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Chanyenga, Tembo Faera. "Effect of population size on viable seed output, seed rand and natural regeneration pattern of a tropical conifer Widdringtonia whytei-Rendle in Malawi." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85589.
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Thesis (PhD(For))--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Widdringtonia whytei is a tropical endemic, fire-adapted pioneer coniferous tree species within natural fire-fragmented Afromontane forest patches in a confined area on Mulanje Mountain in Malawi. Natural and anthropogenic fires within the surrounding fire-prone landscape, insect attacks, and uncontrolled harvesting of mature trees for timber threaten the survival of W. whytei. This study investigated the effects of population fragmentation on the reproductive biology of W. whytei, through four specific studies: effects of population size, tree size and crown position on viable seed output; seed rain variation among population sizes; effects of temperature and light on viability and germination of W. whytei seeds; and the influence of population size on natural regeneration patterns. The study was conducted during 2008 and 2009 on three sites using three W. whytei population sizes: small (≤10 reproductively mature cone-bearing W. whytei trees), medium (11-20 cone-bearing trees) and large (>20 cone-bearing trees). Data were collected using field and laboratory experiments and a review of secondary information. The effect of fragment size and crown position on viable seed output and seed rain pattern was tested with a nested linear mixed model. The influence of stem diameter (dbh) on viable seed output was tested using a separate data set. The variation in seed rain was explored with a generalised linear model (GLM) with a negative binomial link function. Variations in seed germination was analysed with a Weibull regression model. The influence of fragment size on seedling regeneration was tested with a GLM (binary logistic regression). Viable seed output from W. whytei cones was very low (23%) and was not affected by population size, tree diameter or crown position. W. whytei population size influenced seed rain with large fragments having higher seed rain densities. Number of dispersed seeds was generally very low and poorly dispersed. W. whytei cones are semiserotinous and depends on moderate to severe fires for heavy seedfall and wider dispersal. Such fires did not occur during the study period. Temperature is a critical factor for seed germination. Seeds germinate between 15 and 25°C with the optimum at ~ 20°C either under light or dark conditions. Regeneration density followed the seed rain pattern indicating that seed availability is a critical factor for regeneration. Regular cool fires outside the forest patches and along the edges during the hot dry season, and the thick litter layer and shady conditions inside forest patches, caused most of the seedling mortality. This study highlighted the difficulties W. whytei experiences with low output of viable seed, limited seed dispersal and low seedling regeneration in and around forest patches, i.e. factors important for conservation management of this species. It is recommended that gaps with diameter equal to canopy height and occasional spot fires would promote seed dispersal onto exposed mineral soil for rapid seedling establishment and subsequent population growth. Such natural fire disturbance events may show the true seed rain and seedling establishment patterns in this species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Widdringtonia whytei is ‘n tropiese endemiese, vuuraangepaste pionier naaldhoutagtige boomsoort binne die natuurlike vuurgefragmenteerde Afromontane woudkolle binne ‘n beperkte area op Mulanje berg in Malawi. Natuurlike en menslike vure binne die omringende vuurgeneigde landskap, insekaanvalle, en onbeheerde kap van volwasse bome vir hout bedreig die voortbestaan van W. whytei. Hierdie studie het die effek van populasiefragmentasie op die voortplantingsbiologie van W. whytei ondersoek, deur vier spesifieke studies: die effek van populasiegrootte, boomgrootte en kroonposisie op produksie van lewenskragtige saad; saadreënvariasie tussen populasiegroottes; die effek van temperatuur en lig op lewenskragtigheid en ontkieming van W. whytei saad; en die invloed van populasiegrootte op natuurlike verjongingspatrone. Die studie is gedurende 2008 en 2009 uitgevoer op drie groeiplekke met drie W. whytei populasiegroottes: klein (≤10 keëldraende (volwasse) W. whytei bome), medium (11-20 keëldraende bome) en groot (>20 keëldraende bome). Data is versamel in veld- en laboratorium eksperimente asook 'n oorsig van sekondêre inligting. Die invloed van populasie fragmentgrootte en kroonposisie van bome op saadproduksie en die saadreënpatroon is getoets met ‘n geneste liniêre gemengde model. Die invloed van boomstamdeursnee op die produksie van kiemkragtige saad is met ‘n aparte datastel getoets. Die variasie in saadreënpatroon is met 'n algemene liniêre model (GLM) met 'n negatiewe binomiese skakelfunksie getoets. Variasies in ontkiemingspersentasie van sade is met 'n Weibull regressiemodel ontleed. Die invloed van fragmentgrootte op saailingverjonging is met 'n algemene linêre model (binêre logistiese regressie) getoets. Produksie van lewenskragtige saad in W. whytei keëls was baie lag (23%) en was nie deur populasiegrootte, boomstamdeursnee of kroonposisie beïnvloed nie. W. whytei populasiegrootte het saadreën beïnvloed en groot fragmente het groter saadreëndigthede gehad. Die aantal verspreide sade was in die algemeen baie laag en swak versprei. W. whytei keëls is semi-saadhoudend (serotinous) en is afhanklik van matige tot intense vure vir massiewe saadvrystelling en wyer saadverspreiding. Sulke vure het nie gedurende die studieperiode voorgekom nie. Temperatuur is ‘n kritiese factor vir saadontkieming. Sade ontkiem goed tussen 15 en 25°C met die optimum rondom ~ 20°C onder beide lig en donker toestande. Fragmentgrootte het nie die saailingverjonging in W. whytei beïnvloed nie. Verjongingsdigtheid het die saadreënpatroon gevolg, wat daarop dui dat saadbeskikbaarheid ‘n kritiese factor is vir saailingverjonging. Gereelde koel vure buite die woudkolle en langs die woudrand gedurende die droë warm seisoen, en die dik lae blaarval (litter) en skadutoestande binne ‘n woud, het meeste van die saailingmortaliteit veroorsaak. Hierdie studie het die probleme beklemtoon wat W. whytei ondervind met die lae produksie van kiemkragtige saad, saadverspreiding en saailingverjonging binne en rondom die woudkolle, m.a.w. faktore wat belangrik is vir bewaringsbestuur van hierdie boomsoort. Die aanbeveling word gemaak dat kroonopeninge met ‘n deursnee gelyk aan minstens die kroonhoogte, en sporadiese kolbrande binne die woudkolle kan saadverspreiding op blootgestelde minerale grond vir vinnige saailingvestiging en gevolglike populasiegroei bevorder. Sodanige vuurversteuringsgeleenthede mag die werklike patrone in saadreën en saailingvestiging in hierdie species toon.
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Lombe, Felix Benson Mwatani Editor. "Challenges of land conflict negotiation in Mulanje District of Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1421_1310966613.
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This study identifies and discusses the challenges of negotiation as a conflict management tool with reference to the negotiation process of the land conflict in the Mulanje district of Malawi between tea companies and the villagers who live around the tea estates. Although the negotiation process started on 15th January 2000, there were no expected outcomes as of end of October 2008. In order to identify the challenges of the negotiation process, the study has specifically provided in-depth analyses of the land conflict and the negotiation process in Mulanje. The study consequently has recommended, among other things, the introduction of conflict transformation initiatives as a way of mending the relationship between the conflicting parties, institutionalization of conflict management training, review of the role of government and strategic cooperation of stakeholders in addressing the structural causes of conflicts among other recommendations.
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Hooks, Philip N. "A vegetation study of the communities on Mount Mulanje, Malawi." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26178.
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Kokota, Demoubly. "An evaluation of mhGAP training for primary healthcare workers in Mulanje, Malawi." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16699.
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Includes bibliographical referencesIntroduction: There is a large treatment gap for people with mental disorders in Africa and other low resourced countries, estimated to be between 70% and 90%. The treatment gap is mainly due to the lack of trained mental health professionals and inadequate mental health service resources in Africa. There has been a growing global movement championed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to integrate mental health into primary health care as the most effective way of reducing this treatment gap. This study aimed to investigate the impact of WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) training and supervision on primary health workers' knowledge, attitudes, confidence and detection rate of major mental disorders in the district of Mulanje, Malawi. Method: The study was a quantitative evaluation using a quasi-experimental method (single cohort pre- and post-measures) and an interrupted time-series design. Forty-three primary healthcare workers from Mulanje, Malawi completed pre- and post- training questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitudes and confidence regarding the assessment and management of major mental disorders. Rates of diagnosis of major mental disorders were obtained from clinic registers for 5 months prior to and 7 months following training. Results: The results showed a significant change on knowledge and confidence scores but not attitudes. The mean knowledge score showed a statistically significantly increase from 11.8 (standard deviation [SD]: 0.33) before training to 15.1 (SD: 0.38) immediately after training; t(42) = 7.79, p <.01. Mean knowledge score was also significantly higher six month post training (13.9, SD: 2.52) than before training; t(42) = 4.57, p < .01. Similarly, the mean confidence score increased significantly from 39.9 (SD): 7.68) before training to 49.6 (SD: 06.14) immediately after training; t(84) = 8.43, p <.01. Mean confidence score was also significantly higher six month post training (46.8, SD: 6.03) than before training; t(84) = 6.60, p <.01. There was no overall significant difference in mean CAMI scores before, immediately after and 6 months after training in all four of the CAMI components. The F-test statistic and P-value for Authoritarianism, Benevolence, Social Restrictiveness and Community Mental Health Ideology were: F2, 126, 0.05 = 2.5; p =.09, F2, 126, 0.05 = 0.1; p =.9, F2, 126, 0.05 = 0.03; p = 1.0 and F2, 126, 0.05 = 0.04; p = 1.0, respectively. In the months January to May 2014 (before training), median number of cases per month was 77 (inter quartile range [IQR]: 65-87) whereas after training (months June to December) median number of cases was 186 (IQR: 175-197) showing a significant increase in median number of cases before and after the training; p =0.001. Conclusion: The results show clear improvements in the knowledge, confidence and detection of severe mental illness in primary care in Mulanje and demonstrate the potential for narrowing the treatment gap by rolling out mhGAP training nationally in Malawi. The findings of this study add to the growing evidence for policy makers of the effectiveness of mental health training and supervision of primary care workers in a resource-constrained country. Further research is needed to evaluate factors that may lead to change in health worker attitudes, to evaluate training and supervision programmes using more robust evaluation designs, such as randomised controlled trials, and to assess the scale up of mhGAP programmes at larger population levels.
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Verboom, George Anthony. "A report on the invasive status of Pinus patula on Mount Mulanje, Malawi." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25610.
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Chisaka, Joseph Wangisani. "The use of traditional herbal medicines among palliative care patients at Mulanje Mission Hospital, Malawi." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31511.
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Background: The prevalence of use of traditional medicines by patients receiving palliative care is poorly documented. In 2002, the World Health Organisation estimated about 4 billion people (80% of the world’s population) used traditional medicines for some aspect of primary healthcare, with 90% of users living in low and middle income countries. Studies in Africa have shown that patients on palliative care are more likely to use traditional medicines especially after the diagnosis of cancer. This study describes the prevalence of and reasons for TM use amongst PC patients and also explores the common herbs used by this population. Methodology: A mixed method descriptive cross sectional study design was used including the following: questionnaire administered to patients attending palliative care clinic and focus group discussions with palliative care patients. Results: 60.4% of palliative care patients (n = 96; males = 53%) reported use of traditional herbal medicines. The majority of survey participants had the diagnosis of cancer (94%; n = 90) and HIV (89%; n = 85). Traditional herbal medicine use was common in participants who had the following symptoms: diarrhoea 83%, anorexia 63%, pain 61% etc. Traditional medicine use was not associated with age, gender, education, occupation, distance from hospital, diagnosis or symptom. 62% of the participants who used herbal medicines did not know the herbs they were taking. Kigelia Africana, Moringa oleifera, Cyphostema sp, and Strychnos innocua were the common herbs used. Cultural practices, limitations of conventional health system and credibility of traditional healers were the main reasons for using traditional herbal medicines. Conclusion: Use of traditional herbal medicines is high among patients receiving palliative care at Mulanje Mission hospital mainly for symptom management and cancer. Further research is needed to investigate effectiveness of identified herbs and also assess their potential herb-drug interactions. Ongoing work including liaison with traditional healers would assist to formulate effective local palliative care management programs that are sensitive to traditional medicine practices.
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Burger, Niel. "Disturbance ecology and size class structure of the Mulanje cedar of Malawi, Widdringtonia whytei and associated broadleaved forest." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24397.
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The disturbance ecology and regeneration patterns of the emergent conifer, Widdringtonia whytei, and five broadleaved species, Aphloia theiformis, Rapanea melanophloeos, Maesa lanceolata, Maytenus accuminata and Psychotria mahonii, were inferred from population size structures in the mixed conifer-broadleaved forests of Mt. Mulanje, Malawi. The size-class structures of the emergent cedar populations were characterised by even-sized, disjunct frequency distributions. Seedling recruitment was found in recently burnt sites and not in middle-aged or oldgrowth forest. This indicates reliance on the catastrophic mode of regeneration for W. whytei, which takes advantage of the well-lit, competition free environment after large-scale disturbances provided by fire. The sub-canopy angiosperms primarily had all-sized frequency distributions, with at least some individuals found in each class within their size range, indicating continuous regeneration under a closed forest canopy. These results emphasize the dependence of long-lived conifers such as the Mulanje cedar on large-scale disturbance for regeneration and long-term persistence of the species.
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Hall, Stuart. "Genetic and morphological means of differentiating within and between populations of Widdringtonia whytei and Widdringtonia nodiflora on Mount Mulanje, Malawi." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26139.
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There has been confusion in the past as to the taxonomy of Widdringtonia on Mount Mulanje. At present it is accepted that there are two species present. The aim of this study was to assess the level of genetic variation present across six populations of Widdringtonia whytei and Widdringtonia nodijlora on the mountain, and determine whether there are two genetically separate species present. Analysis of genetic variation included PsbA (chloroplast DNA), ITS (nuclear DNA), microsatellite and ISSR gene region markers. Out of the markers that amplified successfully, it was found that there is little genetic variation present with no differentiation between or within taxonomic groups for the gene regions analyzed. Morphometric analysis of cones and leaves grouped W. whytei and W. nodijlora separately, with a midgroup more closely associated with definite W. whytei. This compared favourably with observations of individuals from the different groups in the field. It is suggested that based on the low level of genetic variation across the mountain, W. whytei and W. nodijlora have diverged very recently from a W. nodijlora ancestor.
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Guo, Elaine. "Mulan: Journey in a Time of Change." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2196.
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Palmcrantz, Nicolina, and Marlene Gröning. "Disneys feministiska ikon – eller? : En feministisk analys av filmen Mulan." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26933.
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I denna uppsats analyseras Disneyfilmen Mulan från 1998 ur ett feministiskt perspektiv. I en tid då feminismen återigen står högt upp på dagordningen och eftersom det fortfarande debatteras kring Mulan och feminism ville vi författare undersöka på djupet om Mulan kan kallas för feministisk. Med utgångspunkt i Judith Butlers feministiska teorier om hur genus konstrueras och är en maskerad kompletterat med Laura Mulveys teorier kring den manliga blicken i film samt Margareta Rönnbergs förklaring av den kvinnligt kodade hedoniska makten kontra den manligt kodade agoniska så har vi författare gjort en narrativ analys av filmen Mulan samt en karaktärsanalys av karaktären Mulan och hittat tydliga exempel på hur filmen bryter med rådande genusnormer, bekräftar maskeradbegreppet och bryter mot den manliga blicken. Filmen är dock problematisk då den innehåller scener som också bekräftar rådande makt- och genusstrukturer och där scener mellan kvinnor ges väldigt lite speltid, något vi utforskat genom Bechdel-Wallace-testet. Ser man dock till filmen i sin helhet, går in på djupet i dess narrativ och undersöker karaktären Mulan så är det denna uppsats mening att Mulan är en feministisk film.In this essay the Disney-movie Mulan from 1998 has been analyzed through a feminist approach. In a time when feminism once again is a burning issue and since there is still a debate regarding Mulan and feminism this essay wanted to investigate if Mulan could actually be called a feminist movie. Based on Judith Butler’s feministic ideas regarding how gender is a construction and a masquerade combined with Laura Mulvey’s theory about the male gaze in movies and Margareta Rönnbergs explanation of the female coded hedonic power versus the male coded agonic we writers have made an narrative analysis of the movie Mulan and also an analysis of the character Mulan and found clear examples of how the movie breaks with current norms of gender, confirms the theory of masquerade and doesn’t conform to the male gaze. However, the movie is problematic since it contains scenes that also confirm current power and gender structures and scenes with just women are given very short screentime, something we have explored through the Bechdel-Wallace-test. If you look at the movie as a whole, goes in depth into the movies narrative and look at the character Mulan it is this essays conclusion that Mulan is a feministic movie.
Cecilia Mörner var examinator för den här uppsatsen medan Per Vesterlund var examinator för kursen och den som attesterade kursens betyg (och därför står som examinator på titelsidan men inte i metadata).
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Jonsson, Andreas. "Bland prinsessor och soldater : En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av genus och stereotyper i två Disneyfilmer." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-104632.
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Syfte: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur genus representeras och hur feministisk kritik syns i Disneyfilmerna Mulan och Frost. Arbetet behandlar kopplingen till tidigare Disneyfilmer och stereotypa framställningar av manligt och kvinnligt. Det utgår från ett genusperspektiv som tar hänsyn till könsroller som är resultatet av sociala konstruktioner. Metod: Filmerna har studerats i sin helhet och sedan har specifika scener och sekvenser valts ut för närmare studie. De har analyserats utifrån Selby och Cowderys modell för narrativ analys i boken How to Study Television (1995). Analysen för bägge filmerna är uppdelad i tre delar som behandlar både sekvenser som sträcker sig över hela filmerna och enskilda scener. Teori: Eve Kosofsky Sedgwicks (1999) och Halls (1997) definitioner av genus har legat som grund för arbetet, men även Halls (1997) beskrivning av representation, Gills (2007) redogörelse för feminism och Davis (2006) genomgång av tidigare framställningar av manligt och kvinnligt i Disneyfilmer samt annan relevant litteratur tas upp. Resultat och slutsats: Jag fann att filmerna försökte vara nyskapande i sin framställning av kvinnor, men att teman som exempelvis vikten av att hitta en man fortfarande var grundläggande. Trots att de kvinnliga karaktärerna i bägge filmerna är huvudpersoner kan deras självständighet ifrågasättas. I Mulan agerar exempelvis huvudkaraktären efter hennes inställning till sin far och i Frost får huvudkaraktären berättat för sig vad kärlek är uteslutande av manliga karaktärer. Det visade sig att Disneys historia av stereotypa framställningar av manligt och kvinnligt i hög grad syntes i filmerna, både genom en vilja att gå ifrån stereotyper men också som en bekräftelse på att Disney ibland fastnar i gamla hjulspår. Filmerna symboliserar dock en strävan efter att diskutera genus och framställa kvinnor på nya sätt. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Mulan skulle kunna undersökas ur ett etnicitetsperspektiv, eftersom det är en amerikansk skildring av ett kinesiskt folk. Därför skulle det kunna vara relevant för ytterligare forskning. När det gäller Frost skulle det vara intressant att jämföra den ur ett genusperspektiv med mer samtida Disneyfilmer för att studera huruvida de senaste fem årens filmer är tecken på en ny era av Disneyfilmer och vad som kännetecknar den.
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Boyd, Diane Michelle. "The rise and development of female Catholic education in the nineteenth-century Red River region, the case of Catherine Mulaire." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/MQ48193.pdf.
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Chen, Minchu. "Enhancement of presentation of Chinese narrative poems--using a multimedia model for 'Mulan Shih'." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004374.
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Ma, Mulan [Verfasser]. "Tourism area development from an evolutionary economic geography perspective - The case of Guilin, China / Mulan Ma." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1038694809/34.
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陳宇. "花木蘭原型的叙事演變及其文化批評 = Culture criticism and narratice evolutionof Hua Mulan's archetype." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636167.
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Hallén, Mattias, and Oskar Lööf. "”Everybody was kung fu fighting” : En studie om hur den kinesiska kulturen representeras i tecknad film." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45433.
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Animated movies have had a big impact in the film business all over the world. A lot of these films are mainly produced for a younger audience, which leads to a greater responsibility to show a legitimate worldview. Children do not have the same ability of critical thinking as an adult, and that is why it is vital in such movies. In this study, we have examined the movies Kung Fu Panda and Mulan to see how the Chinese culture is represented, having in mind that the relation between East and West have been, and in some ways still are strained. We have examined whether there have been any postcolonial elements such as cultural myths, orientalism, ethnocentrism and stereotypes, originated from the field of cultural studies. Based on a three dimensional analysis, we have looked at the films’ structure, the context and the socio-historical context. The study concluded that the Chinese culture is often represented in a somewhat stereotypical way and with symbols associated with Asia and its culture but the movies also includes certain Western elements.
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Hicks, III Kennie. "Developing Courageous Influence: The Direct Impact of Society, Cultural Views, and Good Father-Daughter Relationships on Adolescent Girls." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2020/schedule/34.
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Fathers play a major role in their son’s lives. From teaching them how to play football to having the birds and the bees talk with them. Statistics show that a son is greatly affected by whether his father is around or not. So that leaves the question of are girls just as affected as boys are by a father’s presence? For example, what did Mulan, the movie character, have in her life that some girls do not? A rare, yet healthy bond with her father could be the very factor that affected her attitude, values, and beliefs tremendously. The Social Learning Theory and nature versus nurture ideology are used to explain how this factor could be the very difference in her overall development. Briefly discussed is the Social Learning Theory, nature versus nurture ideology, Chinese culture, Mulan’s relationship with her father and how it correlates with Mulan’s overall development.
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Nyh, Johan. "From Snow White to Frozen : An evaluation of popular gender representation indicators applied to Disney’s princess films." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36877.
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Simple content analysis methods, such as the Bechdel test and measuring percentage of female talk time or characters, have seen a surge of attention from mainstream media and in social media the last couple of years. Underlying assumptions are generally shared with the gender role socialization model and consequently, an importance is stated, due to a high degree to which impressions from media shape in particular young children’s identification processes. For young girls, the Disney Princesses franchise (with Frozen included) stands out as the number one player commercially as well as in customer awareness. The vertical lineup of Disney princesses spans from the passive and domestic working Snow White in 1937 to independent and super-power wielding princess Elsa in 2013, which makes the line of films an optimal test subject in evaluating above-mentioned simple content analysis methods. As a control, a meta-study has been conducted on previous academic studies on the same range of films. The sampled research, within fields spanning from qualitative content analysis and semiotics to coded content analysis, all come to the same conclusions regarding the general changes over time in representations of female characters. The objective of this thesis is to answer whether or not there is a correlation between these changes and those indicated by the simple content analysis methods, i.e. whether or not the simple popular methods are in general coherence with the more intricate academic methods.Betyg VG (skala IG-VG)
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Kajawo, Caroline Takondwa. "An assessment of the influence of religion on gender equality and women empowerment : the case of Mulanje District Malawi." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10336.
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Qualitative and quantitative research designs were employed to assess the influence of religion on gender equality and women empowerment in Mulanje district in Malawi. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires through interview with 18 key informants who were sampled by judgmental sampling and 4 FGDs with men and women belonging to different religions who were sampled by stratified random sampling. Quantitative data was collected using a self administered questionnaire to 130 participants sampled by stratified random sampling. Quantitative data was analyzed by using SPSS computer program version 16.0 in order to reach to a valid conclusion. The analysis of the data involved descriptive statistics. For qualitative data, themes were induced from the interview with key informants and FGD. Findings have revealed positive religious teachings and beliefs that have empowered women and promoted equality between men and women. Nevertheless, the study has also revealed that discriminatory religious teachings and attitudes are a reality in religious institutions and these have influenced not only the way women are treated in religious institutions but also the way women look at themselves. In light of the findings, recommendations have been made to the government of Malawi, religious institutions, religious leaders and CSOs to take appropriate actions to promote gender equality and women empowerment in Mulanje district.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Jere, Joyce Atuweni. "Used of partographs in women in labour at Mulanje District Hospital in Malawi." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17327.
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A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Public Health - Maternal and Child Health
Submitted: August 2014Introduction: A partograph is a tool that is used to monitor progress of labour, and its correct use and appropriate interpretation can assist in early identification of complications of labour. The aim of this study was to assess if and how the partograph was used at Mulanje District Hospital in Malawi. Methods: This was a retrospective review of records of women who delivered at the Mulanje District hospital from the 1st to the 30th of September, 2010. A total of 360 women’s files were reviewed. Data was collected from the delivery register, theatre register, case files and partograph charts. A Chi-square was used for statistical analysis and a p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The partographs were available in 93.3% (336/360) of women’s files. Forty eight percent (162/336) of women’s files had partographs with all three sections of labour monitoring documented, but only 10% (16/162) of the partographs had information correctly and completely filled in on each parameter of the three components of the partograph. Forty percent (64/162) of women delivered after crossing the action line, and 67.2% (43/64) who delivered after crossing the action line were referrals, while 32.8% (21/64) were women who came to the hospital in labour. Almost 40.6% (26/64) of women who crossed the action line suffered immediate adverse outcomes. There was no significant difference in maternal outcomes (post partum haemorrhage, ruptured uterus and maternal deaths) and foetal outcomes (low Apgar score of 5/10 or less at 1 minute and 5 minutes, fresh still births and deaths within 24 hours) between women that were from the primary care health centres and those that reported to the hospital in labour. The study found that 57.8% (37/64) of women who crossed the action line had spontaneous vertex delivery, almost 38% (24/64) delivered by caesarean section and 4.7% (3/64) delivered by assisted vacuum extraction. There was a significant difference in mode of delivery after v crossing the action line. More caesarean sections were performed on women from the primary care health centres as compared to those that came to the hospital in labour: 44.2% (19/43) vs 23.8% (5/21), p=0.049. Conclusion and Recommendation: Although partographs were available in women’s files, the partograph data were not completed adequately. While progress of labour was frequently documented, maternal and foetal condition were incompletely documented. Effective interventions such as in-service training, regular supportive supervision, regular audits of records of women in labour and intensification of use of guidelines for labour management are required to strengthen the use of the partograph for women in labour. Further research is recommended to highlight barriers for correct use of the partograph
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Nkhata, Daniel Kabunduli. "Protesting unemployment and precarity?: mapping community perspectives on the anti-bloodsucker protests in Mulanje District, Malawi." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/29320.
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This dissertation is submitted to the Faculty of Humanities in partial fulfilment of the Master of Arts in Labour Policy and Globalisation at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
, 2019NG (2020)
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HUANG, YU-LING, and 黃于玲. "A Study on the Intertextuality between Mulan's Story and Disney's Animations “Mulan”." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u56ws4.
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碩士國立屏東大學
中國語文學系碩士班
106
The story where Mulan disguised as a man to substitute her father for the military service has been passed on for more than 1000 years in China. The Walt Disney Company from the U.S.A. even adapted the story to create two animated films, including “Mulan” and “Mulan II.” This study focuses on the intertextuality between Ballad of Mulan and Disney's Animations to investigate how Disney's Animations wield creativity to exhibit active intertextuality through the process of conversions in the story's scenarios “from female to male” and “from home to homeland.” This study contains 5 chapters, and the gist of each chapter is elaborated as follows: Chapter 1. “Introduction”: This chapter elaborates the research motivation and purpose, literature review and the research scope and methodology. Chapter 2. “Changes to the Clothing Styles through the Dynasties and Reasons for A Woman to be Disguised As a Man”: This chapter elaborates the Social etiquettes in ancient China and restrictions on women through the apparel system. This chapter also introduces the motivations and reasons for a woman to be disguised as a man through examples manifested by the “Three Words (San-Yen),” the “Two Amazing Tales (Er-Pai),” and “Gifted Scholars and Beautiful Ladies.” Chapter 3. “Source and Variations of Mulan's Story”: This chapter investigates the origin of Mulan's story and variations of the Mulan's story through the dynasties via the Ballad of Mulan and Mulan's story. Chapter 4. “The Intertextuality between the Ballad of Mulan and Disney's Animations of “Mulan” and “Mulan II””: This chapter elaborates the features, textual narratives and the intertextuality between the original Mulan's story and Disney's Animations in sequence. Chapter 5. “Conclusion”: This chapter elaborates the research results and highlights the contemporary significance of adaptations to Mulan's story through Disney's animations.
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Jhen, Cai Jia, and 蔡佳蓁. "Mulan Uncloaked ── About Mulan Story In Different Variation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34278392783454738859.
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碩士國立臺東大學
兒童文學研究所
101
The Mulan story was first transcribed in the Music Bureau Collection(s), then an anthology of Songs and Poems in Dang, Ci in Sung, the inscription in Yuan, Drama in Ming and Qing to the Novel in Qing Dynasty, showing the story of Mulan deep among affected in our culture. As a prototype story of Mulan, there has a lot of modern film and television works. All begin with reference to the Mulan story prototype. This thesis is divided into six chapters, Chapter One motivation for the research, research objectives, research methods, and to explore those related literature and stories of Mulan, Chapter Two discusses the relation between the evolution from plain text to visual version for Mulan story. The Third, and Fourth chapter highlights the current situation of Mulan story for plain text and visual version in Taiwan include analysis the plot and characters as the key element. Chapter Five is using the analysis from the front chapter and Intertextuality Theory to respond to all different types of media, and discussing how the evolution for the re-write version responds to the society now a day. As the time goes on, lots of story has been visualized, the story of Mulan has been adapted to many versions of both texts and videos, each version of Mulan gives the audience different types of feeling. Except for making conclusion in Chapter Six, the study also discuss the relationship between the original literature and the visual version of Mulan for giving some possible advice for the future researchers in their research.
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Jhem, Cai Jia, and 蔡佳蓁. "Mulan Uncloaked." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86918042731562612557.
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碩士國立臺東大學
兒文所
101
The Mulan story was first transcribed in the Music Bureau Collection(s), then an anthology of Songs and Poems in Dang, Ci in Sung, the inscription in Yuan, Drama in Ming and Qing to the Novel in Qing Dynasty, showing the story of Mulan deep among affected in our culture. As a prototype story of Mulan, there has a lot of modern film and television works. All begin with reference to the Mulan story prototype. This thesis is divided into six chapters, Chapter One motivation for the research, research objectives, research methods, and to explore those related literature and stories of Mulan, Chapter Two discusses the relation between the evolution from plain text to visual version for Mulan story. The Third, and Fourth chapter highlights the current situation of Mulan story for plain text and visual version in Taiwan include analysis the plot and characters as the key element. Chapter Five is using the analysis from the front chapter and Intertextuality Theory to respond to all different types of media, and discussing how the evolution for the re-write version responds to the society now a day. As the time goes on, lots of story has been visualized, the story of Mulan has been adapted to many versions of both texts and videos, each version of Mulan gives the audience different types of feeling. Except for making conclusion in Chapter Six, the study also discuss the relationship between the original literature and the visual version of Mulan for giving some possible advice for the future researchers in their research.
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Tseng, Yueh-Ying, and 曾月英. "MULAN’S TRAVEL IN TRANSLATION:FROM EQUIVALENT TO REWRITING TRANSLATIONS." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3b6tb7.
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碩士義守大學
應用英語學系
104
Literary theoretician and critic Edward W. Said advocates, “While a theory or idea travels, it nourishes and often sustains the cultural and intellectual life by circulating ideas, which carry out a discernible and recurrent pattern to the movement itself” (226). Meanwhile, Said identifies the point of theory as “to travel, always to move beyond its confinements, to emigrate, to remain in a sense in exile” (264). Literary critic and deconstructionist J. Hillis Miller considers the Book of Ruth in the Old Testament as an allegorical figure of Traveling Theory that a theory is transformed in the new language and cultural context with essential distortion in translation. This thesis takes Traveling Theory and Translating Theory as the dominant theoretical approach to the legendary Mulan’s travel in translation. Whether they are equivalent or rewriting translations, the legends of Mulan are in the process of travelling, which often links to cultural globalization. This thesis studies the interrelated relationship and progression in regard to The Ballad of Mulan as the source text and its five related target texts: three poetic translations in chronological sequence, and two rewriting translations-- Maxine H. Kingston’s White Tigers and Disney’s animated film Mulan. It is certain when crossing border of space and time, Mulan’s travel in translation continues inspiring for more “afterlife”.
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Chou, Yi-Ju, and 周怡汝. "A Study of the Gender Consciousness in the Adaptation of \"Mulan\" ：A Case Study of Peking Opera \"Mulan from the Army\", Taiwanese opera\" Mulan\", and Musical \"Mulan Girl\"." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yptzw3.
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碩士臺北市立大學
中國語文學系
107
The story of Mulan comes from the Yuefu folk song "Mulan" of the Northern Dynasty . The main song is the heroic story of Mulan " Loyal"," Filial ","Brave", and" Ambiguity". It’s also rare for the dynasties to adapt it to drama performances. But they all use the patriarchal center to describe the filial piety of Mulan as she fight out for her family and her father. Finally, she still necessary to return to the true role of women in the "family" . To modern, Hyundai began to have a gender－free state that broke through the male perspective to see it as a "person." Especially the inner world of "woman". First is Huizhu Yan version of Peking Opera "Mulan from the Army"in1953. Mulan breaks through the gender division of labor and creates the patriotism of "everyone is a soldier" It is the beginning of the modern Mulan’s challenge about gender restriction. The second is Xianyuan Lin version of the Taiwanese opera "Mulan " in 2003, that breaking through the gender and doing their own. Gender disorder becomes an important conflict in drama. After a lot of self-sexual suspicion and reinvention, that form a new gender role identity in their mind. In the end, become the modern Mulan that break through the gender and be their own. All the roles for Mulan, just set for women and for actors. Finally, Bojun Cai’s musical "Mulan Girl" in 2010. Boldly challenge the moral issues of homosexuality, sissy and love triangles and unmarried pregnancy. In the play, it listed many gender stereotypes and prejudices in Taiwan’s current society. There is a setting of "involuntary"fight out and not masculine in Mulan’s role. The role of having a "female conscious" outlook on life breaks through the passive image of traditional women, allowing Mulan to have both femininity and autonomous side. The stuy can be said to reproduce the gender theme corresponding to the era through the adaptation of the story. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze the gender consciousness in Mulan plays from these three different dramas and kinds of operas to present the era. It also can show the evolution track in recent 50 years. Keywords："Mulan" ,"Mulan from the Army", "Mulan " , "Mulan Girl",Gender Consciousness
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Mehmedovic, Leila, and Hedvig Westman. "Mulan: lotusblomma eller kampsportsmästare? : En kvalitativ jämförande semiotisk studie av filmerna Mulan (1998) och Mulan (2020) ur ett genus- och kulturperspektiv." Thesis, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52324.
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Studien ‘’Mulan: lotusblomma eller krigshjälte?’’ avser att jämföra manliga och kvinnliga karaktärers samt den kinesiska kulturens representation i Disneys filmer Mulan (1998) och Mulan (2020) för att se vilka likheter och skillnader som finns i representationerna. Karaktärerna och kulturen kommer att analyseras utifrån genus- och asiatiska stereotyper. Massmedier och populärkultur har en stark inverkan på människors identitetsskapande och hur vi ser på andra kulturer än vår egen. Disney är en mäktig aktör inom populärkultur vilket gör dessa frågor viktiga att studera. Mulan (1998) har kritiserats på grund av hur Disney skildrade den kinesiska kulturen i filmen och för att könsförtrycket skildrades som ett kulturellt problem. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår ifrån idéer om ideologi, där genusteorier och kulturteorier innefattas. Utifrån en semiotisk analys där vi har använt denotation och konnotation har vi studerat fyra strategiskt utvalda scener i de båda filmerna. Vår analys visade att flera av männen i den senare filmen bryter den traditionella genusbilden, däremot faller samtliga karaktärer utom en under asiatiska stereotyper. Alla kvinnor, förutom Mulan och Xianniang, visar en traditionell genusbild. Mulans karaktär är den mest komplexa utifrån genus- och asiatiska stereotyper. Karaktärerna i filmen (1998) visar alla en traditionell genusbild. Den ytliga kulturen har förbättrats i filmen från 2020 men inte den djupa. Den kinesiska kulturen representeras fortfarande på ett sätt som gör att de underliggande budskapen grundas i västerländsk ideologi. Mulans problem som kvinna skylls fortfarande på bilden av den kinesiska kulturen som vi ser i filmerna.The study "Mulan: lotus flower or martial arts champion?" aims to compare the representations of male and female characters and Chinese culture in Disney films Mulan (1998) and Mulan (2020) to see the similarities and differences in the representations. The characters and culture will be analyzed based on gender- and Asian stereotypes. Mass media and popular culture have a strong impact on the formation of people's identities and how we perceive cultures other than our own. Disney is powerful within popular culture which makes these issues important to study. Mulan (1998) has been criticized because of how Disney portrayed the Chinese culture in the film and for portraying the gender oppression as a cultural problem. The theoretical framework is based on ideas about ideology, which includes gender theories and cultural theories. Based on a semiotic analysis where we have used denotation and connotation, four strategically selected scenes have been analyzed in the two films. Our analysis showed that several of the men in Mulan (2020) break the traditional gender image, however, all characters except one fall under Asian stereotypes. All women, except Mulan and Xianniang, show a traditional gender image. Mulan's character is the most complex based on gender and Asian stereotypes. The characters in the film (1998) all show a traditional gender image. The surface culture has improved in the film from 2020 but not the deep culture. The Chinese culture is still represented in a way that makes the underlying messages based on Western ideology. Mulan's problem as a woman is still blamed on the image of the Chinese culture that is depicted in the films.
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Tseng, Wen-Hao, and 曾文豪. "Fire Mulan ： The Research of Female Firefighters’ Work Adaption." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10046109960506551830.
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碩士國立聯合大學
資訊與社會研究所
101
MuLan is the narrative of the old Chinese folktale that is about the story of a young Chinese maiden. The legendary story has been told for over one thousand years. In 2006, the fire department lifted gender restrictions for firefighter recruitment. More and more women have joined the male-dominated fire service. The purpose of this study is to understand the work adaption and job satisfaction of female firefighters. This study and literature review apply the use of model theory, incorporating self-efficacy, work expectations, organizational climate, job autonomy, work - family fit and person - organization fit concepts as a model theory of structure. After finishing the design of the questionnaire and pre-test, the validity and reliability of this study have been obtained. The female firefighters engaged in field work serve as survey samples. The research results from the survey analysis can provide strategic suggestions for the government fire job design. A structural equation modeling analysis was performed using partial least squares (PLS). The study shows that self-efficacy, organizational climate, work - family fit person - organization fit and work condition adaption are the significant positive predictors. While the work condition adaption and job satisfaction are the significant positive predictors too. This study also proposes the following: (1)The female firefighters’ working information should be made moderately public in order to avoid excessive expectation gaps. (2)Enhance work adaptation of female firefighters by improving work model and environment. (3)The design supporting measures concerning the field female firefighters family and marital relationships. (4) Correct work ethics concepts should be reinforced among female firefighters. (5)The authorities should pay attention to offering female firefighters substantial counseling work.
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Su, JIA-YU, and 蘇家榆. "A Character Study of “Mulan”:A Perspective of Radical Feminism." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b69uus.
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碩士國立臺灣藝術大學
戲劇學系表演藝術碩士班
106
Due to the trend of open-mindedness in the modern social environment, different kinds of people are becoming more and more aware of their own rights and interests, including those who are awakened to a women-centered ideology. Over the past thirty years, feminism has been widely discussed; however, with changes occurring in different societies and variations resulting from the revolution of history, feminism has developed into different theories and structures. The researcher will explore the characteristics of radical feminism by means of the information from various books on this particular theory. Since ancient times, Mulan, as depicted in traditional Chinese literature, has been a legendary woman who subverted the traditional feudal ideology in an era where boys were weighted over girls and most women played a submissive role. However, adapted from the classic story of Mulan joining the army on behalf of her father, the drama Mulan also subverts the traditional plot. In the drama, instead of taking the initiative to join the army on behalf of her father out of filial devotion, Mulan was passively demanded to take her father’s place. It turns out that she had a chance to be set free from the bondage of her family and exhibited self-awareness in pursuing her self-worth and dreams and making a blueprint for her own life. What is especially noteworthy in the drama is the issue of gender; behind the scenes such topics as gender, women’s rights and social morality are discussed, which, all of a sudden, makes the deconstructed traditional story weighty. This drama is full of patriarchal domination, sexual stereotypes and conflicts, so this research chooses radical feminism as its theoretical basis and adopts such methods as literature analysis, theoretical research, text analysis, and personal observation of the performance of the drama. It aims to study how the characters are awakened to female self-awareness and then get rid of the domination of patriarchy and how they break away from the bondage of stereotypes of gender roles.
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Lee, Tin-chieh, and 李婷潔. ""Mulan" Effect:The Effect of Sibling Status on Female Academic Success." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64806315229392199682.
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碩士東吳大學
社會學系
95
Although there are many researches on gender and educational opportunities, few of them pay attention to the influence of declining fertility rate on women’ educational achievement in Taiwan. The study attempts to examine whether Taiwanese parents will turn to pick the eldest daughter to be the son-like successor (It’s called “Mulan” in the current study) and therefore contribute to Mulan’s academic success. The data employed in this study is from longitudinal survey research “Taiwan Youth Project” which is conducted by Academia Sinica. The sample was randomly drawn from junior high schools in Taipei and collected from both parents and children. The sample for the analyses consists 722 female adolescents(students). The logistic regression is used to test the hypotheses in this study. The results partially support the hypotheses. There are two main findings. First, Mulan gets more chances entering male-dominant educational route than other sibling status females. Second, the more chances of entering male-dominant educational route are basically due to parent’s higher educational expectation and Mulan’s self identity as the target of parent’s educational investment. In addition to displaying and discussing the research findings, this thesis gives conceptual and methodological suggestions for both education and gender studies.
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KE, CHUEH-JU, and 柯珏如. "A Study of the Image of Legendary Chinese Woman：Hua Mulan’s Cross-Cultural and Cross-Gender Transformation." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qe2593.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
應用華語文學系
104
The animation The Legend of Mulan published by YSY digital entertainment firm, the animation Mulan produced by Walt Disney, the novel The Woman Warrior written by Maxine Hong, Kingston and the musical play Mulan (《木蘭少女》) written by Pao-Chang Tasi are the research targets of this thesis. The thesis sorts out the evolution of the Mulan stories to analyze their transformation and to understand their development in different eras. The thesis also compares different types of Mulan stories in terms of their plot architecture, culture, and the image of Mulan to discuss the differences of Mulan’s cross-culture and cross-generation images. Mulan is a well-known folk story without official written record in the history, so the existence of Mulan is still in debate. However, this allows readers and adapters to interpret the story with their own annotations. Although people are familiar with the legend of Mulan, every individual can have his or her own interpretation of the story. The image of Mulan has been depicted differently in dramas, movies and novels due to the differences in cultures, customs, and the eras they were filmed or written. This thesis discusses the similarities and differences between The Legend of Mulan and Mulan in terms of how cultural differences affect the contents of the story at different times. The images of Mulan depicted in these two films are compared with the traditional image of Mulan, so it also explores how the ideology of Chinese women has transformed over time under the influence of western culture and its possible causes in The Woman Warrior. Another focus of this thesis is on the gender identity gay issues included into Mulan (《木蘭少女》). Overall, this thesis analyzes The Legend of Mulan, Mulan, The Woman Warrior and Mulan (《木蘭少女》). Looking from the perspectives of comparative literature, migration research, gender studies and queer theory, the present research gradually reveals the hidden messages encrypted in the aforementioned four Mulan stories and the image of Mulan’s cross-culture and cross-gender transformation.
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WANG, YING-SHUN, and 王盈舜. "Modern Mulan-A Dlscussion on Predicaments And Advantager of Femali NCOs." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78une2.
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碩士國立中正大學
勞工關係學系碩士在職專班
105
Due to the influence of international concepts such as “Gender Mainstreaming” and “Gender Equality,” the policy changing of National Armed Forces service and the reduction of recruited draftee, the performance of military womanpower has broken through previous limitations. NCOs (non-commissioned officers) play the roles as both conductors and followers, and they are the practical executors in the frontline. This research is to discuss whether or not female NCOs receive restrictions in the military troops which are mainly organized by male personnel and have more restrains than in civilian enterprises, what predicaments female NCOs should experience, and what advantages female NCOs might benefit than male military personnel just because of gender. This research takes in-depth interview of ten female NCOs in service for achieving purposefulness and convenience from February to April 2017. The interviewees are three Master Sergeants, three Sergeants, two Staff Sergeants, and two Corporals. The results found that female NCOs feel restrained most strongly by the following three: “gender being the factor of working dispatch,” “poor facilities and awkward management for livelihood,” and “self-contained and standardizing working environment.” The predicaments which female NCOs experience are the following six: “unreasonable leadership of senior cadres,” “having no confidence in sex harassment prevention system,” “discrimination for promotion,” “insufficiency of manpower,” “having obstacles in leadership,” and “unable to take care of family at the same time.” The advantages which female NCOs might benefit than male NCOs are “senior cadres are more gentle to female NCOs,” “having better chance to transfer to a higher post in certain jobs,” “being influential in some policy revising.” This research concludes that military troops do possess limitations for female NCOs; however, those limitations are abrogated gradually. Furthermore, both predicaments and advantages which female NCOs encounter come from the factor of human. To create amicable working environments for female NCOs, this research recommends that the Ministry of National Defense keeps on reformation, educates the cadre good leadership to build a sound sex harassment prevention system. Male military personnel should build proper notion of gender mainstreaming to create nice working environments, and female NCOs should set good examples by working hard and employ ones’ own distinguishing characteristics to bring diversifications in management and innovations to military troops.
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Wu, Ya-chen, and 吳雅真. "A Research on the Qing Dynasty Novel - Mulan Goes to War." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70546611350185513213.
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碩士國立臺南大學
國語文學系碩士班
99
With the large-scale spreading of the greatly popular Mulan goes to war story over a long time, various types of works possessing features of different eras and places therein came into existence. Until the Qing Dynasty, the mature period of Mulan story evolution, several representative works were produced. This thesis combs the evolution of the Mulan goes to war story, and uses the main plot concept of folk literature to analyze the re-production of The Mulan Poem written by scholars of the past dynasties, with special focuses on the two Qing Dynasty novels about Mulan goes to war story. Biographies and History of Filial Maidens and Sons in the Northern Wei (Bei-wei-qi-shi-gui-xiao-liez-huan, written by Zhang Shao-xian) and “Biographies and Histories of Loyal, Filial, Brave and Martyred Women (Zhong-xiao-yong-lie-qi-nü-zhuan, author unknown)” published in the Qing Dynasty are the research targets of this thesis. The thesis author unfolds the discussion of this study from analyzing the above two novels’ authors, versions, narrative contents, character modeling, war plot arrangement, thematic ideas and artistic characteristics; then compares the differences and similarities of the two novels in terms of their narrative style, narrative content, thematic idea and artistic characteristic. The findings of this study discovered that different authors of the two works showed the features and mixed types of contemporary heroic legendary novels. Additional and extended plots of the two novels make the whole Mulan story more legendary, complete, and closed. Mulan’s “filial daughter” image then becomes as a “traditional heroine” and a “moral heroine”. In addition, although the authors of the two novels utilize different plots such as reunion and gods descend to the world to make the novels lead to different comedic and tragic endings, as we getting deeper understanding of the two works, there are still many common thematic ideas, such as destiny view, Chinese court consciousness, ethics, conflicts between loyal and cunning courtiers, and a wish of peace…etc. These are all essential cultural thinking in traditional Chinese society.
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Lohr, Julie Anne. "Reinventing the wheel or creating a tale's genealogy? :: a comparison of twelve versions of the tale of Mulan/." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1731.
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Fe, Jen Wen, and 翁妃貞. "When Disney meets Orientalism—A Deconstruction Perspective of Mulan and Shanghai Noon." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06211121202168499380.
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碩士國立臺東大學
兒童文學研究所
98
Abstract The prevalence of motion pictures has brought more and more Chinese movie actors onto the international stage. Following Jet Lee and Jackie Chan, Yang Ziqiong, Lucy Liu, and Kelly Hu were also recruited into Hollywood. However, the styles presented have not only formed unique film aesthetics to foreigner’s mind but also inspired the Westerner’s imagination about the Oriental. In the academic circle, the positive and negative aspects of Hollywood have long been debated and re-examined. Hence, it becomes an interest of this study to understand if such dilemma confronts Disney animation films that are popular among children. This study attempted to employ a double vision that covers ethnic and gender issues to recognize cultural phenomena and literary representations of difference/ hybridity, dialogue/ interpretation, and confusion/ identity, in an attempt to conduct a general analysis on the patterns of oriental culture and Chinese gender image in the Western vision. Disney’s production, Mulan, and sponsored film, Shanghai Noon, were examined in this study. Investigation on the textual characteristics of these two movies revealed that Disney’s cultural industry would initiatively build the connection between stories of other cultures and specific characters. The cultural reconstruction and dialogue unveiled the conspiracy and interaction between marketing strategies and ideology in mainstream Hollywood movies. A text analysis was also employed to facilitate the deconstruction and interpretation of the films, and the perspective of children’s literature were adopted to review the representation of other cultures by Disney. Based on the concept of “hybridity” proposed by Homi K. Bhabha and "difference” discoursed by Edward W. Said in interpreting Orientalism, this study analyzed the multiple meanings of the texts to induce and figure out the cultural phenomena and profound implications revealed in the construction process of representation.
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Lee, Li-Ying, and 李俐瑩. "A study of children's interpretation of gender stereotypes from Disney's animation Mulan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22180304555066556422.
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HUANG, YEN-CHANG, and 黃彥璋. "The Invincible Legend of Heroines: Mulan, Taiwan’s Female Football Team (1975-1990)." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4gn44x.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
體育學系
106
This study aims to explore the rise and fall of Taiwan’s female football teams, and to explain the meaning of the team’s name, “Mulan”, created at a time when Taiwan experienced changes in its domestic and international political environment. As such, an historical research approach is adopted for this study. Relevant literature and reports on Taiwan’s female football teams between 1975 and 1990 were collected and investigated. The results showed that the political setbacks that “postwar Taiwan,” a Cold War outpost, another orthodox China and a relocated country, suffered in the 1970s and its problematic status as a country have had a significant effect on sports in Taiwan. These factors indirectly contributed to the establishment of Mulan in 1975. In 1977, Mulan swept Southeast Asia, winning the Championships of the AFC Women’s Asian Cup in 1977, 1980 and 1981, as well as the Championships of the OFC Nations Cup in 1986 and 1989; it created an invincible legend in the history of sports in Taiwan. However, along with the gradual development of women’s football in countries around the world, women’s football in Taiwan no longer has a competitive advantage. In 1989, Mulan lost the championship to China in the AFC Women’s Asian Cup. In 1990, it fell out of the top 3 in the Beijing Asian Games. All of these led to the end of its legend of invincibility. Interestingly, the rise and fall of Mulan occurred at a critical period when the Republic of China was besieged with domestic and foreign problems, whereby adjustments to its policy discourse needed to be gradually made in order to maintain its legitimacy. Moreover, being female athletes who carry the great expectations of the nation, members of Mulan are burdened with the responsibilities of pursuing victory, dealing with the nation’s historical baggage, and breaking out of the gender frame. Mulan thus represents a special sports culture, which is more complicated than those involving male athletes. Based on this situation, the author speculates that the image of Mulan as traditional Chinese women is an extension of Chinese national consciousness; Mulan plays an instrumental role in the struggle for orthodoxy and the use of sports to bring back national glory. With the longing for the world championship at the time, the excellent performance of Mulan had made the players national heroines. However, the emphasis on the short-term international glory left Mulan no chance to go further. As a result, Mulan has been gradually forgotten by the following generations after the glory of their championship faded. To sum up, Mulan can be considered a product of its time, interwoven with a nationalist and gender frame. Its rise and fall also reflect how Taiwan’s special historical background has left traces in the development of domestic sports.
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徐美珍. "Roaming ˙ Action˙ Crossing the Borders ---Narration and Non-narration of Modern Mulan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13451870212071086548.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立新竹教育大學
人資處課程與教學碩士班
98
The research paper visible outside: the first is to narrate the process of their work from education to crossing the borders—the retired teacher and principal from school and exerting in other fields; the second is to experience and think over the difficulties of narration research through study in narrative study. What is inside can’t be completely explained, as the two persons keep moving in the roaming of life and never stops. What is seen and pondering from the research paper often roams and moves accordingly. It is difficult to stay stagnant at a certain point. Narrative study aims at deformation process of roaming, which is what I expect to find out as a researcher; the acting process of professional development of educators is also what I hope to understand as a teacher at an elementary school; the energy of a person to cross borders in different stages of life is what I expect to explore as a person; the three main axes become the core of the research; each one is indispensable. The practice and experience in these two research objects’ life and continuous self-transcending lead to the thesis paper. Their joys and exhaustion during these processes enrich the narration. What is more important is they go beyond the limitation of the tangible. In gradual movement, they broke the dimensions in life and, based on which, teachers expecting more sense of core awareness rethink their professional development and career planning. As a researcher, with narrative study, I realize that forms of roaming in life are not limited and can’t be predicted. Insistence on actions brings more diverse performances in our life. While crossing outside borders, life becomes more abundant with unlimited possibilities.
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WU, HSING-JUNG, and 吳幸瑢. "A Study on the Interdisciplinary Elements of “Mu Kuei-Yin in Percussion”, “MuLan”." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8anhyp.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣藝術大學
戲劇學系表演藝術碩士班
104
From the twentieth century , the interdisciplinary performances develop rapidly. Many arts groups break their own boundaries, innovate and cooperate with other groups , try to attract more viewers with interdisciplinary performances. The related research is getting more important. This research analyze the interdisciplinary works "Mu Kuei-Yin in Percussion", "MuLan", produced by "Ju Percussion Group" and "National GuoGuang Opera Company". First briefly introduce the producing background, the content and structure, then analyze the works with theater semiology and "stylistic macrostructural analysis" modified by Chao, Yu-Ling. Through this research we get a deeper understanding of interdisciplinary performing arts , and offer a reference to interdisciplinary performers and researchers.
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Boyd, Diane Michelle. "The rise and development of female Catholic education in the nineteenth-century Red River region : the case of Cathetine Mulaire." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/3726.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the development of nineteenth century Catholic female education in the Red River region. Through the exploration of this development and the experience of one student in particular, Catherine Mulaire, this thesis, to a large extent, is a reaction to the sometimes monolithic representation of the Catholic Church. The impact of these clerical personalities and their initiatives upon the community often influenced and shaped the system in different and often conflicting ways. The examples of Monseigneur Joseph- Norbert Provencher, Father Georges Antoine Belcourt, and the Soeurs Grises, are considered here. My intention is to encourage further historical inquiry into the lives of students like Catherine Mulaire, in order to one day better determine the similarities and the differences of their experiences with the Catholic Clergy in Western Canada.
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CHEN, YI-CHUN, and 陳怡君. "The Depth Space of 2D Animation Research－Analysis of “Mulan” and “The Secret World Of Arrietty”." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7xfw6p.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣藝術大學
多媒體動畫藝術學系動畫藝術碩士班
106
Throughout art history, methods and concepts on generating spatial depth onto planar surfaces have been proposed for two-dimensional representations. The 2D animation, which followed two-dimensional drawings, however, have not actually keep up with the pace of research on spatial depth. The results of this study can deepen our understanding of depth perception, while the classification and summarization of depth cues may help supply an applicable reference for animation and art designs for the future. Creating spatial depth onto planar surfaces is especially difficult when viewers’ perceived distance increases. To understand how spatial depth works on two-dimensional graphics, we first summarized all kinds of depth cues through literature review. We then counted the number of each depth cues in "far" visual effects snapshots of the animated feature movie, Mulan, to better understand the practicality of those cues in 2D animations. Finally, we used another animated film, The Secret World of Arrietty, to test our discovery.
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Dong, Lan. "Cross -cultural palimpsest of Mulan: Iconography of the woman warrior from premodern China to Asian America." 2006. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3242314.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation centers on the theme of "the woman warrior," historically grounded in premodern Chinese culture and represented in contemporary Asian American literature as well as in visual art forms. I apply a historical perspective to this interdisciplinary project in order to examine the global evolvement of one particular woman warrior, Mulan's legend, starting from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 A.D.) until the beginning of the twentieth-first century. This work conceptualizes the transmission and transformation of Mulan's story as a palimpsest, thereby highlighting the enduring interplay of continuity and erasure in the construction of her tale in China and the United States. The thesis investigates what the development of her tale reveals to us not only about womanhood, heroism, filial piety, and loyalty in premodern China but also about the construction of female agency, ethnic identity, and cultural origin in contemporary Asian America. Contextualizing Mulan alongside other heroines in premodern China my discussion considers the woman warrior as a paradigm of women warriors at large, thereby addressing Mulan as a culturally and historically rooted image coming out of a fascinating typology rather than as a singular character. Through the phenomenal example of Mulan this dissertation explores representations of female identity in the complex and frequent negotiation between womanhood and warrior value in premodern Chinese society, thus contributing to the current discussion on transnational feminism. By way of scrutinizing the multiplicity and complexity characterizing the "origin" of this particular figure, my research complicates the debate on cultural authenticity in the context of Asian America and the Asian diaspora. By looking at Mulan as a character claimed by various regions in China as their local heroine, the discussion deconstructs the monolithic "China" in Chinese America, and by extension, that of the "Asia" in Asian America. Through examining Mulan as a cross-cultural palimpsest, I hope to broaden our understanding of the interrelations between cultural heritage, gender politics, and ethnicity as exemplified by the global journey of her story and to inspire further scholarly engagement with her warrior sisters in Chinese as well as other cultures.
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Yeh, Guei-ling, and 葉桂伶. "Cultural Awareness in Disney’s “Mulan” for the Elementary School Students in Taiwan: An Action Research on Muticultural Education." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00465824785103628609.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
美國研究所碩士班
94
On June 8, 1998, the Walt Disney Company released the 36th animated film Mulan, which is an adaptation based on a Chinese poem, usually known as The Legend or The Ballad of Mu-lun. This poem, by an anonymous writer of the Southern and Northern dynasties (A.D. 420-581), has been popular for generations in China and was collected in Yuefu, the Song dynasty compendium of lyrics, songs and poems. As Disney’s Mulan is an adaptation of a legendary story remotely set in ancient China, it raises issues such as the authenticity and accuracy of Chinese culture values and facts. Critique has it that the issues of cultural authenticity and cultural accuracy become particularly important if the purpose is to evaluate the film Mulan as an art/literary work for young viewers and to investigate its influence upon children in terms of multicultural education. Particularly under the circumstances of the innovation and development of this century’s media, children’s literature has not been confined to paper books. Children often watch video tapes before they read a story if there is one available. Schoolteachers usually adopt Disney’s animated films as a motivating approach to usher children into the world of classic children’s literature. Therefore, it is crucial for schoolteachers and parents to take Mulan seriously and carefully whether to incorporate into school’s curriculum. Educators should be alert to the offensive, racially-coded language and cultural clichés presented in Mulan and discuss the stereotype and cultural distortions in Mulan with children. Consequently, the purpose of this action research includes: (1) to investigate students’ opinions toward Disney’ Mulan. Can they be aware of the stereotype, distortions and misinterpretations of Chinese culture in “Mulan”? (2) to guide students to analyze and deconstruct Mulan in the perspectives of cultural authenticity and cultural accuracy so as to inspire students the importance of Chinese cultural awareness. (3) Seeing that Disney’s treatment of Mulan can not reflect the authenticity and accuracy of Chinese culture seriously and honestly, students should take this case as a profound lesson, that is to say, try not to misinterpret or distort when dealing with multicultural issues. An attitude with respect, admiration, and heart always alike is needed when facing any micro or macro cultures if the purpose is to enhance students’ cultural learning and global understanding and establish a harmonic world in the long run. The major findings of this study are given as follows: 1. Students can not be aware of the stereotype, distortions and misinterpretations of Chinese culture in Mulan before the researcher intervenes to inspire them the importance of Chinese cultural awareness. 2. As the development of activities, students can analyze and deconstruct Mulan in the perspectives of cultural authenticity and cultural accuracy little by little. 3. Students’ cultural awareness has changed from the state of invisibility to visibility. 4. To take Mulan for example, students can present a positive and constructive attitude to cope with multicultural issues. 5. As to the core value of multiculturalism, cultural learning and global understanding, students can gain the knowledge of both eastern and western philosophical concepts at the same time, that is to say, understand the reason why Disney animators interpret Chinese legendary story Hua Mu-lan in this way in “Mulan” and re-examine their awareness toward Chinese culture so as to expand their cultural experience and field of vision.
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Chen, Yu-Shan, and 陳玉山. "An Analysis and Interpretation of two Pipa Concertos:Zhou chenglong’s 《Sunset glow at Xishuang banna》 and Gu guanren’s《Hua Mulan 》." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12747360218703538569.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
音樂學系碩士班中國音樂組
101
The pipa Concertos, "Xishuangbanna" and "Milan", the first batch of works created after the Cultural Revolution, had long lasting from the late seventies. In this paper, from the aspect of the musical form analysis, pipa performing technics, and the music interpretation, the study explored the differences and similarities of the two pieces. The dissertation is divided into four chapters: Chapter I “The Introduction”; Chapter II “The Study of Xishuangbanna”; Chapter III The Study of Mulan; Chapter IV “The Conclusion”. In Chapter I, the article indicates the motivation and purpose of this study, the scope and limitations, the research methods, as well as music analysis instructions In Chapter II and III, the in-depth study of "Xishuangbanna" and "Mulan" explore the creative approach of the two first Pipa Concertos, form analysis and performing interpretation. In Chapter IV, a summary of the various sections of the research results is stated, and an analysis of the similarities and differences of these two works is made from different angles oriented, including writing style, creative approach, playing techniques and interpretation. This thesis is considered as a summary, and expected to be a more comprehensive and in-depth Understanding of the pipa art.
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HUANG, WEI-TING, and 黃煒婷. "A Study on Crossover Performance of Contemporary Percussion Music: on Cases of “MuLan”, “Cleopatra and Caesar” and “Thank You, My Teacher”." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64zz5n.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣藝術大學
戲劇學系表演藝術碩士班
106
Crossover style has become popular among the world since 1980’s. It has seemed that performances with the crossover style have become a fresh tide which influencing the field of the performing arts in Taiwan. From now on, what the artists pursue is not only the perfection in one single field but also make perfection more perfect and experiment much more possibilities through the cooperation with the other types or media. In recent years, the forms of the crossover percussion music performance have provided variety and broken the stereotype for traditional instrumental concert. What the crossover music performers yearn is to combine or mix another art media for experiment the brand new styles or the flesh forms for performing. While the crossover performance study of music has developed, the contemporary interdisciplinary study in percussion is still limited. This study chose three different kinds of percussion performance, Mulan, Cleopatra and Caesar, Thank you, My Teacher, to explore the application and development of the contemporary percussion performance.
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CHEN, KE-SYUN, and 陳可薰. "The Effects of Integrating E-Learning into Cooperative Learning in Teaching — A case study on the Ballad of Mulan to Eight Graders." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t2tqmr.
Full textAbstract:
碩士育達科技大學
資訊管理所
104
Due to the widespread information on the Internet and the development of technology, learners’ learning pattern was transformed from teacher center into student center. With the cooperative learning, disadvantages in traditional teaching—teachers had to teach every student without concerning their different levels of knowledge—was improved. Classes were turned into a place of interactions between students or even including teachers. The purpose of the study was to discuss, with the feedback and analysis of questionnaires on students’ feelings of using an online teaching platform, how students’ Chinese learning attitude and effect were influenced when teachers applied cooperative learning in Chinese teaching. The participants of the study were 55 eighth-grade students from a junior high school in Miaoli and were exployed quasi-experimental design. The experiment group was taught with the Ministry of Education’s website for resources of junior high schools; the control group was taught with the didactic teaching. After teaching, to compare the learning effect, an achievement assessment and a questionnaire for Chinese learning attitude were applied on both groups. Furthermore, the experiment group took the questionnaire about the satisfaction of the cooperative learning and utilization of online teaching platform. By the ways of One-Way ANOVA, Paired-Samples T Test, and Independent-Sample T Test and through the document arrangement and analysis, we can list the result below: Chinese learning effects between two groups after experiemental teaching activities reached a great difference; Between the pretest and the protest, Chinese learning effect of the experiment group showed an obvious difference; Both two groups appeared apparent distinctions of Chinese learning attitude; Chinese learning attitude of the experiment group displayed distinct differences between the pretest and the protest ; The satisfaction of the cooperative learning of the experiment group showed palpable differences between the pretest and the protest. The study finally discussed the ideas of the experiment group about “using the Ministry of Education’s website for resources of junior high schoolsto blend in the cooperative learning.” The result of the study was to provide junior high school teachers and future researchers suggestions for the cooperative learning supported by digital supplements in Chinese teaching and the influences of the learning attitude.
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LIU, JUNG-JUNG, and 劉蓉蓉. "On Making the Performance Art into the Action Research of the Chinese Teaching as Example of “Ballad of Mulan” and “ Zong Dingbo Sells the Ghost”." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/re5b97.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
表演藝術碩士學位學程
105
This action research study is to explore the incorporation of drama strategies in Chinese language teaching. The twenty-five participants in this study were eighth graders in a junior high school in Kaohsiung. Zong Dingbo selling ghost and Mulan poem in Hanlin Book four were selected for designing drama strategies lesson plans. Mind maps, cooperative learning, adapted screenplay, and performaning arts were involved in drama strategies teaching class. The research methods included observation,interview, and quetionnaires. Chinese language learners’ performances before and after using drama strategies in class were compared through collectiong learners’ works and grades and questionnaires. The data were analyzed to show whether learning motivation, learning efficacy, and students’ reading comprehsion are improved after the use of drama strategies in class. In terms of teachers’ observation, learners’ performances were elevated after drama strategies were involved. In terms of learners’ responses in class, leaners accepted drama strategies teaching and indicated that classes were different from the past. The classes became more interesting and learnig motivations were elevated. Basesd on the analysis of mind maps, learners’ reading comprehension approached to self clarification level through the process of acting. Twenty-five students involved in this action research study. The incorporation of drama in Chinese languag teaching was recognized. Eight-eight percent of participants thought that the incorporation of drama in Chines language teaching not only elevated learning motivations but helped gain courage in performaning arts. Besides, they agreed that act of performing was helpful in learning Chinese language. Ninety-two percent of participants thought that they had more confidence in themselves during performances after drama was incorporated in Chinese language classes. On the basis of participants’ feedbacks, both learning interests and the abilities to perform arts increased due to the incorporaton of drama in Chinese language teaching. In terms of participants’ performances on term exams, seventy-two percent of participants’ scores showed positive growth. This finding indicated that the incorporation of drama and performing arts in teaching Chinese language have positive impact on assessments. Besides, the motivation of reading and the abilities of doing physical expressions have increased. Hence, when teachers were thinking about activations and creations of teaching,the incorporation of performing arts and drama in class should be emphasized. This study suggested that low motivation learners involved themselves in class with the incorporation of performing arts and drama in teaching. High proficiency level learners perceived profound meanings in contexts after the use of drama and physical expressions in teaching. It may be difficult to apply performing arts to teaching because of limited instructional time today; however, experienced teachers may have the abilities to plan performing art programes for students to learn different subjects.
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HSIEH, HSIN-YI, and 謝馨儀. "A Study on the Learning Effectiveness of Theatre-in-Education Teaching Mode into Performing Arts Curriculum in Junior High School：Taking the Musical MULAN for Example." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b842wa.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣藝術大學
表演藝術教學碩士學位班
107
The purpose of this study was to explore the Theatre-in-Education teaching mode into performing arts curriculum in junior high school by adopting the method of case study. The research object was the 9th grade students of junior high school. By using the musical "MULAN" as the main material, researcher introduced the knowledge of musical and designed the Theatre-in-Education with related topics that could allow students to actually participate the theater. By observing and video taping students’ learning process, researcher analyzed the consequences of the course and the conclusions were as follow: 1. Theatre-in-Education teaching mode could incorporate issues into performing arts curriculum in junior high school. 2. Theatre-in-Education teaching mode was an effective teaching process in performing arts curriculum in junior high school. 3. Theatre-in-Education teaching mode could improve students’ learning in performing arts curriculum in junior high school. The results of this study could provide suggestions for the performing arts teachers or subsequent researches.
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Oruta, Evans Makori. "Correlates of recidivism among released prisoners, a study of Kakamega County, Kenya." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27035.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract in English, Venda and TsongaReleased prisoners in Kenya have a 75% likelihood of committing another crime and a 50% probability of going to jail two years after their discharge from prison custody. From the trend of recidivism in Kenya, there are a staggeringly high number of offenders being incarcerated and eventually released back to the community, and the high risk of re-arrest and reincarceration is a concern for policymakers, criminologists and correctional managers. This study examined the influence of offender characteristics, offender reintegration and community perception and attitude regarding recidivism in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study adopted a survey research design. Findings reveal a statistically significant relationship between offender characteristics and recidivism. In addition, offender reintegration and community perception and attitude towards offenders greatly influence recidivism. From the study, it is recommended that the government provide correctional officers with the required resources to use the actuarial risk assessment model. The model is applied to the released offenders to predict the future probability of recidivism. In addition, it is recommended that the government and the various correctional stakeholders come up with an integrated approach that specifically targets successful re-entry of offenders upon release from prison. Finally, it is recommended that the government develop programmes targeting awareness of the community members to desist from stigmatising ex-offenders.
Vhafariwa vho vhofhololwaho ngei Kenya vha na khonadzeo ya 75% ya u ita vhuṅwe vhutshinyi na 50% ya khonadzeo ya u ya dzhele miṅwaha mivhili nga murahu ha u bva tshiṱokisini. U bva kha nzulele ya u tshinya fhafhu ngei Kenya, hu na u mangadza huhulwane ha tshivhalo tshi re nṱha tsha vhatshinyi vha re dzhele vhane vha fhedzisela vho vhofhololelwa murahu kha tshitshavha, khohakhombo khulwane ya u dovha u farwa hafhu na u valelwa hafhu dzhele zwi vhilaedzisa vhabveledzi vha mbekanyamaitele, vhaḓivhi vha zwa vhutshinyi na vhalanguli vha vhululamisi. Ngudo i ṱola ṱhuṱhuwedzo ya zwiṱaluli zwa mutshinyi, mbuedzedzo ya mutshinyi na zwine tshitshavha tsha mudzhiisa zwone na vhuvha zwi tshi ya kha u tshinya hafhu kha Dzingu ḽa Kakamega, Kenya. Ngudo yo shumisa tsedzuluso ya pulane yo dzudzanywaho ya ṱhoḓisiso. Mawanwa o dzumbulula tshivhalo tsha vhushaka ha ndeme vhukati ha zwiṱaluli zwa mutshinyi na u tshinya hafhu. U ḓadzisa khazwenezwo, mbuedzedzo y mutshinyi na zwine tshitshavha tsha mudzhiisa zwone na vhuvha zwi tshi ya kha vhatshinyi zwi ṱuṱuwedza nga huhulu u tshinya hafhu. U bva kha ngudo, hu themendelwa uri muvhuso u ṋetshedze vhaofisiri vha ndulamiso zwiko zwine zwa ṱoḓea u shumisa tshiedziso tsha u ṱola khohakhombo tsha vhukuma. Tshiedziso tshi shumiswa u vhofholola vhafariwa u humbulela khonadzeo ya vhumatshelo ya u tshinyahafhu. U ḓadzisa kha zwenezwo, hu themendelwa uri muvhuso na vhadzhiamukovhe vho fhambanaho vha vhululamisi vha ḓe na kuitele kwo ṱanganelaho kwo livhiswaho tshoṱhe kha u dzhena hafhu ha vhatshinyi musi vha tshi tou bva dzhele. Tsha u fhedzisela, hu themendelwa uri muvhuso u bveledzise mbekanyamushumo dzo livhiswaho kha u tsivhudza miraḓo ya tshitshavha u sa i sa phanḓa na u fara vhatshinyi vha kale nga nḓila i si yavhuḓi.
Vakhotsiwa lava tshunxiwaka eKenya va na 75% wa ntolovelo wa leswo va nga endla vugevenga byin’wana na 50% ta nkoteko wa ku ya ejele nakambe endzhaku ka ku tshunxiwa ka vona ejele. Kusuka eka ntolovelo wa ku vuyelela ku endla vugevenga nakambe eKenya, ku na nhlayo ya le henhla hindlela yo hlamarisa ya vaonhi lava va nga eku pfaleriweni ekhotsweni naswona endzhaku ka swona va tshunxiwa ku vuyela eka tindhawu ta vaaki, naswona ku na nxungeto wa le henhla wa ku khomiwa nakambe na ku pfaleriwa ekhotsweni nakambe hi vuntshwa, leswi i xivileriso eka vaendlatipholisi, vativi hi swa vugevenga na vafambisi va makhotso. Ndzavisisadyondzo lowu wu kambele nhlohlotelo wa swihlawulekisi swa vaonhi, ku hlanganisa nakambe vaonhi na vanhu eka tindhawu ta vaakandhawu na mavonelo na maehleketelo ya vaakandhawu hi mayelana na ku vuyelela ka swigevenga ku endla vugevenga eka Xifundza xa Kakamega, eKenya. Ndzavisisadyondzo lowu wu tirhise dizayini ya ndzavisiso wa mbalango ku nga survey research design. Leswi kumiweke swi paluxe vuxaka bya le henhla hindlela ya tinhlayonhlayo exikarhi ka swihlawulekisi swa vaonhi na vuyelelo bya ku endla vugevenga nakambe. Na le henhla ka sweswo, ku hlanganisa hi vuntshwa vaonhi na vaakandhawu nakambe hi vuntshwa na mavonelo na maehleketelo ya vaakandhawu eka vaonhi swi hlohlotela swinene vuyelelo bya ku endla vugevenga nakambe. Kusuka eka ndzavisisadyondzo, ku bumabumeriwa leswaku mfumo wu nyika vaofisiri va makhotso swipfuno leswi lavekaka ku tirhisa modlolo wa nhlahluvo wa nxungeto wa xiakichuwari ku nga actuarial risk assessment model. Modlolo lowu wu tirhisiwa eka vaonhi lava tshunxiweke ku vhumba nkoteko wa nkarhi lowu taka wa vuyelelo bya vugevenga nakambe. Ku tlhela nakambe ku bumabumeriwa leswaku mfumo na vakhomaxiave va makhotso vo hambanahambana va va na endlelo leri hlanganisiweke leri kongomisiwaka ngopfungopfu ku humeleka kahle ka ku vuyela ka vaonhi eka tindhawu ta vaaki loko vaonhi va tshunxiwa ekhotsweni. Xo hetelela, ku bumabumeriwa leswaku mfumo wu endla minongonoko leyi kongomisiweke eka vulemukisi bya vaakandhawu leswaku va tshika ku nyenyemuka khale ka vaonhi lava a va khotsiwile.
Corrections Management
Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)