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Journal articles on the topic 'Mucosa nasal'
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1
Chiba, Yoshihiko, Michiko Oshita, Kensuke Matsuo, Hiroyasu Sakai, and Miwa Misawa. "Comparison of Norepinephrine Responsiveness of Mucosal Veins in Vivo with that of Isolated Mucosal Tissue in Vitro in Guinea Pig Nasal Mucosa." American Journal of Rhinology 20, no. 3 (2006): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2853.
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Background The vascular responsiveness of nasal mucosa has been determined frequently by using isolated mucosal tissues although it is not clear whether the response of the whole tissue truly reflects the response of the vasculature (especially veins) in mucosa. In this study, the in vivo responsiveness of mucosal veins was compared with in vitro responsiveness of isolated mucosal tissue in guinea pig nasal septa. Methods The in vivo venous responsiveness to norepinephrine (NE) of guinea pig nasal septal mucosa was measured by changes in the diameters of mucosal veins, stereomicroscopically. The in vitro responsiveness to NE of isolated nasal septal mucosae from guinea pigs also was determined by standard organ-bath technique. Results Application of NE induced concentration-dependent contractile responses both in vivo and in vitro with the pD2 (negative logarithm for 50% effective concentration [M] of NE) values of 5.23 ± 0.29 and 5.00 ± 0.17, respectively. Conclusion The equal potencies obtained by the in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increase in tension of isolated nasal mucosal tissue might be caused by the contraction of mucosal veins. Both the in vivo and the in vitro methods used in this study might be useful for determining vasoreactivity of nasal mucosa in experimental animals.
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Elsheikh, Ezzeddin, Mohammad El-Anwar, and Hesham Abdel-aziz. "Impact of Successful Choanal Atresia Repair on the Nasal Mucosa: A Preliminary Study." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 21, no. 03 (2017): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1601404.
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Introduction The main histological features of the nasal mucosa in choanal atresia are distorted cilia, marked increase of mucous submucosal glands associated with marked reduction of goblet cell density, and lymphocytic cellular infiltration. Objective To study the nasal mucosal changes in cases of choanal atresia after successful repair compared with pre-repair mucosal histological features. Methods Tissue samples were taken from the inferior turbinate of 3 patients (1 bilateral and 2 unilateral) who were successfully operated. Then, the biopsies were subjected to histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. After that, the results were compared with pre-repair findings in the choanal atresia side and in the normal side. Results Four biopsies (4 repaired choanal atresia sides) of the mucosa of the inferior turbinate revealed that 1 patient (who had a bilateral choanal atresia repaired), after achieving a patent choana for 8 months, had not completely recovered a normal nasal mucosa. The other 2 patients, after 18 and 23 months of achieving a patent choana, showed normal nasal cavities. Conclusion The main histological features of the nasal mucosa in choanal atresia could be reversed by surgery, making the patients regain their choanal patency, with their mucosae changing back to normal gradually with time.
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Otsuka, Hirokuni, Kimihiro Ohkubo, Harumi Seki, Masaki Ohnishi, and Terumichi Fujikura. "Mast cell quantitation in nasal polyps, sinus mucosa and nasal turbinate mucosa." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 107, no. 5 (1993): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510012331x.
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The distribution and abundance of mast cells in nasal polyps, the maxillary sinus mucosa of patients with sinusitis and the turbinate mucosa of allergic rhinitis was microscopically examined using different methods of fixation. In the epithelium of the surface and the ducts of nasal polyps (n = 8), the mean number of mast cells was over 20,000 per mm3 using Mota's fixation and the increase was correlated with the epithelial thickness (P<0.05). On the other hand those of the maxillary sinus mucosa (n = 6) and the nasal turbinate mucosa (n = 7) were less than 6,000 per mm3. In the subepithelial layer or areas deeper than the area with the glands, however, mast cell counts were less than 3,200 per mm3 in all diseases. More than 70–90 per cent of all mast cells in the epithelium of the mucosal surface and the ducts of the polyp, the maxillary sinus mucosa and nasal turbinates were formalin sensitive. Most of the mast cells in the subepithelial and deeper areas were formalin resistant in all diseases.These results suggest that conditions for mast cell growth differ between polyps and the other diseases, and that the conditions which affect mast cells may contribute to polyp development.
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Morgan, Payam V., Jeffrey D. Suh, and Catherine J. Hwang. "Nasal Floor Mucosa." Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 32, no. 3 (2016): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iop.0000000000000451.
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Corboz, Michel R., Maria A. Rivelli, Lori Varty та ін. "Pharmacological Characterization of Postjunctional α-Adrenoceptors in Human Nasal Mucosa". American Journal of Rhinology 19, № 5 (2005): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240501900513.
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Background Functional α1- and α2-adrenoreceptor subtype pharmacology was characterized in an in vitro human nasal mucosa contractile bioassay. Methods Nasal mucosa was obtained from 49 donor patients and mucosal strips were placed in chambers filled with Krebs–Ringer solution and attached to isometric force transducers. Results Nonselective α-adrenoreceptor agonists epinephrine, norepinephrine, and oxymetazoline produced concentration-dependent contractions of isolated human nasal mucosa (pD2= 5.2, 4.9, and 6.5, respectively). The α2-adrenoreceptor agonist BHT-920 (10 μM)–induced contractions were blocked by yohimbine (0.01–1 μM) and prazosin (0.01–1 μM) inhibited the contractile response to the α1-adrenoreceptor agonist phenylephrine (10 μM). Histological analysis showed that phenylephrine and BHT-920 differentially contracted the arteries and veins of human nasal mucosa, respectively. Conclusion Our results indicate that functional α1- and α2-adrenoceptors are present and functional in human nasal mucosa. The a 2-adrenoceptors display a predominant role in contracting the veins and the α1-adrenoceptors appear to preferentially constrict the human nasal arteries.
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Saito, Hitoshi, and Toshihito Tsubokawa. "Ciliary Activity of Nasal Polyp and Mucosa in Chronic Sinusitis." American Journal of Rhinology 5, no. 6 (1991): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065891781874857.
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Ciliary activity of mucosal cells of nasal polyps and the maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis cultured in vitro were measured by a photoelectric method. The findings were compared with those of normal maxillary sinus and inferior turbinate mucosae. The ciliary beating of edematous type of nasal polyp, 955 ± 130 beats/min (mean ± SD), did not differ significantly from the normal control, whereas both the duration and rate of ciliary beating were significantly decreased with cystic and fibrous type polyps. Ciliary activity in chronic sinusitis was significantly inhibited in the order of fibrous, purulent, and edematous types. The total area of ciliated mucosa also was decreased and varied with the type of chronic sinusitis, showing the most marked decrease with fibrous type. The ciliary activity in chronic sinusitis showed impairment with respect to both decreased ciliary rate of beating and reduced ciliated area.
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Tyurin, YU A., E. O. Sukmanskaya, S. N. Kulikov, and R. S. Fassakhov. "Chitinase-like protein YKL-40 from nasal mucosa as a biomarker of allergic rhinitis." Russian Journal of Allergy 9, no. 4 (2012): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja677.
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Background. Chitinase-like protein YKL-40 plays an important role in human atopic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine of the level of chitinase-like protein YKL-40 in the secretions of nasal mucosa of patients with chronic allergic rhinitis. Methods. Samples of allergic nasal mucosa were obtained from twelve patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Measurement of nasal YKL-40 levels was performed with modification in duplicate using commercially available ELISA kits for YKL-40. The amount of nasal eosinophils and neutrophils were also determined. Results. There were significant differences between healthy volunteers and patients with allergic rhinitis for mucosal YKL-40 levels and the amount of nasal eosinophil and neutrophil cells, which have some characteristics closely associated with allergic response. The nasal YKL-40 levels in patients with allergic rhinitis were in tens times more higher than those in controls. Conclusion. Thus, we conclude that the level of chitinase-like protein YKL-40 was upregulated in allergic nasal mucosa compared with normal nasal mucosa, suggesting their roles in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.
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Paulsson, Bodil, Thomas Gredmark, Pawel Burian, and Mats Bende. "Nasal mucosal congestion during the menstrual cycle." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 111, no. 4 (1997): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100137259.
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AbstractA relationship between the reactivity of the nasal mucosa and changes in female sex hormones have been debated for a long time, although no evidence has been presented to prove or disprove this relationship. Nasal patency was therefore measured by nasal expiratory peak-flow in 26 women for two months in order to study changes in nasal mucosal congestion during the menstrual cycle. In another eight women, nasal congestion was measured by acoustic rhinometry, and symptoms of nasal stuffiness were registered during periods when there were various levels of plasma oestradiol and progesterone. Finally, nasal mucosal biopsies were taken for preparation of receptors for oestradiol and progesterone. This study could not verify the effects of female sex hormones on the nasal mucosa. This could be explained by the fact that no receptors for oestradiol and progesterone were found.
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Talmi, Yoav P., Jacob Bar-Ziv, David Cohen, Yehuda Finkelstein, and Jona Kronenberg. "Computed Tomography Study of Sinus Involvement in Ozena." American Journal of Rhinology 9, no. 5 (1995): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065895781808810.
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Atrophic rhinitis or ozena is a chronic nasal disease characterized by formation of foul smelling nasal crusts with subsequent turbinate mucosal atrophy and resorption of the underlying bone. This symptom complex involves nasal and sinus mucosa with resultant mucosal atrophy, as well as reduced or absent mucocilliary function. The question of the presence of sinusitis in ozena is yet unanswered. Mucosal atrophy may lead to widely patent sinus ostia, but it may well be that the nasal mucosal disease also involves the sinus mucosa with reduced ciliary motility and ensuing sinusitis. We have undertaken a prospective CT study of 11 ozena patients in order to define the occurrence of sinusitis in this entity. These studies, corroborated in part by nasal endoscopies, demonstrate a 70% ethmoid sinus involvement. The sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary sinuses are not usually involved. Other CT criteria of ozena are described.
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Shaw, Chi-kee Leslie, Robert B. Dymock, Allison Cowin, and Peter-John Wormald. "Effect of packing on nasal mucosa of sheep." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 114, no. 7 (2000): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215001906246.
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The effects of packing with ribbon gauze and neuropatties on the nasal mucosa was assessed using sheep as an animal model. Fourteen sheep either underwent ribbon gauze or neuropattie nasal packing. Trauma to nasal mucosa caused by ribbon gauze and neuropatties was compared to mucosa on the lateral aspect of the middle turbinate which was not in contact with any packing. This tissue was used as a control. Ribbon gauze packing resulted in significant loss of 68 per cent of the ciliated surface of the mucosa when compared with the control group with a 15 per cent loss of ciliated surface (p < 0.005). Neuropattie packing also resulted in significant loss of 50 per cent of the ciliated surface of the mucosa when compared with the control group (p < 0.005). There was no significant difference in loss of ciliated mucosa in the specimens packed with ribbon gauze or neuropatties (p = 0.25).Nasal packing results in a significant mucosal injury with loss of cilia. This may influence the mucociliary clearance of the nose in the post-operative healing phase. Pre-operative nasal packing should be used circumspectly and if possible avoided.
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Thorold, H., and M. Bende. "The effect of smoking on physiological decongestion of the nasal mucosa in human." Rhinology journal 48, no. 4 (2010): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino10.039.
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BACKGROUND: Exercise is known to decongest the nasal mucosa which results in increased nasal patency. In a recent study it was suggested that smoking might influence the effect of exercise on the nasal mucosa. This implies that smoking may cause neurological damage to the normal nasal physiology, which has not previously been shown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a difference in nasal mucosal reaction to exercise between smokers and non-smokers. METHODOLOGY: Forty-two smokers and non-smokers underwent acoustic rhinometry to register nasal geometry before and after cycling on an ergometer cycle. A structured interview was used for questions about smoking habits and airway symptoms. RESULTS: Both smokers and non-smokers had a significant increase in MCA (minimal cross-section area) and total nasal volume after exercise. There was no statistical significant difference between smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking does not seem to affect the normal physiological decongestion of the nasal mucosa after exercise.
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Baraniuk, J. N., J. D. Lundgren, J. Goff, et al. "Calcitonin gene-related peptide in human nasal mucosa." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 258, no. 2 (1990): L81—L88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1990.258.2.l81.
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To explore the potential range of functions for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in human mucosa, we quantified human inferior turbinate nasal mucosal CGRP content by radioimmunoassay, localized CGRP-immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry, detected 125I-CGRP binding sites by autoradiography, and tested the ability of CGRP to induce submucosal gland secretion in short-term explant culture of human nasal mucosa. Nasal mucosa contained 0.45-0.54 pmol CGRP/g wet wt (n = 18). Immunoreactive CGRP was found in nerve fibers that densely innervated the walls of small muscular arteries arterioles. Venules and venous sinusoids were innervated by individual CGRP staining fibers. Occasional CGRP-containing nerve fibers were also noted adjacent to submucosal gland acini, near the epithelial basement membrane, and between epithelial cells. Specific 125I-CGRP binding sites were concentrated on small muscular arteries and arterioles. CGRP (4 microM) did not stimulate glycoconjugate or lactoferrin release from mucosal explants. These results indicate that in the human nasal mucosa, CGRP is present in nerve fibers, which most likely represent nociceptive sensorimotor nerves that innervate vascular structures (muscular arteries, arterioles, veins and venous sinusoids). It is likely that CGRP release from sensory neurons may play a role in the regulation of vasomotor responses, but no evidence for a role of CGRP in glandular secretion was found.
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Papon, Jean-François, Lydia Brugel-Ribere, Redouane Fodil, et al. "Nasal wall compliance in vasomotor rhinitis." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 1 (2006): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2005.
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Nasal compliance is a measure related to the blood volume in the nasal mucosa. The objective of this study was to better understand the vascular response in vasomotor rhinitis by measuring nasal cross-sectional area and nasal compliance before and after mucosal decongestion in 10 patients with vasomotor rhinitis compared with 10 healthy subjects. Nasal compliance was inferred by measuring nasal area by acoustic rhinometry at pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to a negative pressure of −10 cmH2O. Mucosal decongestion was obtained with one puff per nostril of 0.05% oxymetazoline. At atmospheric pressure, nasal cross-sectional areas were similar in the vasomotor rhinitis group and the healthy subject group. Mucosal decongestion did not induce any decrease of nasal compliance in patients with vasomotor rhinitis in contrast with healthy subjects. Our results support the hypothesis, already proposed, of an autonomic dysfunction based on a paradoxical response of the nasal mucosa in vasomotor rhinitis. Moreover, the clearly different behavior between healthy subjects and vasomotor rhinitis subjects suggests that nasal compliance measurement may therefore represent a potential line of research to develop a diagnostic tool for vasomotor rhinitis, which remains a diagnosis of exclusion.
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Khan, Faisal, Sarah Sy, Polly Louie, et al. "Genomic Instability Is Frequent in Oral and Rare in Nasal Mucosal Cells of Allogeneic HCT Recipients." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2140.2140.
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Abstract Genomic Instability (GI), appraised by microsatellite length alteration, is a precancerous or cancerous condition. We hypothesized that genomic instability is frequent in oral but not nasal mucosal cells of HCT recipients as oral but not nasal carcinoma is frequent in long-term HCT survivors.We examined epithelial cells from buccal and nasal mucosa of 35 subjects for the presence of GI at 15 microsatellite loci spanning 14 human autosomes. The study population included long-term allo-HCT survivors (4–22 yrs, n=18) and short-term allo-HCT survivors (2–3 months, n=5), and long-term auto-HCT survivors (4–12 yrs, n=5). Controls also included 5 patients treated with intensive chemotherapy and 2 healthy volunteers. DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and cells of nasal and buccal mucosa was PCR amplified for a panel of 15 Short tandem repeat (STR) markers (ABI-Identifiler TM). The amplicons were subjected to capillary electrophoresis and fragment size analysis was performed to identify novel allele peaks (one that was absent in donor and recipient blood pre-transplant but present in recipient mucosa post-transplant) indicative of microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI was observed in buccal mucosal cells of 56% long-term survivors of allo-HCT; the number of STR loci showing novel allele peaks ranged from 1–6 (median=3). None of the short-term survivors of allo-HCT, long-term survivors of auto-HCT, or control individuals showed MSI in the buccal mucosal cells. Only one allogeneic HCT survivor showed MSI (at one STR locus) in nasal mucosal cells. No genomic alterations were observed in blood leukocytes of any of the above patients or controls. In conclusion, genomic instability is frequently observed in long-term allo-HCT suvivors in oral mucosal cells but rarely in nasal mucosal cells. The facts that oral but not nasal mucosa is frequently involved in chronic GVHD and that MSI was not detected in recipients of auto-HCT suggest that graft-vs-host reaction induces genomic instability.
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Veldman, J. E. "Immunology of Nasal Mucosa." American Journal of Rhinology 7, no. 4 (1993): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065893782172303.
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Änggård, A. "Neuropeptides in Nasal Mucosa." American Journal of Rhinology 7, no. 4 (1993): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065893782172349.
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WOODHEAD, C. J. "Neuropeptides in nasal mucosa." Clinical Otolaryngology 19, no. 4 (1994): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.1994.tb01231.x.
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Elwany, S., Y. H. Saeed, and I. Talaat. "Effects of passive smoking on adult nasal respiratory mucosa." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, no. 10 (2013): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113002168.
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AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to investigate nasal mucosal changes in response to passive exposure to cigarette smoke.Study design:The study included 20 women aged 35–51 years who were scheduled for non-rhinological surgical procedures, and who had at least 10 years' prolonged passive exposure to household cigarette smoke. During surgery, two 1-mm3 biopsies of nasal mucosa were taken from the lower border of the inferior turbinate. Specimens were processed and examined with light and transmission electron microscopy.Results:Examination of the nasal mucosa showed several histopathological changes. The severity of structural changes increased with duration of smoke exposure. No allergic or neoplastic changes were seen.Conclusion:Passive exposure to cigarette smoke has a deleterious effect on the nasal respiratory mucosa. Prolonged passive smoke exposure may also induce other, significant changes not detected in the present study.
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Feng, Zhaoxuan, Minglu Li, Xing Jin, et al. "Design and characterization of plasticized bacterial cellulose/waterborne polyurethane composite with antibacterial function for nasal stenting." Regenerative Biomaterials 7, no. 6 (2020): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbaa029.
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Abstract A nasal stent capable of preventing adhesions and inflammation is of great value in treating nasal diseases. In order to solve the problems of tissue adhesion and inflammation response, we prepared plasticized bacterial cellulose (BCG) and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) composite with antibacterial function used as a novel nasal stent. The gelation behavior of BCG could contribute to protecting the paranasal sinus mucosa; meanwhile, the WPU with improved mechanical property was aimed at supporting the narrow nasal cavity. The thickness, size and the supporting force of the nasal stent could be adjusted according to the specific conditions of the nasal. Thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle and water absorption test were applied to investigate the thermal, hydrophilic and water absorption properties of the composite materials. The composite materials loaded with poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride maintained well antibacterial activity over 12 days. Animal experiments further revealed that the mucosal epithelium mucosae damage of BCG−WPU composite was minor compared with that of WPU. This new type of drug-loaded nasal stent can effectively address the postoperative adhesions and infections while ensuring the health of nasal mucosal, and thus has an immense clinical application prospects in treating nasal diseases.
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Wrobel, Bozena B., Alexander G. Bien, Eric H. Holbrook, et al. "Decreased Nasal Mucosal Sensitivity in Older Subjects." American Journal of Rhinology 20, no. 3 (2006): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2862.
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Background The sensitivity of the human nasal cavity mucosa to touch is not well understood. The site of receptors and mode of action responsible for the sensation of the nasal airflow is a topic of controversy. Previous studies have suggested that the skin-lined nasal vestibule is more sensitive to airflow than the mucosa of the nasal cavity. A possible decline in nasal sensitivity to airflow in older subjects has not been studied. Methods The threshold of the mucosal sensitivity to jets of air was assessed in 76 subjects with healthy nasal cavities. A total of 141 nostrils were tested, 67 in younger patients and 74 in older patients. Results Statistically significant (p < 0.001) increases in thresholds were found for all points tested for older patients compared with the younger patients. In general, the more sensitive locations were in the nasal vestibule. The nasal cavity mucosa in the inferior meatus was slightly more sensitive than the middle meatus. Conclusion We have measured the threshold to touch (air jet sensitivity) in nine places in each of 141 nasal cavities and determined that the variability and sensitivity of these measurements among people varies by age and the distance from the nostril. Older subjects were found to have a higher threshold for the sensation of air flow, and the nasal vestibule was found to be more sensitive than the rest of the nasal cavity mucosa with the inferior meatus slightly more sensitive then the middle meatus.
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Neri, G., V. Mastronardi, T. Traini, F. D'Orazio, M. Pugliese, and F. Cazzato. "Respecting nasal mucosa during turbinate surgery: end of the dogma?" Rhinology journal 51, no. 4 (2013): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino12.124.
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Background: Chronic rhinitis with inferior turbinate hypertrophy is the most common cause of chronic nasal obstruction. Pharmacological treatment, mainly consisting of corticosteroids, is largely inadequate and, therefore, in the last few years several surgical techniques have been proposed (emptying, radiofrequency, cryotherapy, etc...). The aim of our work is to demonstrate that surgical removal of the inferior turbinate mucosa with the microdebrider, along with the submucosal chorion, results in a full restoration of mucosal physiological structure and function. Methodology: Thirteen symptomatic adult patients were subjected to bilateral inferior partial turbinoplasty with the microdebrider. All patients underwent endoscopic examination, functional nasal tests and nasal mucosa biopsy before and after surgery. Results: The sensitivity in open airspaces improved after nasal surgery, and the results of functional tests returned to within a normal range. SEM examination confirmed that complete mucosal regeneration was within 4 months. Conclusion: Total removal of the inferior turbinate mucosa with the microdebrider in patients suffering from hypertrophic chronic rhinitis allows the perfect regeneration of physiological respiratory tissue and doesn`t have a negative impact on healing time and offsets any adverse postoperative event.
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Liu, Yichuan, Hui-Qi Qu, Jingchun Qu, Lifeng Tian, and Hakon Hakonarson. "Expression Pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Respiratory Tract." Viruses 12, no. 10 (2020): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101174.
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To address the expression pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the viral priming protease TMPRSS2 in the respiratory tract, this study investigated RNA sequencing transcriptome profiling of samples of airway and oral mucosa. As shown, ACE2 has medium levels of expression in both small airway epithelium and masticatory mucosa, and high levels of expression in nasal epithelium. The expression of ACE2 is low in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and cannot be detected in alveolar macrophages. TMPRSS2 is highly expressed in small airway epithelium and nasal epithelium and has lower expression in masticatory mucosa. Our results provide the molecular basis that the nasal mucosa is the most susceptible locus in the respiratory tract for SARS-CoV-2 infection and consequently for subsequent droplet transmission and should be the focus for protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Rebuli, Meghan E., Adam M. Speen, Phillip W. Clapp, and Ilona Jaspers. "Novel applications for a noninvasive sampling method of the nasal mucosa." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 312, no. 2 (2017): L288—L296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00476.2016.
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Reliable methods for sampling the nasal mucosa provide clinical researchers with key information regarding respiratory biomarkers of exposure and disease. For quick and noninvasive sampling of the nasal mucosa, nasal lavage (NL) collection has been widely used as a clinical tool; however, limitations including volume variability, sample dilution, and storage prevent NL collection from being used in nonlaboratory settings and analysis of low abundance biomarkers. In this study, we optimize and validate a novel methodology using absorbent Leukosorb paper cut to fit the nasal passage to extract epithelial lining fluid (ELF) from the nasal mucosa. The ELF sampling method limits the dilution of soluble mediators, allowing quantification of both high- and low-abundance soluble biomarkers such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and neutrophil elastase. Additionally, we demonstrate that this method can successfully detect the presence of respiratory pathogens such as influenza virus and markers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the nasal mucosa. Efficacy of ELF collection by this method is not diminished in consecutive-day sampling, and percent recovery of both recombinant IL-8 and soluble mediators are not changed despite freezing or room temperature storage for 24 h. Our results indicate that ELF collection using Leukosorb paper sampling of ELF provides a sensitive, easy-to-use, and reproducible methodology to collect concentrated amounts of soluble biomarkers from the nasal mucosa. Moreover, the methodology described herein improves upon the standard NL collection method and provides researchers with a novel tool to assess changes in nasal mucosal host defense status.
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Taghiloo, Hamid, and Zohreh Halimi. "The frequencies of different types of nasal septum deviation and their effect on increasing the thickness of maxillary sinus mucosa." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 13, no. 3 (2019): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2019.032.
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Background. Diseases of the paranasal sinuses are very prevalent in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, which is attributed to various reasons, including environmental and anatomical factors. This study investigated the prevalence of anatomical variations of nasal septum deviation and evaluated the effect of this factor on increasing the mucosal thickness of the sinuses. Methods. The samples included all the patients referred to Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, and the frequency of nasal septum deviation in the sample population was evaluated. The samples were re-examined to select the samples with a thickened mucosa of the maxillary sinus. The results were reported using descriptive statistical methods. Results. Deviation of the nasal septum was seen in 75% of the cases. The results showed that 31.76 % of males and 56.67% of females had an increased maxillary sinus mucosa thickness. Conclusion. There was a significant relationship between nasal septum deviation and thickening of the maxillary sinus mucosa.
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Triola, Seres. "Pengaruh Cuci Hidung dengan NaCl 0,9% Terhadap Ekspresi Gen IL-1Beta dan TNF-Alpha Mukosa Hidung Penderita Rinosinusitis Kronis di RSUP Dr M Djamil Padang." Health & Medical Journal 1, no. 2 (2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/heme.v1i2.236.
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Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses which produces several proinflammatory cytokines including; IFN-γ, TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-5. The use of NaCl 0.9% nasal wash in chronic rhinosinusitis could reduce mucin secretion, decrease the production of postnasal drip, accelerate mucosal repair and reduce the symptoms of nasal obstruction. From above, researchers want to know the effect of NaCl 0.9% nasal wash of the levels of cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. This research is an experimental study with the technique of pre and post test design to determine the effect of NaCl 0.9% nasal wash of the gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α of nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The amount of IL-1β gene copynumber before and after nasal wash is obtained 8.07 ± 0.95 and 8,20 ± 0.93 (p >0.05). The amount of TNF-α gene copynumber before and after nasal wash was 8,83 ±3,83 and 6,72 ±2,55 (p >0.05). IL-1β gene ratio starting and ending intervention in two groups was 52,51 ± 1.21 and 61,99 ± 1.13. TNF-α gene ratio starting and ending intervention in two groups was 9,63 ±2.21 and 334,4 ±1.31. In this study there was no significant reduction in the absolute expression (log copynumber) gene IL-1β and TNF-α of nasal mucosa after being given medical treatment with NaCl 0,9% nasal wash.
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Huang, Hai, Desheng Jing, Zhaoji Li, et al. "Analysis of lectin receptors in normal nasal mucosa, nasal polyp, inverted papilloma and papillary adenocarcinoma." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 107, no. 7 (1993): 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100123813.
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In order to investigate the changes in glycoprotein structure in the process of cellular differentiation of the nasal mucosa, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of normal nasal mucosae, nasal polyps, inverted papillomas and papillary adenocarcinomas were analysed by the Avidin Biotin-Peroxidase Complex technique for the demonstration of peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptors, concanavalin ensifomis agglutinin (ConA) receptors, ulex europeaus agglutinin (UEA-I) receptors, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) receptors, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and keratin. The quantity and distribution of PNA receptors, ConA receptors, UEA-I receptors and CEA were different, in relation to the varying pathological changes. The results suggest that the glycoprotein structure in the cells of the nasal mucosa will change following their differentiation and malignant transformation, which may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis.
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Chiba, Yoshihiko, Kensuke Matsuo, Hiroyasu Sakai, Kazuho Abe, and Miwa Misawa. "Increased Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Nasal Mucosae of Guinea Pigs with Induced Allergic Rhinitis." American Journal of Rhinology 20, no. 3 (2006): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2852.
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Background Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by the action of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms and is considered an important mediator of inflammatory response including airways. In this study, the changes in the expression levels of NOS isoforms in nasal mucosae were determined in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Methods An allergic rhinitis model was prepared in guinea pigs by repeated challenge with aerosolized dinitrophenylated ovalbumin antigen. Twenty-four hours after the last antigen challenge, the expression levels of NOS isoforms in nasal mucosae were determined by immunoblottings. Changes in the isometrical tension of isolated mucosal tissues of nasal septa induced by histamine were measured also. Results Although the expression levels of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) in nasal mucosae were not affected by the repeated antigen exposure, the inducible NOS (iNOS) level was markedly and significantly increased in the challenged animals. In isolated nasal mucosal tissues, histamine induced a concentration-dependent relaxation, which was sensitive to an H1-receptor antagonist, mepyramine, and an NOS inhibitor, l-NMMA. No significant change in the histamine responsiveness was observed between the sensitized control and repeatedly antigen-challenged groups. Conclusion The expression of three isoforms of NOS, including eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS, was presented in guinea pig nasal mucosa. A marked increase in iNOS expression in the repeatedly antigen-challenged animals suggests an important role of iNOS in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. However, the pathophysiological role(s) of NO generated by iNOS in nasal allergy is still unclear.
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Ishibashi, Toshio, Tadashi Tanaka, Shin-Ichi Ishimoto, Ken-Ichi Nibu, and Kimitaka Kaga. "Keratinocyte Growth Factor and its Receptor Messenger RNA Expression in Nasal Mucosa and Nasal Polyps." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 107, no. 10 (1998): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949810701013.
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To examine the potential biologic role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in nasal polyps and nasal mucosa during chronic inflammatory conditions, we investigated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of three members of the FGF family — Acidic FGF, basic FGF, and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) — in nasal polyp tissues, as well as in hyperplastic nasal mucosa. Using the sensitive method reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrated that of the examined FGFs, KGF had the most abundant mRNA expression in nasal polyps and nasal mucosa. We also found that significantly higher levels of KGF mRNA were expressed in nasal polyps than in nasal mucosa, whereas mRNA expression of acidic FGF and basic FGF was relatively low in these tissues. In addition, we showed that KGF receptor mRNA was present in most of the nasal mucosa; however, none or little was expressed in nasal polyps. These results suggest that KGF might play an important role in nasal epithelial proliferation and that excessive synthesis of KGF in nasal polyp stroma may contribute to hypertrophy of the nasal mucosa in patients with chronic sinusitis associated with nasal polyposis.
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Wang, Qiankun, Mengyao Wang, Chun Liu, et al. "Ammonia Exposure Induced Cilia Dysfunction of Nasal Mucosa in the Piglets." BioMed Research International 2020 (May 27, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1705387.
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As one of the main environmental stressors commonly found in closed pig houses, ammonia poses high risks to the well-being of humans and animals. This study is aimed at assessing the toxicity of ammonia exposure (80 ppm for 12 days) on the nasal mucosa in piglets. Firstly, we found that after ammonia exposure, the number of white blood cells significantly increased and the serum levels of cytokine IL-4 were significantly decreased. Then, histological analyses showed significant thickening of nasal mucosa and excessive mucus production in the exposure group. Finally, RNA-seq analyses demonstrated that the ammonia exposure disturbed the transcriptome of nasal mucosa which revealed 176 upregulated genes and 426 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs showed that the upregulated genes were mainly related to neutrophil chemotaxis and immune response, while 80 out of the 426 downregulated genes including CCDCs, CFAPs, DNAHs, and TEKTs were enriched in the microtubule cytoskeleton and cilium morphogenesis/movement. All these results indicated that ammonia exposure induces nasal mucosal hyperplasia and cilia dysfunction, as well as a systemic inflammatory response in piglets. These findings provide new evidence for understanding the damage mechanism of ammonia on the nasal mucosa.
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Miyahara, N., T. Ishino, T. Kono, et al. "Expression of Trefoil factor family peptides in the nasal allergic mucosa." Rhinology journal 50, no. 4 (2012): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.221.
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Objective: Trefoil factor family peptides (TFFs) are the secretory products of mucous cells and are closely associated with mucins. TFFs appear to be important in mucosal healing processes. Although TFF1/3 are expressed in the human respiratory tract, their role in the nasal mucosa is not thoroughly understood. We investigated the association between TFFs and mucins and the role TFFs in the human nasal mucosa. Material and methods: Patients undergoing turbinectomy were included and it was determined whether patients had nasal allergies or not. The localization of TFF1/3, MUC5AC/5B expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry. The levels of the mRNA transcripts were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. Results: TFF1/3 had a similar pattern of localization in epithelial goblet cells and submucosal glandular cells. TFF1/3 co-localized with MUC5AC in the epithelium, and co-localized with MUC5B in the epithelium and the submucosal glandular cells. The levels of TFF1/3 and MUC5B mRNA in allergic patients were significantly increased. Conclusion: Our results suggest that TFF1/3 may associate with MUC5AC and MUC5B in the nasal mucosa, and that up-regulation of TFF1/3 and MUC5B may play an important role in the clinical condition of the nasal allergic mucosa.
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Morinaka, Setsuko, and Hiroyuki Nakamura. "Inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa and nasal polyps." Auris Nasus Larynx 27, no. 1 (2000): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(99)00038-3.
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Yasuda, Toyotoshi, Y. Sakata, Seiji Madoiwa, Jun Mimuro, Michio Matsuda, and Ken Kitamura. "Fibrinolytic components in nasal mucosa and nasal secretion." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 110, no. 5 (1998): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050306.
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Watanabe, Kensuke, and Chôsei Kiuna. "Epithelial Damage of Nasal Mucosa in Nasal Allergy." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 107, no. 7 (1998): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949810700704.
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Epithelial alterations arising from moderate nasal allergy to house dust were examined and compared to findings in epithelia from nonallergic controls. Biopsy specimens were taken during natural allergen exposure from two different sites: 1) the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate and 2) 2 cm behind it. The tissues were examined by both electron and light microscopy. In the allergic group, epithelial damage was found to be remarkable in the anterior nasal mucosae, where nonciliated cells were prevalent, but minor in the posterior nasal mucosae comprising ciliated and goblet cells. In the anterior nasal mucosae, conspicuous intercellular edema, epithelial shedding, and clusters of eosinophils in the epithelial layer were observed, whereas only a little epithelial shedding and edema in the basal area of the epithelium was noted in the ciliated areas. In controls, pathologic changes were not observed, although a little epithelial shedding was seen in the anterior turbinate. Although there are arguments for and against epithelial shedding in nasal allergy, this study confirms its presence even in patients with moderate allergy.
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Cassano, Michele, Francesco Di Taranto, Giuseppe Maria Russo, Cosimo De Filippis, and Pasquale Cassano. "Cytological alterations of nasal mucosa after nasal packing." American Journal of Otolaryngology 35, no. 3 (2014): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.12.009.
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Bui, Dan Van, Akira Kanda, Yoshiki Kobayashi, et al. "A Novel Approach for Investigating Upper Airway Hyperresponsiveness Using Micro-CT in Eosinophilic Upper Airway Inflammation such as Allergic Rhinitis Model." Biomolecules 9, no. 7 (2019): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9070252.
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Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) has been proposed as a feature of pathogenesis of eosinophilic upper airway inflammation such as allergic rhinitis (AR). The measurement system for upper AHR (UAHR) in rodents is poorly developed, although measurements of nasal resistance have been reported. Here we assessed UAHR by direct measurement of swelling of the nasal mucosa induced by intranasal methacholine (MCh) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Micro-CT analysis was performed in both naïve and ovalbumin-induced AR mice following intranasal administration of MCh. The nasal cavity was segmented into two-dimensional horizontal and axial planes, and the data for nasal mucosa were acquired for the region of interest threshold. Then, a ratio between the nasal mucosa area and nasal cavity area was calculated as nasal mucosa index. Using our novel method, nasal cavity structure was clearly identified on micro-CT, and dose-dependent increased swelling of the nasal mucosa was observed upon MCh treatment. Moreover, the nasal mucosa index was significantly increased in AR mice compared to controls following MCh treatment, while ovalbumin administration did not affect swelling of the nasal mucosa in either group. This UAHR following MCh treatment was completely reversed by pretreatment with glucocorticoids. This novel approach using micro-CT for investigating UAHR reflects a precise assessment system for swelling of the nasal mucosa following MCh treatment; it not only sheds light on the mechanism of AR but also contributes to the development of new therapeutic drugs in AR patients.
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Baraniuk, J. N., and M. Kaliner. "Neuropeptides and nasal secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 261, no. 4 (1991): L223—L235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1991.261.4.l223.
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The nasal mucosa is innervated by the sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems. Nociceptive sensory nerves are stimulated by mucosal injury, inhalation of irritants, or mast cell degranulation and release of the calcitonin gene-related peptide, the tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A, and other peptides by the axon response mechanism. Sensory nerve stimulation initiates systemic reflexes, such as the sneeze, and central parasympathetic reflexes which release acetylcholine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and other peptides and lead to glandular secretion. In concert, these proinflammatory neural responses lead to vasodilation, vascular permeability, and glandular secretion. Sympathetic nerves release neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine, potent vasoconstrictors which act to decompress the nasal mucosa and produce nasal patency. The balance between the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters may regulate nasal homeostasis, whereas the nociceptive sensory system may be held in reserve as a defense mechanism. Dysfunction of these systems may lead to pathological nasal syndromes. In the future, specific neuropeptide agonists and antagonists may be useful for the treatment of human rhinitic diseases.
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Svensson, Christer, Morgan Andersson, Lennart Greiff, and Carl G. A. Persson. "Nasal Mucosal Endorgan Hyperresponsiveness." American Journal of Rhinology 12, no. 1 (1998): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065898782103016.
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Nonspecific hyperresponsiveness of the upper and lower airways is a well-known characteristic of different inflammatory airway diseases but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been satisfactorily explained. In attempts to elucidate the relation of hyperresponsiveness to disease pathophysiology we have particularly examined the possibility that different airway endorgans may alter their function in allergic airway disease. The nose, in contrast to the bronchi, is an accessible part of the airways where in vivo studies of airway mucosal processes can be carried out in humans under controlled conditions. Different endorgans can be defined in the airway mucosa: subepithelial microvessels, epithelium, glands, and sensory nerves. Techniques may be applied further in the nose to determine selectively the responses/function of these endorgans. Topical challenge with methacholine will induce a glandular secretory response, and topical capsaicin activates sensory c-fibers and induces nasal smart. Topical histamine induces extravasation of plasma from the subepithelial microvessels. The plasma exudate first floods the lamina propria and then moves up between epithelial cells into the airway lumen. This occurs without any changes in the ultrastructure or barrier function of the epithelium. We have therefore forwarded the view of mucosal exudation of bulk plasma as a physiological airway tissue response with primarily a defense function. Since the exudation is specific to inflammation, we have also suggested mucosal exudation as a major inflammatory response among airway endorgan functions. Using a “nasal pool” device for concomitant provocation with histamine and lavage of the nasal mucosa we have assessed exudative responses by analyzing the levels of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin, α2-macroglobulin) in the returned lavage fluids. A secretory hyperresponsiveness occurs in both experimental and seasonal allergic rhinitis. This type of nasal hyperreactivity may develop already 30 minutes after allergen challenge. It is attenuated by topical steroids and oral antihistamines. We have demonstrated that exudative hyperresponsiveness develops in both seasonal allergic rhinitis and common cold, indicating significant changes of this important microvascular response in these diseases. An attractive hypothesis to explain airway hyperresponsiveness has been increased mucosal absorption permeability due to epithelial damage, possibly secondary to the release of eosinophil products. However, neither nonspecific nor specific endorgan hyperresponsiveness in allergic airways may be explained by epithelial fragility or damage since nasal absorption permeability (measured with 51Cr-EDTA and dDAVP) was decreased or unchanged in our studies of allergic and virus-induced rhinitis, respectively. Thus, the absorption barrier of the airway mucosa may become functionally tighter in chronic eosinophilic inflammation.
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Moon, Joon Hwan, Tae Hoon Kim, Heung Man Lee, et al. "Overexpression of the Superoxide Anion and NADPH Oxidase Isoforms 1 and 4 (NOX1 and NOX4) in Allergic Nasal Mucosa." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 23, no. 4 (2009): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3340.
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Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and distribution of superoxide anion, NADPH oxidase (NOX)1, and NOX4 in healthy, allergic nasal mucosa and nasal polyps to evaluate the possible influence of oxidative stress on the development of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps. Methods The expression and distribution of superoxide anion, NOX1 and NOX4 were evaluated in healthy and allergic nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, using dihydroethidium fluorescence, semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Results NOX1 and NOX4 were localized mainly in the epithelial layer, submucosal glands, vascular endothelium, and inflammatory cells in healthy and allergic nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. The cellular source that generated superoxide anion is also localized in the epithelial cells, submucosal glands, vascular endothelium, and inflammatory cells, demonstrating the similar sites of expression of NOX1 and NOX4 in healthy and allergic nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. NOX1 and NOX4 mRNA and proteins and superoxide anions had increased levels of expression in allergic nasal mucosa and nasal polyps compared with healthy nasal mucosa. Conclusions These results indicate that NOX1 and NOX4 may play an important role in reactive oxygen species production, contributing to the oxidative stress in allergic rhinitis and nasal polyp tissues.
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Lee, Heung-Man, Hyo Yeol Kim, Hee Joon Kang, et al. "Up-Regulation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Allergic Rhinitis." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 116, no. 7 (2007): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940711600712.
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Objectives: We compared the patterns of PAR-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in the nasal mucosa of subjects with and without allergic rhinitis. Methods: Biopsy specimens were obtained from 10 patients with allergic rhinitis and 10 normal controls. RNA was extracted from the nasal mucosa, and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for PAR-2. Tissue sections were immunostained for PAR-2 by use of specific antibody. Results: The expression levels of PAR-2 mRNA in allergic rhinitis nasal mucosa were significantly up-regulated as compared with those in normal nasal mucosa. PAR-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the epithelium and submucosal glands in both normal controls and subjects with allergic rhinitis. Stronger immunoreactivity for PAR-2 was observed in allergic rhinitis nasal mucosa as compared with normal nasal mucosa. Conclusions: These results suggest that PAR-2 may be involved in allergic nasal inflammation.
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Tachibana, Masayoshi, Hiroyuki Morioka, Mitsuo MacHino, Takashi Tsuruoka, Fumiko Tanimura, and Osamu Mizukoshi. "Lysozyme Producers in Nasal Mucosa." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 95, no. 2 (1986): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948609500218.
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WATANABE, Hiroshi, and Hiromichi TSURU. "Microcirculation in the nasal mucosa." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 113, no. 4 (1999): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.113.211.
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Baraniuk, James N., and Samantha J. Merck. "Neuroregulation of Human Nasal Mucosa." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170, no. 1 (2009): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04481.x.
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Mullol, Joaquim, Badrul A. Chowdhury, Martha V. White, et al. "Endothelin in Human Nasal Mucosa." American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 8, no. 4 (1993): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb/8.4.393.
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Weber, R., and R. Keerl. "Healing in the nasal mucosa." Journal of Wound Care 7, no. 2 (1998): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.1998.7.2.101.
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Edling, C., L. Odkvist, and H. Hellquist. "Formaldehyde and the nasal mucosa." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42, no. 8 (1985): 570–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.42.8.570.
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Millas, Ieda, Bianca M. Liquidato, Carla Sant`Anna Correa, et al. "Estrogen Receptors in Nasal Mucosa." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 145, no. 2_suppl (2011): P53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811416318a39.
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Perić, Aleksandar, Danilo Vojvodić, Biserka Vukomanović-Đurđević, and Nenad Baletić. "Eosinophilic Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis and Nasal Polyposis." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 62, no. 4 (2011): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2120.
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Eosinophilic Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis and Nasal PolyposisOn histopathological examination, nasal polyps and nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis show different forms of pseudostratified respiratory epithelium, whereas the dominant characteristic of lamina propria is an eosinophilic infiltration. The aim of this study was to compare interleukin (IL)-5 and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels in the nasal fluid of 42 patients: 12 with allergic rhinitis and nasal septal deviation, 17 non-atopic patients with nasal polyposis, and 13 atopic nasal polyp patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Nasal secretion samples were collected a few days before surgery. The levels of IL-5 were measured using flow cytometry and the ECP using a commercial ELISA kit. In addition, we counted eosinophils in hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections of all nasal polyp and all nasal mucosa samples taken from the inferior nasal turbinates during septoplasty. A significantly higher concentration of IL-5 was found in the nasal fluid of atopic patients with nasal polyposis than in non-atopic nasal polyp patients (p=0.025) and patients with allergic rhinitis (p=0.05). ECP was higher in atopic nasal polyp patients than in patients with allergic rhinitis (p<0.0001) and than in non-atopic nasal polyp patients (p<0.0001). Polyp eosinophils were higher in atopic' than in non-atopic patients (p<0.0001) and higher than in the mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis (p<0.0001). These however had significantly more mucosal eosinophils than was found in the polyps of non-atopic patients' (p=0.025). ECP levels in nasal fluid and eosinophil counts in tissue specimens correlated well in all three groups of patients. Our study has shown that atopic nasal polyp patients have a higher level of eosinophilic inflammation than non-atopic patients with nasal polyps and patients with allergic rhinitis.
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Yu, H., H. Sun, Z. Wang, and Y. Liu. "MicroRNA let-7a up-regulates OPN expression in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 11 (2017): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221511700175x.
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AbstractObjective:To investigate the effect of microRNA let-7a on OPN expression in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis.Methods:Thirty-two mature female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups, with eight mice in each group: microRNA let-7a, microRNA control, OVA and phosphate-buffered saline groups. The microRNA let-7a, microRNA control and OVA groups were sensitised with OVA to establish a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Nose-scratching events were counted. Nasal mucosa was used to evaluate histological changes of goblet cell hyperplasia. Interleukins 5 and 13 were detected. Interferon-γ levels in the nasal lavage fluid were assayed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. OPN expression was estimated with polymerase chain reaction.Results:Compared with microRNA control mice, microRNA let-7a treated mice had a significantly increased number of nose-scratching events, nasal mucosal eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia (p < 0.05), and significantly higher interleukins 5 and 13 in nasal mucosa (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in interferon-γ (p > 0.05). In addition, microRNA let-7a treated mice had significantly enhanced OPN expression in nasal mucosa (p < 0.05).Conclusion:MicroRNA let-7a can promote allergic rhinitis development partly by regulating OPN expression.
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Tyrnova, E. V. "HUMAN BETA-DEFENSIN-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE NASAL AND SINONASAL MUCOSA." Medical academic journal 19, no. 1S (2019): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj191s1184-186.
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Sensitive receptors of the olfactory sensory system are located in the nasal cavity mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) gene expression in the surface epithelium of the nasal and sinonasal mucosa. Surgical samples from patients with nasal and sinonasal disease (n = 85) (sinus maxillaries mucosa, choana polyps, middle nasal passage polyps, sinus maxillaries polyps, inferior turbinate mucosa of hypertrophic rhinitis, inferior turbinate mucosa and the middle nasal passage mucosa as controls) were investigated. Total RNA was extracted and analysed by real-time RT-PCR for hBD-3 as well as beta-actin mRNA.hBD-3 gene expression was detected in all examined anatomical regions in 14.29-33.33% samples at low levels, but it was absent in the hypertrophic inferior turbinate mucosa (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.05 compared to the middle nasal passage mucosa; p < 0.01, odds ratio (OR) 31.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53÷633.6 compared to the middle nasal passage polyps). The highest hBD-3 mRNA expression detection frequency was detected in the middle nasal passage polyps (53.84% cases) (p < 0.05, OR 7.00, CI 1.10÷44.63 compared to the sinus maxillaries mucosa). The highest levels of hBD-3 gene expression was detected in the middle nasal passage polyps also (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p < 0.05 compared to the hypertrophic inferior turbinate mucosa). Clinically, inflammatory polyps are found in the middle turbinate in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis but not in the inferior turbinate. In the context of chronic inflammation, apart from direct antimicrobial activity, high concentrations hBD-3 also potentially contributes to epithelial injury and fibrotic remodeling.
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Su, Yu, Bixi Sun, Xiaoshu Gao, Shuwen Liu, Rubin Hao, and Bing Han. "Chitosan Hydrogel Doped with PEG-PLA Nanoparticles for the Local Delivery of miRNA-146a to Treat Allergic Rhinitis." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (2020): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100907.
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To prepare a binary formulation delivering miRNA-146 and evaluate a nucleic acid nasal delivery system by investigating its pharmacodynamic effects in allergic rhinitis. The gel/NPs/miR-146a thermosensitive in situ chitosan hydrogel carrying a nucleic acid was prepared and evaluated for its characteristics, including temperature sensitivity, gel strength, mucosal adhesion and drug release profile. After nasal administration of the formulation to ovalbumin-sensitized rats, the treatment of allergic rhinitis was verified by assessing nasal symptoms, hematology, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry. Western Blot(WB) was used to analyze nasal inflammatory factors as well as miRNA-146-related factors, and the miR146 expression level was measured by PCR. Subsequently, the effects of the gel/NPs/miR-146a binary formulation were evaluated for the nasal delivery of nucleic acids in rhinitis therapy. The prepared binary formulation quickly formed a gel in the nasal cavity at a temperature of 34 °C with good mucosal adhesion, which delivered nucleic acids into the nasal mucosa stably and continuously. Gel/NPs/miR-146a was able to sustain the delivery of miRNA into the mucosa after nasal administration. When compared with the monolithic formulations, the gel/NPs/miR-146a binary formulation performed better regarding its nucleic acid delivery ability and pharmacodynamic effects. The gel/NPs/miR-146a binary preparation has a suitable nasal mucosal drug delivery ability and has a positive pharmacodynamic effect for the treatment of ovalbumin-induced rhinitis in rats. It can serve as a potential nucleic acid delivery platform for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.