Academic literature on the topic 'Mucor mushrooms'

Викладено результати фітоекспертизи насіннясої. Визначено показники якості, ступінь інфікуваннята видовий склад патогенних мікроорганізмів. Іден-тифіковані представники грибної (роди Alternaria,Fusarium, Peronospora, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Aspergillus,Penicillium, Mucor) і бактеріальної флори (бак-терії роду Pseudomonas). Серед виявлених патогенівнайбільшу поширеність мали гриби родів Alternaria(26–35 %) і Mucor (22–47 %). Встановлено, що видо-вий склад патогенів є неоднаковим на різних сортахсої. Найбільш різноманітним він був у насінні сої сор-ту Київська 98. The results of photoexpress of soybean seeds are presented. The quality indicators, the degree of contamination and species composition of pathogenic microorganisms are defined. The representatives of mushrooms (genus Alternaria, Fusarium, Peronos-pora, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Aspergillus, Penicil-lium, Mucor) and bacterial flora (bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas) are identified. Among the pathogenic microorganisms was widely spread fungi of the genus Alternaria (26–35 %) and Mucor (22–47 %). The species composition of pathogens is varies on different soybean varieties. It was more diverse of soybean seed’s variety Kyivs’ka 98.

Morinda citrifolia can be used as a natural disinfectant on the milk storage space because it has an anti-fungal compound. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of Morinda citrifolia extract as a natural disinfectant to fungi in the milk storage room, is reviewed from a decrease in the number of mushrooms and identification of the type of fungi before and after the use of Morinda citrifolia extracts. The study was conducted experimentally using a complete random design (CRD) with four treatments of P0 (without using Morinda citrifolia), P1 (15% concentration of Morinda citrifolia extract), P2 (20% concentration of Morinda citrifolia extract), P3 (concentration 25% of Morinda citrifolia extracts) and six times the replay. The observed is a decrease in the number of fungi, identifying the type of fungi before the use of Morinda citrifolia extract, identification of the type of fungi after the use of Morinda citrifolia extract. The results showed that Morinda citrifolia extract had a noticeable effect on decreasing the number of fungi in the milk storage room, with a consecutive drop percentage of P0 = 25,12%, P1 = 58,12%, P2 = 61,89%, P3 = 70,59%. The result of identification of fungi type on milk storage Chamber is Cephalosporium sp, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor sp. The decrease in the amount of the type of each fungus is Cephalosporium sp (68,13%), Aspergillus ochraceus (88%), Aspergillus flavu (87,94%), Penicillium purpurogenum (85,71%), Penicillium digitatum (95.73%), Mucor sp (59,57%).

An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. According to the data of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the prevalence of allergies in different countries varies between 10-40%. Pollen, mold, animal hair, house dust mite, medicines, and foods are the most common allergen agents. Common mushrooms in nature have the potential to produce allergenic proteins. Penicillium,Botryotinia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor species, which are allergic fungi, are widely found in nature. In recent years, the cases of allergies caused by molds have increased significantly and studies to determine the causing allergens have accelerated. Botryotinia fuckeliana Pers. is a cosmopolitan necrotrophic pathogen infecting more than 200 plant species in temperate and subtropical climates, some of which are of high economic importance (e.g., grapes, strawberries, solanaceous vegetable). In Europe, maximal spore counts occur during late summer. Prevalence of skin test reactivity, i.e., immediate wheal and flare, to B. cinerea in Europe is comparable to that of Aspergillus spp. and greater than that of Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. Since the prevalence of B. fuckeliana spores and skin test reactivity is significant, further characterization of these allergens is warranted. Botryotinia fuckeliana was used in our study. Botryotinia fuckeliana produced in our laboratory was collected and allergen fungus protein was extracted by 2 different extraction methods. By preparing protein samples from prepared mushroom extracts, the total concentration of potential allergen proteins was determined by the BCA method. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the protein concentration of the mushroom samples dried by that were subjected to dialysis was higher than ethanol.

An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. According to the data of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the prevalence of allergies in different countries varies between 10-40%. Pollen, mold, animal hair, house dust mite, medicines, and foods are the most common allergen agents. Common mushrooms in nature have the potential to produce allergenic proteins. Penicillium,Botryotinia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor species, which are allergic fungi, are widely found in nature. In recent years, the cases of allergies caused by molds have increased significantly and studies to determine the causing allergens have accelerated. Botryotinia fuckeliana Pers. is a cosmopolitan necrotrophic pathogen infecting more than 200 plant species in temperate and subtropical climates, some of which are of high economic importance (e.g., grapes, strawberries, solanaceous vegetable). In Europe, maximal spore counts occur during late summer. Prevalence of skin test reactivity, i.e., immediate wheal and flare, to B. cinerea in Europe is comparable to that of Aspergillus spp. and greater than that of Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. Since the prevalence of B. fuckeliana spores and skin test reactivity is significant, further characterization of these allergens is warranted. Botryotinia fuckeliana was used in our study. Botryotinia fuckeliana produced in our laboratory was collected and allergen fungus protein was extracted by 2 different extraction methods. By preparing protein samples from prepared mushroom extracts, the total concentration of potential allergen proteins was determined by the BCA method. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the protein concentration of the mushroom samples dried by that were subjected to dialysis was higher than ethanol.

The aim of the work was to establish the frequency of detection of mold of raw smoked sausages and to evaluate the use of synthetic protective shrinks, which provide long-term storage of sausages. Nine batches (310 samples) of raw smoked sausages were examined, 487 crops were made on special media, 154 samples of sausages were examined according to physical and chemical parameters. We determined that an intensive contamination of their surface with micellar fungi during the sale of raw smoked sausages in retail trade is taking place: Penicillium (62.9%), Aspergillus (18.2%), Mucor (10.7%), Cladosprium (4.5%). We found that on the 5th day of their sale 4.57±1.64% of experimental sausage bulks are contaminated with micellar fungi but more massive and intensive development of micromycelia was found on the 20th day of sale (29.32±8.16% of cases). We proved that the use of protective coating/srink “Optiglianets” (Lofink Group, Ukraine), “CoatStar 110” (OJSC “Upakprint”, Russia), “Polisved1” (OJSC “Omega”, Russia), “Antibak Tauchmassa” (Company “Swed Holding”, Russia) and “Tauchmasse KP-15”, Italy), delayed up to 20 days the development of micellar fungi on the surface of prototypes of smoked sausages. We applied them in a thin layer (0.06-0.10 mm depending on the applied means) on the surface of sausage bulks and dried in drying chambers at temperature of 15.0±2.0 °C and 45 minutes exposure at a relative humidity of 70%. The weight loss of raw smoked sausages was the lowest with the use of protective coating “Optiglyanets” (Lofink Group, Ukraine) and “Polisved-1” (OJSC “Omega”, Russia). It was 14.5±0.8% and equal to 60% reduction compared to other protective coatings/shrinks implementation.

The former coal mines experienced biological changes that caused biodiversity loss compared to natural ecosystems. Habitats decline dramatically when changes from natural ecosystems to open land occur. The frequency of land processing due to land reclamation activities has a major impact on soil organisms. Coal mining activities result in a decrease in the population of microorganisms and the activity of soil fauna, mainly due to changes in soil temperature, humidity, and the amount and quality of organic matter. This research was conducted for 1 (one) fiscal year. This research includes the making of microorganism solutions, Trichoderma enrichment, composting from market waste with bioactivator moles and trichoderma, incubating ex-coal mine land by utilizing compost, and analyzing the total population of soil microorganisms. The results showed that 1. There was an increase in the population of microorganisms in the soil that were applied to market waste compost, 2. Mushrooms found on ex-coal mine land that were applied with market waste compost with Trichoderma bioactivator, and banana weed MOL were: Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Mucor, Phytium, and Gliocladium, while the bacteria found were basil gram (-) Azotobacteraceae and cocci gram (-) Azotobacteraceae.

The focus of attention of authoritative international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture United Nations, is the problem of contamination by fungal microflora of feed and the formation of secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) and a number of micromycetes. Contaminant fungi are mainly represented by saprophytic species with disease-causing potential. Entering the body of an animal, fungi can cause invasive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (mucoromycosis), infection by inhalation of fungal spores, followed by the development of respiratory mycoses (aspergillosis). Almost all types of molds are capable of synthesizing mycotoxins. Some types of fungi (Penicillium) form antibiotics as secondary metabolites, which, when ingested, can disrupt the composition of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. The article presents the results of studies on the identification of mycoses in mustelids of cell content. To determine the species composition of pathogenic fungi, most often found in mustelids in fur farms of the Russian Federation, microbiological studies were carried out using selective culture media and a MicroTax microbiological analyzer. As a result of laboratory research, it was found that among the isolated material from the internal organs, pathogenic fungi of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Candida are most often found. Microbiological examination of animal feed (porridge, grain grinding, fish feed) revealed identical pathogens. As a result of setting a bioassay on rabbits and white mice, the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi was determined. A laboratory study was carried out to study the effect of the isolated mushrooms and their metabolic products on the weasel organism.

Приведены результаты мониторинга состояния микобиоты почвы, начатого в 2005 г. с целью прогноза последствий сельскохозяйственного использования земель. В условиях многофакторного стационарного опыта по изучению поверхностно-отвальной системы обработки, заложенного методом расщеплённых делянок с рендомизированным размещением вариантов в повторениях, проведены наблюдения за динамикой видового состава и численности микромицетов в зависимости от используемых агротехнологических приёмов, включающих системы основной обработки почвы и удобрений. Всего за период 2011–2015 гг. выявлено 22 рода и 101 вид микроскопических грибов. Анализ показал, что в агроценозах комплекс грибов несколько отличается от типичного для дерново-подзолистых почв естественных биоценозов. Состав доминирующей группы в целом за время исследований почти не изменялся и был представлен видами р. Penicillium. В число содоминантов входили зигомицетовые сапротрофы (Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Mucor hiemalis Wehmer и виды р. Mortierella), смена которых в большей степени зависела от внешних условий. Часто обнаруживались грибы рр. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Verticillium, содержащие фитопатогенные виды. Однако их встречаемость и численность не проявляли чёткой зависимости от таких факторов, как обработка почвы и внесение удобрений. Расчёт индексов биоразнообразия Шеннона и Пиилу показал, что при поверхностно-отвальной системе обработки в год вспашки разнообразие грибных комплексов снижается, происходит резкая их перестройка за счёт перемещения видов, обитающих в разных по глубине слоях почвы. Подобные изменения касаются и численности микромицетов. Отмечено снижение КОЕ грибов, особенно на неудобренном фоне, после проведения вспашки. В целом, как при отвальной, так и поверхностно-отвальной системах обработки показано возрастание численности микромицетов при внесении соломы 3 т/га + NPK. Запаханная на глубину пахотного горизонта солома с минеральными удобрениями, являясь хорошим питательным субстратом для грибов, на большинстве вариантов приводила к увеличению их количества. The results of monitoring the state of soil mycobiota started in 2005 with the aim of predicting the consequences of agricultural land use are presented. Under the conditions of a complex stationary experiment on the study of a surface-moldboard tillage system, laid down by the method of split plots with a randomized block design of variants in repetitions, observations were made of the dynamics of the species composition and number of micromycetes, depending on the agricultural technological methods used, including the systems of basic tillage and fertilizers. Total for the period 2011–2015 22 genera and 101 species of microfungus have been identified. The analysis showed that in agrocoenosis the complex of fungi is slightly different from the natural biocoenosis typical for soddy podzolic soils. The composition of the dominant group as a whole remained almost unchanged during the studies and was represented by the species of the Penicillium. The codominants included zygomycete saprotrophs (Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Mucor hiemalis Wehmer and species of Mortierella), the change of which was more dependent on external conditions. Fungi Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Verticillium containing phytopathogenic species were often found. However, their occurrence and number did not show a clear dependence on such factors as tillage and fertilization. The calculation of the Shannon and Pielou biodiversity indices showed that with a surface-moldboard system of tillage in a year of plowing, the variety of fungal complexes decreases, and their sharp restructuring occurs due to the movement of species living in layers of soil different in depth. Such changes concern the number of micromycetes. A decrease in CFU of fungi was noted, especially on an unfertilized background after plowing. In general, both moldboard and surface-moldboard tillage systems show an increase in the number of micromycetes with the introduction of straw 3 t/ha + NPK. Straw plowed under the depth of the plough-layer with mineral fertilizers, being a good nutrient substrate for mushrooms, in most cases led to an increase in their amount.

The lipid composition of Agaricus bisporus mycelium (submerged culture) and Mucor rouxii yeast cells was determined. The mushroom mycelium contained about 5.0% lipid which consisted of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic as the principal fatty acids in the polar lipid, free fatty acid, and triacylglycerol fractions. The free sterol content (85% ergosterol) was 0.2% of the mycelial dry weight. Mucor rouxii cells contained 3.4% lipid to which phospholipid, sterol (25% ergosterol), and squalene contributed 35, 4, and 2%, respectively. Yeast cell total fatty acids ranged from C12 to C20 with oleic and palmitic being predominant. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were major glycerophospholipids of both species. The lipid composition of chitosomes from both species was generally similar to that of the respective total cellular lipid. Chitosomal lipids had no characteristic feature that suggested a particular functional significance with respect to chitin synthetase.

An experiment was conducted to find out the fungal competitors and symptom studies in damaged Oyster Mushroom spawn packets at National Mushroom Development and Extension Center, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of nine fungal competitors of oyster mushroom were isolated and identified namely- Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, T. viride Pers. (Green strain), T. viride Pers. (Yellow strain), T. koningii Oudem, Mucor hiemalis Wehmer, Papulaspora byssina Hotson, Neurospora sp. Shear and B.O. Dodge., Aspergillus flavus Link., and Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. on the basis of microscopic, morphological and cultural characteristics. To produce oyster mushroom in an eco-friendly manner and to find out their antifungal potency, 23 plant species belonging to 19 families were screened out against isolated nine fungal competitors of oyster mushroom. Among 23 extracts, the maximum (44%) mycelial inhibition of T. harzianum was found due to Aegle marmelos whereas Eclipta alba showed the highest mycelial inhibition (62%) of T. viride (Green strain); in case of T. viride (Yellow strain), Cassia tora exhibited the highest mycelial inhibition (39%); Diospyros cordifolia showed the maximum mycelial inhibition (48%) of T. koningii; Curcuma longa (rhizome) gave the maximum mycelial inhibition (90%) of Neurospora sp. There were no significant effects found to control of P. byssina, B. theobromae, M. hiemalis and A. flavus due to 23 different types of botanicals tested. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride (Green strain), T. viride (Yellow strain), T. koningii, A. flavus, Neurospora sp. and P. byssina was successfully inhibited by 30, 50 and 70 ppm of fungicide-Bavistin 50 WP but B. theobromae and M. hiemalis were not affected by Bavistin at mentioned concentration.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 24-30, December, 2016

Дипломний проект складається з 124 аркушів пояснювальної записки, з використанням 88 літературних джерел та 3 аркушів креслень А1. Пояснювальна записка складається з вступу, п’яти розділів, що містять 23 рисунки, 2 таблиць, висновки і список літературних посилань. В роботі обрано та обґрунтовано технологію одержання ліпідів мукорових грибів. В проекті наведено обґрунтування вибору технології безперервного глибинного культивування мукорових грибів виду Cunninghamella japonica. Наведено характеристику продуценту та проаналізовано його фракційний склад. Розраховано матеріальний баланс процесу, наведено та описано технологічну та апаратурну схеми виробництва ліпідів, наведено поетапний опис технології отримання ліпідів мукорових грибів та параметри контролю етапів процесу, охорона праці та довкілля. Обрано ферментер об’ємом 50 м^3.
The diploma project consists of 124 pages of explanatory note, using 88 references and 3 sheets of drawings A1. The explanatory note consists of an introduction, five chapters containing 23 figures, 2 tables, conclusions and a list of references. The technology of obtaining lipids of flour fungi is selected and substantiated in the work. The project substantiates the choice of technology for continuous deep cultivation of flour mushrooms of the species Cunninghamella japonica. The characteristics of the producer are given and its fractional composition is analyzed. The material balance of the process is calculated, the technological and equipment schemes of lipid production are given and described, the step-by-step description of the technology of obtaining lipids of flour mushrooms and parameters of control of stages of the process, labor protection and environment are given. A 50 m^3 fermenter was selected.

Жидко А. В. Ураженість пилку бур'янистих рослин спорами грибів : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 091 «Біологія» / наук. керівник О. М. Войтович. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 79 с.
UA : Робота викладена на 79 сторінках, містить 1 таблицю, 27 рисунків, перелік посилань складає 73 літературних джерела. Об’єкт дослідження – пилкове зерно бур’янистих рослин, а саме: Амброзія полинаста (Аmbrosia artemisiifolia), Циклохена (Cyclachaena), Лобода біла (Chenopodium album). З кожної рослини збирався зразок пилку, який в умовах лабораторії впродовж 2 діб пророщувався на поживному середовищі Сабуро за температури 23°С. Виявилося, що пилок всіх досліджуваних рослин (амброзії, циклохени та лободи білої) уражений спорами шкодочинних грибів. Встановлений факт засмічення пилку амброзії спорами грибів Alternaria, Aspergillus, Rhizopus; пилку циклохени – Mucor; лободи білої – Mucor, Rhizopus, Alternaria. Найбільш схильним до ураження є пилок рослин роду амброзія (Ambrosia) та лобода біла (Chenopodium album), найменш схильним пилок рослини роду циклохена (Cyclachaena). Ідентифіковані на пилку гриби шкоди рослинам-носіям не задають, ймовірно використовують його для розповсюдження та збільшують алергенність пилку, розширюючи спектр речовин- алергенів.
EN : This thesis consist of 79 pages, 1 tables, 26 pictures, have been used 73 literatures. Object of research - pollen grain of weeds, namely: Аmbrosia artemisiifolia, Cyclachaena, Chenopodium album. A sample of pollen was collected from each plant, which in the laboratory for 2 days germinated on Saburo nutrient medium at a temperature of 23 ° C. It turned out that the pollen of all studied plants (Аmbrosia, Cyclachaena and Chenopodium album) is affected by spores of harmful fungi. The fact of pollen clogging is established Аmbrosia spores has been established Alternaria, Aspergillus, Rhizopus; pollen Cyclachaena - Mucor; Chenopodium album - Mucor, Rhizopus, Alternaria. The most prone to damage is the pollen of plants of the genus Ambrosia and Chenopodium album, least prone to pollen of the genus Cyclachaena. The fungi identified on the pollen do not cause damage to the host plants, they probably use it to spread and increase the allergenicity of the pollen, expanding the range of allergenic substances.