures in solid substrate have been carried out with soy flour, wheat bran, citric pulp, sugar cane bagasse and cassava rind, added with 1% yeast extract, at 25 C, for 168 hour. The increase of total lipids (TL) values of all cultures has been observed. The soy flour was the best substrate for GLA production. The substrate added with different carbonic supplements, demonstrated that canola:sesame 2% (1:1 w/w) oil mixture was the best inducer of GLA production (6.2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 26.0 mg.g-1 TL). The rice rind addition in the substrate improved the aeration and the exploitation of it, for the fungi strain, increasing the GLA synthesis (8.4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 36.3 mg.g-1 TL). Temperature tests have shown that 20 C during 144 hours followed by 12 C during 24 hours has leaded to a greater GLA production (12.9 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 43.4 mg.g-1 TL) When the spore concentration as increased to 1.108 spores.mL-1 there was an increase in the GLA production (14.2 g.Kg-1; 58.1 mg.g- 1 TL). The culture ...
Mestre
ANJOS, Mayara Nunes Vitor. "Produção de astaxatina por Mucor circinelloides utilizando melaço de cana-de-açúcar como substrato alternativo sob a influência de luz azul." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12669.
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CNPq
Os carotenóides são substâncias naturais que podem ser sintetizados por plantas e microorganismos. Recentemente houve um aumento do interesse da produção de corantes naturais por processos biotecnológicos de fontes biológicas devido à preocupação com o uso de aditivos químicos nos alimentos. A astaxantina é um dos principais carotenóides amplamente utilizado na indústria e na aquicultura, além disso, possui um importante papel na diminuição do risco de várias doenças degenerativas devido ao seu alto poder antioxidante. Neste trabalho foi estudada a produção de astaxantina por Mucor circinelloides utilizando o meio definido Hesseltine e Anderson e o resíduo agroindustrial melaço de cana-de-açúcar, nas concentrações de 4%, 7% e 10% na presença e ausência de LED´s azul. O inóculo foi obtido a partir do M. circinelloides após 5 dias de crescimento no meio BDA (Batata-Dextrose-Ágar), a 28ºC, 96 horas, 120 rpm. Após a seleção da melhor concentração os frascos contendo melaço de cana-de-açúcar foram incubados em shaker orbital sob diferentes temperaturas (25, 30 e 35ºC), pH (6,0, 7,0 e 8,0) e agitação (120, 135 e 150 rpm) por 96h sob iluminação com LED´S de cor azul e no escuro, segundo um planejamento fatorial 23 com quatro repetições no ponto central. Após o processo fermentativo, a astaxantina foi extraída da biomassa, utilizando uma solução de dimetilsulfóxido/acetona. Em seguida foi pré-purificada em éter de petróleo e analisada por espectrofotometria UV-visível (474 nm). A partir do ponto maximizado do planejamento fatorial foi realizada a determinação do peso seco, pH, proteínas totais, assim como teste de toxicidade e de atividade antioxidante da astaxantina obtida. A produção de astaxantina utilizando o meio Hesseltine e Anderson apresentou rendimento de 142,0 μg/g sem influência de LED´s azul e 340,1 μg/g quando se utilizou LED´s azul, com um aumento da produção de aproximadamente 42%. A melhor condição para a produção de astaxantina com melaço de cana-de-açúcar deu-se na concentração de 4% na ausência (32,7 μg/g) e presença de LED´s azul (134,4 μg/g) durante 96h, 120 rpm a 25°C. De acordo com o planejamento fatorial 23 o ponto máximo de produção foi obtido a 30°C, pH 7,5 e 100 rpm com cerca de 469,0 μg/g na ausência de LED´s azul e 667,6 μg/g na presença de LED´s azul, aumentando em aproximadamente 89% a produção. A astaxantina obtida por M. circinelloides apresentou baixa toxicidade frente à Artemia salina na concentração de 25% e potencial de inibição dos radicais livres de cerca de 92% nos índices testados. O resíduo agroindustrial melaço de cana-de-açúcar possui potencial para a produção de astaxantina por M. circinelloides principalmente na concentração de 4%. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que a utilização de LED´S azul pode aumentar significativamente o teor de astaxantina produzida pelo M. circinelloides.
Lopez, Garcia Sergio. "Análisis genómico-funcional de la regulación de la expresión génica por la luz en el hongo Mucor circinelloides." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/371151.
Full textLight induces a wide variety of responses related to cell physiology and behavior of many organisms. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these responses is undoubtedly one of the great challenges of molecular biology. Filamentous fungi, such as Neurospora crassa, have contributed to the knowledge of some of the molecular mechanisms involved in responses to light. The characterization of the white collar-1 and white collar-2 (wc-1 and wc-2), two key genes in all responses in the light of this fungus, has been crucial in the development of such knowledge. Moreover, the carotenoid biosynthesis in fungi such as itself N. crassa or cigomiceto Phycomyces blakesleeanus, is one of the responsess to light that more attention has been received by a large number of researchers. The fungus Mucor circinelloides, another cigomiceto, responds to blue light significantly increasing the synthesis of carotenoids. In M. circinelloides carotenogenesis is controlled by a crgA, gene that codes a RING-finger repressor protein of the carotenogenesis. This gene is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans and, therefore, it is not an exclusive gene carotenogenesis. In fact, itself M. circinelloides also regulates development processes such as the formation of aerial hyphae and production of asexual spores. This gene is present in almost all eukaryotes, but has only been studied in fungi mainly in M. circinelloides. The gene crgA regulates carotenogenesis through expression control of mcwc-1b gene. Specifically, CrgA protein is directly or indirectly involved in the addition of one or two ubiquitin to mcwc-1b protein, resulting in its inactivation, but not degradation. This thesis has been characterized in detail the molecular basis of this mechanism, which has included when specific goals as characterization of oligoubiquitilación of mcwc-1b, identification and characterization genes regulated by crgA dependent or independent of mcwc-1b and genes exclusively regulated by mcwc-1b. By mutagenesis has been identified lysine is the target crgA mediated ubiquitylation. By transcriptomic analysis has determined that the expression of at least 350 genes, representing about 3% of the genes identified in M. circinelloides, it depends crgA, revealing the important role of crgA in regulation of gene expression. The regulation is mainly exerted by crgA through mcwc-1b, however, both are capable of regulating the expression of some genes independently. It found an enrichment of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and secondary metabolites regulated by crgA. The regulation of such a basic amino acid synthesis as aspect could mean that this gene can also perform this function in higher eukaryotes. This thesis has characterized response to light of M. circinelloides at the transcriptome level. M. circinelloides presents three genes homologous to gene wc-1 (mcwc-1a, mcwc-b and mcwc-1c). In This thesis has been raised the characterization at the molecular level responses to light in M. circinelloides and the involvement of three genes wc-1. Transcriptome analysis in this thesis has identified 146 genes (1.24% of the genome) regulated by light, many of them through mcwc-1a, indicating that it is the main control element of responses to light. The existence of genes induced by light in mutants mcwc-1aΔ, suggests that other photoreceptors that may be characterized in future research.
John, Jasmine Elizabeth Pearl [Verfasser], Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Woestemeyer, Paul [Akademischer Betreuer] Galland, and Stefanie [Akademischer Betreuer] Pöggeler. "Down regulation of gene expression in Mucor mucedo and Mucor circinelloides by transformation with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides / Jasmine Elizabeth Pearl John. Gutachter: Johannes Woestemeyer ; Paul Galland ; Stefanie Pöggeler." Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025255895/34.
Full textSantos, Gabriel Franco dos. "Identificação e estudo do fungo Mucor circinelloides isolado do tronco de Pinus taeda, com ênfase em biotransformação da carvona." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6529.
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Identification and study of the fungus Mucor circinelloides isolated from the trunk of Pinus taeda, with emphasis on the carvone biotransformation. Fungi associated with plants have been studied ripping seeking the discovery of new substances and the understanding of the ecological interactions between plants and microorganisms. This study aimed to identify a fungus associated with the trunk of Pinus taeda using morphological analysis with images obtained by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), genetic sequencing of the 18S ribosomal region, and proteome analysis by MALDI-TOF. The fungus was identified as Mucor circinelloides and its metabolism was studied. A mixture of 3-epiergosterol and ergosterol, glucosilceramidas mixture, and 3-glucopyranosyl-sitosterol were identified. The emphasis of this work was on the biotransformation of carvone, which is one of the main monoterpenes found in nature and one of the most commercialized. From the biotransformation experiment it was possible to isolate two trihydroxylated products and also dihydrocarvona, dihydrocarveol and neo-dihydrocarveol identified by GC-MS. The biotransformation products were identified by GC-MS and were proposed a pathway biotransformation. After that was performed also an estimative of production for some products and consumption estimated of (4R) - and (4S)-carvone, which is consumed in less than four hours of the experiment, showing a very rapid metabolism as reported in several genera of Mucor.
Identificação e estudo do fungo Mucor circinelloides isolado do tronco de Pinus taeda, com ênfase em biotransformação da carvona. Fungos associados a plantas tem sido intensamente estudados buscando a descoberta de novas substancias e o entendimento das interacoes ecologicas entre plantas e microorganismos. Este trabalho visou a identificacao de um fungo associado ao tronco do Pinus taeda utilizando para isso a identificacao morfologica com imagens de microscopia optica e microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV), identificacao por sequenciamento genetico da regiao 18S ribossomal, e identificacao por perfil proteomico usando MALDI-TOF. O fungo foi identificado como Mucor circinelloides e seu metabolismo foi estudado, sendo identificadas uma mistura de ergosterol e 3-epiergosterol, mistura de glucosilceramidas, e o 3-glucopiranosil sitosterol. A enfase do trabalho foi a biotransformacao da carvona, que e um dos principais monoterpenos encontrados na natureza e um dos mais comercializados. Com o experimento de biotransformacao foi possivel isolar dois produtos trihidroxilados como tambem identificar alguns outros como dihidrocarvona, dihidrocarveol e neo-dihidrocarveol por GC-MS. A partir dos produtos identificados foi proposto um caminho de biotransformacao como tambem uma estimativa de producao para alguns produtos e estimativa de consumo da (4R)- e (4S)-carvona, que e consumida em menos de 4 horas de experimento, mostrando um metabolismo muito acelerado conforme e relatado em diversos generos de Mucor.
Vila, Martínez Ana. "Regulación de la expresión de genes endógenos por la maquinaria de silenciamiento génico mediado por RNA en Mucor circinelloides." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277101.
Full textRegulation of endogenous gene expression by the RNA silencing mechanism in Mucor circinelloides. Mucor circinelloides is a filamentous fungus used as a model for studying the RNA silencing mechanism. Once the mechanism and main genes involved were characterized, the next goal is to determine the role of the RNA silencing pathway in the regulation of endogenous genes, and to identify other possible genetic elements that participate in the pathway. To do this, the following specific objectives were proposed: 1. Identification of the gene involved in the removal of the passenger strand of siRNAs duplex, and analysis of the interactions between silencing proteins. 2. Study of the participation of Ago-1 in the biogenesis of different classes of ex-siRNAs in M. circinelloides. 3. Identification the genes regulated by the RNA silencing mechanism by analyzing the transcriptome of the wild type and silencing mutants. 4. Phenotypic characterization of mutants affected in the silencing pathway to identify the cellular processes regulated by this mechanism. To develop these objectives the following methodology has been used: 1. Identification of other genes involved in the silencing pathway was addressed by disrupting candidate genes by homologous recombination and subsequent phenotypic analysis. To this end, PCR amplification of DNA fragments, cloning, transformation of protoplasts and Southern and Northern blot hybridizations were carry out. The study of interaction between RNA silencing proteins was performed using the yeast two-hybrid system. 2. cDNA libraries of sRNAs were generated and sequenced to analyze the participation of Ago-1 in the biogenesis of ex-siRNAs. Ago-1 was purified by FPLC for the isolation and sequencing of Ago-1 bound sRNAs. The sequencing data were validated by Northern-blot experiments. 3. Transcriptomic analysis of the different strains was carried out by hybridization methods using microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). 4. Phenotypic analysis of silencing mutants included quantification of vegetative spore and zygospores, study of the response to different stresses, quantification of the autolysis process and virulence analysis of the different silencing mutants in Galleria mellonella. The results allowed reaching the following conclusions: 1. The qip gene is essential for transgene-induced gene silencing, suggesting a role in the activation of the RISC complex. No interactions were detected between proteins involved in the RNA silencing pathway of M. circinelloides. This could be due to the need for specific post-translational modifications of silencing proteins or the formation of multiprotein complexes. 2. Ago-1 is involved in endogenous RNA silencing in M. circinelloides, and it is necessary for the biogenesis and / or stability of all ex–siRNAs classes. Classes I and II of ex-siRNAs specifically bind to Ago-1 for the identification and degradation of their mRNA targets. Classes III and IV are generated by a non-canonical silencing mechanism that requires the participation of Ago-1, but there is not specific binding of these ex-siRNAs to Ago-1 protein. 3. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the silencing mechanism has a modulatory role in the expression of a large number of endogenous genes during vegetative growth. The functions of the proteins coded by these genes are linked to the biogenesis and modification of the cell wall, the control of cell division and growth, carbohydrate metabolism, cell aging or stress response. 4. The canonical RNA silencing pathway is involved in regulation of vegetative sporulation and autolysis induced by nutritional stress. Sexual development should be regulated by a non-canonical Dicer-independent RNA pathway. Pathogenesis experiments did not reveal a role of RNA silencing in the virulence process, but a differential response can’t be ruled out when using other model organisms, such as mouse.
Zhang, Ying. "A biochemical and molecular study of the roles of malic enzyme in lipid accumulation in Mortierella aplina and Mucor circinelloides." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421994.
Full textMaciel, Tatiane Cavalcante. "ProduÃÃo de celulases por fermentaÃÃo em estado sÃlido a partir de Melanoporia sp. e Mucor circinelloides utilizando bagaÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar como substrato." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10899.
Full textO bagaÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar à um resÃduo lignocelulÃsico obtido a partir do esmagamento e moagem da cana-de-aÃÃcar para extraÃÃo do seu caldo. Esta biomassa à abundante no Brasil pois, o paÃs à o maior produtor mundial de aÃÃcar e etanol. O emprego deste resÃduo como substrato, em processos fermentativos, para a produÃÃo de enzimas microbianas, como as celulases à uma opÃÃo viÃvel e interessante, uma vez que o custo destas enzimas ainda à alto, o que tem limitado sua utilizaÃÃo industrial. O potencial produtor de celulases de diversos micro-organismos tem sido extensivamente estudado, a fim de desenvolver novos bioprocessos menos onerosos na produÃÃo de enzimas celulolÃticas. No presente trabalho foram avaliadas a capacidade de produÃÃo de celulases, pelos micro-organismos Mucor circinelloides e Melanoporia sp., a partir da fermentaÃÃo em estado sÃlido do bagaÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar e a influÃncia de alguns parÃmetros na produÃÃo da enzima. Foram investigados os seguintes parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos, relacionados com o crescimento do micro-organismo e produÃÃo da enzima: pH inicial do meio de crescimento, tempo e temperatura de produÃÃo da enzima. Quanto aos parÃmetros nutricionais, o efeito do Tween 80 e de diferentes fontes de sais minerais e nitrogÃnio orgÃnico foram estudados. AlÃm disto, foram realizados ensaios no intuito de definir a melhor combinaÃÃo de pH e temperatura para a determinaÃÃo da atividade enzimÃtica. Para M. circinelloides, a atividade enzimÃtica mÃxima (15,87 FPU/g) foi obtida utilizando-se 3 g de bagaÃo, com adiÃÃo de 2,0 mL de uma soluÃÃo contendo 0,1 g/L de CuSO4, 9,0 g/L de (NH4)2SO4, 1,0 g/L de KH2PO4 e Tween 80 a 0,8% (v/v) em pH 5,48. A temperatura e o tempo que resultaram na maior produÃÃo da enzima foram 34,4 ÂC e 48 horas, respectivamente. A maior atividade enzimÃtica foi quantificada em pH 6,5 e 60 ÂC. Em relaÃÃo ao Melanoporia sp., a atividade enzimÃtica mÃxima alcanÃada foi 14,21 FPU/g como resultado da produÃÃo utilizando 3 g de bagaÃo, com adiÃÃo de 2,0 mL de uma soluÃÃo contendo 9,0 g/L de (NH4)2SO4, 1,0 g/L de KH2PO4 e Tween 80 a 0,2% (v/v) em pH 6,28. A produÃÃo mÃxima da enzima foi observada apÃs 48 horas de fermentaÃÃo a 30 ÂC. A maior atividade enzimÃtica foi quantificada em pH 7,0 e 60 ÂC. Os resultados demonstraram o elevado potencial produtor de celulases pelas duas cepas fÃngicas num curto perÃodo de tempo, apresentando maior atividade enzimÃtica em pH prÃximo da neutralidade, consistindo num diferencial atrativo do ponto de vista industrial.
Sugarcane bagasse is a lignocellulosic residue obtained from sugarcane mechanical pressing for juice extraction. This biomass is abundant in Brazil because the country is the worldâs largest manufacturer of sugar and ethanol. The use of sugarcane waste as substrate for enzymes production, such as cellulases, is an interesting and viable option since the production costs of these enzymes are high, which limits its industrial use. In this context, potential cellulase-producing strains have been extensively studied in order to develop less costly cellulolytic enzymes complexes. In this study, the production of cellulases by Mucor circinelloides. and Melanoporia sp through solid state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse and the effects of selected parameters for enzyme production were evaluated. The investigated physicochemical parameters associated with the growth of the microorganisms and enzyme production were: initial pH of the growth medium, temperature and time of enzyme production. Regarding nutritional parameters, the effect of Tween 80 and different sources of mineral salts and organic nitrogen and were studied. In addition, tests were performed in order to define the best combination of pH and temperature for the determination of enzyme activity. For M. circinelloides, the maximal enzyme activity (15.87 FPU / g) was achieved with a fermentation medium composed of 3g of sugarcane bagasse, 2mL of saline solution containing 0.1 g/L of CuSO4, 9.0 g/L of (NH4)2SO4 e 1.0 g/ L of KH2PO4 and 0.8% Tween 80 (v/v) at pH 5.48 incubated at 34.4 ÂC for 48 hours. The optimum combination of pH and temperature was at pH 6.5 and 60 ÂC. For Melanoporia sp. the higher enzymatic activity obtained was 14.21 FPU / g as a result of using 3g of sugarcane bagasse with the addition of 2mL of saline solution containing 9.0 g/L of (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g/ L of KH2PO4 and 0.2% Tween 80 (v/v) at pH 6.28 and incubated at 30ÂC for 48 hours. The optimized conditions of pH and temperature for enzymatic activity determination were pH 7.0 and 60ÂC. The results demonstrated the high potential of the two strains under investigation, which presented the higher enzyme activity at pH in the neutral range. This result represents a technical advantage from the industrial viewpoint.
Carvalho, Ana Karine Furtado de. "Avaliação do potencial do fungo filamentoso Mucor circinelloides como fonte de lipase e lipídios para a produção de biodiesel dentro do conceito de biorrefinaria." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97132/tde-14092016-180537/.
Full textSustainable development is now the major research focus in the world because of the environmental impacts, such as global warming, waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions caused by the use of fossil fuels. Thus, research has been focused on technologies that enables the replacement of petroleum based refineries by biorefinery based on renewable raw materials. In this context, filamentous fungi emerge as a promising resource in the development of new sustainable products, including the fungi belonging to the phylum Zigomicete which contribute significantly to this development and are being extensively studied for using in biorefineries, with particular emphasis on the Mucor sp. fungus genus. This genus, particularly from the species of Mucor circinelloides, is a potential producer of the enzyme lipase and biomass having significant amounts of lipids (single cell oil) which allows its exploitation in the biodiesel production. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore important biotechnological applications of a Brazilian strain of Mucor circinelloides URM 4182 for both production of lipases and lipids. The experimental work consolidated this fungus capability to produce mycelium bound lipase and its use as biocatalysts for biodiesel production from alternative vegetable oils such as andiroba, coconut, macaw palm, palm and jatropha. The attained transesterification yields were in the range from 88 to 97%, and the highest conversions were achieved for lauric oils suggesting that M. circinelloides lipase has high selectivity for short chain fatty acids. The capability of this strain was also proven to produce lipids at cultivation conditions established in this work using glucose and corn steep liquor, respectively, as carbon sources and alternative nutrients to the mineral supplements. Under these conditions, average values for biomass productivity (3.10 ± 0.01 g/L/day) containing high lipis levels (31.2 ± 0.01% m/m) and lipid productivity of 0.97 ± 0.01 g/L.dia were achieved. The composition of microbial oil revealed high levels of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) and unsaturated oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2), which are fatty acids similar to conventional vegetable oils used for the production of biodiesel. In addition, considerable levels of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA-C18:3) were also verified which has relevant importance in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The simultaneous esterification and transesterification from microbial oil or direct fungal biomass with ethanol mediated by heterogeneous catalysts (biochemical and chemical) provided samples with high levels of ethyl esters (> 97%) that meet the quality standards for using as biofuel.
Maciel, Tatiane Cavalcante. "Produção de celulases por fermentação em estado sólido a partir de Melanoporia sp. e Mucor circinelloides utilizando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como substrato." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/7072.
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Sugarcane bagasse is a lignocellulosic residue obtained from sugarcane mechanical pressing for juice extraction. This biomass is abundant in Brazil because the country is the world’s largest manufacturer of sugar and ethanol. The use of sugarcane waste as substrate for enzymes production, such as cellulases, is an interesting and viable option since the production costs of these enzymes are high, which limits its industrial use. In this context, potential cellulase-producing strains have been extensively studied in order to develop less costly cellulolytic enzymes complexes. In this study, the production of cellulases by Mucor circinelloides. and Melanoporia sp through solid state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse and the effects of selected parameters for enzyme production were evaluated. The investigated physicochemical parameters associated with the growth of the microorganisms and enzyme production were: initial pH of the growth medium, temperature and time of enzyme production. Regarding nutritional parameters, the effect of Tween 80 and different sources of mineral salts and organic nitrogen and were studied. In addition, tests were performed in order to define the best combination of pH and temperature for the determination of enzyme activity. For M. circinelloides, the maximal enzyme activity (15.87 FPU / g) was achieved with a fermentation medium composed of 3g of sugarcane bagasse, 2mL of saline solution containing 0.1 g/L of CuSO4, 9.0 g/L of (NH4)2SO4 e 1.0 g/ L of KH2PO4 and 0.8% Tween 80 (v/v) at pH 5.48 incubated at 34.4 °C for 48 hours. The optimum combination of pH and temperature was at pH 6.5 and 60 °C. For Melanoporia sp. the higher enzymatic activity obtained was 14.21 FPU / g as a result of using 3g of sugarcane bagasse with the addition of 2mL of saline solution containing 9.0 g/L of (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g/ L of KH2PO4 and 0.2% Tween 80 (v/v) at pH 6.28 and incubated at 30°C for 48 hours. The optimized conditions of pH and temperature for enzymatic activity determination were pH 7.0 and 60°C. The results demonstrated the high potential of the two strains under investigation, which presented the higher enzyme activity at pH in the neutral range. This result represents a technical advantage from the industrial viewpoint.
O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar é um resíduo lignocelulósico obtido a partir do esmagamento e moagem da cana-de-açúcar para extração do seu caldo. Esta biomassa é abundante no Brasil pois, o país é o maior produtor mundial de açúcar e etanol. O emprego deste resíduo como substrato, em processos fermentativos, para a produção de enzimas microbianas, como as celulases é uma opção viável e interessante, uma vez que o custo destas enzimas ainda é alto, o que tem limitado sua utilização industrial. O potencial produtor de celulases de diversos micro-organismos tem sido extensivamente estudado, a fim de desenvolver novos bioprocessos menos onerosos na produção de enzimas celulolíticas. No presente trabalho foram avaliadas a capacidade de produção de celulases, pelos micro-organismos Mucor circinelloides e Melanoporia sp., a partir da fermentação em estado sólido do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e a influência de alguns parâmetros na produção da enzima. Foram investigados os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos, relacionados com o crescimento do micro-organismo e produção da enzima: pH inicial do meio de crescimento, tempo e temperatura de produção da enzima. Quanto aos parâmetros nutricionais, o efeito do Tween 80 e de diferentes fontes de sais minerais e nitrogênio orgânico foram estudados. Além disto, foram realizados ensaios no intuito de definir a melhor combinação de pH e temperatura para a determinação da atividade enzimática. Para M. circinelloides, a atividade enzimática máxima (15,87 FPU/g) foi obtida utilizando-se 3 g de bagaço, com adição de 2,0 mL de uma solução contendo 0,1 g/L de CuSO4, 9,0 g/L de (NH4)2SO4, 1,0 g/L de KH2PO4 e Tween 80 a 0,8% (v/v) em pH 5,48. A temperatura e o tempo que resultaram na maior produção da enzima foram 34,4 °C e 48 horas, respectivamente. A maior atividade enzimática foi quantificada em pH 6,5 e 60 °C. Em relação ao Melanoporia sp., a atividade enzimática máxima alcançada foi 14,21 FPU/g como resultado da produção utilizando 3 g de bagaço, com adição de 2,0 mL de uma solução contendo 9,0 g/L de (NH4)2SO4, 1,0 g/L de KH2PO4 e Tween 80 a 0,2% (v/v) em pH 6,28. A produção máxima da enzima foi observada após 48 horas de fermentação a 30 °C. A maior atividade enzimática foi quantificada em pH 7,0 e 60 °C. Os resultados demonstraram o elevado potencial produtor de celulases pelas duas cepas fúngicas num curto período de tempo, apresentando maior atividade enzimática em pH próximo da neutralidade, consistindo num diferencial atrativo do ponto de vista industrial.
Elizabeth, Cavalcante Fai Ana. "Potencial do efeito antimicrobiano in vitro de quitosana extraída de Mucor circinelloides UCP 050: uma abordagem para uso em sistemas de conservação de alimentos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/8832.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Recentemente, a quitosana vem despertando bastante interesse em relação às suas aplicações em produtos alimentícios e farmacêuticos. Entre outras, a atividade antimicrobiana deste biopolímero tem sido apontada como uma das suas mais interessantes propriedades. O objetivo deste estudo foi extrair e caracterizar a quitosana da biomassa de Mucor circinelloides (UCP 050) e avaliar a efetividade desta na inibição do crescimento in vitro de cepas de bactérias patogênicas/deteriorantes de interesse em alimentos. Quitosana proveniente de caranguejo foi utilizada para comparação. A fim de determinar as concentrações mínimas bacteriostáticas e bactericidas das quitosanas foi realizado o teste de Heilman. Foi utilizada fermentação submersa para produção de quitosana por Mucor circinelloides (UCP 050) utilizando como substrato meio de cultura alternativo a partir de Jacatupé (Pachyrhizus erosus, (L) URBAN). Avaliou-se, ainda, o crescimento de M. circinelloiodes em diferentes tempos (24, 48, 72 e 96 horas), incubado a 28ºC e 150 rpm. Quitina e quitosana foram extraídas por tratamento álcali-ácido e a quitosana caracterizada por espectroscopia ao raio de Infravermelho, viscosidade, análise térmica e difração de raio X. M. circinelloides crescido em meio de cultura jacatupé apresentou rendimento de biomassa máximo (20.7 g.L-1) em 96 horas, enquanto a maior produção de quitosana (64 mg.g-1) e quitina (500 mg.g-1) foram observadas em 48 e 72 horas de crescimento, respectivamente. A quitosana caracterizada apresentou grau de deacetilação de 83% e massa molecular de 2,6 x 104 g/mol. A difração de raio X apresentou um pico de maior intensidade próximo ao angulo de 20.0- 2θ (d = 4.4534 Å) e a análise termogravimétrica demonstrou um processo de desidratação, seguido da decomposição do polímero, com geração de material carbonizado. As curvas de calorimetria apresentaram um pico largo endotérmico e um segundo pico endotérmico. A quitosana microbiológica e de crustáceo demonstraram concentração mínima inibitória idênticas para todas as bactérias ensaiadas, de 1,50 mg.mL-1 para Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli e Yersinia enterocolitica e 0,625 mg.mL-1 para Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nenhuma concentração de ambas quitosanas demonstrou ação bactericida para a cepa de S. entérica. A quitosana microbiológica apresentou menor concentração mínima bactericida frente P. aeruginosa quando comparada com a quitosana de crustáceo, sendo de 2,5mg.mL-1 e 5,0 mg.mL-1, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos destacam a quitosana como um promissor agente de conservação de alimentos de origem natural
Reis, Rita Freitas dos. "Diagnóstico e controlo biológico de nematodes gastrointestinais nos mamíferos selvagens mantidos em cativeiro no Monte Selvagem, Reserva Animal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19129.
Full textOs nematodes gastrointestinais (NGI) são um grande problema nos mamíferos selvagens em cativeiro, pelo que é importante que os Parques Zoológicos disponham de técnicas de diagnóstico eficientes e medidas de controlo alternativas. O Mini-FLOTAC é a mais recente técnica de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), que devido à sua maior sensibilidade, exatidão e precisão pode vir a substituir o McMaster no diagnóstico de parasitoses. Os fungos nematófagos constituem um grupo com grandes perspetivas de ser utilizado como método complementar de controlo biológico das helmintoses, já que permitem a redução da utilização de anti-helmínticos, o que por sua vez diminui a probabilidade do aparecimento de resistências. Deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivos, caracterizar os parasitas presentes nos mamíferos selvagens de um Parque Zoológico e verificar a eficácia dos fungos Mucor circinelloides e Duddingtonia flagrans na diminuição de ovos e larvas de NGI destes mesmos animais, comparando as técnicas coprológicas quantitativas de McMaster e do Mini-FLOTAC. Nos meses de dezembro 2017 e abril 2018 foram colhidas amostras fecais de 30 espécies de mamíferos selvagens e analisadas através das técnicas de McMaster e Mini-FLOTAC. No total, 47% das espécies encontravam-se parasitadas com NGI, sendo estes estrongilídeos gastrointestinais (EGI) (26,7%), encontrados nos ungulados, Trichuris sp. (13,3%), encontrado nos primatas e Parascaris sp. (3,3%), encontrado nas zebras. As colheitas de fezes realizadas no mês de abril apresentaram contagens de OPG mais elevadas. Em maio 2018 foi realizado um ensaio com as fezes de macacos-de-tarrafe, zebras e lamas durante 4 semanas, com dois grupos: caixas de plástico contendo fezes de mamíferos selvagens e esporos de Mucor circinelloides (grupo Fungos) e caixas contendo apenas fezes (grupo Controlo), colocadas numa zona exterior com vegetação. Ao fim de cada semana foram retiradas e analisadas duas caixas Fungos e duas Controlo. Nas fezes de macacos-de-tarrafe, verificou-se a existência de uma diferença significativa entre o grupo Controlo e o grupo Fungos ao longo das quatro semanas, para os resultados obtidos através da técnica de McMaster (p = 0.04586) e Mini-FLOTAC (p = 0.03689). No ensaio utilizando fezes de zebra, apenas se obteve uma diferença biologicamente significativa entre o grupo Controlo e o grupo Fungos (p = 0.07814). Os resultados obtidos no ensaio com fezes de lama foram considerados inconclusivos. Não obstante, nas três espécies de mamíferos em estudo foi possível observar microscopicamente a ação nematófaga do fungo sobre os ovos de Trichuris sp, Parascaris sp. e EGI. Às caixas do grupo Fungos utilizadas para análise na quarta semana (zebras e lamas) foram também adicionados esporos de D. flagrans. Através da utilização da técnica de Baermann foi possível identificar larvas de Cyathostomum spp. nas fezes de zebra e de Trichostrongylus axei nas fezes de lama e verificar uma taxa de redução de 100% nestas últimas. Para todas as amostras recolhidas ao longo deste trabalho foram sempre realizadas em paralelo as técnicas de McMaster e Mini-FLOTAC. Quando comparadas todas as contagens obtidas através do teste de Bland Altman verificou-se que não existe uma forte concordância entre as duas técnicas, principalmente quando as contagens de OPG são baixas. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram o grande potencial dos fungos nematófagos no controlo de diferentes nematodes gastrointestinais e da técnica do Mini-FLOTAC na deteção de ovos, principalmente quando existem cargas parasitárias baixas.
ABSTRACT - Diagnose and Biological Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Wild Mammals Kept in Captivity at “Monte Selvagem – Reserva Animal” - Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a major problem in wild mammals kept in captivity, so it is important that Zoos resort to efficient diagnostic techniques and alternative control measures. The Mini-FLOTAC is the latest egg counting technique, which may replace the McMaster in the diagnosis of parasitosis, due to its greater sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Nematophagous fungi are a group with great prospects of being used as a complementary method of biological control of helminths, thus reducing the use of anthelmintics and, consequently, decreasing the probability of resistance. In this way, the objective of this study was to characterize the parasites present in the wild mammals of a Zoological Park and to verify the efficacy of the fungi Mucor circinelloides and Duddingtonia flagrans in the reduction of eggs and larvae of GIN from these same animals, while comparing the coprological quantitative techniques of McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC. In the months of December 2017 and April 2018, fecal samples were collected from 30 wild mammal species and analyzed using McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC. In total, 47% of species were infected with NGI, being these gastrointestinal strongyles (26.7%), found in ungulates, Trichuris sp. (13.3%), found in primates, and Parascaris sp. (3.3%) found in zebras. Fecal samples collected in April showed higher egg counts. In May 2018, a study with the faeces of grivet monkeys, zebras and llamas was carried out for 4 weeks, with two groups: plastic boxes containing feces of wild mammals with spores of Mucor circinelloides (Fungi group) and boxes containing only feces (Control group), placed outside in an area with a lot of vegetation. At the end of each week, two Fungi and two Control boxes were collected and analyzed. In the faeces of the monkeys, there was a significant difference between the Control group and the Fungi group over the four weeks, for the results obtained by the McMaster technique (p = 0.04586) and Mini-FLOTAC (p = 0.03689). In the test using zebra faeces, only a biologically significant difference was obtained between the Control group and the Fungi group (p = 0.07814). The results obtained in the llama faeces test were considered inconclusive. Nevertheless, it was possible to microscopically observe the action of M. circinelloides on the eggs of Trichuris sp, Parascaris sp. and EGI, in the three species of mammals under study. To the Fungi group boxes used for analysis in the fourth week (zebras and llamas) it was also added spores of D. flagrans. Using Baermann technique it was possible to identify Cyathostomum spp. larvae in the zebra faeces and Trichostrongylus axei larvae in the llama feces and to verify a 100% reduction rate in the latter. For all samples collected, McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC techniques were always performed in parallel. When all egg counts obtained were compared using the Bland Altman test, there was no strong agreement between the two techniques, especially when EPG counts were low. The results of this research demonstrate the great potential of nematophagous fungi in the control of different gastrointestinal nematodes and of the Mini-FLOTAC technique in the detection of eggs, especially when there are low parasite loads.
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Rico, Ana Leticia de Lima. "Produção enzimática de biodiesel etílico em reator de leito fixo e regime de fluxo contínuo uitilizando células íntegras de Mucor Circinelloides imobilizadas em espuma de poliuretano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97137/tde-25032015-152657/.
Full textBiodiesel has a great potential to replace traditional diesel in the energy matrix and has been widely studied by enzymatic route, whose biocatalyst can be used in two main forms: extra and intracellular. The intracellular is considered more advantageous to avoid complex processes of isolation, purification and immobilization, reducing the effective cost of the enzymes which can also be reduced by immobilization of such biocatalysts on suitable matrix. This study aimed the synthesis and characterization of polyurethanes foams with different recipes and to verify the influence of the variables temperature, pH, cultivation time and mass amount of support in the growth in situ of Mucor circinelloides URM 4182 microbial biomass in the synthetized polyurethane foams, for application in noncontinuous and continuous production process of ethyl biodiesel from babassu oil. After the best growing conditions were defined, the focuses of this work changed to the optimization of the parameters of continuous production system in a fixed bed reactor: space time and molar ratio oil: alcohol. In the first stage of the work, the biomass immobilization in 100 cubes of support EPU3 at pH 5.5 and 35 °C in a period of 96h showed the highest conversion results in non-continuous system (98%). This condition was used to define the parameters of biodiesel production in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor. Initially, a 45 mm diameter and 55 mm height reactor was used. The best yield result with this reactor was approximately 64 ± 1.66% with a space-time of 86 h and the molar ratio oil: alcohol of 1:6 with 120 cubes of immobilized biomass. Different geometries of support were also analyzed, but the cuboid was the most stable, maintaining stable during the period analyzed, with a loss of 2% of biomass and productivity of 5.68 ± 0.15 mg ester. g-1 medium. h-1. In order to increase the yield and productivity in the continuous system, we used a second configuration of reactor: 30 mm in diameter and 420 mm height. It was obtained an average yield of 86 ± 3.53% from the first residence time using the parameters defined and the new configuration of the reactor. The reaction was carried for a period of 30 days. The productivity of was 7.57 ± 0.31 mg ester g-1 medium. h-1 and the biomass loss 44.55 ± 2.40%. The yield and productivity results presented with the second reactor, which diameter:height ratio was 1:14 was higher than that used in the first reactor which the diameter:height ratio was 1:1.3. However, great loss of biomass was observed. Overall, the results were promising for the use of whole cells of Mucor circinelloides immobilized in polyurethane foam EPU3 for biodiesel production in fixed bed reactor operating in continuous flow. Some adjustments are still needed, as the reduction the initial flow feed to stabilize the bed, in order to decrease biomass loss.
Cruz, Rita Magalhães da. "Atividade de fungos sobre ovos, larvas e oocistos de parasitas de ungulados silvestres e do cão." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10347.
Full textNas últimas décadas, surgiram novos problemas tais como o agravamento de resistências a anti-helmínticos e os consequentes efeitos adversos que o seu uso abusivo pode trazer para o ambiente e para os produtos alimentares. Recorrer a um método de controlo biológico dos parasitas com a utilização de fungos telúricos nematófagos surge como uma alternativa muito promissora. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a eficácia do fungo predador Duddingtonia flagrans na redução de larvas L3 de Oesophagostomum spp. no javali da Tapada Nacional de Mafra, dos fungos ovicidas Mucor circinelloides e Pochonia spp. no combate aos ovos de Toxocara canis do cão da zona urbana de Lisboa e do fungo M. circinelloides na prevenção das infecções por helmintes (ação sobre ovos de Fasciola hepatica e de estrongilídeos gastrintestinais) e coccídias (ação sobre oocistos de Eimeria spp. e Cystoisospora suis) dos ungulados silvestres da Tapada Nacional de Mafra. Recorreu-se a três tipos de ensaios: coprocultura em copo (quantificação de larvas L3), ensaio em caixas (interação entre o fungo ovicida, os ovos de helmintes e oocistos de coccídias e o meio ambiente) e ensaio em placas (avaliação qualitativa da ação do fungo ovicida M. circinelloides em oocistos de coccídias do javali). Em todos os ensaios, o desenvolvimento base foi igual: criou-se um grupo Fungos, onde era acrescentada uma suspensão com esporos do fungo em estudo às formas parasitárias (ovos, larvas ou oocistos) nas amostras fecais e um grupo Controlo, onde apenas tínhamos parasitas em desenvolvimento nas fezes (também ovos, larvas ou oocistos). As técnicas laboratoriais qualitativas utilizadas foram a Flutuação de Willis e a Sedimentação Simples e as quantitativas consistiram no McMaster e McMaster Modificada. No ensaio com as L3 de Oesophagostomum spp. e o fungo D. flagrans, registou-se uma Taxa de Redução que variou entre 53% e 83%, comprovando-se a eficácia deste fungo sobre este nemátode do javali. Com o ensaio em caixas com os ovos de helmintes dos ungulados silvestres e o fungo M. circinelloides não se obtiveram resultados estatisticamente significativos, porém foi possível avaliar qualitativamente a eficácia do fungo. No ensaio em caixas com os ovos de T. canis, foi observada uma Taxa de Redução de 37% com o fungo M. circinelloides e de 61% com o fungo Pochonia spp. Concluiu-se que ambos os fungos ovicidas foram eficazes, porém Pochonia spp. mostrou uma atividade ovicida mais agressiva. Foram realizados ensaios em caixa com coccídias do javali e o fungo M. circinelloides, com a duração de seis semanas, em dois momentos distintos do ano: inverno e primavera-verão. No ensaio de primavera-verão, verificou-se que, até à 3ª semana, observaram-se Taxas de Redução num intervalo de 52-66% sendo que, à 4ª semana sofreu uma diminuição abrupta (20%) e depois tornou-se negativa. Em simultâneo, também foi observada um aumento da inviabilidade dos oocistos no grupo Controlo. Concluiu-se que as condições ambientais desfavoráveis de temperatura elevada e humidade relativa baixa justificam a morte progressiva dos oocistos no grupo Controlo e a diminuição do desenvolvimento e atividade ovicida do fungo no grupo Fungos sendo que, a partir da quarta semana, apenas se observou a degradação natural dos oocistos no solo. Não obstante, foi observado que o momento crítico de infeção de novos hospedeiros corresponde às primeiras três semanas e, durante esse período, obtiveram-se valores de redução muito significativos. No ensaio de inverno as Taxas de Redução não foram tão elevadas (28-35%) e a percentagem de inviabilidade máxima anotada foi de 64%. Verifica-se que, a temperaturas mais baixas e humidade relativa mais alta constituem melhores condições de sobrevivência dos oocistos e piores para o crescimento do fungo. O ensaio em placas veio apoiar os resultados verificados no ensaio em caixas. Os resultados globais deste trabalho mostram o grande potencial dos fungos nematófagos no controle de T. canis nos cães e F. hepatica, helmintes e protozoários gastrointestinais de ungulados silvestres em Portugal, sendo a primeira vez na literatura que este tipo de controlo biológico foi avaliado em coccídias.
ABSTRACT - In the last decades, new problems have arisen such as the worsening of resistance to anthelmintics and the consequent adverse effects that its abuse can bring to the environment and food products. Resorting to a method of biological control of parasites with the use of telluric nematophagous fungi emerges as a very promising alternative. This work focused on three main research topics: (i) the efficacy of the predator fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on the reduction of Oesophagostomum spp. L3 larvae of the wild boar from the Tapada Nacional de Mafra; (ii) the ovicidal effect of the fungus Mucor circinelloides and Pochonia spp. on Toxocara canis eggs from the dog‟s urban area of Lisbon; (iii) the use of the fungus M. circinelloides on the prevention of helminthic infection (action on Fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal strongyle eggs) and coccidia (action on Eimeria sp. and Cystoisospora suis oocysts) of the wild ungulates from the Tapada Nacional de Mafra. Three types of experiments were developed: fecal cultures (quantification of L3 larvae), box tests (interaction between the ovicidal fungus, eggs of helminths and coccidia oocysts and the environment) and a Petri dish test (qualitative evaluation of ovicidal fungus M. circinelloides action on wild boar coccidian oocysts). In all tests, the same basic development was implemented, involving two groups of samples: a Fungi group where a suspension of fungus spores was added to the parasitic stages (eggs, larvae or oocysts) in fecal samples and a Control group, where there were only parasitic stages in the feces (also eggs, larvae or oocysts). The qualitative laboratory techniques used were Willis Flotation and Simple Sedimentation and the quantitative techniques consisted of McMaster and Modified McMaster. In the experiment with L3 larvae of Oesophagostomum spp. and D. flagrans fungus, there was a reduction rate ranging between 53% and 83%, which demonstrated the efficacy of this fungus on this nematode from wild boar. With the box test with helminths eggs of the wild ungulates and the fungus M. circinelloides it was not possible to observe statistically significant results, but it was possible to qualitatively verify the efficacy of the fungus. In the box test evolving T. canis eggs, a 37% reduction rate was observed with the fungus M. circinelloides and 61% with the fungus Pochonia spp. We concluded that both ovicides fungi were effective, but Pochonia spp. showed a more aggressive ovicidal activity. Box tests with six weeks duration were performed on the wild boar coccidia and the fungus M. circinelloides, in two different periods of the year: winter and spring-summer. In the spring-summer test, it was found that, until the 3rd week, the reduction rates observed were between 52% and 66%. At the 4th week these values suffered an abrupt decrease (20%) and, after that, negative reductions were verified. At the same time, an increase of the oocysts unviability in the Control group was also observed. It was concluded that the adverse environmental conditions of high temperature and low relative humidity justify the progressive death of oocysts on the Control group, and the decline of the development and ovicidal activity of the fungus in the Fungi group. Since the fourth week, only the natural degradation of oocysts in the soil is observed. However, it was noticed that the critical moment of the hosts‟ infection corresponds to the first three weeks and, during this period, we obtained very significant reduction values. In the winter test the reduction rates were not as high (28-35%) and the maximum percentage of egg‟s unviability was 64%. It is concluded that lower temperatures and higher relative humidity conditions provide better survival of oocysts and worst conditions for fungus growth. The Petri dishes test came to support the results obtained in the boxes tests. The overall results of this research show the great potential of nematophagous fungi in the control of T. canis in dogs and F. hepatica, gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa of wild ungulates in Portugal, being the first time in literature that this type of biological control was assessed on coccidian.
Evangelista, Francisco Miguel Dias. "New administration formula of parasiticide fungi spores to prevent infection by gastrointestinal nematodes in pasturing horses." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15895.
Full textAnthelmintic resistance in horses has increased in recent years and the continuous search for alternative control methods has led to the development of complementary approaches such as biological control. This approach can make use of parasiticide fungi, such as Duddingtonia flagrans and Mucor circinelloides, in parasite population control and recent research has been focused on the development of new administration methods. Following this line of research, a new and alternative formula has been developed by using a lyophilized product that contained both D. flagrans and M. circinelloides spores for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses. After the product manufacture and the normal spore morphology were assessed, these were tested for in vitro growth. A total of 20 Petri dishes were assembled with a mix of 0.1 g of product and 0.5 ml of water in solid media. The assembled plaques were kept at 25ºC in total darkness and all showed the development of new fungi spores after 10 days. Following the in vitro assessment, the product was administered per os to horses in order to observe their effect in the faecal egg count (FEC) of eggs per gram (EPG). Thus, one group of 5 horses in a pasture was chosen to receive 10 g of product (with M. circinelloides spores and a total of around 105 D. flagrans chlamydospores per horse), 3 days a week starting in September, and another group of 7 horses in an adjacent pasture remained as control. Following treatment with Ivermectin pour-on in September 2017, a faecal sample was collected from each horse on a monthly basis and FEC was assessed using a Modified McMaster technique. Only gastrointestinal nematode eggs, namely strongyle eggs, were observed with this technique. The EPG average from each group was compared for each individual month and overall to see the reduction effect achieved with the fungi treatment. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in February (72% reduction), March (64% reduction), and overall, 66% reduction. The horses in the test group only reached a cut-off value of 300 EPG two months after the horses in the control group. In November and January, faecal culture method was applied to all faecal samples, showing only the presence of cyathostomin larvae. This study allowed the successful development of a new formula for the administration of parasiticide fungi to horses, based on lyophilized product, which increases the possibilities for future product development and application. New and improved ways of biological control should be developed and implemented to increase parasite control and reduce anthelmintic resistance cases.
RESUMO - NOVA FÓRMULA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE FUNGOS PARASITICIDAS PARA PREVENIR INFEÇÃO POR NEMÁTODES GASTROINTESTINAIS EM CAVALOS DE PASTOREIO (LUGO, ESPANHA) - A resistência a anti-helmínticos em cavalos tem vindo a aumentar recentemente e a procura por métodos de controlo alternativos levou ao desenvolvimento de abordagens complementares como o controlo biológico. Esta abordagem usa fungos parasiticidas, como Duddingtonia flagrans e Mucor circinelloides, no controlo da população parasitária e estudos recentes têm-se focado no desenvolvimento de novos métodos de administração. Seguindo esta tendência, uma fórmula nova e alternativa foi desenvolvida utilizando um produto liofilizado que contém esporos de D. flagrans e M. circinelloides para o controlo de nematodes gastrointestinais em cavalos. Após fabrico do produto e verificação da morfologia normal dos esporos, estes foram testados para crescimento in vitro. Um total de 20 placas de Petri foram semeadas com uma mistura de 0.1 g de produto e 0.5 ml de água em meio sólido. As placas foram mantidas a 25ºC em escuridão total e todas demonstraram desenvolvimento de novos esporos passados 10 dias. Após a verificação in vitro, o produto foi administrado per os a cavalos para observar o seu efeito nas contagens fecais de ovos (CFO) por grama (OPG). Assim, um grupo de 5 cavalos em pastoreio foi escolhido para receber 10 g de produto cada (com esporos de M. circinelloides e um total de cerca 105 clamidosporos de D. flagrans por cavalo) 3 vezes por semana, de setembro a março. Outro grupo de 7 cavalos numa pastagem adjacente foi utilizado como controlo. Após tratamento com unção contínua de Ivermectina em setembro de 2017, uma amostra fecal de cada cavalo foi colhida mensalmente e o CFO foi avaliado utilizando a técnica de McMaster modificado. Apenas ovos de nemátodes gastrointestinais, nomeadamente estrongilídeos, foram observados com esta técnica. A média de OPG de cada grupo foi comparada para cada mês e no total do estudo para observar o efeito de redução do tratamento fúngico. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos foram observadas em fevereiro, redução de 72%, março, redução de 64%, e no total, 66% de redução. Cavalos no grupo de teste só passaram o limiar de 300 OPG dois meses depois dos cavalos do grupo controlo. Em novembro e janeiro foram realizadas culturas fecais em todas as amostras, demonstrando apenas a existência de larvas de ciatostomíneos. Este estudo permitiu com sucesso o desenvolvimento de uma nova fórmula para administração oral de fungos parasiticidas para cavalos com base num produto liofilizado, aumentando as futuras possibilidades de desenvolvimento e aplicações de produtos. Novas e aperfeiçoadas formas de controlo biológico devem ser desenvolvidas e implementadas para aumentar o controlo de parasitas e diminuir os casos de resistência a anti-helmínticos.
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Lozano, João Miguel Pestana. "Microbiota parasitário gastrointestinal de frangos do campo e seu controlo biológico com fungos nematófagos." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/39859.
Full textO presente trabalho procurou caracterizar o microbiota parasitário gastrointestinal de Frangos do Campo, na fase de engorda e ao longo das quatro estações do ano, bem como visou testar a utilização de fungos nematófagos para o controlo biológico dos principais parasitas gastrointestinais avícolas. Foram realizadas oito amostragens fecais ao longo de todas as estações, numa exploração agropecuária situada no distrito de Lisboa. As amostras foram analisadas por métodos coprológicos quantitativos (McMaster e Mini-FLOTAC) e qualitativos (Flutuação-Willis, Sedimentação Natural, Coproculturas de Oocistos e Larvas de Nemátodes). Os ensaios de Controlo Biológico foram realizados em meio agar-água (2 %), confrontando larvas de Nemátodes de Vida Livre (NVL) e oocistos de Eimeria spp. com suspensões de Mucor circinelloides e Duddingtonia flagrans, bem como em caixas de plástico no solo, onde se testou a atividade coccidicida de M. circinelloides sobre as coccídias, nas quatro estações do ano. No Verão foram identificados sobretudo parasitas do género Eimeria, registando-se um aumento significativo na carga parasitária fecal, entre as duas amostragens. Na coprocultura de oocistos da 2ª amostra identificaram-se praticamente todas as espécies de coccídias, fruto do seu estado avançado de desenvolvimento no solo. O Outono foi a estação com mais casos positivos de coccídias, sendo que na 1ª colheita os animais apresentavam quadros de coccidiose clínica. Aliado ao clima, a redução da área do parque aumentou a densidade animal e, por conseguinte, facilitou a disseminação de oocistos no bando. Após desparasitação com Amprólio, ocorreu uma redução significativa na carga parasitária fecal de coccídias. No Inverno, o efetivo encontrava-se subdividido em dois grupos etários, sendo que nos frangos com 64 dias, identificaram-se somente E. brunetti e E. tenella, com prevalências reduzidas, resultados estes que já eram esperados, dado que os animais estavam no 4º dia de desparasitação. Já o efetivo com 114 dias apresentava uma prevalência bastante elevada de Eimeria spp., tendo sido identificadas todas as espécies de coccídias. Na 2ª amostra, o grupo mais jovem exibiu uma prevalência global de coccídias igual a 92%. Fatores como um período pré-patente curto, densidade animal elevada e uma eventual resistência ao desparasitante, poderão ter influenciado estes resultados. Na Primavera foram identificadas praticamente todas as espécies de Eimeria sp. na 1ª amostra, embora na coprocultura de oocistos tenha somente esporulado E. mitis, permitindo inferir sobre o impacto do desparasitante aplicado sobre a atividade esporulatória das coccídias. Ao nível dos ensaios de Controlo Biológico, tanto laboratorialmente, como em caixas de plástico no solo, foi identificada com sucesso atividade coccidicida de M. circinelloides face às coccídias, tendo sido detetados oocistos com alterações morfológicas e paredes destruídas. Também se visualizou atividade larvicida de D. flagrans sobre larvas de NVL. Com a aplicação da técnica de Mini-FLOTAC em 40 amostras fecais obteve-se uma maior carga parasitária fecal (2669,3 OoPG), comparativamente com os resultados do método de McMaster (1220 OoPG). Embora a sua diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa, estes resultados sugerem a aplicação do Mini-FLOTAC para quantificação de oocistos de Eimeria spp. em amostras fecais de aves. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo permitem concluir que efetivamente o clima é uma variável determinante na evolução do microbiota parasitário gastrointestinal em aves produzidas ao ar livre, bem como sugerem a aplicação de fungos nematófagos no Controlo Biológico dos principais parasitas gastrointestinais das aves, sendo necessários estudos futuros in vivo, através da realização de ensaios de alimentação animal.
The current study aimed to characterize the gastrointestinal parasitic microbiota of Free-Range Chickens, at the fattening stage and through the four seasons of the year, as well as, to test the use of nematophagous fungi to perform the biological control of the main avian gastroinestinal parasites. Eight faecal samplings were performed through all seasons, in an agricultural-livestock farm located in Lisbon district. Samples were analysed by quantitative (McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC) and qualitative (Willis-Flotation, Natural Sedimentation, Coprocultures of Oocysts and Nematode Larvae) coprological methods. The Biological Control trials were developed in water-agar (2 %) medium, by facing free-living nematodes larvae and oocysts of Eimeria spp. with suspensions of Mucor circinelloides and Duddingtonia flagrans, as well as, in plastic boxes on soil, in which was tested the coccidicidal activity of M. circinelloides against coccidia, during the four seasons of the year. On summer were identified mainly parasites from the genus Eimeria, having been pointed out a significant increase on the faecal parasitic load, between the two samplings. On the oocysts coproculture from the 2nd sample, practically every species of coccidia were identified, due to their advanced development on soil. Autumn was the season with the most positive cases of coccidia and the animals of the 1st harvest showed cases of clinical coccidiosis. Together with climate, the reduction of the outdoor area increased animal density, turning easier the dissemination of oocysts through the flock. After the administration of Amprolium, a significant decrease occurred on the faecal parasitc load of coccidia. On winter, the flock was split into two age groups and on chickens with 64 days, E. brunetti and E. tenella were the only identified species, with low prevalences, results already expected, since the animals were on the 4th day after treatment. However, the flock with 114 days showed a higher prevalence of Eimeria spp., being identified all the species of coccidia. On the 2nd sample, the younger group showed a global prevalence of coccidia equal to 92%. Factors such as a short pre-patent period, high animal density and a possible resistance to the antiparasitic compound may have influenced these results. On spring, practically all species of Eimeria were identified on the 1st sample, although only E. mitis sporulated on the coproculture of oocysts, allowing to conclude on the impact of the applied product over the sporulating activity of coccidia. At the level of the Biological Control trials, both on laboratory and on plastic boxes on soil, coccidicidal activity of M. circinelloides against coccidia was identified with success, having been detected oocysts with morphological changes and walls destroyed. Larvicidal activity from D. flagrans was also checked against free-living nematodes larvae. With the use of the Mini-FLOTAC technique on 40 faecal elements, a higher faecal parasitc load of oocysts per gram was obtained (2669.3 OoPG), compared to the results of the McMaster method (1220 OoPG). Although their diference was not statistically significant, these results suggest the potential interest on the increasead use of Mini-FLOTAC for quantifying Eimeria spp. oocysts in avian faecal samples. The results obtained with this study allowed concluding that climate is indeed a determinant factor on the evolution of the parasitic gastrointestinal microbiota in free-range aviculture, as well as suggesting the use of nematophagous fungi on the Biological Controlo of the main avian gastrointestinal parasites, being necessary future in vivo studies by performing animal feeding trials.