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Journal articles on the topic 'MUL.APIN'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 June 2025

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1

Bowen, Alan C. "MUL.APIN." Ancient Philosophy 13, no. 1 (1993): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil199313140.

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2

Geller, M. J. "Astronomy and authorship." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53, no. 2 (1990): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00026033.

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A new edition of the astronomical compilation MUL.APIN follows closely upon the recent publication of two sections of the large compendium of Babylonian astronomical omens known as Enūma Anu Enlil. The text of MUL.APIN likewise includes a section of astronomical omens, as well as a catalogue of stars, including the ‘fixed’ (ziqpu) stars, and information regarding the planets, heliacal risings, the path of the moon, calendrical intercalations, and a shadow table and water clock. This modern edition is clearly presented nd well-translated, and includes notes on both the philology and astronomy of the text.

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3

Hoffmann, Susanne M. "STANDING AND SITTING GODS IN MUL.APIN." Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 27, no. 2 (2024): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1440-2807.2024.02.02.

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4

M., Susanne. "STANDING AND SITTING GODS IN MUL.APIN." Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 27, no. 2 (2024): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1440-2807.2024.27.02.

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5

M., Susanne. "STANDING AND SITTING GODS IN MUL.APIN." Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 27, no. 2 (2024): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1440-2807.2024.27.02.02.

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6

Brack-Bernsen, Lis. "The "days in excess" from MUL.APIN On the "first intercalation" and "water clock" schemes from MUL.APIN." Centaurus 47, no. 1 (2005): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00016.x.

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7

Fincke, Jeanette C. "Additional MUL.APIN Fragments in the British Museum." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 69, no. 1 (2017): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.69.2017.0247.

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8

Kurtik, Gennady E. "On the origin of the 12 zodiac constellation system in ancient Mesopotamia." Journal for the History of Astronomy 52, no. 1 (2021): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620980544.

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This article pursues two main goals: (1) to reconstruct the history of the 12 zodiac constellation system in the astronomy of ancient Mesopotamia; (2) to reveal traces of this system directly in cuneiform texts. Among the most important circumstances led to appearance of this system: (1) development of ideas about the band of zodiac constellations, including—according to MUL.APIN—the total of 18 (or 17) constellations; (2) usage of the schematic year, containing 12 months, 30 days each, and (3) development of ideas about mathematical or uniform zodiac, subdivided into 12 equal parts, 30° each. A sequence of the so-called Normal stars singled out in the zodiacal band is an additional important source shedding light on the history of the Mesopotamian zodiac. The designations of Normal stars adopted in Astronomical diaries and other texts indicate that the system of 18 constellations was used in Mesopotamia until the end of cuneiform civilization. This means that in the second half of the first millennium BC the system of 18 constellations, adopted in MUL.APIN, and the system of 12 zodiacal constellations, borrowed from Babylonians by Greek astronomers, were used in parallel. It is also shown in the article that the system of 12 zodiac constellations was used in magical and astrological text BRM 4.20, dated back approximately to the last third of the fourth century BC.

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9

Brack-Bernsen, Lis. "What and How Can We Learn from the Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN?" Annals of Science 70, no. 2 (2013): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2012.669845.

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10

Jones, Alexander. "Book Review: A Babylonian Astronomical Handbook: MUL.APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform." Journal for the History of Astronomy 22, no. 4 (1991): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182869102200410.

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11

Steele, John. "Babylonian Shadow-Length Schemes: Between Mathematics and Astronomy." Claroscuro. Revista del Centro de Estudios sobre Diversidad Cultural, no. 20 (December 30, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cl.vi20.82.

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A simple mathematical scheme to represent the variation in the length of the shadow cast by a vertical gnomon at different times of day and in different months of the year is presented in the early astronomical compendium MUL.APIN. A small number of texts composed in the Late Babylonian period investigate and expand this scheme. These texts have previously been studied and understood as part of Babylonian astronomy. In this article, I suggest that two of these later texts can be better understood as mathematical texts. As such they provide evidence for the influence of astronomy on Late Babylonian mathematics, either or both as the context for simple mathematical problems and/or as a topic of mathematical investigation.

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12

Ossendrijver, Mathieu. "Book Review: New Light on Mul. Apin: Writing Science before the Greeks: A Naturalistic Analysis of the Babylonian Astronomical Treatise MUL.APIN." Journal for the History of Astronomy 43, no. 4 (2012): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182861204300408.

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13

Jones, Alexander. "Hermann Hunger; John Steele. The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN. (Scientific Writings from the Ancient and Medieval World.) viii + 245 pp., abbrev., bibl., index. London: Routledge, 2018. £105 (cloth); ISBN 9781138050471. Paper and e-book available." Isis 112, no. 3 (2021): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/715761.

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14

Steele, John. "The Continued Relevance of MUL.APIN in Late Babylonian Astronomy." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, September 24, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2020-0010.

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AbstractThe astronomical compendium MUL.APIN was composed sometime before the seventh century BC and is known from many copies dating between the Neo-Assyrian and the Seleucid period. In this paper I argue that MUL.APIN continued to be read and understood throughout this period, and that there was still an active tradition of astronomy founded upon MUL.APIN until the end of cuneiform astronomy.

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15

DUMAN, Harun. "MUL.APİN: İçeriği, Amacı ve Kehanetler." International Journal of Ancient History, March 1, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1351612.

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Eski Çağ Mezopotamya insanı, gökyüzüne önem vererek göksel incelemeler yapmıştır. Bu incelemeler Sümerlerden başlayarak Babillilerle birlikte sistematik bir hâl almıştır. Dönemin insanı, gökyüzündeki cisimlerin hareketlerini tanrılardan bir mesaj olarak algılamış ve her bir gezegene tanrılarının isimlerini vermişlerdir. Gökyüzündeki yıldız ve takımyıldızlarının da hareketlerini incelemişler ve elde ettikleri kayıtları MUL.APİN (Saban Yıldızı) adlı metne kaydetmişlerdir. Buradaki amaç, gök cisimlerinin ilk doğuş ve batış tarihlerini belirlemek olmuştur. MUL.APİN’in yazım aşaması MÖ 8. ve 7. yüzyıllarda başlayarak MÖ 3. ve 2. yüzyıllara kadar sürmüştür. MUL.APİN’in içeriği genel olarak yıldızlar ve hareketleri ile alakalı olsa da bunun yanında gözle görülebilen yedi gezegen üzerinde de durulmuştur. Bu gezegenlerin her birine en önemli tanrılarının isimlerini vermişlerdir. Buna göre Jüpiter/Marduk, Venüs/İštar, Mars/Nergal, Satürn/Ninurta, Nabu/Merkür, Šamaš/Güneş ve Sin/Ay olmuştur. Ayrıca gökyüzünü üç bölüme ayırarak her birine en önemli tanrılarının isimlerini vermişler ve bu göksel üç yola yıldızlar ve takımyıldızlarını yerleştirmişlerdir. Yine bu gözlemledikleri yıldızlara bakarak interkalasyon işlemi de yapmışlardır. Metnin ilerleyen bölümlerinde bir gölge saatinde günün tam saatinin nasıl elde edileceği üzerinde durulmuştur. Bunun yanında su saatinin kullanımı ile ilgili de bilgi verilmiştir. Son bölümlerde ise göksel cisimlere bakarak kehanet yapmışlardır. O dönemin insanına göre tanrılar, mesajlarını gezegenlerin hareketleri ile de bildiriyorlardı. Böylelikle göksel kehanet olgusu ortaya çıkmış ve kehanet yaparken; “Eğer X olursa, Y elde edilir” gibi bir formül kullanmışlardır.

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16

Ratzon, Eshbal. "EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN INTERCALATION SCHEMES AND THE SIDEREAL MONTH." May 12, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.220913.

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This paper examines the two intercalation schemes found in the Mesopotamian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN from the beginning of the first millenium BCE, and the lunar theory that they imply. It demonstrates that the two schemes do not agree with each other. Two intercalation rules in the second scheme use the conjunction of the moon and the Pleiades. This paper concludes that the intercalation rules are based on the assumption of a 28-day ideal sidereal month. These rules work with a triennial cycle of intercalating one additional month every third lunar year. Two similar intercalation schemes from other compositions, likewise dating from the beginning of the first millenium BCE, are known: a seventh- century intercalation scheme from Babylonia that also assumes a 28-day ideal sidereal month and an intercalation scheme from an unpublished astronomical commentary that, like the scheme in MUL.APIN, uses a triennial cycle. Previous scholars believed that discrepancies exist between the dates of the conjunctions of the moon and the Pleiades across all three schemes. However, this paper proposes that the astronomical assumptions of the three schemes are identical.

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17

Drawnel, Henryk. "The Literary Structure and Schematic Clauses in 1 En. 72:8–32." Dead Sea Discoveries, November 5, 2024, 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10056.

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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the literary structure of 1 En. 72:8–32, which contains numerical data regarding the changing duration of day and night within the structure of the 364-day year. The central literary section of each month provides the reader with information about the changing length of day and night. The schematic clauses have been analyzed in the context of two Babylonian texts: Tablet BM 17175 + 17284 and Tablet XIV of the Enūma Anu Enlil astrological series. The redactional insertion in v. 27 has been compared with MUL.APIN II i 17, which contains the same information about the sun, but couched in a different terminology. The analysis demonstrates the process of appropriation, reinterpretation, and modification of schematic astronomical knowledge of Babylonian origin, as evidenced by the established relationship between the early form of Babylonian schematic astronomy and chapter 72 of 1 Enoch.

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18

Verderame, L. "PLEIADES IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA." March 1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.220909.

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In this paper I will analyse the different features of the Pleiades in the astronomical, astrological, and calendrical interpretation as well as their mythical and cultural background in ancient Mesopotamia. According to cuneiform sources, the Pleiades are among the most important stars. They are simply known in Sumerian as ―the Stars‖ (MUL.MUL), while their Akkadian name, ―the Bristle‖ (zappu), links them to the imagery and the cultural context of the ―Bull of Heaven‖ constellation (Taurus), to which they belong. Pleiades are frequently depicted as seven dots or seven stars, and identified on a mythological level with groups of seven divine beings. In fact, the Sumerian ideogram for ―seven‖ is used as an alternative name for the Pleiades. In particular they show a close relation to a group of demons, called the Seven (Sebēttu), that, according to an etiological myth, causes the eclipse of the moon. The relation of the Pleiades to the war and death sphere is strengthened by their association with the Netherworld god Nergal/Erra, as well as their identification with the god’s planet (Mars). Finally, the Pleiades are among the few celestial bodies that receive a cult, and specific prayers are dedicated to them. From the sources it emerges that the Pleiades are mainly related to the movement of the Moon, and it is worth noting that the list of constellations of the ecliptic begins precisely with the Pleiades. Furthermore, the Pleiades play an important part in the calendrical reckoning, a role that is clearly stated in almanacs as the MUL.APIN, as well as in the intercalation scheme based on the conjunction of the Moon and the Pleiades.

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