Academic literature on the topic 'Muhammad Bahadur Shah II'

AbstractThis article examines the history of Gujarat-Red Sea relations in the first quarter of a century after the Ottoman conquest of the Hijaz, in the light of Arabic narrative sources that have hitherto been largely neglected. While earlier historians have made use of both Ottoman and Portuguese archives in this context, we return here to the chronicles of Mecca itself, which prove to be an unexpectedly interesting and rich source on the matter. Our main interest is in the figure of Jarullah ibn Fahd and his extensive annalistic work, Nayl al-munā. A good part of our analysis will focus on the events of the 1530s, and the dealings of Sultan Bahadur Shah Gujarati's delegation to the Ottomans, headed by ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Asaf Khan. But we shall also look at the longer history of contacts, and conclude with brief remarks on the relevance of the career of the celebrated Gujarati-Hijazi intellectual, Qutb al-Din Muhammad Nahrawali. We thus hope to add another important, concrete dimension to our understanding of India's location in the early modern Indian Ocean world, as a tribute to the career and contribution of David Washbrook, our friend and colleague.

God‘s reasoning is unfathomable. Nevertheless, not only orientalistsbut Muslims are well-advised to ponder on occasion questions linked tothe Night of Destiny (laylut al qadr): Why, of all people, was Muhammad,a person who lived in Arabia, of all places, and in the seventh centuryC.E., chosen to deliver God‘s final message in Arabic, a heretoforeobscure language in the larger world of that time? In our quest foranswers to such questions, human reasoning may provide the followinganswers:1) Seventh-century Arabia could not be reached by the power projectionof the region’s two dominant hegemonical states. The Christian(east) Roman empire of Heraclius I and the Iranian empire of theSasanian Shah Chosraw II Parwez were completely absorbed in an ongoingstruggle that would ultimately turn out to be fatal for both of them.The dualist Persian religions of Mithraism and Manichaeism had beenconsolidated into the official state religion of Zoroastrianism. Bothempires would not have tolerated a new religion that, like Islam, couldhave shaken their very foundations. Only in the far distant and obscureland of Arabia could a new ideological state-community arise and consolidateitself before either of the two neighboring superpowers had achance to intervene.2) Arabia enjoyed a central geostrategic position with regard to theknown world at that time, being at a similar distance from Morocco andChina as well as England and Japan. Muslim expansion was greatlyfacilitated by the fact that in geographical terms, Islam was never marginal.3) At that point in time, the languages of commerce and intellectualdiscourse-Latin, Greek, Persian, and Hebrewhad become solinked and interwoven as media for the transportation and interpretationof previous divine relations that they were now unsuitable for the newIslamic message. In order to bring about a theological revolution, particularlyin the Christianized world, the Qur’anic message required avirginal language. We see how true this assessment is when we consulta translation of the Qur’an made by Christian orientalists. Wheneverthey encounter terms like al kulimut, al amr, or al ruh (al quddus) they ...

With the rise of Islamic states as the dominant powers of India and Indian Sub- Continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and South Asia Sultanate and Mughal period (1200-1800 A.D.), by Turkish heroic figure (horsemen), Indian art was subjected to Islamic influence, resulting in a hybrid aesthetics as well as Indo- Islamic art which flourished to varying extends across south and southeast Asia. Bangladesh is world third largest Muslim majority country and situated in South Asia. So the main and primary identity of the notion is mosque architecture and then languages via culture in Bangladesh (past Bengal). Moreover, Traditional history called Mughal and ottoman was the center of all traders and referred as the “Middle Man” due to access to water routes between Asia and Europe. The Ottoman and Mughal Empires were all founded with art and architecture by members of the same ethnically Turkic tribe and originated from Oghuz tribe. Firstly, in the early 14th century, Osman Bey established a small principality in the northeast corner of Anatolia. Despite these many similarities, there are some key difference within the approach to Islamic Art and Architecture from Miniatures Illustrations in Indian Sub-Continent to Mosque architecture in Turkey and the Levant the Mughal and Ottoman empires left their indications.Turkish Military Ikhtiyar Uddin bin Muhammad Bhaktiyer Khilji and his Turkish followers captured Bengal in 1204 A.D. and after then ruled by Turkic. Besides these many Sufis saint-like Khan Jahan Ulugh Khan, Burhan Khan, Gharib Shah, came here and spread Islam and Turkish culture with languages too. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was the first independent Turkic Muslim ruling dynasty in late medieval Bengal, which ruled from the 14th century to the 15th century. It was founded in 1342 by Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah. As follows still presence many Turkish words which used in the Bengali language as Barood, Nishan, Chaku, Bahadur, Begum, Chadar, Surma, bavarchi, kiyma, Korma, and so on. And then showed their power through art and architecture as Mosques and Tombs follows Adina Masjid at Pandua in 1368 A.D.; Eklakhi mausoleum, Pandua; Tomb of Shah Rukn-e Alam in Multan, Sixty Domed Mosque at Bagherhat of Bangladesh, etc. Based on all evidence present, it can be found that the Turks contributed significantly to Bengali languages and culture as well as art and architecture (Mosques and Tombs). Besides many Jewish people came in here through missionary and business purposes. And also we see that there have been found many designs in mosque architecture especially six-point stars which is mentioned as a David symbol. So my focus is the Connectivity between Turkish and Bangladesh through Islamic architecture and Jewish with six point star/hexagon/seal of Solomon. It is a historical study with a journalistic approach.

This study highlights that the British had long experiences in the Malay Peninsula before Francis Light’s acquisition and development of Penang, due to the central role of Malayan ports such as Kedah, Takuapa, Langkasuka, Terengganu, Palembang, Siak, and Malacca in global trade between China and India. Under the influence of Islam, Malacca (and, to a lesser extent, Kedah) became a Muslim Sultanate and reached its peak in this trading network, which attracted European traders (and subsequent colonialism), initially from Portugal and Spain, and later France, the Netherlands, and Britain. After the East India Company attained hegemony in India, it was strongly placed to extend its power from its presidencies in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. The EIC’s main focus was Bengal, where the Company founded the Fort William College as its headquarters in Calcutta. As trade with China became more important, the Malay Peninsula commensurately became a more attractive destination for investment due to its closer proximity to the Chinese sea lanes, and closer access to the Indo-Malay hinterlands and their products. In 1784, the EIC sent Kinloch to Aceh but he was unsuccessful in negotiating to establish a factory there. Nevertheless, they succeeded in establishing a foothold in Malaya with Francis Light’s embassy to Riau, Kedah, and Penang. Kedah also became prosperous under the Muslim Sultanates. Many Chinese and Indian merchants were settled there, benefitting from the trade in jungle products like camphor, betelnut, bird nests, situated near the Kedah River, was identified as a strategic location. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Abidin Muazzam Shah II of Kedah (r. 1710-1778) at that time was facing many internal as well as external conflicts. His son Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah (r. 1778-1797) also suffered the same fate. As a result of internal crisis and dynastic intrigues, he agreed to lease Penang to the EIC in exchange for military assistance in 1785. In July 1786, Francis Light sailed from Calcutta and reached Penang in August, and thus Penang became an EIC stronghold.

In 1543, a quarter century after the Ottoman conquest of the Holy Cities, the Meccan jurist, hadith scholar, and chronicler Jar Allah Muhammad Ibn Fahd (d. 1547) completed a short work devoted to the construction projects undertaken in the city by the Ottoman sultans Selim I (r. 1512–20) and his son Süleyman (r. 1520–66). The work is highly unusual from the perspective of the Arabic historiographical tradition and constitutes the first comprehensive response by an Arab chronicler to the emergence of an Ottoman imperial architectural idiom around the turn of the sixteenth century. The article situates Ibn Fahd and his work in three interrelated contexts: (a) the incorporation of Mecca and Medina into the Ottoman domains; (b) the emergence of an Ottoman architectural idiom and visual interest in the description of the Holy Sanctuaries across the Indian Ocean, from Istanbul to Gujarat; and (c) the competition between the new Custodians of the Two Holy Sanctuaries and other Islamic rulers, past and present. In particular, the article focuses on the challenges posed by the sultans of Gujarat, who were also quite interested in the Holy Sanctuaries. This interest is captured in Muhyi al-Din Lari’s (d. 1526–27) description of the pilgrimage and the Haramayn, which was written for the Gujarati sultan Muzaffar Shah II (r. 1511–26).

The paper analyses the content of some of the parts of the work of the Armenian author of the 19th century bishop Vardan Odznetsi, kept in Matenadaran – the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts of Armenia. The full text of the work has not yet been published. The text is unique, as it is one of the last sources, written in the style of the Armenian historical literature of the Middle Ages. In his work, Vardan Odznetsi tells in detail about the court of the Georgian king Heraclius II (1720–1798). It also provides information about the Talysh Khan Mustafa and the Avar Nutsal Ummah Khan, known in historiography under the distorted name of Omar Khan. Thus, the chronicle of Odznetsi covers the history of not only Transcaucasia, but also the North Caucasus. In addition, the author describes in sufficient detail the events of the Crimean War (1853–1856).
 The information, provided by Vardan Odznetsi, is quite important in the context of studies devoted to the anti-Ottoman and anti-Iranian wars of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his work, a special attention is drawn to the scrupulous description of the invasion of Tbilisi in the summer of 1795 by the Iranian shah Aga-Muhammad Khan Kajar. With deep regret he tells about the destruction of the city, believing that this is the fault of the Georgian king, who showed political shortsightedness. In the 1790s Avar nutsal Ummah Khan (1761-1801) started to play an important role in the military-political events taking place in the South Caucasus, which is also mentioned in the work under review. He describes the relations of Umma Khan and his son-in-law Ibrahim-khan of Karabakh, their joint military campaigns on adjacent lands. At the same time, the work under study is an important source describing the transition of the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, and subsequently the entire Caucasus, under the protection of the Russian Empire. A study of this manuscript will serve as a more detailed source-study of the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries.

The article examines the importance of Mohammad Tahir Vahid’s «Abbasname» as a source for studying the history of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan during the reign of Shah Abbas II. It is known that narrative sources dedicated to the reign of Shah Abbas II are a minority in historiography. The work «Abbasname» by the 17th century chronicler M.T. Vahid has a special scientific significance in this sense. Manuscripts of the work are kept in world book funds. «Abbasname» describes the events that took place during the reign of Shah Abbas II. Thus, the author has provided valuable scientific information on the military-political history, domestic and foreign policy, socio-economic life of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan.

About one fourth of the world population, living in the South Asia region are at an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD).1,2 Pakistan’s population comprises of over 200 million inhabitants of the South Asian origin. According to a recent study, more than 30% of the Pakistani individuals were at high risk (>7.5%) of 10 years of ASCVD event. Smoking, diabetes (type II), systemic hypertension, and high cholesterol were the most prevalent modifiable risk factors.3 Ten years risk assessment of ASCVD was done in Karachi (a city representing the whole of Pakistan because of multi ethnic composition) by offering pooled cohort equation and Astronaut Cardiovascular Health and Risk Modification (Astro-CHARM) risk calculators.3 Risk stratification in South Asian populations comparable with studies done in the US.1 The study done by Ashraf et al.4 showed an overall hypertension to be 45.6%, diabetes mellitus 15.8%, current smoker 14.25%, family history of myocardial infarction 30.57%. Regarding ethnic distribution to ethnicities of this population Urdu speaking were shown to have an increase trend for diabetes, smoking and family history of heart attack while hypertension in Pushtoons (Table 1). Regarding distribution of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score for various ethnicities, rate of moderate (100 to 399 Agatstan Units) and high (≥ 400 Agatston Units) risk among Punjabis was 4% and 8% respectively, while, for Urdu speaking it was 7% and 2.3% respectively.5 The pairwise comparison of ten years risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event by various ethnicities of Pakistan with Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) and Astro-CHARM showed Urdu speaking at high risk and Sindhi at least risk.5 What needs be done? Implementation of pooled cohort equation and Astro-CHARM in Pakistani population needs to be done through general practitioners. This can be done through pharmaceutical friends by involving all private and public institutions of the countries. This purpose can be achieved through delivering lecturers and demonstrations either by direct lecturers or usual social media i.e. Zoom meetings, webinars, etc. An app can be created for pooled and Astro-CHARM which can be installed in GPs mobile phone. After risk stratification, life style modification, use of statins will be delivered to the general public. All data assimilated will be analyzed and share with medical community for further preventive strategies. A major setback in the risk calculator is that the risk score for subjects under 40 years of age cannot be calculated. Pakistan population having cardiac events are mostly of young age group.6 To overcome this plan is to have a baseline estimation of risk using this calculator in young patients of mentioned age group. This young cohort will be followed through the same mechanism of risk stratification and follow up for 5 years. Although ASCVD scoring system including PCE and Astro-CHARM may help in primary prevention of Pakistan population in identifying individuals at high risk. Through risk calculators need validation with similar cohorts in this population with appropriate changes as needed.References: Volgman AS, Palaniappan LS, Aggarwal NT, Gupta M, Khandelwal A, Krishnan AV, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(1):e1-34.George J, Mathur R, Shah AD, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Denaxas S, Smeeth L, et al. Ethnicity and the first diagnosis of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases: Associations in a linked electronic health record cohort of 1 million patients. PloS One. 2017;12(6):e0178945.Hassan K, Mohydin B, Fawwad A, Waris N, Iqbal S, Jawaid M. Predicting the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in Pakistani population. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2019;7(2):184-7.Ashraf T, Mengal MN, Muhammad AS, Tareen AK, Khan MN, Kazmi KA, et al. Ten years risk assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease using Astro-CHARM and pooled cohort equation in a south Asian sub-population. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):403.Ashraf T, Nadeem A, Sarwar S, Karim M. Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases in various Ethnicities of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;36(6):1158.Batra MK, Rizvi NH, Sial JA, Saghir T, Karim M. Angiographic characteristics and in hospital outcome of young patients, age up to 40 versus more than 40 years undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Pak Med Assoc. 2019;69(4):1307-11.