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1
Vivek Prasad, H. G., Mangala Keshava, P. S. Raghu Prasad, and K. S. Jagadish. "Production and characteristics of stabilised interlocking mud blocks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1282, no. 1 (2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1282/1/012011.
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Abstract This paper presents an ideology over physical and mechanical properties of interlocking and non interlocking stabilised mud blocks. These properties are useful to assess the performance and behaviour of load bearing masonry structures. This paper also compares the results of both non interlocking solid stabilised mud blocks (NSMB) of size 230 X 190 X 100 mm and interlocking solid stabilised mud blocks (ISMB) of sizes 230 X 190 X 80 and 230 X 190 X 70 mm. These blocks are tested for block density, Initial rate of water absorption, water absorption, wet compressive strength, flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. From the results obtained it has been found that shape and depth of interlocking has significant effect on properties of blocks. Flexural strength of 20mm (ISMB 20) and 30mm (ISMB 30) depth interlocking solid stabilised mud blocks produced are very much comparable with NSMB. Flexural strength of ISMB’s has been tested in both the directions of interlocking effects of blocks which has given satisfactory results. This test shows that Shape considered for interlocking blocks do bond well with filler materials. Mechanical and physical properties of both ISMB and NSMB have exceeded the minimum requirements of blocks as per codal provisions.
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Mazzini, Adriano, Grigorii Akhmanov, Michael Manga, et al. "Explosive mud volcano eruptions and rafting of mud breccia blocks." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 555 (February 2021): 116699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116699.
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S., Ramya M., and Shashishankar A. "Experimental Study on the Compressive Strength of Masonry Blocks with Geopolymer Mortar." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, no. XI (2023): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.1011028.
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Masonry units are the major building materials used in construction work. There are several masonry units available in the market today. Some of the widely used masonry units are burnt clay bricks, concrete blocks, fly ash blocks, compressed stabilized soil/earth blocks, geopolymer mud blocks, geopolymer concrete blocks, and so on. These blocks are used for the construction of load bearing structure. To bond two masonry units together, mortar plays a vital role. Fly ash based geopolymer mortar has been used in this study. The strength of masonry units namely bricks, concrete blocks and stabilized geopolymer blocks masonry with geopolymer mortar has been individually studied and the results have been tabulated. From this study, it was found that the stabilized geopolymer mud blocks are suitable in the construction of load bearing walls and for other structural purposes. The failure pattern revealed visible vertical fissures and ultimately spalling of brick prism blocks.
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Shyam D, Vinaya, Nikhil J Shetty, Deekshith Kumar, Sathisha Gowda, and Pruthviraj Singh B.K. "PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC INCORPORATED CONCRETE AND STABILIZED MUD BLOCK." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (2023): 010257(1–9). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-05-e0434.
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Rapidly escalating plastic consumption has led to a significant surge in plastic waste, causing notable repercussions for environmental well-being due to the non-biodegradable nature of plastics. In order to mitigate the environmental impact of plastic, it is imperative to explore alternative approaches to recycling plastic. In the present day, several industries repurpose plastic waste to create a wide array of products, including domestic items, clothing, household materials, textiles, construction elements, and even convert waste plastic into fuel. Among these options, the utilization of plastic waste in the creation of building materials has garnered significant focus. This practice not only reduces the amount of plastic waste discarded as litter or sent to landfills but also diminishes the necessity for mining raw materials used in construction. This, in turn, contributes to mitigating the adverse environmental impacts associated with the construction industry. Within this endeavor, the initiative involves partially substituting plastic waste for the fine aggregate in both concrete blocks and stabilized mud blocks. A comparative analysis is conducted between the compressive strength of these integrated plastic blocks and conventional standard blocks. The outcomes unequivocally demonstrate the viability of recycling plastic waste in a constructive manner, achieved through the incorporation of waste plastics in the production of building blocks. Notably, incorporating plastic waste by approximately 3%-6% to replace fine aggregates in Fly-Ash blocks results in enhanced strength compared to regular Fly-Ash blocks
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Vignesh, N. P., K. Mahendran, and N. Arunachelam. "Effects of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes on Mud Blocks Using Geopolymer." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1054176.
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For this research, the red soil sample was drawn, and a steady percentage of the geopolymer was used along with distinct proportions of stabilizers such as fly ash, groundnut shell ash, bagasse ash, and GGBFS. Geopolymer was used in the manufacture of stabilized mud blocks as a binding agent. The geopolymer solution’s effects on mud block strength have been researched. The effects of industrial by-products and waste such as fly ash, groundnut shell ash, bagasse ash, and GGBFS were also explored with the geopolymer to stabilize the mud blocks.
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Sharma, Gokul. "Stabilized Mud Blocks and Acoustic Insulation with Bamboo Dust." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 04, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem03908.
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Abstract—The construction industry is becoming more sustainable and energy-efficient building materials. The Stabilized Mud Blocks, on the other hand, offer an eco-friendly alternative to conventional bricks since it produces less carbon footprint and uses less energy in production. Bamboo dust, being the byproduct of bamboo processing, has been found to improve acoustic properties of construction materials. This paper discusses the incorporation of bamboo dust into Stabilized Mud Blocks and its effects on sound insulation, compressive strength, and overall performance. Results of experiments indicated that there was an improvement in the sound insulation due to bamboo dust, although with some compromise in the compressive strength. This study could help open the way to using bamboo dust as an alternative stabilizing agent in sustainable building materials. Keywords—Stabilized Mud Blocks (SMBs), Bamboo Dust, Sound Insulation, Sustainability, Acoustic Performance.
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Kandasamy, A., and B. Ramesh. "GMB: A Comprehensive Review of Material Composition, Structural Properties, and Ecological Impacts." Materials Science Forum 1144 (March 6, 2025): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-elof10.
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The construction industry is facing increasing pressure to adopt sustainable and eco-friendly practices in response to the growing concerns over environmental degradation and climate change. Among the various innovative materials being explored, geopolymer mud blocks have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional construction materials such as cement and fired clay bricks. These blocks are characterized by their eco-friendly composition, which typically involves the use of industrial by-products like fly ash, metakaolin, and other aluminosilicate materials, activated through an alkaline solution. This process results in a material that not only exhibits superior structural integrity but also significantly reduces the carbon footprint associated with construction.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the material composition of geopolymer mud blocks, detailing the various raw materials used and the chemical reactions that confer strength and durability to the blocks. The review also delves into the structural properties of these blocks, including their compressive strength, thermal insulation capabilities, and resistance to environmental factors such as moisture and temperature fluctuations. Additionally, the paper explores the ecological impacts of geopolymer mud blocks, emphasizing their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, minimize resource depletion, and promote the use of industrial waste, thus contributing to a more circular economy.Finally, the paper looks forward to the future prospects of geopolymer technology in the construction industry, suggesting potential pathways for overcoming the current limitations and further enhancing the sustainability of construction practices. By providing a holistic view of geopolymer mud blocks, this review aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable construction materials and to support the transition towards greener building practices on a global scale.
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Jayaraman, A., and V. Senthilkumar. "Development of Red Mud Paver Blocks Prepared From Nuclear Power Plant." International Journal of ChemTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/jctr.2019.130107.
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Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from bauxite throughout the world. The aim of the project is to say the possibility of replacing the Portland cement by red mud. Because it negatively affects the environment. To solve this problem, Portland cement was replaced up to 20% red mud by weight of cement. And evaluating its compressive strength of red mud paver tiles. This project examines the effects of red mud on the properties of hardened paver tile. The test results show that how its compressive strength becomes equivalent to normal paver tile without red mud content, it is concluded that optimum percentage of the replacement of cement by weight is found to be. By this percentage replacement we can have 15%strength is equal to the strength of normal paver tile.
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Udawattha, Chameera, and Rangika Halwatura. "Embodied energy of mud concrete block (MCB) versus brick and cement blocks." Energy and Buildings 126 (August 2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.059.
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Nilesh, A. Ahire, S. Kothawade Rohan, B. Chavan Abhishek, and L. Mahale Ajay. "Replacement of Cement by Lime and Other Materials in Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks." Journal of Construction and Building Materials Engineering 5, no. 1 (2019): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2632673.
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It is dire necessity in today’s age to use less cement because it is hazardous to human health. Hence, in this present study, cement by lime and other materials are compressed stabilized earth blocks. Different types of materials used were, sugarcane bagasse, human hair, lime which were replaced by cement with 35%. The mixture was compressed for 1500kg/cm2 and compressive test of 16 compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) gave excellent result for cement replaced with hair. But sugarcane bagasse is more economical then hair, hence sugarcane bagasse gave strength and research required in these areas.
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Rao, S. M., P. Mamatha, R. P. Shantha, and B. V. Venkatarama Reddy. "Encapsulation of fluoride sludge in stabilised mud blocks." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management 160, no. 4 (2007): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/warm.2007.160.4.167.
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UMADEVI, R., A. S. ARUN KUMAR, and B. V. RAVISHANKAR. "BEHAVIOUR OF STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS REINFORCED WITH GEOGRIDS." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 8, no. 3 (2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.8.3.14453.
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Gumaste, J. L., and B. C. Swain. "Chemical Reaction Bonding of Earth Mud Building Blocks." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 60, no. 1 (2001): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.2001.10799957.
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Vignesh, N. P., N. Arunachelam, K. Mahendran, and B. Dinesh Kumar. "A Study on Polymeric Fibre Reinforced Stabilized Mud Blocks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1026, no. 1 (2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1026/1/012010.
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M S, Ramya. "Compressed Geopolymer Mud Blocks Testing and Production - A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 6 (2020): 2283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.6367.
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Stocks, Denys A. "Immutable laws of friction: preparing and fitting stone blocks into the Great Pyramid of Giza." Antiquity 77, no. 297 (2003): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092632.
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How did the pyramid builders prepare and fit large stone blocks so that they were horizontal, orthogonal and flattened to within one hundredth of an inch? The author's experiments suggest that the surfaces were prepared using basic instruments made of rods and string, while to move the blocks the immutable laws of friction were mitigated by lubricating with mud and gypsum.
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Ganie, Umer Nazir, and Tanzeer Ahmad dar. "Review on Investigating Soil Stabilized Mud Blocks with Combined C&D Waste." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management 11, no. 2 (2024): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2024.11.2.4.
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Buildings built by ancient civilizations like the Mesopotamians and Egyptians were made of clay and other materials, and the use of stabilized soil for construction dates to those times. On the other hand, the scientific underpinnings of soil stabilization were not established until the early 1900s. In comparison to conventional building materials, the use of stabilized soil-based construction materials, such as soil stabilized mud blocks, can offer several advantages, such as improved strength and durability, less of an adverse effect on the environment, and lower costs. The world is facing an issue that calls for the disposal of inorganic solid waste to be addressed right away. This solid waste that is produced when old buildings are demolished is frequently classified as industrial waste or C&D waste. In India alone, enormous amounts of waste are produced, very little of which is recycled. When modifying the properties of stabilized soil, this C&D waste can be used in place of soil or quarry sand. This work explores the use of a stabilizing agent in conjunction with combined C&D waste for soil sampling. The studies use combined C&D waste and soil stabilized mud blocks to test the hollow blocks' water absorption capacity and strength for various replacements. The materials needed for the study came from nearby structures that had been demolished. Using mortar, cylindrical samples for 32 different ratios of mixed construction and demolition waste with a 9% cement content were cast for various compositions. To determine whether the stabilized samples were suitable for use in construction, tests were conducted on their compressive strength and water absorption properties. Based on the least compressive values found in cylindrical samples, the C&D waste was used in ratios ranging from 0% to 100% in place of soil. Mud blocks stabilized by soil were poured and examined for durability, strength, and mechanical qualities. In this study, an effort was made to use C&D waste—that is, brick and concrete waste—in varying amounts to create cylindrical samples that could be used to create concrete and stabilized mud blocks. In order to create cylindrical samples, different ratios of brick waste, concrete waste, and brick-concrete waste were used for 23 mix proportions. Cylindrical samples were manufactured using a cement content of 9 and 12%. These samples' mechanical and physical characteristics, such as their compressive strength, water absorption capacity, and initial rate of absorption, were investigated.
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Cattabriga, Leonardo, and Roberto Carlos da Conceição Ribeiro. "Use of Waste from Ornamental Stones Processing in Landscaping Blocks." Key Engineering Materials 548 (April 2013): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.548.141.
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The State of Espírito Santo (Southeastern Region of Brazil) produces about 80% of Brazilian exports of natural Stones, which are mainly directed to European countries and the USA. The city of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim and the surroundings account for about 90% of the State’s production. The mineral sector is the main economic activity in the area and responsible for the generation of thousands of direct and indirect jobs. Before the finished products reach the market, blocks, extracted from the quarries, go through several processes as splitting, cutting and polishing. Each one of those stages generates a substantial quantity of waste in the form of mud. Estimation for Cachoeiro de Itapemirim is around 60,000 tons/month of that kind of waste. The main objective of this work was the construction of low cost landscaping blocks, using residues of marbles and granites processing, from companies located in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim. It also aims to test their use in degraded areas, with a high degree of slope that are resulting from erosion and human activity, thus stabilizing the slope and minimizing future landslides. Waste was used in the form of mud, with fine particle size, mixed with cement and sand, in varying proportions to produce landscaping blocks. Physical indexes, visual inspection, dimensional verification, compression strength, flexural strength, and mineralogical and chemical analyses were obtained for the blocks. The results are positive regarding mechanical resistance.
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Hill, P. J., and A. J. Palfrey. "The Britannia Field, Blocks 15/29a, 15/30, 16/26, 16/27a, 16/27b, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.34.
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abstractThe Britannia Field is located 140 miles NE of Aberdeen at the southeast end of the Witch Ground Graben, on the southern flank of the Fladen Ground Spur. Gas and condensate are trapped in Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) deepwater, marine sandstones in a combined stratigraphic/structural trap that straddles four UKCS blocks. Reservoir quality varies from west to cast across the field. The principal reservoirs in the west (Blocks 15/29a, 15/30) arc in clean, blocky, high-density turbidite sands. The principal reservoirs in the east (Blocks 16/26, 16/27a, 16/27b) are in fine-grained sandstones and unusual shurried facies that have a high mud content and show gravity-driven structuring. The bulk of the field's reserves lies in the east and is produced via a 36-slot platform. A 14-slot sub-sea template tied back to the platform via a nine-mile flowline bundle produces the western area. Reserves are being developed by pressure depletion and are estimated at 3 TCF gas together with 131 MMBOE condensate and natural gas liquids. Britannia came on-stream in August 1998 and is expected to haave a field life in the order of 30 years.
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Mohapatra, Abhisek, Prasanta Bose, Sagar S. Pandit, Sanjay Kumar, and T. C. Alex. "Bulk Utilization of Red Mud in Geopolymer Based Products." Advances in Sciences and Engineering 12, no. 2 (2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/ase.2020.12.2.86.
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Red Mud is the solid residue generated from Alumina refinery during the process of bauxite ore processing through Bayer’s process. Typical generation of red mud is 1.5 tons of red mud per ton of alumina produced. The disposal and storage of red mud has been a concern for the alumina industry since its inception, more than a hundred years ago. With the increase in alumina production, the magnitude of the problem is getting multiplied. Its alkaline nature (Na2O ~ 3-7%) and fine size make red mud unsuitable for many applications; a limited utilization is reported in cement industries as one of the raw mix components for cement. The present work deals with the utilization of red mud in geopolymer based paving blocks. Alumina, silica and alkali are the essential items required for geopolymer preparation. Having all these in red mud, the current study attempted to use the same in geopolymer based products. The focus has been on bulk utilization of red mud; target strength of 20 MPa after 28 days of curing (M20 grade) has been the goal as this strength is sufficient for many applications. The study focused on optimizing the red mud content, alkali concentration, fly ash content, etc. The samples are tested for its compressive strength and leachability. The study reveals that significant amount of red mud incorporation is possible with products conforming to USEPA 1311 norms.
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Kokh, Svetlana N., and Ella V. Sokol. "Combustion Metamorphism in Mud Volcanic Events: A Case Study of the 6 May 2000 Fire Eruption of Karabetova Gora Mud Volcano." Minerals 13, no. 3 (2023): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13030355.
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The violent eruption of Karabetova Gora mud volcano on 6 May 2000 (Taman Peninsula, 45°12′16″ N; 36°47′05″ E) triggered gas ignition as a giant straight-flow vertical gas flare. The 400 m high, short-lived (~15 min) gas flare left no thermal halo on the ground surface, but the thermal shock caused melting or annealing of mud masses which became dispersed in ≤2 m3 blocks to distances within 30 m around the volcano conduit. The flare reached the maximum temperatures (~1400–1540 °C) at heights from 75 to 250 m, as estimated by a numerical simulation in SigmaFlow. Bulk melting of dehydrated mud masses was mostly limited to <1.5 cm near the surface of the blocks. Porous paralavas at the site consisted of low- and high-silica K-Al glasses (70%–80%) with residual unmolten grains of detrital quartz and fine (<30 µm) new phases: main intermediate members of the magnetite–ulvöspinel solid solutions and plagioclase (An45-61Ab37-44Or2-11 to An73-90Ab10-27Or0.5-1), minor cordierite (XFe = 26%–46%), pigeonite (XFe = 42%–60%), tridymite, cristobalite, and rare mullite. The metapelitic rocks affected by combustion metamorphism were heterogeneous in terms of phase composition and texture. They failed to attain homogeneity due to the high viscosity of anhydrous silicate melts and brevity of the thermal impact. The revealed features of rocks altered by a giant gas fire may serve as a proxy for phase transformation patterns in highly disequilibrium conditions of a thermal shock, far from the formation conditions of ordinary metamorphic rocks.
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Binaya Patnaik, Gatbel Buony, and Seshadri Sekhar. "ADOBE WITH TERMITE MOUND SOIL FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSE CONSTRUCTION IN GAMBELLA." Ethiopian International Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.59122/134cfc8.
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The Gambella community in Ethiopia uses their indigenous knowledge of mixing termite mounds soil with locally available straws to build their mud houses. Mud houses constructed with termite mounds are comparatively stronger than those prepared with other soils, but they have severe durability issues due to shrinkage cracks that necessitate regular maintenance which is not affordable by many. This research paper presents technology intervention to resolve these issues faced by the community by introducing an alternative method of house construction called adobe. As part of this research 144 blocks of adobes were cast by using locally available materials and their performance was evaluated by conducting several strength and durability tests. The experimental results revealed that adobe prepared with termite mounds soil, 1.5% straws, and 2.5% of binder provides excellent strength and durability. The compressive strength was measured to be 2.6 MPa. Enhanced durability in terms of reduced shrinkage (17%), a low initial rate of absorption (0.29), and water absorption (0.26) were found in the adobe blocks. This indicates adobe is certainly the best solution to the existing houses' durability issues and a best-class sustainable solution for the construction of houses in Gambella, Ethiopia. Keywords: Adobe, Mud Houses, Compressive strength, Durability, Straw, Chikka Bets
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Dan, Roberto. "Some remarks on the Urartian blind windows of Çavuştepe." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11, no. 1-2 (2017): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v11i1-2.879.
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Blind stone windows are one of the characteristic traits of Urartian architecture. Although they were a reinterpretation of a Mesopotamian feature, Urartian blind windows are distinguished by their unusual T-shape. This peculiarity was evidently determined by a practical purpose; since the window stood directly on the stone base of the wall and was surrounded by the mud-brick upper wall, the projecting sidepieces gave more structural stability to the wall blocks. The principal reason for the scarcity of specimens of this type of window in Urartian sites is probably that they were usually made out of mud-bricks, as in Mesopotamia.
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Nurdiyanto, Akbar Winasis, Ramlah Puji Astuti, Rendy Yogista Wihardi, and Ghisya Siti Rochmah. "Application of Mud Suction Technology to Lakes in Kaduela Village, Pasawahan District, Kuningan Regency." ETHOS: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 12, no. 1 (2024): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/ethos.v12i1.3066.
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A decrease in water potential, both in quality and quantity, will become a problem if it is not managed properly by paying attention to aspects of conservation, utilization, and control. This community empowerment carried out from July to November 2023 is an effort to increase awareness of water resources through preserving water sources to meet the needs of living creatures. The urgency of the main problem is that the water source in Telaga Biru Cicerem, Kaduela Village, Pasawahan District, Kuningan Regency, has been naturally covered with mud, whereas this spring is used as clean water for the village community. The second problem is that clean water sources become cloudy because of mud. The clean water system in this village relies solely on the lake's spring water. These activities of community empowerment are carried out by applying the method of SEPUR (Mud Suction) Technology to improve water quality as well as increase the income of village-owned enterprises in Kaduela Village, Pasawahan District, Kuningan Regency. The results show that mud can be lifted by machines so that the lake water becomes clear, while the resulting mud residue can be used as material for making paving blocks.
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Kandasamy, A., B. Ramesh, Mahmoud Al Khazaleh, and K. Sabari. "Evaluating the Microstructure and Strength of Geopolymer Mud Blocks for Sustainable Architecture." Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 4 (2025): 1410–31. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2025-011-04-09.
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This study investigates the physio-mechanical, microstructural, and durability characteristics of Geopolymer Mud Blocks (GMB) as a sustainable alternative to traditional Soil Stabilized Blocks (SSB). Utilizing locally available Alumino-Silicate Sources (ASS) and Alkali-Activated Materials (AAM), GMB were produced with varying molarity levels (6M, 7M, and 8M) and mix proportions (M1 to M3). Experimental results reveal that compressive strength increased by 10–20% with molarity escalation from 6M to 8M. The highest compressive strength of over 50 MPa, achieved with the M4 mix at 8M, equaled M50-grade concrete, making it suitable for load-bearing walls in earthquake-resistant structures. Durability tests demonstrated less than 10% water absorption, indicating low permeability. Type B6 (6% AAS, 8M, 28 days) exhibited superior performance, attaining the highest compressive strength of 47.32 MPa and prism strength of 33.12 MPa. Additionally, it showed commendable durability metrics, including water absorption at 5.20%, chloride diffusion at 1.87%, acid diffusion at 3.33%, and sulphate diffusion at 1.05%. The dense matrix and minimal porosity of this mix, resulting from the use of distilled water and optimal binder content, significantly enhanced its strength and durability. Type C6 (6% AAS, 8M, 28 days) exhibited the weakest performance, characterized by high porosity, suboptimal matrix quality, and unfavorable durability indicators, such as water absorption (10.33%) and chloride diffusion (4.47%). Type B6 demonstrates the highest effectiveness, providing an optimal balance of strength and durability, whereas Type C6 exhibits the lowest efficiency. GMB exhibited enhanced resistance to acid, sulphate, and chloride attacks with increased molarity. XRD analysis confirmed the geopolymerization process, with significant diffraction peak changes. SEM images revealed denser microstructures with higher molarity, correlating with increased strength. The study concludes that GMBs offer superior strength, durability, and cost-strength efficiency compared to SSBs, promoting sustainable construction practices. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-04-09 Full Text: PDF
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Sen, D. P., and Suman Krishna Sit. "Fossil Till Ball and Armoured Mud Ball from the Glaciofluvial Talchir Formation, Talchir Gondwana Basin, Orissa." Journal Geological Society of India 52, no. 4 (1998): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1998/520409.
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Abstract Armoured mud balls and till ball (sand ball) are reported for the first time from the Permocarboniferous Talchir Formation. The balls occur within a gullied part of the boulder bed. The balls found in the environment result from block breakage due to undercutting of a till face by meltwater stream and rolling during transportation. The unannoured spherical balls of diameter 3-14 cm composed of coarse materials are formed around tillite blocks and flat pebbles. whereas balls formed around clay or mud lumps are later armoured by grannule and pebble size clasts. The balls are termed till balls and mud balls respectively. Since the balls composed of coarse materials may also be derived from the environments other than glacial environments, it is appropriate to term these balls as sand ball. Sand balls and mud balls along with associated primary structures may be used as palaeogeographic indicators. Presence of these balls and associated structures also reveal that though apparently the Boulder bed appear to be a single lithostratigraphic unit, in reality it is a complex of number of gravity flow deposits.
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Zeng, Hanlin, Peng Liu, Yan Hong, Kun Yang, and Libo Zhang. "Hg/Se/PbSO4 Recovery by Microwave-Intensified HgSe Pyrolysis from Toxic Acid Mud." Metals 12, no. 6 (2022): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12061038.
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The acid mud produced in the nonferrous smelting process is a hazardous waste, which mainly consists of elements Hg, Se, and Pb. Valuable metal (Hg/Se/Pb) can be recovered from acid mud by heat treatment. For safe disposal of the toxic acid mud, a new resource utilization technology by microwave roasting is proposed in this paper. The reaction mechanisms were revealed through thermodynamics and thermogravimetric analysis, which showed that the main reaction was the oxidative pyrolysis of HgSe in the process of roasting. Moreover, the mercury removal effects of acid mud by microwave heating and conventional heating were studied, the recovery rate of mercury by microwave heating for 30 min at 400 °C was 99.5%: far higher than that of conventional heating for 30 min at 500 °C (44.3%). This was due to the high dielectric constant of HgSe, as microwaves can preferentially heat HgSe and reduce the adsorption energy of HgSe on the surface of PbSO4 blocks, thus strengthening the pyrolysis process of HgSe and reducing energy consumption. The preferable prototyping technology for resource utilization of toxic acid mud should be microwave roasting. This study is of great significance for the realization of mercury pollution reduction and for green production of lead-zinc smelting.
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El Sabeh, Karim, Borivoje Pašić, Petar Mijić, and Igor Medved. "Reducing Torque and Drag in Extended-Reach Wells Using Thermoplastic Polymers for Protective Sliding Rings." Applied Sciences 14, no. 14 (2024): 6161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14146161.
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Extended-reach drilling represents an advanced way of drilling and accessing reservoirs that were previously economically not feasible to drain, impossible to reach or in an environmentally sensitive area. One of the main issues that appears while drilling such wells is caused by the high values of friction factor which cause high values of torque and drag. One of the suggested solutions is to use a protective sliding ring made from materials such as POM, Teflon and PA6 in combination with lubricants added to a polymer mud system. First, measurements were conducted on a lubricity tester to choose the best material and, after finishing, a mechanical wear test was conducted on a specially designed device to measure mechanical wear. Results showed that Teflon showed lower values of friction factor in comparison to steel and the mechanical wear was minimal. The lowest value of friction force was recorded for blocks made from Teflon in tested mud systems. It is also noticeable that, in polymer mud with weighting additives and lubricant, the value of the friction force is higher than in polymer mud with lubricant only.
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Masbuhin, Masbuhin. "PENGARUH SUBTITUSI LUMPUR SIDOARJO (LUSI) TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BATA BETON (PAVING BLOCK)." Jurnal Teknika 12, no. 2 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jt.v13i2.476.
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This study aims to determine the process of utilizing Sidoarjo Mud (LUSI) as a substitute for paving blocks and to determine the results of the compressive strength test of using LUSI as a substitute for paving blocks. The LUSI substitution is expected to be able to provide innovations in the construction of a paving block mixture. The research method used is the experimental method. The manufacture of test objects starts from the preparation stage, mix design, manufacture of test objects, testing and classifying paving blocks according to SNI 03-0691-1996. The sample of specimens used normal mix design and mix design substitute LUSI 40% of the fine aggregate value. Based on the results of research, paving blocks with a normal mix design of 1Pc: 2Ps are classified as quality A, 1Pc: 3Ps and 1Pc: 4Ps are classified as B quality, while for paving blocks substituting LUSI in a mixture of 1Pc: 2Ps is classified as quality B, for a mixture of 1Pc: 3Ps and 1Pc : 4Ps is classified as C quality. It can be concluded that the compressive strength of paving blocks has decreased in compressive strength after being substituted by LUSI, with a successive percentage value of 32%, 59% and 58%.
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B A, Chethan, Amar R, and Hema N. "FEASIBILITY STUDY ON BAGASSE ASH STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS WITH CEMENT AS PRIMARY STABILIZER." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 06, no. 12 (2017): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2017.0612005.
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Gumaste, J. L., B. C. Swain, B. C. Mohanty, and J. S. Murty. "Chemical reaction bonding of building blocks using red mud and orthophosphoric acid binder." Journal of Materials Science Letters 15, no. 19 (1996): 1667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00636190.
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Huang, Wei, Hao Zhen Wu, Guo Xin Chen, Yin Zhang, Jun Yuan Wang, and Dong Zhao. "Mechanical Properties of the Ecological Filling Blocks of the New Composite Wall Based on the Unified Strength Theory." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.843.
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In order to make the new composite wall structure the group developed to adapt different regional natural conditions, and along with the demand of gradually in-depth study the damage characteristics of the new composite wall, need to research the mechanical properties of the wall filling materials. In this paper, the ZG-CSS Electronic Universal Testing Machine was used on the uniaxial compressive test of the three blocks(the mud billet block, the cotton stalk block, the recycled EPS lightweight concrete block), to analyze the failure characteristics of the blocks and the other mechanical properties, such as Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, then the full compressive stress-strain curves are given, and at last fitting the mathematical expression of the uniaxial compressive stress - strain curves. And this paper also gives the yield criterion based on the unified strength theory of the three ecological filling blocks.
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Huang, Wei, and Ting Zhang. "Mechanical Properties of the Ecological Filling Blocks of the New Composite Wall Based on the Unified Strength Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.15.
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In order to make the new composite wall structure the group developed to adapt different regional natural conditions, and along with the demand of gradually in-depth study the damage characteristics of the new composite wall, need to research the mechanical properties of the wall filling materials. In this paper, the ZG-CSS Electronic Universal Testing Machine was used on the uniaxial compressive test of the three blocks(the mud billet block, the cotton stalk block, the recycled EPS lightweight concrete block), to analyze the failure characteristics of the blocks and the other mechanical properties, such as Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, then the full compressive stress-strain curves are given, and at last fitting the mathematical expression of the uniaxial compressive stress - strain curves. And this paper also gives the yield criterion based on the unified strength theory of the three ecological filling blocks.
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Mikulionok, I. O. "A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF RED MUD MANAGEMENT." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 79, no. 2 (2024): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2024.05.
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The basic data on the global volumes and composition of red mud, which is a highly alkaline waste of the aluminum industry, namely the Bayer process – technology for the extraction and purification of alumina (aluminum oxide) from bauxite are presented. The analysis of the current state of red mud management allows to distinguish the following main directions: physical-mechanical, physical-chemical, biological and combined methods of handling it, which are used in agriculture (chemical land reclamation (increasing soil pH), use as fertilizers); building materials industry (cement, construction mortar, expanded clay, fireclay, bricks, building blocks, ceramic tiles, concrete alkali-acid-resistant products, refractories); road construction (soil strengthening for the lower layers of the road surface, asphalt); production of other materials (sorbents, catalysts, flocculants, pigments, caustic soda, filler for polymer composites); ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Currently, the most common methods of red mud utilization are its direct use, use in the construction materials industry, as well as pyrometallurgical technologies, as a result of which iron or its alloys are obtained, as well as slag, from which alumina, titanium, rare earth metals can be extracted or which is processed into various building materials. The most expedient method of red mud disposal is either direct use of red mud with minimal changes in its properties, or complex processing with maximum yield of target components and minimization of new waste generation. At the same time, one of the promising ways of red mud management can be its biological processing with the help of plants and microbes, which will help reduce the dangerous man-made load from red mud in the territory adjacent to bauxite processing plants. Bibl. 113, Fig. 2.
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Malkanthi, S. N., A. A. D. A. J. Perera, G. H. Galabada, and P. D. Dharmaratne. "Enhancement of the Properties of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks through the Replacement of Clay and Silt with Fly Ash." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 6 (2021): 7927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4580.
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The use of earth as a building material, in different forms, such as unburnt and burnt bricks, rammed earth, mud blocks, and soil blocks, is a common practice globally. This study is focused on soil blocks stabilized with cement which are referred to as Cement Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs). The strength and durability of CSEBs are primarily governed by the amount of silt and clay content (finer) in the soil. Many researchers have shown that low finer content improves the properties of CSEB and they have altered the finer content by adding different additives. The current study used a washing method to reduce the finer content and fly ash was utilized as finer to re-fill the soil to the required finer content amount. Also, soil grading was modified by adding larger particles that were separated from the same soil to fit the soil grading to the optimization curves mentioned in the literature. The finer content was changed to 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Blocks were made by stabilizing the soil with 6%, 8%, and 10% cement and with the size of 150mm×150mm×150mm. The results revealed that fly ash addition up to 10% improves the properties of CSEBs and compressive strength changes from 4.28N/mm2 to 13.43N/mm2.
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Jamaluddin, Maghrabi, Sonawane Pradeep, Matekar Rohit, Dubey Satyajeet, Mali Srushti, and Hotkar Akshata. "A Review Paper on Experimental Investigation of Stabilized Mud Blocks by Partial Replacement of Clay with Cement." Journal of Structural Engineering, its Applications and Analysis 7, no. 1 (2024): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10690956.
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<em>Traditional clay bricks have long served as reliable construction materials, offering commendable structural stability and durability when applied correctly. These bricks boast a rich history spanning centuries and enjoy extensive familiarity among builders and architects. Nevertheless, the conventional method of manufacturing clay bricks, involving kiln firing, exacts a substantial toll on energy resources and exacerbates environmental concerns through the emission of greenhouse gases. This process not only contributes to air pollution but also significantly contributes to the ongoing challenges of global climate change.</em> <em>In response to these critical sustainability issues, the emergence of stabilized clay blocks represents a pivotal advancement and innovation in the exploration of alternative construction materials. This innovative approach seeks to address the intrinsic limitations of conventional clay bricks by introducing a more environmentally conscious and responsible approach to brick production. Stabilized clay blocks, characterized by their reduced reliance on energy-intensive firing processes, stand as a promising avenue for mitigating the ecological impact associated with traditional brick manufacturing.</em>
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Nogueira Kiewiet, M., C. Lima, A. Giwelli, et al. "An experimental and numerical investigation on the hydromechanical behaviour of carbonate fault zones upon reactivation: the impact of carbonate mud sealing layers and overall research outcomes." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 496, no. 1 (2019): 39–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp496-2018-153.
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AbstractTo contribute to the understanding of the impacts of fault reactivation induced by reservoir exploitation, we describe the final series of laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and microstructural analysis conducted during the ‘Fault Reactivation in Carbonates’ research project. In the project, the structure and hydromechanical properties of carbonate-hosted fault zones were investigated. For the analyses here reported, faults were artificially generated by direct shearing composite blocks made of layers of reservoir analogue rocks (outcrop travertine or synthetic grainstone) intercalated with one layer of a sealing analogue rock (synthetic carbonate mudstone). Post-direct shearing, cylindrical plugs containing the fault zone and parts of intact rock were cored out from the blocks and tested in a triaxial test rig, simulating fault reactivation. Varied stress paths and pore-pressure conditions representative of fluid depletion and injection were considered. In parallel, two-dimensional mechanical models representative of the direct shear experiments were developed using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). We observed a continuous reduction in fault transmissibility during direct shearing, followed by a permeability reduction of 50–80% with increasing mean effective stress in the subsequent fault reactivation tests. Experimental fault zone geometries produced during direct shear were broadly reproduced by the two-dimensional modelling approach. We also detected that the inclusion of the carbonate mud sealing rock into the fault zone caused greater compaction of the fault materials when compared to experiments conducted without carbonate mud layers. We conclude that with fault displacement, increasing incorporation of carbonate mud sealing material into the fault zone and the concomitant development of gouge results in the continuous reduction of fault transmissibility/permeability. This occurs in the two very different limestone host-rock types and for all the stress configurations investigated. Discussions on these results and also on the outcomes of the research project as a whole are presented in the paper.
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A. Kandasamy, B. Ramesh, Mahmoud Al Khazaleh, Murugan Veilumuthu, and R. Karthick. "Enhanced Durability and Strength of Interlocking Geopolymer Mud Blocks Incorporating Industrial By-products for Sustainable Construction." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 14, no. 1 (2025): 172–80. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2025.03.2511308.
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Geopolymers have drawn much interest in sustainable building because of their exceptional mechanical strength, longevity, chemical resistance, and less environmental impact. Using less mortar and requiring less labour, Interlocking Pressed Earth Stabilized Blocks (IPESB) provide increased structural integrity, quicker construction, and cost savings. This research investigates the creation of Interlocking Geopolymer Mud Blocks (IGMB) using fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), M-sand and red soil as essential components. The investigation of IGMB's characteristics included its mechanical and thermal aspects alongside microstructural and physical properties because it incorporated local aluminosilicate sources (ASS) and alkaline-activated materials (AAM) with fly ash and GGBS to substantially boost strength levels. The material received its characterization through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Research indicates IGMB showed superior results against traditional IPESB through its remarkable 5–6 multiple enhancement which delivered excellent compressive strength of 48.45 N/mm². The strength performance of IGMB was enhanced when AAM solution concentration increased from 8M to 12M showing promise for long-term earthquake protection of this potential building material. Research indicates that IGMB serves as a promising eco-friendly alternative to traditional masonry units, offering both enduring structural stability and environmental benefits.
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Belyavskii, V. V. "Geoelectric Model of the Northwestern Caucasus: Three-Dimensional Inversion." Физика земли 2023, no. 2 (2023): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002333722060023.
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Interpretation of magnetotelluric observations made within the Northwestern Caucasus, by means of one-dimensional, two-dimensional inversion and three-dimensional mathematical modeling programs, has helped build testing and starting geoelectric models that are necessary to test and adapt the program of three-dimensional inversion of the impedance tensor components. The performed three-dimensional inversion of the experimental magnetotelluric data has significantly changed the parameters of conducting blocks within the folded structures of the region, identified at the previous stages of MT data interpretation. In the resulting three-dimensional geoelectric model, the position of low-resistance blocks correlates with: suture zones, deep faults, mud volcanoes, and domains characterized by an increased absorption of transverse and longitudinal seismic waves. The electrical resistivity of the most low-resistance anomalies is explained by the degree of their saturation with the water fraction of the fluid.
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Kumar, Anuj, and Sanjay Kumar. "Development of paving blocks from synergistic use of red mud and fly ash using geopolymerization." Construction and Building Materials 38 (January 2013): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.013.
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Ribeiro, Daniel Véras, S. C. Figueiredo, Alexandre T. Machado, F. R. Valenzuela Diaz, and C. A. C. Souza. "Effect of Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing Waste in Mechanical Properties of Red Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.38.
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Rotary-vacuum-filter mud (RVFM) is waste generated during the manufacturing process of titanium dioxide. In this work, RVFM and ceramic bricks containing different ratios of this waste are investigated. The mud samples were characterized using thermal analysis (TG/DTG). The aim of the present work was to determine the effect of adding RVFM on the ceramic properties of clay, such as apparent porosity, water absorption, linear shrinkage and flexural strength, used to produce blocks and tiles. Samples were dried out at 110°C and fired at 800°C, 950°C and 1100°C. The addition of RVFM tends to increase the apparent porosity and water absorption and to decrease the flexural strength of the ceramic specimens. Based on the results, ceramic specimens with 20% RVFM content burned at 800°C can not be used as bricks, and ceramic specimens with 20% RVFM content fired at 800°C and 950°C can not be used as tiles, according to Brazilian standards.
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Sakhlecha, Manish, Samir Bajpai, Rahul Ralegaonkar, Badrinarayan Rath, and Rahul Datta. "Rebuilding a traditional village house using the carbon footprint approach." Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 22, no. 2 (2024): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55899/09734449/jbr022201.
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Houses in villages that are traditionally built with locally available materials like wood, mud, and stones are nowadays being demolished and reconstructed. The current trend has been to adopt framed construction with reinforced cement concrete and red bricks as the main materials. This is going to have a significant environmental impact and needs to be addressed with critical observations. This study was conducted for a local village in Tripura state, India, where a new house for the economically weaker section was constructed using stabilized mud blocks and bamboo as a model house. The main objective was to investigate the environmental impact of the transformation of a traditional house constructed out of locally available materials versus masonry and concrete houses. The impact has been represented as the difference in the Carbon footprint of the two houses based on the LCA approach. It was found that the total carbon footprint of the house built with locally available bamboo and stabilized mud bricks having a built up area of 25 m2 was 9.599 tons, 11.736 tons, and 11.401 tons of CO2 eq lower in landfilling, waste treatment and circular economy, respectively, as compared to concrete and masonry houses, and it has the potential to reduce the life cycle impact of the production stage to be almost neutral.
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Wajdi, Farid, Fajar Herkuntarto, and Gina Ramayanti. "REUSE OF SPUN PILE PRODUCTION WASTE FOR PAVING BLOCK DEVELOPMENT BY TAGUCHI METHOD." J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri 19, no. 1 (2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jati.19.1.1-11.
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The production of precast spun piles generates solid and liquid waste products. The solid waste consists of stone, sand, and mud materials, while the liquid waste consists of K-600 grade concrete cement mixed with water. It is poured into a 1m3 container and solidifies within 3 hours. The production process of precast concrete piles is fast, which results in quick waste accumulation in the factory area. This research aims to transform the waste into paving blocks suitable for road construction. The Taguchi method is employed to determine the optimal strength of the paving blocks using three variables: (1) the ratio of solid to liquid waste in three levels - 70:30%, 60:40%, and 50:50%, (2) mixing time in three levels - 5, 10, and 15 minutes, and (3) curing time in three levels - 3, 7, and 14 days. The strength of the paving blocks is tested by measuring the maximum compressive strength. The results indicated that the best combination for achieving maximum compressive strength was using (1) a 50%:50% ratio of solid to liquid waste, (2) a curing time of 14 days, and (3) a mixing time of 5 minutes, resulting in a maximum compressive strength of 125.72 Kg/cm2. It is equivalent to Grade D paving blocks that are suitable for road application.
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Md Zainul Abedin, Ananna Banarjee, and Shoriful Islam. "Coir-fiber reinforced soil-cement block as walling material for rural houses." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 1 (2025): 151–59. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2025.23.1.0098.
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An investigation was undertaken to develop stabilized soil-cement blocks reinforced with coir fiber for use as a walling material in rural houses. The study evaluated the physical (density, water absorption) and mechanical (compressive and tensile strength) properties of the blocks. The soil sample consisted of 25% sand, 54% silt, and 21% clay, with a liquid limit of 32.8% and a plastic limit of 22%, and was classified as silt-loam. The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content were 1.61 g/cc and 20.83%, respectively, with a specific gravity of 2.60. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was used for stabilization. Coir fibers, cut to 4 cm, were incorporated at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% by soil weight. To prevent water absorption, tar was applied to the fibers, which had a tenacity of 11 g/tex. A total of 40 blocks were prepared and cured for 28 days. Results showed that compressive and split-tensile strengths increased with fiber content, while density decreased. Compressive strength ranged from 360 psi (0% fiber) to 1136 psi (0.8% fiber), and split-tensile strength from 30.03 psi to 72.03 psi. Water absorption increased with fiber content, and unit cost also rose. The addition of 0.8% fiber significantly enhanced strength, suggesting that coir-fiber-stabilized soil-cement blocks could provide a durable alternative to traditional mud houses.
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Josiah Marut, Johnson, John Okwe ALAEZI, and Igwe Christopher OBEKA. "A Review of Alternative Building Materials for Sustainable Construction Towards Sustainable Development." Journal of Modern Materials 7, no. 1 (2020): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.7.1.68-78.
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The study reviewed Alternative Building Materials for sustainable construction towards sustainable development. The study was able to identify some Alternative Building Materials, their features, classes (types), and importance for sustainable construction toward sustainable development. The study uses a systematic literature review and content analysis. Some of the Alternative Building Materials include laterite soil, brick wastes, rice husk ash burnt refuse ash, fly ash, periwinkle shell powder, earthworm cast, pulverized burned clay, periwinkle shell aggregate, tubali, earth/mud blocks or bricks, laterite blocks, bamboo for roofing & ceiling, palm front roofing, clay/mud plaster. The classes of the Alternative Building Materials include: modified conventional industrial materials, unconventional/ indigenous/ traditional materials, and modified unconventional/traditional indigenous materials. The features of sustainable construction materials include recyclability, insulation and thermal conductivity and deconstruct ability, availability, manufacturing and price, flexibility and high life time expectancy. The importance of Alternative Building Materials includes: the protection of the environment through reduce energy use and also cutting down CO2 emission, provision of affordable housing, energy conservation, meeting increasing demands for housing stock, provision of employment opportunities, the development and propagation of indigenous technological ingenuity and skills of our local people. The study advocates for the integration of the entire stakeholders in the construction industry towards utilisation of Alternative Building Materials for sustainable construction towards sustainable development. The study also advocates for the cataloguing of all Alternative Building Materials so as to create awareness to all the potential clients and stakeholders of the industry regarding their availability and importance.
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Rajesh, Kumar, Kumar Singh Bibhakar, and Lakhani Rajni. "Development of novel lightweight mud phuska composite using less cohesive soil, agricultural and rubber aggregates for roof and wall treatment." Abstracts of International Conferences & Meetings (AICM) 1, no. 3 (2021): 28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5052003.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>The construction of an energy-efficient building that satisfies all of the customer's requirements is in high demand (1). The modern buildings have most severe issues with poor indoor environmental quality, thermal comfort, and low efficiency. The current paper presents the usefulness of crumb rubber added Mud phuska thermal insulating composites. Rubber tire aggregates in the form of crumb rubber (through cryogenic grinding), was added in different proportion into cement- soil mixes, along with other kind of agricultural wastes (Wheat straw, Baggase/ Sugarcane waste). The Physico-mechanical and thermal performance (k value) of the built composites were investigated in this research. <strong>Methods: </strong>Local soil, OPC-43 grade cement, Agriculture waste (wheat straw, sugarcane waste and crumb rubber powder) were selected to develop cement stabilized mud composites. In this case, the major task was to stabilize the less cohesive soil by adding OPC-43 cement in different proportion, ranging from 5% to 15% by weight of soil. It was concluded that 10% of cement was enough to stabilize soil samples. In total, 30 mix-proportions were made by replacement and addition of wheat Straw, crumb rubber and bagasse (Figure 1). Dry density, compressive strength and thermal behaviour was determined after 7 and 28 days of curing. <strong>Results & Discussions: </strong>Dry density was calculated after 28 days of curing, and then density with its strength was correlated. As per IS 3792:1987 (2); the density was directly proportional to the k value. It was found that the sample having less water binder ratio showed more compressive strength. Further; the mud composite blocks were compared with brick of class III. It was also found that the result was very much support the idea of using developed mud composites tiles over the roof of building for providing better thermal performance. For determining the effectiveness of crumb rubber blended mud composites tiles and bricks; two model houses were constructed. Based on this research study, it was inferred that using mud composites tiles over the roof, keeps the house cooler in summer during day and night. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>After casting the cubes of size 50mm, two types of curing were performed viz.- water curing and moist curing and observed that moist cured samples showed good results as compared to water cured samples. The experimental observations revealed that the mix proportion with ratio of crumb rubber and wheat straw in soil and cement mix up to 7.5%, has achieved the desired value of compressive strength (2.65 MPa) and k value (0.25 W/m.K). It was discovered that house with cement stabilized mud composites (masonry blocks and tiles) was cooler than the traditional model house, with an average temperature difference of 4-6<sup>0</sup> C. <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Cement stabilized mud composites, Mud phuska tiles, Wheat straw, Baggase, Crumb rubber.</em> <strong>Acknowledgment</strong>: <em>The authors are thankful to Director, CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee (Uttarakhand) for granting permission to publish this research paper. The financial supports from ‘Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi, Government of India’ (File Number: 19-45/2018/RE; Project No.: GAP0090) are gratefully acknowledged.</em> <strong>References</strong> 1. Huang Y, Niu JL, Chung TM, Study on performance of energy-efficient retrofitting measures on commercial building external walls in cooling-dominant cities. Appl. Energy. 2013; 103: 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.003 2. IS 3792, Guide for heat insulation of non-industrial buildings. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1987.
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van Oorschot, Rene, Willeke Smit, and Anzhela Glebova. "The Grove Field, Blocks 49/10a, 49/9c, 49/10c, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 52, no. 1 (2020): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m52-2018-79.
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AbstractThe Grove gas field is located in the Southern North Sea, within the UK offshore licence Blocks 49/10a, 49/9c and 49/10c. The field lies 180 km east of the Humberside coast and 4 km from the UK–Netherlands median line on the western margin of the Cleaver Bank High. The reservoir consists of late Westphalian C fluvial red beds interbedded with mud-prone floodplain deposits. Grove was put on production in 2007 through a single normally unmanned platform which is connected to the Markham J6A facilities by means of a 13.4 km 10-inch pipeline and subsequently exported to Den Helder in the Netherlands. The field has been developed by means of six production wells, targeting a variety of fault blocks and sandstone units. Reservoir complexity due to differential erosion, heterogeneity and faulting has presented development challenges and productivity per well is highly variable. Additionally, the evaporites within the overlying Zechstein Group present drilling and well integrity issues.
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Chen, Zhimin, Waqar Yunas, Lin Shao, Qianlong Yuan, Youli Zeng, and Shimin Liu. "Characteristic Tests for Waste Mud and Drilling Sludge and Reuse of Solidification from Plateau Ecological Reserve." Buildings 13, no. 4 (2023): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041047.
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The global community has recently increased its efforts for sustainability and environmental protection. “Green Building” and “Green Construction” are the two methods of incorporating these environmental concerns into the construction and maintenance of mega infrastructures and highways with the intention of reducing any environmental impact that the infrastructures may have on the local ecosystems and ecology. This paper delves into one such study based on the Qinghai–Jiaxi Highway, which is currently under construction in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. A water treatment method for construction-related mud and sludge is presented as a solution to prevent environmental contamination in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Several tests are performed on samples collected from the Qinghai–Jiaxi Highway to check the feasibility of this method. Several tests, such as X-ray diffraction, a chemical composition analysis, pH tests, mud density, and quality assessments, are performed for this purpose. Following these tests, mud sample mixtures are strengthened with concrete, and their suitability as a filler for road bases is evaluated using compression tests, in accordance with the GB50107 standard. The test results show that the concrete blocks have a compression strength of 35 MPA, which is well within the required standards. The proposed method helps to reduce the harmful discharges from construction sites into the local ecosystems and can potentially reduce the effluent matter in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Ecological Reserve.
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Khokhlova, O. S., and A. O. Nagler. "The Marfa Kurgan in the Stavropol Territory: An Example of an Ancient Architectural Structure." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 2 (2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.2.038-048.
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This study focuses on the analysis of structural elements of the Marfa kurgan in the Stavropol Territory. We list and examine terms referring to such elements, and suggest our own. A description of the kurgan, its natural environment, excavation techniques, sampling, and analytical methods is provided. The material of which the kurgan was made is assessed, and its advantages over other materials are demonstrated. We studied mud blocks (or “bricks”), their clay coatings, and a striped adobe element from the kurgan. Results of chemical and granulometric analyses are outlined, along with those of the micromorphological analysis of soils underlying the kurgan, of the material of which the “bricks” and the coatings were made. The blocks were molded by thoroughly kneading and compacting a moistened material consisting of loess with the addition of river silt, without plant admixture. Clay coatings were much denser, as it consisted of a coherent finely dispersed clay-carbonate material. Clay mortar, similar to coatings in composition and properties, was used to connect the blocks and the stones of the crepidoma. The same mortar was used for foundations of clay “bricks” buildings. The adobe element with thinnest variously colored stripes resulted from a destruction of an earlier structure.
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Singh, Yashvir, and Nishant Kr Singh. "Dirt analysis on the performance of an engine cooling system." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 4 (2013): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i4a3145.
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This present work looked at the effect of sand blocking the heat transfer area of the radiator and its effect on the engine coolant through the conduct of experiments and a mathematical model developed. The results indicated that the percentage area covered resulted in a proportional increase of the inlet and outlet temperatures of the coolant in the radiator. The mathematically model developed also predicted the experimental data very well. Regression analysis pointed out that every 10% increase area of the radiator covered with silt soil resulted in an increase of about 1.7oC of the outlet temperature of the radiator coolant. Similarly, using mud as a cover material, 10% of the area covered of the radiator resulted in an increase of about 2oC of the outlet temperature of the radiator coolant. Statistical analysis pointed to the fact that the result obtained for mud, silt and the mathematical model were not significantly different. Thus, irrespective of the type of material that blocks the radiator surface area, the coolant rises proportional of the radiator covered.