To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Mughal History.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mughal History'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 34 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Mughal History.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Haider, Syed Najaf. "The monetary system of the Mughal empire." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390349.
Full text
2
Rathee, Vikas, and Vikas Rathee. "Narratives of the 1658 War of Succession for the Mughal Throne, 1658-1707." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579017.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation studies certain Hindi and Persian narratives of the War of Succession (1658) to succeed Shah Jahan (r.1627-1658). All the narratives under study were written during the reign of Aurangzeb (r.1658-1707), the successor of Shah Jahan. The study evaluates the significance of the War as a landmark moment in the social history of India, especially in the formation and inter-relationships between religious communities. The dissertation demarcates the larger epistemological and ontological canvas on which these communities took shape and interacted with each other. The research outlines the ways and the contexts in which terms such as Hindu, momin, musalman, Islam, din and Rajput were deployed in literary texts. It asks whether Hinduism and Islam were two disparate traditions, as previous histories of the War and Mughal India had contended. The dissertation argues that social communities of Hindus and Muslims were mutually and similarly circumscribed within an Islamic worldview and concept of din. Hindu traditions could portray Muslims in concepts and terms borrowed from Indian epics but within an over-arching Islamic cultural dispensation. The War was not a moment of evolution between two independent Hindu and Muslim traditions. Rather, the War was a moment that saw the evolution, even if it be of an antagonistic kind, of Hindu and Muslim traditions within a larger Islamic framework. Besides the above primary focus, the dissertation provides the reader with important insights and overviews regarding allied subjects such as the literary histories of Persian and of Hindi/Urdu, especially in the Dingal and Khari Boli dialects, the political culture of Hindu India, Rajput political culture, Mughal political culture, patronage networks in Mughal India, notions of soldierly duty in seventeenth century India, language and status, preaching in the Hindu and Islamic traditions, the sociological ideas of acculturation and Islamisation, and twentieth century history-writing.
3
De, la Garza Andrew. "An unfinished revolution : Babur, Akbar and the rise of Mughal military power /." Connect to resource, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1210269616.
Full text
4
Qureshi, Adeela. "The hunt as metaphor in Mughal painting (1556-1707)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669811.
Full text
5
Thorez, Eric-Selvam. "Peintres Moghols au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040267.
Full textAbstract:
Cet ouvrage a pour objet l’étude de différents peintres moghols ayant exercé leur activité au XVIII° siècle, c'est-à-dire entre la fin du règne d’Aurengzeb et le début de celui d’Akbar II. Il s’attache à établir, pour chaque peintre, des catalogues de l’œuvre peint, et, partant, à définir les caractéristiques de chacun, en analysant le style et l’approche iconographique des peintures. Jusqu’à présent, la méconnaissance globale des collections de peintures mogholes du XVIII° siècle a désigné cette période comme une phase de recul qualitatif des peintres et des peintures, ces dernières étant généralement considérées comme peu nombreuses, stylistiquement faibles et limitées à des sujets galants, courtois ou érotiques. C’est en analysant ces collections peu étudiées que nous avons tenté d’améliorer la connaissance de cette période, à travers la vie et l’œuvre des peintres moghols face aux bouleversements qui surviennent dans l’Inde du nord tout au long du XVIII° siècle. Ainsi, nous nous sommes attaché à montrer, qu’après une première phase où prévaut, chez les peintres, une forme de classicisme, les membres de l’académie impériale ont tenté de rénover l’esthétique moghole face à l’émergence d’ateliers régionaux concurrentiels. Nous avons ensuite suivi le parcours des peintres qui s’installèrent en Oudh, amenant, sans rupture, le mouvement appelé Company Paintings, tandis qu’à Delhi, les membres de l’académie impériale s’orientaient vers une forme de néoclassicisme pictural. Ce travail permettra de jeter un regard nouveau sur les peintres moghols au XVIII° siècle, en montrant l’évolution donnée à l’esthétique classique dans un contexte de régionalisation de la peinture<br>This work is a study on Mughal painters who were active in the 18th century, between the end of Aurengzeb and the beginning of Akbar’s rein. The intention is to establish a catalogue of painted works for each painter, thereby defining the characteristics of each one through an analysis of the style and different iconographic approaches within the paintings. Until recently, the global lack of knowledge of Mughal eighteenth century painting collections defined this period as one of decline in the quality of painters and their works, the latter being generally considered to be small in number, stylistically weak and limited to gallant, courtly, and erotic subject matter.Through an analysis of these rarely studied collections that we have broached a renewal of our understanding of this period through the lives and works of these Mughal painters who were facing the political and economical disruptions that took place in the North of India throughout the whole of the eighteenth century. Therefore, our work has been focused on revealing that after an initial phase, when a form of classicism prevailed in the painters’ works, the members of the imperial academy aimed at renewing a Mughal aesthetic as the concurrent regional workshops emerged. We have then followed the direction of the painters who settling in Oudh, took with them, the movement known as Company Paintings, whereas in Delhi, the members of the imperial academy orientated themselves towards a neoclassical pictoralism. This work, by showing in particular the evolution of a classical aesthetic, will therefore allow us look anew at Mughal painters of the eighteenth century, within the context of the regionalisation of painting in India
6
de, la Garza Andrew. "Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500 - 1605." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274894811.
Full text
7
Honchell, Stephanie. "The Story of a Drunken Mughal: Alcohol Culture in Timurid Central Asia." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1419850248.
Full text
8
Singh, Devika. "Modern India and the Mughal past : receptions, representations and the writing of Indian art history, 1920s-1960s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648374.
Full text
9
Mitchell, C. P. (Colin P. ). "The embassy of Sir Thomas Roe and its primacy in seventeenth century Mughal historiography : a re-evaluation." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23230.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is the study of one of the most consistently used primary sources of early seventeenth century Mughal India. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe, written by England's first ambassador to the court of Jahangi r, has traditionally been construed to be a succinct and perceptive account. Moreover, historians have relied on Thomas Roe's observations and conclusions to offer certain interpretations of Jahangi r's court: most notably, its decline as a forum of centralized absolutism into an arena of intrigue and rivalry.<br>Roe, as a product of Jacobean society, perceived Mughal events and institutions from an early seventeenth century English context, thus limiting any hope of "objective" reporting. To substantiate this assertation, this thesis investigates (a) Roe's life in England and how it related to ongoing literary and political movements; (b) the appearance of Jacobean language and metaphors in his text; (c) and highlighting these incongruencies by examining indigenous Mughal documents. Lastly, the study researches historiographical trends of the colonial era and why they have contributed to the consistent use of this source.
10
Nair, Shankar Ayillath. "Philosophy in Any Language: Interaction between Arabic, Sanskrit, and Persian Intellectual Cultures in Mughal South Asia." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11258.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines three contemporaneous religious philosophers active in early modern South Asia: Muhibb Allah Ilahabadi (d. 1648), Madhusudana Sarasvati (d. 1620-1647), and the Safavid philosopher, Mir Findiriski (d. 1640/1). These figures, two Muslim and one Hindu, were each prominent representatives of religious thought as it occurred in one of the three pan-imperial languages of the Mughal Empire: Arabic, Sanskrit, and Persian. In this study, I re-trace the trans-regional scholarly networks in which each of the figures participated, and then examine the various ways in which their respective networks overlapped. The Chishti Sufi Muhibb Allah, drawing from the Islamic intellectual tradition of wahdat al-wujud, engaged in "international" networks of Arabic debate on questions of ontology and metaphysics. Madhusudana Sarasvati, meanwhile, writing in the Hindu Advaita-Vedanta tradition, was busy adjudicating competing interpretations of the well-known Sanskrit text, the Yoga-Vasistha. Mir Findiriski also took considerable interest in a shorter version of this same Yoga-Vasistha, composing his own commentary upon a Persian translation of the treatise that had been undertaken at the Mughal imperial court. In this Persian translation of the Yoga-Vasistha alongside Findiriski's commentary, I argue, we encounter a creative synthesis of the intellectual contributions occurring within Muhibb Allah's Arabic milieu, on the one hand, and the competing exegeses of the Yoga-Vasistha circulating in Madhusudana's Sanskrit intellectual circles, on the other. The result is a novel Persian treatise that represents an emerging "sub-discipline" of Persian Indian religious thought, still in the process of formulating its basic disciplinary vocabulary as drawn from these broader Muslim and Hindu traditions.
11
Hamid, Usman. "Early Timurid-Mughal politics and historiography: a case study of a little known amīr, Shāh Qulī Khān Mahram (952-1010/1545-1601)." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106371.
Full textAbstract:
The present study is concerned with the political career and contributions of Shāh Qulī Khān Maḥram (d. 1010/1601), a high ranking, celebrated amīr (commander) and confidant of the third Timurid-Mughal dynast, Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar (r. 963-1014/1556-1605). In examining his life, the study looks more broadly at the politics and historiography of the early Timurid-Mughal India during the reign of Akbar. It demonstrates the impact of competing political networks on the life of Shāh Qulī Khān Maḥram, as well as the closely associated importance laid on devoted service and generous patronage. By using pivotal moments from Shāh Qulī Khān Maḥram's life as case studies for comparative historiographic analysis, the present study discerns the methods, motives, and considerations that determined the production of Timurid-Mughal historical writing, such as chronicles and prosopographies. Finally, it demonstrates the importance of architectural patronage to the Timurid-Mughal state, not only as a rhetorical device used to advance state legitimacy and ideology, but also as a very material vehicle of agricultural development and revenue generation.<br>Ce projet s'intéresse à la carrière politique et aux apports de Shāh Qulī Khān Maḥram (d. 1010/1601), un amīr (commandant) renommé, de rang élevé, aussi le confident de Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar (r. 963-1014/1556-1605), troisième souverain de la dynastie timouride-moghole. En examinant sa vie, cette étude portera plus largement sur la politique et l'historiographie du début de l'époque timouride-moghole en Inde pendant le règne d'Akbar. Elle montre les conséquences qu'avaient les réseaux politiques concurrentiels sur la vie de Shāh Qulī Khān Maḥram, ainsi que l'importance du service dévoué, et parallèlement du mécénat généreux. En faisant des études de cas des moments cruciaux de la vie de Shāh Qulī Khān Maḥram pour l'analyse historiographique comparative, cette étude discerne les méthodes, les motifs et les considérations qui ont déterminé la production d'écrits historiques de l'époque timouride-moghole, tels des chroniques et des prosopographies. Enfin, elle souligne l'importance du mécénat architectural non seulement en tant qu'astuce de rhétorique pour l'avancement de la légitimité de l'état timouride-moghol et de son idéologie, mais aussi comme un moyen matérialiste de développement agricole et de création de revenus.
12
Botchkareva, Anastassiia Alexandra. "Representational Realism in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Changing Visual Cultures in Mughal India and Safavid Iran, 1580-1750." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13070051.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of realism in visual representation has been defined and deployed largely within the domain of the Western artistic canon. In the field of art history, the term is often used in ways that depend on implicit, culturally coded assumptions about its connection with the formal markers of optical-naturalism. The Persianate tradition of pictorial representation by contrast, has been traditionally characterized in modern scholarship as stylized and decorative, with little acknowledgment of an interest in realism in its own visual language. Furthermore, normative Euro-centric attitudes have perpetuated the assumption that an engagement with realism entered Persianate artistic practices with the advent of Europeanizing modes of depiction in Safavid and Mughal spheres of production around the late sixteenth-century. This dissertation explores the topic of realism from the perspective of Persianate visual culture. In so doing, it proposes to refine our understanding of the concept in terms that accommodate the varied artistic production of cultures that laid claims to cultivating representational realism in their own primary sources.
The first chapter draws on multi-disciplinary discussions to challenge art historical treatments of pictorial realism as a style, in favor of a functional definition of the concept as an emergent quality rooted in formal strategies that activate particular patterns of mirror-response in their audiences.
The second and third chapters reject the principle of evaluating the realism of Persianate representations according to their degree of proximity to European models. The second chapter discusses the structural conditions of change in visual habitus in cases of inter-cultural encounter between foreign modes of representation and the resulting works of aesthetic hybridity. The third chapter presents material evidence of early modern Safavid and Mughal albums as discourses of aesthetic heterogeneity.
The fourth chapter explores the local Persianate roots of realism, including the changes these realism strategies underwent in the early modern period. The fifth and final chapter develops case studies of two seventeenth-century Mughal and Safavid drawings, which cultivate representational enlivenment in depicting harrowing moments of death. The discussion delves in greater detail into the particular patterns of realism developed in the seventeenth-century Persianate visual culture.<br>History of Art and Architecture
13
Utter, Hans Fredrick. "Networks of Music and History: Vilayat Khan and the Emerging Sitar." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1308392450.
Full text
14
Balabanlilar, Lisa Ann. "Lords of the Auspicious Conjunction Turco-Mongol imperial identity on the subcontinent /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179937403.
Full text
15
Siddiqui, Ali Gibran. "The Naqshbandiyya after Khwaja Ahrar: Networks of Trade in Central and South Asia." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471364890.
Full text
16
Bichy, John Brooke. "A Life History Assessment on the Reproduction and Growth of Striped Mullet, Mugil cephalus, in North Carolina." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04012004-095956/.
Full textAbstract:
The striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, has supported a commercial fishery in North Carolina since the 1800s and today ranks in the top ten of commercially valuable fin- fisheries in the state worth over a million dollars annually. The species is a direct link between lower and higher trophic levels and thus serves an important role in the food web. Despite striped mullet?s biological and economic importance, basic life history data from North Carolina are limited and the stock status is unknown. Objectives of this study were to describe striped mullet growth, reproductive seasonality, size and age at maturity, and fecundity. Monthly samples of striped mullet were collected using both fishery independent and dependent sampling strategies throughout North Carolina. Sagittae otoliths were removed and sectioned for age and growth analyses. Gonads were fixed and histologically prepared for maturity indices and fecundity estimation. Length was highly variable within age classes. Regional growth differences within North Carolina were found as fish collected from the southern sampling regions were smaller at age and lived longer than fish from the northern regions. Growth models suggest growth rates in North Carolina were greater than other areas in the species? range. Based on the presence of recently post-spawned fish and gonadal development, striped mullet spawn between late September and December. The collection of a hydrated female less than 1 km from an inlet, coupled with the presence of post-ovulatory follicles from fish sampled within the estuary, provided evidence for near-shore spawning. Males matured at a smaller length (L50) than females, 283 mm and 324 mm fork length, respectively. Fecundity correlated well with fork length (r2=0.88) and body weight (r2=0.91), and ranged from 1193 to 2535 eggs per gram of eviscerated body weight. This study provides the first life history assessment of striped mullet reproduction and growth from North Carolina and shows differences in growth, maturity, spawning location, reproductive seasonality, and fecundity compared to other areas in the species? range.
17
Mishra, Pragnya. "Mughal badshahon ke adheen khandesh (1600 i. Se 1734)." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/3698.
Full text
18
Truschke, Audrey Angeline. "Cosmopolitan Encounters: Sanskrit and Persian at the Mughal Court." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/D86H4QDN.
Full textAbstract:
In this dissertation, I analyze interactions between Sanskrit and Persian literary cultures at the Mughal court during the years 1570-1650 C.E. During this period, the Mughals rose to prominence as one of the most powerful dynasties of the early modern world and patronized Persian as a language of both literature and empire. Simultaneously, the imperial court supported Sanskrit textual production, participated in Sanskrit cultural life, and produced Persian translations of Sanskrit literature. For their part, Sanskrit intellectuals became influential members of the Mughal court, developed a linguistic interest in Persian, and wrote extensively about their imperial experiences. Yet the role of Sanskrit at the Mughal court remains a largely untold story in modern scholarship, as do the resulting engagements across cultural lines. To the extent that scholars have thought about Sanskrit and Persian in tandem, they have generally been blinded by their own language barriers and mistakenly asserted that there was no serious interaction between the two. I challenge this uncritical view through a systematic reading of texts in both languages and provide the first detailed account of exchanges between these traditions at the Mughal court. I further argue that these cross-cultural events are central to understanding the construction of power in the Mughal Empire and the cultural and literary dynamics of early modern India.
19
Kaicker, Abhishek. "Unquiet City: Making and Unmaking Politics in Mughal Delhi, 1707-39." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D82R3PRH.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a study of the elaborations of the cultures of politics in the Mughal capital of Shahajahanabad - modern day Delhi - from the death of the emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 to the invasion of the Iranian warlord Nadir Shah in 1739. While this period has frequently been imagined as one of imperial decline and political failure, this dissertation argues that these years of tumult saw instead the transformation of elite politics and the development of a language of popular politics within the space of the Mughal capital. The transformation of politics as practiced by Mughal elites became dramatically evident in the second decade of the eighteenth century, in which two reigning emperors were violently removed from the throne. Through a close examination of the admonitory historical texts which describe these events, this dissertation suggests that such transgressive actions reflected a debate among the Mughal elite about the proper role of the emperor in an empire which had become unprecedentedly bureaucratic and routinized in its administration. Yet speculation about the place of the emperor did not remain the affair of the empire's elites who saw themselves as the traditional guardians of the realm. For now, an unlikely new party began to intervene ever more assertively in matters that had been considered the preserve of the empire's ruling nobility. This was the people itself, an entity that agitated vociferously in support or in criticism of elite acts of governance. In doing so, the people produced a new language of popular politics which directly addressed the powers-that-be. Such a popular politics was produced within, and enacted upon the stage of the Mughal capital, itself built as a representation of the virtues of Mughal imperium. The emergence of the people as an increasingly visible mass in the city is the subject of the first chapter. The second, third and fourth chapters then turn to an examination of the dramatic convulsions of elite politics which caused the bodies of slaughtered princes to be paraded in the thoroughfares of the Mughal city. Chapter four ends with a study of the popular response to one such incident, the deposition of the Emperor Farrukh Siyar in 1719, arguing that the event marks an instance of the city's masses making an explicit intervention in the politics of the imperial elite. Chapter five considers the means of communication by which such political solidarities were forged, arguing that poetry in particular was a powerful form of social communication which might activate political solidarities among the people of the city. Chapters six and seven offer a detailed account of other instances of popular political activity, focusing particularly on the Shoe-sellers' riot of 1729. Chapter eight turns to the invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739, arguing that the resistance to his occupation of Delhi and subsequent events mark the limits of possibility of such politics. The conclusion examines the divergent trajectories of elite and popular politics through the end of the empire and the rise of the colonial state in the subcontinent.
20
Chakrabarti, Ishan. "The venture of self-fashioning in Mughal India." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1507.
Full textAbstract:
Individuality – both as a philosophical category and a way of living – forms the focal point of a resonance between our times and the 17th-century. Impelled by this haunting resonance, and in an attempt to understand it, my paper examines the literary history of biographical writing in both Europe and South Asia, from 560 BCE to 1700 CE. What is it about the 17th century that is so specific? Why do only these biographies strike us as records of the lives of true individuals? And why do individuals first appear in 17th century South Asia?
To adequately comprehend this nomadic literary genre, we must abstract ourselves from the geography and examine the thematic aspects of our texts. I suggest it is imperative to look at modes of life as they are formed over time, across Europe and South Asia. That is, we most focus on the philosophically-rich questions of the categories that structured lives.
Pausing in the 17th century, I examine the Viaggi of Pietro Della Valle (an Italian traveler in Turkey, Iran and South Asia) and the Ardhakathānaka of Banārasīdāsa (the first Indian autobiography, comprising the records of a Jain merchant roaming South Asia). For just one generation, from 1600-1650, autobiographical writing becomes an ethical practice by which they reflect on and build individuality.<br>text
21
Campbell, Jennifer Lynn. "Architecture and Identity: The Occupation, Use, and Reuse of Mughal Caravanserais." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29675.
Full textAbstract:
Life, individual and collective, exists in reference to what came before; my research into the life histories of places explores the cultural threads which tie us to places and which allow us to make personal and collective connections between the past and the present. Understanding these life histories helps us understand the value and power historic places have in the world today. This thesis focuses on Mughal caravanserais from northwestern Pakistan, examining how they were initially intended to be used during the Mughal rule of South Asia and how they were reused in the periods that followed (Sikh, Afghani, British, and Pakistani). Caravanserais are walled arcaded buildings where travelers could stop briefly. After the Mughal Empire declined, caravanserais were reused by local people and/or taken over by subsequent governing bodies. Surviving structures are still used today, although their original appearance and functions have been altered to serve new purposes. My research is part of the Caravanserai Networks Project, directed by Dr. Heather Miller, University of Toronto. I develop my survey method through comparative study of two caravanserais, Gor Khuttree and Pakka Khanpur. Using information from architectural survey, historic documents, and photographs, I create three-dimensional architectural models of Gor Khuttree���s occupations. I use access and planning analysis to characterize the use and alteration of the sites��� architecture. Conceptually, I develop a tripartite formation of place: formed, in practice, and in memory. As a multifaceted place, I consider Gor Khuttree���s life history; the occupations, identities, and memories associated with the site through time. The City of Peshawar, central to this research, was at the time of writing in Pakistan���s North West Frontier Province. This province was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on April 15th, 2010. This research continues to refer to the province by its former name. This ensures continuity with published documents and the organizational names used by colleagues in Pakistan at the time of research.
22
Hussain, Ashna. "Politics, poetry and pluralism : Bulleh Shah in the late Mughal Empire." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:51410.
Full textAbstract:
The Mughal Empire ruled the Indian sub-continent over the course of three centuries
in a history defined by its religious and ethnic diversity. As part of their state-building
project, the Mughals employed narratives of identity and belonging wherein different social,
cultural and, to an extent, religious identities blended together. This thesis will focus on the historical importance of poetry as a socio-political tool through the work of a Punjabi poet, Bulleh Shah (1680-1757), in order to demonstrate the interconnections between the political, religious and cultural facets of the empire. Such an approach will highlight the relationship between the social and political dynamic of power to allow for a better understanding of the region. To this day, the legacy of Bulleh Shah remains of cultural relevance and importance, with his poetry serving as a cultural bridge between the religio-political divide of the Partition of India and Pakistan.
23
Burchett, Patton. "Bhakti Religion and Tantric Magic in Mughal India: Kacchvahas, Ramanandis, and Naths, circa 1500-1700." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8JM2HQK.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation sheds new light on the nature and development of Hindu devotional religiosity (bhakti) by drawing attention to bhakti's understudied historical relationships with Tantra, Yoga, and Sufism. Specifically, this thesis explains the phenomenal rise of bhakti in early modern north India as a process of identity and community formation fundamentally connected to Sufi-inflected critiques of tantric and yogic religiosity. With the advent of the Mughal Empire in the sixteenth century, new alliances--most notably Akbar's with the Kacchvaha royal clan of Amer--led to the development of a joint Mughal-Rajput court culture and religio-political idiom in which Vaishnava bhakti institutional forms became key symbols of power and deportment, and thus bhakti communities became beneficiaries of extensive patronage. Through a study of the life and works of the important but little-known bhakti poet-saint Agradas, this thesis offers insight into how these bhakti communities competed for patronage and followers. If the rise of bhakti was inseparable from Mughal socio-political developments, it was also contingent upon the successful formation of a new bhakti identity. This thesis centers on the Ramanandi community at Galta, comparing them with the Nath yogis to show the development of this bhakti identity, one defined especially in opposition to the "other" of the tantric yogi and shakta. It also contributes a broad study of early modern bhakti poetry and hagiography demonstrating the rise of new, Sufi-inflected, exclusivist bhakti attitudes that stigmatized key aspects of tantric and yogic religiosity, and that therein prefigured orientalist-colonialist depictions of bhakti as "religion" and Tantra as "magic."
24
(10288562), Priya Sirohi. "MUGHALS AND MERCENARIES: GLOBALIZATION AS DELIBERATIVE RHETORICS OF RISK AND PRECARITY IN THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
Rhetorics of globalization are best understood through the concept of risk. This dissertation traces the history of contemporary globalization back to the encounters of the English East India Company (EIC) from the seventeenth through eighteenth centuries with foreign trading cultures through primary journals, records, and guidebooks. I also contrast the EIC approach with the <i>sulh-i-kull</i> approach of the Mughal Empire. I conclude that the EIC cultivated risk to override ethical considerations of the Other, invent the private sphere, and lay the bedrock of contemporary capitalism.
25
Bruce, Gregory Maxwell. "The aesthetics of sppropriation : Ghalib's Persian Ghazal poetry and its critics." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1245.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the Persian ghazal poetry of Mirza Ghalib. It does so in the light of the corpus of critical literature in Urdu, Persian, and English that concerns both the poetry of Ghalib as well as the poetry of the so-called “Indian Style” of Persian poetry. Poems by Ghalib and his literary forebears, including Fighani, Naziri, ‘Urfi, Zuhuri, Sa’ib, and Bedil are offered in translation; critical commentary follows each text. The thesis explicates the ways in which each of these authors engaged in an intertextual dialogue, here called javaab-go’ii, or appropriative response-writing, with his forebears, and argues that the dynamics of this intertextual dialogue contribute significantly to the poetry’s aesthetics. These “aesthetics of appropriation” are discussed, analyzed, and evaluated both in the light of Ghalib’s writings on literary influence and Persian poetics, as well as in the light of the aforementioned corpus of critical literature.<br>text
26
Mohammad, Jigar. "A study of madad-I-Maash grants in the suba of Awadh under the Mughals (1658-1765)." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/769.
Full text
27
Huang, Shih-Shan, and 黃詩珊. "Migratory Life History of Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus) Inferred from Otolith Stable Isotopes." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22851908687259096175.
Full text
28
Tzeng, Ming-Yen, and 曾明彥. "Life History Traits and Migratory Behavior of Grey Mullet Mugil cephalus in The Tansui River." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78562452752253943877.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>漁業科學研究所<br>98<br>To understand the life history traits and the migratory behavior of grey mullets in the Tansui River System, 826 grey mullets were collected during different seasons from 34 sampling sites located on the river mouth of Tansui River to the upper streams, Xindian and Keelung Streams, from April, 2008 to December, 2009. At the same time, the environmental factors such as salinity and algal and benthos densities were also measured. The morphological traits and the monthly changes in GSI of each fish were also measured. The otolith (sagitta) was extracted for age determination and temporal changes of Sr/Ca ratio by Electron microprobe analyzer (EPMA) for identifying the migratory environmental history of the fish. In addition to this, 68 mullets were collected off the coast (salinity: 33 PSU) of Badoutzu in Keelung, north of Taiwan, to validate the relationship between otolith marginal Sr/Ca ratio and environmental salinity. The results indicated that:
(1) relative marginal distance (RMD) demonstrated that the year ring of the otolith was completely formed in a period of one year. Age determination by the otolith year rings showed that the age structure in the lower reach of the Tanshui River during winter was composed primary of individuals greater than 3 years old with few less than 1 year old. On the other hand, individuals aged 2 to 3 years old were mostly pooled in Xidian and Keelung Streams. This phenomenon indicated that older mullets migrated to the river mouth for spawning during winter, while the larvae or juveniles recruited into the river during spring, to grow in the middle or upper tributaries of the river until maturity.
(2) Otolith Sr/Ca ratio had a positive relationship with environmental salinity, hence, otolith Sr/Ca ratio could be used to trace back the migratory environmental history of fish. Otolith Sr/Ca ratio was significantly different among seawater, estuary, and freshwater (ANOVA, p &lt; 0.05). Mean otolith Sr/Ca ratio greater than 6.383×10-3 indicated that the fish inhabited environment whose salinity was more than 33 PSU. On the other hand, mean otolith Sr/Ca ratio less than 3.283×10-3 indicated that the fish inhabited freshwater. Depending on the Sr/Ca ratio of the primordium, the environment in which the larvae inhabited can be classified into Type 1 (Seawater type), Type 2 (Estuary type), and Type 3 (Freshwater type), respectively.
(3) Adult fish more than 1-year old migrated to the high salinity environment during winter, but went back to the river for feeding during summer. In addition, the environment in which the larvae inhabited influenced the habitat use of the adult fish, that is, Type 2 (Estuary type) and Type 3 (Freshwater type) individuals preferred the initial environment until sexual maturity. In general, mullets in the Tanshui River System gradually migrated to the middle and lower stream of the river as they grow.
(4) Monthly changes of gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed peak value (8 %) during October, but this value was extremely low, compared to the GSI (20 %) of the spawning group in Northeastern Taiwan. The egg cells of the mullets captured during the spawning season was in vitellogenic stage, and not in final maturation stage. Hence, the probability of mullets spawning in the river was low.
(5) The relationship between sex ratio, environmental salinity, and the food density showed that there were more female fish in the nutrient-rich environment, whereas in the nutrient-poor, more male fish were found. This phenomenon indicated that the habitat use of the mullets was influenced by sex.
In conclusion, the larvae or juveniles of mullets were wildly distributed in the Tansui River System, growing in the river until sexual maturity. As the fish matured, they migrated to the sea for spawning. Evidences from GSI and egg histology indicated that the possibility of mullets spawning in the river was extremely low. In addition to this, female fish preferred to food-rich environment for growth.
29
Hsu, Chih-Chieh, and 許智傑. "The relationship between otolith microstructure and early life history events of juvenile grey mullet Mugil cephalus." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22196811083152914241.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>動物學研究研究所<br>93<br>Fish otoliths can provide life history information such as age, growth, metamorphosis, habitat use and migratory environmental history. To elucidate the relationship between otolith microstructure and microchemistry and the life history events of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus in the early stage, the daily growth increments, growth check, Sr/Ca ratios and trace elements in otoliths of the juvenile mullets collected from the four estuaries from NE to SW Taiwan coast from 1996 to 2004 were examined by using the light and electron microscopes, electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). A transition check (TC) was found in otoliths of all mullets. The check was characterized by a subsequent convergence of several daily growth increments at a distance of ca 186μm from primordium, which was deposited at ca 14d posthatching irrespective of sampling months, locations and years. In addition, secondary growth zones (SGZ) in otolith edge of the juvenile were discernable. And there is a accessory primordium(AP) in the pinnacle of the SGZ. SGZ was characterized by a needle-like calcium carbonate crystallization, which was deposited at a distance ca 300μm from primordium (ca 28d posthatching) and the timing of occurrence was the same. The Sr/Ca ratios transect revealed a decreasing trend from the otolith core (ca 11×10-3) to SGZ (ca 3×10-3). The Sr/Ca ratios are different between the primordium region and SGZ. Comparison with the developmental stage of artificially propagated larval and juvenile of the mullet, the TC in the otolith was proposed to be corresponded to the larval-juvenile transitional stage. In addition, as the grey mullet juvenile dispersed from the high saline offshore to the low saline estuarine nursery ground, a corresponding SGZ was deposited and a decreasing Sr/Ca ratios were detected in otoliths of the fish. The marks we found in the otolith provide the feasibility in studying the early life history events of the mullet.
30
Nien, Yu-Ling, and 粘育苓. "Spatial-temporal distribution and early growth history of the three cryptic grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) species in Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q7u52x.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>環境生物與漁業科學學系<br>104<br>This study researches on the early life history of 3 cryptic species of Mugil cephalus juvenile in estuaries around Taiwan. Present study collected monthly juvenile samples from November 2013 to March 2014, and firstly discriminates the mullet juvenile individuals collected in varied estuaries by genotyping for understanding their spatial- temporal distribution. Then analyze otolith daily age and microchemistry to investigate the early life history of different species. The most abundant species is NWP2 (81%), and is as high as 100 % in most samples. Monthly appearance in Yilan decreases from 44% in February to 17% in March 2014 and in Tamsui, also decreases to 37% meanwhile. NWP1 accounts of 17% overall, and increases with month, from 56% to 83% between February and March in 2014 in Yilan. Only 2% (all in Checheng) of mullet juvenile is NWP3, and the highest composition (23%) in November 2013 decreased monthly to the lowest 1% in January 2014.
Secondly, otolith microstructure was analyze to investigate the early life stage in mullet juveniles. Both daily age (50.4 11.1 days) and duration before settle down (31.5 6.2 days) of NWP2 are smaller than NWP1. NWP2 juveniles peak at 30.0 5.1 mm in length. Both peak length and otolith daily increment increase with time in all estuaries. Mean length of NWP1 is 32.1 3.0 mm, but no significant increase along month. Length of NWP3 averaged at 26.9 3.3 mm and also significantly increases until January 2014 in both length and otolith rings. The results show that both NWP1 and NWP2 have a single spawning ground respectively. Otolith increment widths of NWP2 in Checheng estuary are wilder than other estuaries, which indicate the growth rate is different between various estuaries. According to daily age and sampling date, hatching dates of 3 species mullets were back-calculated. Hatching months of NWP1 are from December 2013 to February 2014, and peak is January. NWP2 hatching months are from September 2013 to January 2014, and peak is December. October 2013 is the only hatching month ofNWP3. These factors which effect growth rate include species, density of food and temperature.
According to otolith microstructure and microchemistry analyses Early life history of the mullet juveniles can be divided into three stages, including drifting, transition and stable growth stage. Overall, the mullet larvae spend 32 days at drifting stage before settle down in estuary. The transition stage is approximately 2 weeks to adapt fluctuated environment, and experiencing the trophic transfer to become juveniles in this stage. Then, they grow larger and faster, and migrate to varied feeding ground. Duration of each stage is different between species, and NWP1 generally longer than NWP2. This study shows the habitat change of mullet at different life stage through detailed information recorded in otolith.
31
Chen, Po-Chun, and 陳柏均. "Spatial-temporal distribution and difference of life history among three cryptic species of mullet (Mugil cephalus) in Tanshui River." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14415923216064209930.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>環境生物與漁業科學學系<br>102<br>Present study aims on investigating the three cryptic species (NWP1：North of China, NWP2：Kuroshio, NWP3：South of China) composition and difference among species of mullet (Mugil cephalus) in Tanshui River. During October 2011 to July 2012, a total of 848 mullets individuals were collected every season from Tanshui River, and add the wild mullets caught from the ocean as a comparison (Called “ocean group”). Species of 269 mullet specimens were identified by previous studies that using mtDNA to classify 3 cryptic species, NWP1, NWP2 and NWP3. Otolith of 620 mullets were aged and VBGE were estimated. Otolith thin sections were followed by micromilling technique to sample materials on each annuli and the trace elemental composition of each sequence sub-samples were analysed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to investigate the ontogentic migration behavior of each mullet species.
The most abundant mullet species in Tanshui River is NWP2, compositing 66.1%, 74.6% and 97.1% of all specimens in winter, spring, and summer, while seasonal compostion of NWP1 is 32.3%, 23.8%, 2.9% consequently. Only in autumn, the composition of NWP1 rose up to 60% and was higher than NWP2 (32%). Meanwhile, NWP3 remained consistently lower than 10% throughout the year. In autumn, gonadosomatic index (GSI) of NWP2 is higher than NWP1, indicating that NWP2 individuals migrated to open ocean for spawning and the percentage of NWP2 remaining in the river therefore lowered down. Looking at the spatial distribution, only large size and older age mullet individuals inhabited at freshwater upper reaches and the pattern showed similar in all species, indicating that only older aged mullet can stay in absolute freshwater environment. Juvenile and young mullet would stay in saline water with higher productivity and more abundant food. After estimate, the growth function is significantly different between NWP1 and NWP2.
Results of otolith trace element signature in both core and edge all showed significant differences, there are different spawning ground and migratory pattern between NWP1 and NWP2; and are similar between NWP2 and NWP3. In addition, the trace element signature of NWP1 is similar to main ocean group mullets in Taiwan Strait. Otolith edge elemental signature is efficient for distinguishing the marine and riverine individuals (Discrimination function: 92.3%), but the discrimination efficiency is lower between locations in Tanshui River system (Up-stream: 66.7%, Mid-stream:76.5% ). The spatial resolution need to be improved by adapting the sampling method for more detail migratory research for the future.
32
Jamandre, Brian Wade Delizo, and 賈曼德. "PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF FLATHEAD MULLET MUGIL CEPHALUS IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC DERIVED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA CONTROL REGION." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49364982029708697430.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>臺灣大學<br>漁業科學研究所<br>98<br>The flathead mullet Mugil cephalus is a coastal bound and circumglobally distributed fish, and the fishery is one of the most important commercial fisheries in many parts of the world. Its life history and population dynamics have been intensively studied but its genetic structure and phylogeography remained unresolved. This study investigated the phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history of M. cephalus in the Northwest Pacific region based on the analysis of the mitochondrial control region (mtDNA CR) sequences.
Phylogenetic analysis of the CR sequences indicated that M. cephalus in the Northwest Pacific was composed of two highly divergent lineages: Lineage 1 from the East China Sea and Lineage 2 from the South China Sea. The specimens of the former were collected from Taiwan and Qingdao of North China, while those of the latter from the Philippines, Pearl River of South China, and Japan. The specimens from Okinawa and Yokosuka of Japan were a mixing between lineages 1 and 2. Historical demographic variables of both lineages indicated that Pleistocene glaciations might have strong impacts on the distribution and division of the population of M. cephalus in the northwest Pacific, resulting in a recent demographic decline for the East China Sea population but in demographic equilibrium for the South China Sea population. The results of the Phylogeographic analysis also indicated that such impacts were more drastic at high latitudes than at low latitudes, suggesting that Lineage 1 and Lineage 2 were isolated during the Pleistocene era.
The mtDNA CR sequence variations between two M. cephalus lineages largely exceeded intraspecific polymorphisms that are generally observed in other vertebrates. Therefore, the structure and sequence variations of the CR gene between M. cephalus lineages from northwest Pacific were further analyzed by comparing them with those from African, other Pacific, and Atlantic regions to assess their usefulness for the phylogeographic study. In order to prove the high mutation rate or divergence rate found in M. cephalus is not due to the mutational bias of the CR gene, mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA cyt b) of a few northwest Pacific mullets were also sequenced and analyzed to determine their evolutionary rate and compared to that of the CR gene. The length of CR sequence varied among M. cephalus populations due to the presence of indels and variable number of tandem repeats at the 3’ hypervariable domain. The high evolutionary rate of the CR gene was probably originated from these mutations. The CR showed higher sequence variation as compared with the cyt b. However, there was no clear indication of the saturation on the nucleotide substitutions in these two mitochondrial genes. The high CR divergence among worldwide populaions of M. cephalus inferred from the phylogenetic tree indicated the occurrence of a rapid radiation in its evolutionary history, a peculiar case for an estuarine species with global distribution.
The results of this study showed that the high divergence of M. cephalus lineages might be due to its rapid radiation of the species in evolution and to the geographic isolation caused by geological events. Therefore, in congruence to the growing number of evidences, results obtained from this study, and its worldwide scale distribution, M. cephalus is recognizable as a complex species.
33
Hsu, Chih-Chieh, and 許智傑. "Use of natural markers to study population structure and migratory environmental history of Mugil cephalus L. in the coastal waters of Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14167892783864045722.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>漁業科學研究所<br>97<br>To understand the population structure and migratory environmental history of flathead mullet Mugil cephalus in the costal waters of Taiwan, the allele frequency of 9 microsatellites loci of the mullet was analyzed and the elemental composition in otolith of the mullet was analyzed by LA-ICP-MS. The specimens of the mullet were collected from the spawning grounds in Northeastern (NE) and Southwestern (SW) waters of Taiwan, Tanshui River and Kaoping River estuary in 2005 ~ 2008, respectively. In addition, to validate the annulus in the scale and otolith of the mullet, the known-age cultured mullet were collected from two fish farms in Yunlin prefecture, western Taiwan. After collection, the morphometric characteristics including length and weight of the mullet were measured, and the scale, otolith, muscle tissue and gonad tissue were collected.
The results revealed that: 1) Annuli in both scale and otolith of the cultured mullet were consistent with their true ages. 2) The mullet in the NE waters matured and spawned in mid-December as indicated by gonadosomatic index, fecundity, oocyte diameter frequency, and the maturation stages of gonad cell, which were all similar to those of the mullet that migrated to the SW waters at the same time. This indicated that the NE waters was also one of the spawning grounds of M. cephalus in the coastal waters of Taiwan. 3) The microsatellites indicated that there are three different populations (P1, P2, and P3) co-existed in the coastal waters of Taiwan. The contributions of the three populations were different among areas, in both spawning grounds, they were P1: 94%, P2: 1% and P3: 5%. The population genetic structure of the mullet in Kaoping River was different from those in NE and SW waters, which were mainly composed of P2 (30%) and P3 (62%). The growth rate and morphological variables were not significantly different among three populations. This suggested that growth rate and morphological variables can not be used as an indicator to distinguish the population units of M. cephalus in the coastal waters of Taiwan. 4) The Sr/Ca ratios in the otolith edges were significantly different for the mullet collected among sea water, estuary and freshwater (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The mean Sr/Ca ratios in otolith are lower than 3.2 × 10-3 when mullet lived in freshwater environment, larger than 6.0 × 10-3 when mullet lived in sea water environment. 5) Based on the Sr/Ca ratio in the otolith core region, the mullet was divided into three types: Type I, the mean Sr/Ca ratio was greater than 6.0 × 10-3, indicating that the mullet at early stage lived in sea water. Type II, the Sr/Ca ratio between 3.2 × 10-3 ~ 6.0 × 10-3, indicating that mullet at early stage lived in brackish water. Type III, the Sr/Ca ratio was less than 3.2 × 10-3, indicating that the mullet at early stage lived in freshwater environment. 6) The temporal change of Sr/Ca ratios in the otolith indicated that the migratory environmental histories of the mullet are similar among the 3 populations.
In conclusion, the population genetic structures analyses indicated that M. cephalus in the coastal waters of Taiwan were not only the well-known migratory population which spawned in NE and SW waters of Taiwan, but also there were two more populations to be found in the Kaoping River estuary. Although these populations seemed to have different genetic structures but they can not be distinguished by morphology and growth rate. The difference in population genetic structure and non-differences in morphologic characteristics and life history strategies might be resulting from coexistence because of inhabitating the same or overlapping geographic areas.
34
CHANG, CHIH-WEI, and 張至維. "Use of otolith microstructure and microchemistry to study life history and migratory environment of grey mullet Mugil cephalus in the coastal waters of Taiwan." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92665378324161839944.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>動物學研究所<br>91<br>To understand the life history, estuarine recruitment dynamics, and migratory environmental history of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus in the coastal waters of Taiwan, I examined the relationship between Sr/Ca ratios and ambient salinity, and analysed otolith microstructures and Sr/Ca ratios in juveniles sampled in estuaries and in adults from various habitats.
Based on otolith microstructure, increment width, and Sr/Ca ratios, the early life history of mullets was divided into: marine larval, estuarine pre-juvenile (J0), intermediate-juvenile (J1) and post-juvenile stages (J2). In larvae, otolith increment widths increased from 2-3 m at the core to ca. 10 m at the otolith edge, while Sr/Ca ratios decreased from 11.210-3 (core) to 7.010-3 (edge). Both mean increment widths and Sr/Ca ratios in juvenile stage otoliths remained relatively constant (ca. 10 m and 6.210-3). Mean (±SD) age, otolith radius and daily growth rate in larval samples were 33.1±7.4 d, 297.1±78.4 μm, 8.9±1.2 μm d-1, respectively. The relative abundance of the J0 juvenile stage was higher in the central-western part of Taiwan than in northern and southern estuaries, whereas relative abundance of J1 and J2 stages showed the opposite pattern. The total length, otolith radius and age of the J0 juveniles displayed a geographic cline which increased from the central-western to northern and southern estuaries of Taiwan. Mean daily growth rates of J1 and J2 otoliths from estuaries were 12.5±3.5 μm d-1 and 13.4±2.8 μm d-1, respectively, and did not differ among months and sites. Backcalculated hatching date distributions indicated that juveniles that occurred in different estuaries within the same sampling date might come from the same cohort. Tidal currents may play an important role in the transportation and recruitment dynamics of juvenile mullets in estuaries in western Taiwan.
A validation experiment indicated that the relationship between Sr/Ca ratios in otoliths of juvenile mullet and ambient salinity was non-linearly related. Ca and Sr contents in the rearing water increased linearly with salinities from 0-35‰. Sr/Ca ratios in the rearing water was non-linearly related to salinity; ratios increased approximately 2 fold from 7.9±0.410-3 in 0‰ freshwater to 15.1±0.610-3 in 5‰ seawater and remained constant of 14.0±0.810-3 in salinities from 5-35‰. In contrast, Ca content in the new increment of otoliths deposited during the 30 day rearing period did not change with salinities ranging from 0 to 35‰, averaging 38.6±0.4%. Sr content and Sr/Ca ratios in the otoliths increased approximately 2-fold from 0.1±0.01% (Sr) and 3.2±0.410-3 (Sr/Ca) in 0‰ freshwater to 0.2±0.03% (Sr) and 6.4±0.710-3 (Sr/Ca) in 5-35‰ seawater, which was consistent with the change in Sr/Ca ratios of the rearing water. In addition, Sr/Ca ratios in otoliths of fish reared in 5-35‰ seawater were negatively correlated with the otolith growth rate. These results indicate that Sr/Ca ratios in the otoliths were interactively affected by salinity and fish growth rate, which can be used to reconstruct environmental history of the mullet by differentiating fish migration between freshwater and seawater.
The mean (SD) Sr/Ca ratio at the edges of otoliths from adults increased significantly from 5.4±2.010-3 in the estuaries to 7.3±1.810-3 in the nearshore and to 8.9±1.410-3 in the offshore, which corresponded to the ambient salinity increasing from estuary to offshore. This also suggests that the use of Sr/Ca ratios in otoliths to retrace the past salinity history of the mullet is reliable. A life history scan of the Sr/Ca ratios in otoliths of adult mullets indicated that grey mullet populations in the coastal waters of Taiwan have two types of migratory environmental histories. For Type 1 mullets, the otolith Sr/Ca ratios changed between 4.010-3 and 13.910-3, indicating that they migrated between estuary and offshore but rarely entered freshwater habitat. For Type 2 mullets, otolith Sr/Ca ratios decreased to a minimum value of 0.410-3, indicating that the mullet had migrated to freshwater habitat. Most mullets beyond the juvenile stage migrated from estuary to offshore but a few mullets less than 2 years old may migrate into freshwater habitat. Most mullets collected from nearshore and offshore were of Type 1, while those collected from the estuaries were of mixed Types 1 and 2. The mullet spawning stock in the coastal waters of SW Taiwan consisted mainly of Type 1 fish. This study demonstrates that the migratory patterns of mullets are more divergent than previous known.