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Pereira, Diego de Sousa, Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho, Renato Mendes Guimarães, Ariadne Santos Oliveira, and Gabriel Abreu Reis. "Physiological changes in hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulato II after accelerated aging to overcome dormancy." Journal of Seed Science 39, no. 3 (2017): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n3171313.
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Abstract: To evaluate the effect of accelerated aging to overcome dormancy of hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulato II (U. brizantha x U. decumbens x U. ruziziensis), seeds were collected from two lots with and without scarification, submitted to 42 °C and high humidity (98%) for different periods (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) and then dried at 30 °C to the humidity of 9.1%. The physiological changes were evaluated by tetrazolium, germination, electrical conductivity, respiratory activity and enzymatic evaluation. The exposure of the hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulato II to accelerated aging at 42 °C and 98% relative air humidity for up to 96 hours does not alter its viability by the tetrazolium test. Accelerated aging at 42 °C and 98% of humidity for up to 48 hours favors the germination of the scarified seeds of hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulato II, with increased expression of α-amylase enzyme and reduction of electrical conductivity values. Loss of vigor occurs in scarified seeds of hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulato II when exposed to accelerated aging at 42 °C and 98% of humidity from 96 hours with consequent changes in enzymatic systems and increased of the respiratory rate.
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Cabral, Carlos Eduardo Avelino, Lilian Chambó Rondena Pesqueira-Silva, Lívia Vieira de Barros, et al. "Defoliation height and potassium fertilization of Mulato II grass." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (2017): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2719.
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A pot trial in greenhouse conditions was carried out to identify at which defoliation height Mulato II grass (Urochloa hibrida cv. Mulato II) should be managed and to determine whether potassium fertilization is necessary in soil with high potassium content. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with six treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three defoliation heights (50, 65, and 80 cm) and with or without potassium maintenance fertilization. The production characteristics and chemical composition of the forage plant were evaluated. There was no interaction effect between defoliation height and fertilization with or without potassium on any of the analyzed variables, except for mineral content in Mulato II grass. The tillers and leaves number, shoot dry matter, leaf+sheath, root system, and residue were influenced by defoliation heights and potassium fertilization, except for the leaf blades and root dry matter, leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio, and leaves number, which were not influenced by potassium fertilization. Higher shoot dry matter was observed at the heights of 65 and 80 cm; however, comparing these two heights, leaf + sheath dry matter was lower at 65 cm. Regarding the grass’s chemical composition, there was an increase in neutral and acid detergent fiber and indigestible neutral detergent fiber contents as the defoliation height increased, which resulted in lower production of potentially digestible dry matter, which can compromise the potential use of the forage by animals. Among evaluated treatments, Mulato II grass defoliation is recommended for a maximum height of 65 cm. Potassium fertilization increases the yield and the potentially digestible dry matter content of Mulato II grass, even when cultivated in soil with high potassium content.
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Cabral, Carlos Eduardo Avelino, Lilian Chambó Rondena Pesqueira-Silva, Lívia Vieira de Barros, et al. "Defoliation height and potassium fertilization of Mulato II grass." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (2017): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4suplp2719.
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A pot trial in greenhouse conditions was carried out to identify at which defoliation height Mulato II grass (Urochloa hibrida cv. Mulato II) should be managed and to determine whether potassium fertilization is necessary in soil with high potassium content. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with six treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three defoliation heights (50, 65, and 80 cm) and with or without potassium maintenance fertilization. The production characteristics and chemical composition of the forage plant were evaluated. There was no interaction effect between defoliation height and fertilization with or without potassium on any of the analyzed variables, except for mineral content in Mulato II grass. The tillers and leaves number, shoot dry matter, leaf+sheath, root system, and residue were influenced by defoliation heights and potassium fertilization, except for the leaf blades and root dry matter, leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio, and leaves number, which were not influenced by potassium fertilization. Higher shoot dry matter was observed at the heights of 65 and 80 cm; however, comparing these two heights, leaf + sheath dry matter was lower at 65 cm. Regarding the grass’s chemical composition, there was an increase in neutral and acid detergent fiber and indigestible neutral detergent fiber contents as the defoliation height increased, which resulted in lower production of potentially digestible dry matter, which can compromise the potential use of the forage by animals. Among evaluated treatments, Mulato II grass defoliation is recommended for a maximum height of 65 cm. Potassium fertilization increases the yield and the potentially digestible dry matter content of Mulato II grass, even when cultivated in soil with high potassium content.
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Ojo, V. O., T. A. Adeyemi, A. I. Adewuyi, T. R. Akinyemi, G. A. Akinade, and J. T. Amodu. "Response of two Brachiaria species to swine manure application rates: effect on biomass yield, nutritive quality and acceptability by WAD sheep." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 5 (2020): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i5.305.
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Rising inorganic fertilizer prices have led to return to the use of organic nutrient sources to reduce cost and improve pasture productivity. The present study determined the response of Brachiaria ruziziensis and Brachiaria mulato II to swine manure application rates: effect on biomass yield, nutritive quality and acceptability by WAD sheep. The experiment was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement laid out as a split-plot design with three swine manure application -1rates (0, 5, 10 t ha ) as the main plot and two Brachiaria species (B. ruziziensis and B. mulato II) as the sub-plot replicated three times. Growth parameters were determined at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after sowing, while dry matter yield was determined at 8 weeks after sowing. Chemical composition and in vitro gas production of the harvested grass samples were conducted and the acceptability of the forage material by WAD sheep was also determined. Results showed that B. ruziziensis was morphologically taller than B. mulato II at all weeks of growth. The heights of the plants significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing manure application rate at all weeks of growth. A significantly (P < 0.05) higher dry matter yield was recorded for -1B. ruziziensis than in B. mulato (6.24 vs. 4.16 t ha ). Dry matter yield of the plants increased as the rate of manure application increased. The crude protein content of both grasses increased significantly (P<0.05) as the level of manure inclusion increased. The highest significant (P<0.05) (14.00 ml/200mg DM) gas volume produced was recorded for B. -1ruziziensis fertilized with 10 t ha of manure while the least gas volume (7.50 ml/200mg DM) was recorded for B. mulato unfertilized at 24 hours of incubation. Brachiaria ruziziensis -1fertilized with 5 t ha of swine manure was most preferred by the sheep. In conclusion, herbage yield increased as the swine manure application rate increased, also chemical composition and acceptability by sheep was higher in B. ruzuziensis than with B. mulato II.
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Ferreira, Valquíria De Fátima, Thaís Francielle Ferreira, Rafaela Aparecida de Carvalho, Denilson Paulo da Rosa Mavaieie, Diego Souza Pereira, and João Almir Oliveira. "Qualidade fisiológica de sementes revestidas de braquiária híbrida cv. Mulato II." REVISTA AGRO@MBIENTE ON-LINE 9, no. 2 (2015): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v9i2.2471.
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A crescente demanda por forrageiras tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento da indústria sementeira no Brasil que busca oferecer sementes de qualidade com valor agregado por meio de tecnologias. O cultivar Mulato II é a primeira espécie híbrida de braquiária comercializada no Brasil. Foi desenvolvido a partir do cruzamento de três espécies de Urochloa (U. brizantha x U. decumbens x U. ruziziensis). O revestimento de sementes é uma técnica de tratamento na pré-semeadura capaz de melhorar o desempenho das plantas no campo. Porém, o revestimento pode acarretar problemas com relação à qualidade das sementes. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o efeito do revestimento de sementes sob a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de braquiária híbrida cv. Mulato II. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, da Universidade Federal de Lavras - MG, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6x2, sendo seis lotes de sementes, sem e com incrustação. Os testes fisiológicos utilizados foram: germinação, emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, tempo médio de emergência, tetrazólio e análise da enzima α-amilase. O revestimento das sementes de Braquiária híbrida cv. Mulato II reduz a viabilidade, a velocidade de germinação, a germinação, a velocidade de emergência de plântulas e a porcentagem de plântulas emergidas da espécie, comprovada pela redução da expressão da enzima α-amilase.
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Nguku, Susan Akinyi, Nashon K. R. Musimba, Donald N. Njarui, and Royford Murangiri Mwobobia. "THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF Brachiaria GRASS CULTIVARS AT KATUMANI DRYLAND RESEARCH STATION IN SOUTH EASTERN KENYA." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 5, no. 2 (2016): 706–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v5i2.5085.
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The study was conducted at Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation, Katumani, Machakos to evaluate the herbage quality of Brachiaria grass cultivars in semi arid regions of Eastern Kenya. Brachiaria cultivars namely B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria hybrid Mulato II, four Brachiaria brizantha cultivars Marandu, Xaraes, Piata, MG4 and Brachiaria humidicola cv Llanero were assessed with reference to their chemical and nutritive composition at 22, 24 and 28 weeks post seedling emergence. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv KATR3) and Napier grass (P. pupureum cv. Kakamega I) were included as controls. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the cultivars for crude protein, crude fibre (NDF, ADF and ADL) Ash, Calcium, Phosphorus, Dry Matter Digestibilty and Metabolisable energy during the the week 22 and 24 post seedling emergence harvest. At week 28 harvest interval, however, ADL values for all the cultivars were similar and only Marandu was significantly different (p<0.05) in terms of metabolizable energy from the rest. The mean CP content of the grasses decreased from 11.1% at week 22 to 6.3% at harvest week 28 harvest intervals. MG4, Mulato II and Xaraes were the only grasses able to meet minimum CP (7.0%) requirement for rumen microbial function throughout the harvest period. Ash and phosphorus values decreased whereas Calcium content increased for all the cultivars during the harvest intervals, with Mulato II recording the highest ash (15%) content during this period. Chloris gayana KATR3 recorded highest average NDF (72.9%), ADF (48.1%) and ADL (6.1%) content during this period. Xaraes, Marandu and Mulato II were the only cultivars able to achieve the highest metabolizable energy of 7.0 MJ/kg DM recorded for the grass cultivars throughout the harvest intervals. These results indicate that Brachiaria grasses can be a good source of forage for livestock and a boost to the forage resource base in the semi arid regions of Kenya. Further research is needed to quantify their productivity in both dry and wet periods and to assess the effect of feeding on animal production performance.
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Silva, Liliane S., Valdson J. Silva, Junior I. Yasuoka, Lynn E. Sollenberger, and Carlos G. S. Pedreira. "Tillering dynamics of ‘Mulato II’ brachiariagrass under continuous stocking." Crop Science 60, no. 2 (2020): 1105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20008.
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Garay-Martínez, Jonathan Raúl, Eugenia Guadalupe Cienfuegos-Rivas, José Antonio Espinosa-Marroquín, Pedro Zárate-Fortuna, and Martín Antonio Ibarra-Hinojosa. "ANÁLISIS DE CRECIMIENTO INICIAL DE CINCO GENOTIPOS DE BRACHIARIA EN TRÓPICO HÚMEDO." Tsafiqui, no. 3 (December 3, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29019/tsafiqui.v0i3.223.
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Se condujo un estudio para evaluar el crecimiento inicial de cinco variedades de Brachiaria en la época de lluvia característica del clima tropical húmedo de la provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tásachilas, Ecuador. Los materiales genéticos evaluados fueron variedades mejoradas de Brachiaria brizantha (Piatá, Xaraés y Marandú), Brachiaria híbrido (Mulato II) y la variedad Brachiaria decumbens, considerada como testigo por ser la que prevalece en la zona en estudio. Las variedades fueron sembradas por semilla en fundas de plástico y colocadas a la intemperie para evaluar el crecimiento durante las doce semanas posteriores a la emergencia. Los resultados indican que el híbrido Mulato II tiene mayor potencial de establecimiento (P<0.05) que B. decumbens; sin embargo, cuando se estimó la tasa de crecimiento, la variedad Marandú fue superior (P<0.05) desde el inicio de la evaluación, ex presado por una mayor acumulación de biomasa por unidad de área. La tasa de asimilación neta (TAN) y la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC) mostraron un comportamiento descendente en todas las variedades (P>0.05) a lo largo del tiempo, siendo el hibrido Mulato II el que presentó la menor TAN, debido probablemente a la menor altura y mayor área foliar. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la importancia de determinar la eficiencia fisiológica de las plantas forrajeras en el ambiente donde se van a cultivar, para garantizar la eficiencia durante el establecimiento de las praderas.
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Torres Salado, Nicolás, Miguel Moctezuma Villar, Adelaido Rafael Rojas García, María De los Ángeles Maldonado Peralta, Armando Gómez Vázquez, and Paulino Sánchez Santillán. "Comportamiento productivo y calidad de pastos híbridos de Urochloa y estrella pastoreados con bovinos." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, no. 24 (April 21, 2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v0i24.2356.
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En las zonas tropicales, las gramíneas son la principal fuente de alimentación para los rumiantes, sin embargo, las condiciones ambientales y el manejo de las praderas inciden directamente en el rendimiento y calidad de las mismas. El objetivo fue estudiar el efecto del rendimiento de los pastos híbridos de Urochloa y pasto Estrella (Cynodon plectostachyus) a diferentes frecuencias e intensidades de pastoreo, con bovinos en el trópico seco. Se evaluaron los pastos Cobra, Mulato II y Cayman (Urochloa) y pasto estrella en frecuencias de corte de 28 y 35 d, e intensidades severo y ligero de 10 y 15 cm, respectivamente, que se distribuyeron de forma aleatoria en un diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2 con tres repeticiones. Se observó efecto del manejo en la acumulación de MS, siendo mayor la acumulación a menor frecuencia e intensidad ligera de pastoreo independientemente del pasto evaluado. El pasto Cobra, Cayman y Mulato II obtuvieron el mayor rendimiento en la frecuencia a 35 d e intensidad ligera con un promedio de 6 679 kg MS ha-1 mientras que, en ese manejo el pasto estrella obtuvo el menor rendimiento con 4 028 kg MS ha-1. La mayor proteína cruda en hoja, en todos los pastos se encontró en el pastoreo severo e intensidad a 28 d con 20, 20, 18 y 10% en Cobra, Mulato II, Cayman y Estrella, respectivamente (p< 0.05). Se concluye que la mayor producción del forraje se obtuvo al cosechar a una intensidad ligera de 15 cm, cada 35 d y el mayor contenido de proteína se alcanzó cuando el forraje se cosecho a intensidad de 10 cm y una frecuencia de 28 d.
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Vendramini, Joao M. B., Lynn E. Sollenberger, Graham C. Lamb, and Maria L. Silveira. "Herbage accumulation, nutritive value and persistence of Mulato II in Florida." Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales 1, no. 1 (2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(1)123-124.
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Guera, Ouorou Ganni Mariel, Federico Castrejón-Ayala, Norma Robledo, et al. "Effectiveness of Push–Pull Systems to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Management in Maize Crops in Morelos, Mexico." Insects 12, no. 4 (2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040298.
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Chemical control is the main method used to combat fall armyworm in maize crops. However, its indiscriminate use usually leads to a more complex scenario characterized by loss of its effectiveness due to the development of resistance of the insect pest, emergence of secondary pests, and reduction of the populations of natural enemies. For this reason, efforts to develop strategies for agroecological pest management such as Push–Pull are increasingly growing. In this context, the present study was carried out to evaluate field effectiveness of Push–Pull systems for S. frugiperda management in maize crops in Morelos, Mexico. In a randomized block experiment, the incidence and severity of S. frugiperda, the development and yield of maize were evaluated in nine Push–Pull systems and a maize monoculture. The Push–Pull systems presented incidence/severity values lower than those of the monoculture. Morphological development and maize yield in the latter were lower than those of most Push–Pull systems. Mombasa—D. ambrosioides, Mulato II—T. erecta, Mulato II—C. juncea, Tanzania—T. erecta and Tanzania—D. ambrosioides systems presented higher yields than those of monocultures.
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Suárez P., Emiro, Sony Reza G., Iván Pastrana V., et al. "Comportamiento ingestivo diurno de bovinos de ceba en Brachiaria híbrido Mulato II." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 15, no. 1 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol15_num1_art:393.
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;">La producción de bovinos en pastoreo se caracteriza por la múltiple interacción de variables, las cuales pueden afectar la conducta ingestiva de los bovinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento ingestivo diurno y el rendimiento productivo de novillos de engorde en pradera del Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II. La investigación duró 107 días, entre julio y octubre de 2010, en el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de Corpoica en Cereté, Colombia. Se utilizaron 72 bovinos de ceba, de raza cebú comercial con peso promedio de 314 ± 29 kg, los cuales pastorearon en un área de 12 hectáreas establecidas con Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II. Se realizaron dos diseños experimentales: el primero, diseño de bloques completos al azar con submuestreo, conformado por tres tratamientos, 5, 6 y 7 animales/ha y dos repeticiones, para analizar la producción, calidad del forraje y ganancia diaria de peso; el segundo, un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres tratamientos y tres repeticiones, correspondientes a nueve unidades experimentales, para el análisis de las variables de comportamiento ingestivo. La disponibilidad de forraje no presentó diferencia significativa (P &gt; 0,05); en cambio, en las actividades de pastoreo, rumia total, rumia echado y rumia parado, el análisis detectó diferencias significativas (P &lt; 0,05); para la ganancia diaria de peso, el análisis mostró diferencia altamente significativa (P &lt; 0,01) en los diferentes tratamientos. Las variables de comportamiento ingestivo evaluadas y la ganancia diaria de peso vivo fueron influenciadas por la carga animal.</span></p>
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Ogliari, Daiane, Franciéli A. Molossi, Thaiza Savaris, Nathalia S. Wicpolt, Ildo Zancan, and Aldo Gava. "Intoxicação espontânea por Brachiaria híbrida cv mulato I em ovinos e caprinos e experimental por Brachiaria híbrida cv mulato II em ovinos." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 2 (2018): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4747.
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RESUMO: Descreve-se a epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e lesões de uma enfermidade em ovinos e caprinos que cursa com fotossensibilização e morte. A doença espontânea ocorreu no município de Abelardo Luz, SC. De um rebanho de 350 ovinos e 278 caprinos, de corte, mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria híbrida cv mulato I, adoeceram 27 animais, dos quais, 17 morreram e 10 recuperaram-se após terem sido removidos do local. A enfermidade caracterizou-se por lacrimejamento, hiperemia, edema das faces, das orelhas e das pálpebras seguidas de formação de crostas, corrimento nasal seroso, ulcerações na córnea e esclera e conjuntiva levemente amarelada. Seis ovinos e onze caprinos foram necropsiados na propriedade. As lesões macroscópicas observadas foram fígado de coloração castanha, vesícula biliar com conteúdo aumentado e bile grumosa, rins acastanhados com pontos vermelhos na superfície. Na avaliação microscopia foram observadas no fígado, lesões de intensidade leve a moderada caracterizadas principalmente por tumefação e ou, vacuolização de hepatócitos, megalocitose, fibrose periportal, proliferação biliar, pequenos aglomerados de macrófagos, aleatórios e infiltrado de eosinófilos, neutrófilos e macrófagos na periferia do lóbulo. Na luz de ductos biliares encontravam-se imagens negativas de cristais. Nos rins havia dilatação de túbulos variando de leve a acentuada, contração de tufo glomerular e distensão do espaço de Bowman. Quatro ovinos receberam experimentalmente Brachiaria híbrida cv mulato II ad libitum pelo período de 90 dias e não manifestaram alterações clinicas.
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Missio, Regis Luis, Emerson Alexandrino, Darlene Pereira da Silva, et al. "Productive performance of confined young bulls fed proportions of 'Mulato II' grass silage in the diet." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 8 (2017): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000800013.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of young Nellore bulls and of young dual-purpose dairy bulls fed proportions of 'Mulato II' grass silage (400 and 100 g kg-1), in diets with high levels of concentrate, as well as to evaluate the cost of this feed. Sixteen young Nellore bulls and 16 young dairy crossbred bulls were used, with initial average weight of 380.69±10.45 and 376.94±17.16 kg, respectively, and average initial age of 24 months. A completely randomized experimental design was carried out in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The highest silage proportion caused a 13% increase in dry matter intake (percentage of body weight) and a 19.7% decrease in dry matter digestibility of the diet, but it did not alter the intake of total digestible nutrients, nor the average daily gain or carcass characteristics. Nutrient intake and digestibility, average daily gain, and carcass characteristics (except conformation) did not change due to the genetic group of animals. Feed conversion was 18.3% better in young dairy bulls. In diets with high levels of concentrate, the proportion of 400 g kg-1 of 'Mulato II' grass silage, in comparison with that of 100 g kg-1, does not affect the productive performance, nor the main carcass characteristics of economic interest of confined young bulls, but reduces feeding costs.
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Amorim, Philipe Lima, Rafaela Santos Ferreira, Jessica Cintia Ferreira Silva, et al. "PERFILHAMENTO DO CAPIM MULATO II SUBMETIDO A PERÍODOS DE DIFERIMENTO, ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA OU ALTURAS INICIAIS." Revista Ciência Agrícola 17, no. 2 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.28998/rca.v17i2.7005.
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Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, simultaneamente, no período de julho a dezembro de 2017, com o objetivo de estimar os efeitos e interações entre período de diferimento, doses de nitrogênio e altura inicial sobre a dinâmica do perfilhamento de pastos de capim-mulato II. No experimento I foram avaliados os efeitos da combinação de três períodos de diferimento (curto, médio e longo) e doses de nitrogênio (0 ou 80 kg ha-1 de N). No experimento II, foram avaliados os efeitos da combinação dos mesmos três períodos de diferimento do experimento I e duas alturas no início do diferimento (15 ou 30 cm). Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 com três repetições. No experimento I, houve interação entre os fatores para as variáveis taxa de aparecimento e balanço entre morte e aparecimento de perfilhos, com maiores valores observados nos pastos diferidos por período mais curto e quando receberam adubação nitrogenada. Já para taxa de sobrevivência e índice de estabilidade da população de perfilhos, houve efeito apenas do período de diferimento, com maiores valores observados no período mais curto de diferimento. No experimento II não houve interação para nenhuma das variáveis, sendo observado efeito apenas do período de diferimento. O período de diferimento é mais efetivo em alterar as características descritoras do perfilhamento do que a adubação nitrogenada e altura inicial. Período de diferimento mais curto associado a adubação nitrogenada (80 kg ha-1), independente da altura inicial, alteram positivamente o perfilhamento do capim-mulato II.
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Ribeiro-Júnior, N. G., O. S. Fagundes, A. S. Benevenuti, et al. "Tropical forages: morphoanatomy of plants grown in areas with the death of pasture syndrome." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 4 (2017): 868–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.05116.
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Abstract Roots and leaves of Panicum maximum Tanzânia, Mombaça and Massai; Urochloa brizantha Piatã, Marandu and Xaraés; Urochloa humidicola Llanero; Urochloa ruziziensis Ruzizienses; Urochloa hybrida Mulato II and Cynodon nlemfuensis Estrela-roxa were analyzed, seeking to identify characters for better adaptation to the environment that may interfere with digestibility of tissue from the point of view of the rumen in cattle. Were planted ten cultivars in a completely randomized blocks with three repetitions. Was collected vegetative material, which histological slides were prepared from middle third of the sections of roots and leaves. Were observed differences (p>0.05) in the roots: higher volume of epidermal cells (28.62 µm) and overall diameter (1926.41 µm) of Llanero; thicker vascular cylinder (975.09 µm) and more protoxylem (42.25) in Estrela-roxa and occurrence of aerenchyma in cultivars Piatã, Mulato II, Xaraés, Massai, Llanero and Estrela-roxa; Were found higher proportions of bulliform cells in the leaves (121.07 µm) and thicker leaf mesophyll in U. humidicola Llanero (263.63 µm); higher proportion of sclerenchyma fibers in Xaraés and Marandu; lower results for amount of fibers in P. maximum Massai. We conclude that the cultivars Estrela-roxa, Llanero and Massai have greater adaptability to the environment and better nutritional quality.
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Sanches, Izabela Rodrigues, Edson Lazarini, Eduardo Augusto Pontes Pechoto, et al. "Maize second-crop intercropped with forages and soil correction depths: grain yield and forages root distribution." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 7 (2020): e798974778. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.4778.
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Correction of soils is a required practice that aims to reduce the harmful effects of soil acidity, promote better development of the plants and ensure the productive potential of agriculture. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the maize yield in monoculture and / or intercropped and to study the development of Urochloa spp roots according to different combinations of chemical correction of the soil in rainfed conditions. The experiment was developed in an experimental area, Selvíria, MS, Brazil in dystrophic Oxisol. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks with subplots, with three replications. The soil correction treatments were arranged in the plots (control, gypsum, lime (0 - 0.2 m); lime and gypsum (0 - 0.2 m); lime (0 - 0.4 m); lime and gypsum (0 - 0.4 m)), and the subplots were occupied with maize, maize intercropped with U. ruziziensis or with Mulato II hybrid (Convert HD 364) The two intercrop with forages produced sufficient amounts of straw to start and/or maintain no-tillage system in the Cerrado region and the presence of forage in maize crop did not influence grain yield. The Mulato II hybrid had a larger root diameter, being more indicated for compacted soils, however longest root lengths were obtained by U. ruziziensis.
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Teixeira, Soraia Olivastro, Rudi Olivastro Teixeira, Vanessa Bezerra dos Santos, Marco Antonio Camillo de Carvalho, and Oscar Mitsuo Yamashita. "Doses de fósforo e nitrogênio na produção de Brachiaria hibrida cv. Mulato II." Revista Ceres 65, no. 1 (2018): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201865010005.
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RESUMO A deficiência nutricional dos solos brasileiros é um dos principais fatores que limitam a produção de forragens, sendo o nitrogênio e o fósforo os nutrientes que mais influenciam a produção de matéria seca. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo de Brachiaria hibrida cv. Mulato II, sob diferentes doses de fósforo com e sem nitrogênio, na região norte de Mato Grosso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 3, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de cinco doses de fósforo (0; 45; 90; 135 e 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5), presença e ausência de nitrogênio (0 e 100 kg ha-1 de N) e três cortes, com intervalos de 30 dias. Foram realizados cortes da parte aérea, a 20 cm do solo, para a determinação da produção de matéria seca de folhas, colmos e total. Para a produção de matéria seca de folhas, ocorreram diferenças significativas para doses de fósforo, isoladamente, e para a interação entre doses de nitrogênio e cortes. Para a matéria seca total, ocorreram diferenças significativas para as interações duplas de doses de nitrogênio e cortes, fósforo e nitrogênio e fósforo e cortes, enquanto, para a produção de matéria seca de colmos, houve interação tripla significativa para doses de fósforo, de nitrogênio e cortes. As produções de matérias secas de folhas, colmo e total responderam positivamente à aplicação de 180 kg ha-1 de fósforo com a presença de nitrogênio.
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Vendramini, J. M. B., L. E. Sollenberger, G. C. Lamb, J. L. Foster, K. Liu, and M. K. Maddox. "Forage Accumulation, Nutritive Value, and Persistence of ‘Mulato II’ Brachiariagrass in Northern Florida." Crop Science 52, no. 2 (2012): 914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.06.0338.
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García, Adelaido Rafael Rojas, María de los Ángeles Maldonado Peralta, Paulino Sánchez Santillán, Filiberto Magadan Olmedo, Perpetuo Álvarez Vazquez, and Marco Antonio Rivas Jacobo. "GROWTH ANALYSIS OF GRASS MULATO II (HYBRID Urochloa) BY VARIETY OF CUTTING INTENSITY." International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Bioresearch 05, no. 04 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2020.5523.
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Suárez Paternina, Emiro, Sony Reza García, Hugo Cuadrado Capella, Iván Pastrana Vargas, Manuel Espinosa Carvajal, and Sergio Mejía Kerguelén. "Variación en la concentración de sólidos solubles durante el día, en tres pasturas en época seca en el valle medio del río Sinú." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 16, no. 2 (2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol16_num2_art:367.
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<p><span style="font-size: medium;">El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la concentración de sólidos solubles a diferentes horas del día en tres pasturas, establecidas en el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de Corpoica, localizado en Cereté, Colombia. Durante enero-febrero de 2011, se evaluó la concentración de sólidos solubles en Panicum maximum, Cynodon nlemfuensis y Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II, en diferentes horas de muestreo 7:00 y 10:00 a. m., 1:00 y 4:00 p. m. El diseño estadístico consistió en bloques completamente al azar con arreglo trifactorial 3*3*4 (pastura*carga animal*tiempo) y tres repeticiones correspondientes a cada día de evaluación. Se realizó análisis de varianza y, cuando existieron diferencias en las medias, fueron separadas con la prueba de Tukey (p&lt;0,05). Se detectaron diferencias (p&lt;0,01) en la concentración de sólidos solubles en las diferentes pasturas, en todos los períodos del día evaluados, siendo el Mulato II quien presentó los mayores valores con 9,19 %, seguido por Cynodon nlemfuensis y Panicum maximum con 8,27 % y 7,07 %, respectivamente. La concentración de sólidos solubles varió durante el día y entre pasturas, siendo las 10:00 a. m. y 1:00 p. m. las horas donde se presentaron las mayores concentraciones de sólidos solubles en todas las pasturas, lo que se puede convertir en herramienta de manejo para la rotación de potreros.</span></p>
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González Muñoz, Alicia, Jonathan R. Garay Martínez, Benigno Estrada Drouaillet, Álvaro Bernal Flores, Andrés G. Limas Martínez, and Santiago Joaquín Cancino. "Rendimiento y contenido de proteína en forraje y ensilado de pasto Insurgente e híbridos de Urochloa." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, no. 24 (April 21, 2020): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v0i24.2368.
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La ganadería en el estado de Tamaulipas se ve afectada debido a una marcada estacionalidad en la producción de forraje, que ocasiona escasez durante la época seca, por tanto, es necesario la conservación de forraje para hacer frente a este problema. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar en condiciones de temporal y durante la época de mayor precipitación el rendimiento (t ha-1) de materia seca total (MST) y hoja (MSH); así como, el contenido de proteína cruda (PC, %) en forraje y ensilado de pasto Insurgente, Mulato II, Cobra y Cayman. Los datos se analizaron en un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones y comparación de medias mediante Tukey (p= 0.05). El híbrido Cayman presentó mayor acumulación (p≤ 0.05) de MST y MSH (8.34 y 8.27 t ha-1, respectivamente) en comparación con Insurgente (6.38 y 6.25 t ha-1, respectivamente). El mayor (p≤ 0.05) contenido de PC en forraje lo presentaron Cayman y Cobra, con 16.1% en promedio, mientras que Mulato II e Insurgente fueron los de menor valor para esta variable (14.6%, en promedio). La PC en el ensilado fue similar (p˃ 0.05) para los cultivares evaluados, con promedio de 14.4%. Los híbridos Cayman y Cobra mostraron mayor rendimiento de forraje y contenido de proteína cruda, en comparación con Insurgente. El contenido de proteína cruda presente en el ensilado fue superior al 14%, lo que indica que estos cultivares se pueden conservar mediante esta técnica.
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Monroy Peña, Gersson Mauricio, Víctor Libardo Hurtado Nery, and Harold Ospina Patiño. "Experiencias sobre la suplementación de rumiantes desarrolladas en la Universidad Federal do Río Grande do Sul, Brasil." Revista Sistemas de Producción Agroecológicos 6, no. 2 (2015): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22579/22484817.674.
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El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desempeño productivo y realizar un análisis económico del uso del antibiótico virginiamicina como aditivo, en la suplementación a base de maíz para novillas en pastoreo. Fueron utilizados 24 animales de la raza Brangus con edades de 260.29 ± 42.93 días y con peso medio inicial de 233.9 ± 19.32 kg, suplementados individualmente, en pastoreo de Brachiaria hibrida CIAT 36087 (mulato II) con disponibilidad promedio de 7885.0 kg de materia seca por hectárea. Los tratamientos evaluados consistieron en la suplementación con 0.8% de maíz con respecto al peso vivo (PV) (T1 = Testigo), 0.5% del PV con maíz más 0.00225% del PV en virginiamicina (T2 = virginiamicina 0.5); y 0.8% del PV de maíz más 0.00225% del PV en virginiamicina (T3 = virginiamicina 0.8). No se observaron diferencias estadísticas (P>0.05) durante el período experimental para peso corporal (PC), puntaje de condición corporal (PCC), ganancia de peso diaria promedio (GDP), área del ojo del lomo (AOL), ultrasonografía de la canal (espesor de grasa subcutánea (EGS) y del anca (EGA), y puntaje del tracto reproductivo (PRT)). La sustitución de 0.3% del PV de maíz por virginiamicina en el tratamiento dos generó el mismo desempeño productivo y PTR que los otros tratamientos, posibilitando la disminución del costo del suplemento por novilla en pastoreo de mulato II. Aunque no se presentaron diferencias estadísticas, numéricamente, el tratamiento con mayor ganancia de peso fue el 3 (virginiamicina 0.8) con 390 g/día seguido de T2 (virginiamicina 0.5) con 290 g/día y por último T1 (suplementación con solo maíz) con 270 g/día.
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Adnew, Wubetie, Berhanu Abraha Tsegay, Asaminew Tassew, and Bimrew Asmare. "Combinations of Urochloa hybrid Mulato II and natural pasture hays as a basal diet for growing Farta lambs in Ethiopia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 9, no. 2 (2021): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(9)206-215.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, digestibility, bodyweight change and carcass characteristics of Farta lambs fed Brachiaria (now: Urochloa) hybrid Mulato II and natural pasture hays in various proportions as a basal diet supplemented with a local concentrate mixture (CM). Twenty-five yearling male Farta lambs with a mean initial body weight of 19.6±0.29 kg (mean±s.e.) were used in feeding (90 days) and digestibility (7 days) trials. The lambs were randomly allocated to the following 5 dietary treatments on the basis of stratified body weight: 100% natural pasture hay (NPH) (T1); 75% NPH+25% Urochloa hybrid Mulato II hay (MH) (T2); 50% NPH+50% MH (T3); 25% NPH+75% MH (T4); and 100% MH (T5). A local concentrate mixture [300 g dry matter (DM)/hd/d] was fed to all animals. Crude protein (CP) concentration of the basal diet increased as proportion of MH in the ration increased (P<0.05). Intake of DM and nutrients, and nutrient digestibility coefficients increased significantly (P<0.05) as proportion of MH in the roughage component of the ration increased. Final body weight, average daily bodyweight gain, feed conversion efficiency and most carcass parameters measured were significantly (P<0.05) higher as proportion of MH increased from 0 to 100% in the basal diet. Based on the biological performance of the experimental lambs, performance of sheep in the region could be enhanced significantly by incorporating MH with native pasture hay and concentrate supplement in feeding rations. Economic assessments would reveal the optimal combinations of native pasture and MH for feeding to achieve particular outcomes. Other improved grass and legume species may fill the same role and should be investigated in differing environments.
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Silva, Valdson J., Carlos G. S. Pedreira, Lynn E. Sollenberger, Liliane S. Silva, Junior I. Yasuoka, and Ianê C. L. Almeida. "Carbon Assimilation, Herbage Plant-Part Accumulation, and Organic Reserves of Grazed ‘Mulato II’ Brachiariagrass Pastures." Crop Science 56, no. 5 (2016): 2853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.03.0148.
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Paraiso, Isadora G. N., Débora S. M. Silva, Ana Paula S. Carvalho, et al. "Herbage Accumulation, Nutritive Value, and Organic Reserves of Continuously Stocked ‘Ipyporã’ and ‘Mulato II’ Brachiariagrasses." Crop Science 59, no. 6 (2019): 2903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2019.06.0399.
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Santos, L. M., F. L. T. Siqueira, G. B. Siqueira, and J. P. A. Calçado. "POTENCIAL DE ESTABELECIMENTO DA BRACHIARIA HÍBRIDA CULTIVAR MULATO II (CONVERT HD364) NO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS." Nativa 3, no. 4 (2015): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v03n04a01.
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Silva, Valdson J., Carlos G. S. Pedreira, Lynn E. Sollenberger, Liliane S. Silva, Júnior I. Yasuoka, and Ianê C. L. Almeida. "Canopy Height and Nitrogen Affect Herbage Accumulation, Nutritive Value, and Grazing Efficiency of ‘Mulato II’ Brachiariagrass." Crop Science 56, no. 4 (2016): 2054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.12.0764.
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Inyang, Uduak, Joao M. B. Vendramini, Brent Sellers, et al. "Harvest Frequency and Stubble Height Affect Herbage Accumulation, Nutritive Value, and Persistence of ‘Mulato II’ Brachiariagrass." Forage & Grazinglands 8, no. 1 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/fg-2010-0923-01-rs.
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Ribeiro-Júnior, N. G., A. P. R. Ariano, and I. V. Silva. "Death of pastures syndrome: tissue changes in Urochloa hybrida cv. Mulato II and Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 1 (2017): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.10715.
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Abstract The quality of forage production is a prerequisite to raising livestock. Therefore, income losses in this activity, primarily cattle raising, can result in the impossibility of economic activity. Through the qualitative and quantitative anatomical study of Urochloa hybrida cv. Mulato II and U. brizantha cv. Marandu, we searched for descriptions and compared changes in the individual vegetative body from populations with death syndrome pastures (DPS). Specimens were collected at different physiological stages from farms in northern Mato Grosso. After collection, the individuals were fixed in FAA50 and stored in 70% alcohol. Histological slides were prepared from the middle third of the sections of roots, rhizomes, and leaves, and the proportions and characteristics of tissues were evaluated in healthy, intermediate, and advanced stages of DPS. Changes were compared between cultivars. With the advancement of the syndrome, the following changes were observed: a more marked decrease in the length of roots in U. hybrida; disorganization of the cortical region of the roots and rhizome cultivars; fungal hyphae in roots and aerenchyma formation in U. hybrida; a decrease in sclerenchyma fiber proportions in roots and leaves; sclerification of the epidermis of U. brizantha rhizomes; and an increase in pericyclic fibers in U. hybrida. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the volume of epidermal cells of the abaxial face of the leaves of both cultivars, with a greater reduction in U. hybrida; a gradual decrease in thickness in the midrib of leaves similar to leaf mesophyll; conduction system obstructions; partial or total cell lysis in roots and rhizomes affected by the syndrome. Obstructions in sieve tube element and companion cells, and sometimes obstruction in xylem vessel elements. The evolution of DPS in cultivars was similar, but there were variations, arising probably from the physiological response to stress, such as aerenchyma formation in the root and increased pericycle in the rhizome of U. hybrida.
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Torregroza, Lino, Sony Reza, Emiro Suárez, et al. "Producción de carne en pasturas irrigadas y fertilizadas de Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II en el valle del Sinú." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 16, no. 1 (2015): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol16_num1_art:391.
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: 'GaramondPremrPro-BdCapt',serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GaramondPremrPro-BdCapt;">El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la producción de carne durante el período seco, en pastura de Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II, irrigado y fertilizado. La investigación se llevó a cabo durante 140 días en el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Corpoica), localizada en Cereté, Córdoba (Colombia). Se pastorearon 48 bovinos tipo cebú comercial con peso promedio de 339 ± 29 kg, en un área de 12 hectáreas. Se evaluaron tres tratamientos (3, 4, 5 animales/ha), con dos repeticiones en un diseño de bloques al azar. Se determinó el rendimiento, la composición botánica y química, la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca y la ganancia diaria de peso. La factibilidad económica se determinó mediante la relación beneficio/costo. El rendimiento de materia seca fue de 1.925,16, 1.111,18 y 884,92 kg ha-1 para los tratamientos 3, 4, 5 animales/ha, respectivamente, y se presentaron diferencias (p&lt;0,05), mientras que la calidad de la pastura no las presentó (p&gt;0,05). Las ganancias diarias de peso fueron de 1,07, 0,989 y 0,940 kg/animal para los tratamientos 3, 4, 5 animales/ha, respectivamente, y se presentaron diferencias (p&lt;0,05). El tratamiento 5 animales/ha presentó los mejores indicadores económicos.</span></p>
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Teixeira, Soraia Olivastro, Oscar Mitsuo Yamashita, Marco Antonio Camillo de Carvalho, et al. "Doses and Sources of Nitrogen in Two Forage Cultivars on the Dry Season." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 3 (2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16487.
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Nitrogen fertilization is an essential practice for the increase in biomass of forage, reducing the seasonality of production throughout the year. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the green and dry matter accumulation of more sheaths leaf blades and stems of Brachiaria cultivars in the dry season. The experiment was conducted from May to October 2014, at the State University of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in an area of 1.500 m2. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were characterized by factorial 2 x 2 x 5, two forage (cv. Marandu and Mulato II), two N sources (urea and ammonium sulphate) and five doses of N (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1). Nitrogen fertilization affected the productive characteristics of forages, with greater accumulation of biomass at a dose of 200 ha-1 kg N. The nitrogen sources and forage influenced to a greater magnitude green mass production and dry stalks.
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Ribeiro, Karoline Veloso, and Emanuel Lindemberg Silva Albuquerque. "Mapeamento das Formas de Uso e Cobertura da Terra na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Mulato, Estado do Piauí / Mapping of Shapes of Use and Coverage of the Land in the Mulato River Basin, State of Piaui." Caderno de Geografia 27, no. 1 (2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2017v27nesp1p106.
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<p>Os avanços tecnológicos ocorridos nos últimos anos têm contribuído de forma relevante para potencializar os estudos geoespaciais, dando ênfase as abordagens a respeito do uso e cobertura da terra. Nesse sentido, o trabalho em epígrafe objetivou avaliar as condições de uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Mulato, Estado do Piauí, na perspectiva de subsidiar as ações de planejamento territorial. A mencionada bacia hidrográfica encontra-se inserida no grupo das bacias difusas do Médio Parnaíba, englobando uma área de aproximadamente 1.050 km². Os procedimentos teóricos e metodológicos pautaram-se no levantamento bibliográfico e cartográfico do setor espacial em análise, sendo que os produtos geocartográficos foram validados em trabalhos de campo. O mapeamento e processamento dos dados matriciais e vetoriais foram realizados em software de geoprocessamento, a partir das técnicas de processamento digital de imagens, utilizando a classificação supervisionada (pixel a pixel) pelo Método da Máxima Verossimilhança. Dessa forma, foi possível mapear as seguintes classes, a saber: i) Área antrópica não-agrícola (áreas urbanizadas); ii) Área antrópica agrícola (culturas permanentes, culturas temporárias e pastagem); iii) Área de vegetação natural (área florestal e área campestre) e; iv) Corpos d’água. O produto cartográfico gerado visa contribuir, do ponto de vista espacial, com medidas pautadas para um melhor planejamento territorial da bacia hidrográfica em destaque.</p><p><strong>Palavras–chave:</strong> geotecnologias, recursos hídricos, uso da terra.</p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>The technological advances that have occurred in the last years have contributed in a relevant way to potentiate the geospatial studies, emphasizing the approaches to the use and land cover. The objective of this work was to evaluate the conditions of use and land cover in the Mulato River basin, in the state of Piaui, in order to subsidize territorial planning actions. The mentioned basin is inserted in the group of the diffuse basins of the Parnaíba Middle, encompassing an area of approximately 1050 km². The theoretical and methodological procedures were based on the bibliographical and cartographic survey of the sector under analysis, and the geocartographic products were validated in field work. The mapping and processing of matrix and vector data were performed in geoprocessing software using digital image processing techniques using the supervised classification (pixel by pixel) by the Maximum Likelihood Method. In this way, it was possible to map the following classes, namely: i) Non-agricultural anthropic area (urbanized areas); ii) Agricultural anthropic area (permanent crops, temporary crops and pasture); iii) Area of natural vegetation (forest area and countryside) and; iv) Bodies of water. The cartographic product generated aims to contribute, from the spatial point of view, with measures aimed at a better territorial planning of the hydrographic basin in focus.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: geotechnologies, water resources, land use.</p>
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Sarria, Patricia, and Siriwan D. Martens. "The voluntary intake in growing pigs of four ensiled forage species." Agricultural and Food Science 22, no. 1 (2013): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6957.
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Forage can potentially be food resource for pig feeding in the tropics. The palatability of silages by pigs may be better than that of fresh forage. Foliage silage contains more dry matter than green forage and has a pleasant smell. Thirty commercial pigs (47.0 ± 4.7 kg live weight LW), were used to assess the silage intake capacity of pigs when feeding the legumes Clitoria ternatea, Centrosema brasilianum, Cratylia argentea and the Brachiaria grass hybrid Mulato II. The silages were offered ad libitum as a supplement to a normal balanced diet based on maize and soy bean meal. A crossover design was applied comprising five treatments, Control and the four silage supplements respectively. Daily consumption of dry matter -expressed in g of DMkg-1 metabolic LW- were similar (p>0.05) for diets containing C. argentea, C. ternatea and the Control. Daily consumption of C. brasilianum and Brachiaria was significantly lower (p<0.001). In conclusion, C. argentea and C. ternatea silages have the potential to serve as feed supplement in pig diets.
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Giacomini, Sonia Maria. "Mulatas profissionais: raça, gênero e ocupação." Revista Estudos Feministas 14, no. 1 (2006): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-026x2006000100006.
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Baseado em pesquisa realizada junto a um grupo de mulheres negras inscritas no II Curso de Formação Profissional de Mulatas, promovido pelo SENAC-RJ, o artigo resgata e analisa as categorias através das quais as alunas representam sua condição de mulata e a passagem à condição de mulata profissional. Representante e mediadora de uma brasilidade que se faz feminina, sensual e mestiça, a mulata profissional se debate, necessária e permanentemente, entre dois pólos, simultaneamente profissionais e morais: de um lado, o pólo positivo, da dançarina; de outro lado, o pólo negativo e ameaçador, da prostituta.
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Cheruiyot, Duncan, Charles A. O. Midega, Jimmy O. Pittchar, John A. Pickett, and Zeyaur R. Khan. "Farmers’ Perception and Evaluation of Brachiaria Grass (Brachiaria spp.) Genotypes for Smallholder Cereal-Livestock Production in East Africa." Agriculture 10, no. 7 (2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070268.
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Brachiaria (Urochloa) is a genus, common name brachiaria, of forage grasses that is increasingly transforming integrated crop-livestock production systems in East Africa. A study was undertaken to (i) assess smallholder farmers’ perception on benefits of brachiaria in cereal-livestock production, (ii) identify brachiaria production constraints, and (iii) identify farmer preferred brachiaria genotypes. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for sample selection. Data were collected through semi-structured individual questionnaire and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study areas included Bondo, Siaya, Homabay and Mbita sub-counties in Western Kenya and the Lake zone of Tanzania. A total of 223 farmers participated in individual response questionnaires while 80 farmers participated in the FGDs. The respondents considered brachiaria mainly important in management of cereal pests (70.4% of respondents) and as an important fodder (60.8%). The major production constraint perceived by both male and female respondents is attacks by arthropods pests (49.2% and 63%, respectively). Spider smites had been observed on own farms by 50.8% of men and 63.1% of women, while sorghum shoot flies had been observed by 58.1% of men and 67.9% of women. These pests were rated as a moderate to severe problem. Xaraes was the most preferred genotype, followed by Mulato II and Piata. These genotypes are important in developing new crop pest management strategies, such as push-pull, and for relatively rapid improvements in crop management and yield increases, particularly in developing countries.
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McRoberts, Keenan C., Quirine M. Ketterings, David Parsons, et al. "Impact of Forage Fertilization with Urea and Composted Cattle Manure on Soil Fertility in Sandy Soils of South-Central Vietnam." International Journal of Agronomy 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709024.
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Increased production in smallholder beef systems requires improved forage management. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of composted cattle manure and mineral nitrogen (urea) application on soil fertility and partial nutrient balances in plots established toBrachiariacv. Mulato II in south-central coastal Vietnam from 2010 to 2013. A randomized complete block design was implemented on six farms (blocks), with five rates of composted cattle manure (0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 Mg DM/ha per yr) and three urea rates (0, 60, and 120 kg N/ha per yr) in a factorial design. Soil was analyzed before and after the experiment. Compost increased soil pH, organic matter, Ca, Mg, and Mn. The effect of compost and urea applications on postexperiment soil fertility depended on preexperiment soil fertility for K, P, S, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, and organic matter, suggesting that the ability to maintain soil fertility depends on the interaction between soil organic and inorganic amendments and existing soil fertility. Highest farm yields were also achieved on farms with higher preexperiment soil fertility levels. Negative partial nutrient balances for N, P, and K suggest that yields will not be sustainable over time even for the highest fertilization inputs used in this experiment.
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Alvarez, Elizabeth, Michael Latorre, Ximena Bonilla, Guillermo Sotelo, and John W. Miles. "Diversity of Rhizoctonia spp. Causing Foliar Blight on Brachiaria in Colombia and Evaluation of Brachiaria Genotypes for Foliar Blight Resistance." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (2013): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0380-re.
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Up to 50% of Brachiaria production in the tropics is affected by foliar blight caused by Rhizoctonia spp. Monothallic isolates of Rhizoctonia (n = 147) were cultured from different Brachiaria genotypes in Colombia and morphologically characterized and evaluated in pathogenicity trials in the greenhouse. Based on restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region, 101 of the isolates were identified as Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-1 IA and were multinucleated, with high growth rate, brown mycelium, and high virulence; and 46 isolates were identified as Rhizoctonia sp. AG-D and were binucleated, with low growth rate, white mycelium, and lower virulence on the Brachiaria genotypes tested. The Rhizoctonia isolates also showed variation according to geographic origin, with R. solani AG-1 IA prevalent in warm lowland areas and Rhizoctonia sp. AG-D occurring in cooler areas. Ten Brachiaria genotypes were challenged with different Rhizoctonia isolates and resistant reactions were seen in three of these genotypes, including Brachiaria hybrid (International Center for Tropical Agriculture [CIAT] 36062), Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandú’ (CIAT 6294), and Brachiaria hybrid ‘Mulato II’ (CIAT 36087). These results will contribute to a greater understanding of the interaction of diverse Rhizoctonia isolates on different Brachiaria genotypes, supporting improvement of Brachiaria spp. for disease resistance.
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Mahecha-Ledesma, Liliana, Joaquín Angulo-Arizala, and Wilson Ándres Barragán-Hernández. "Calidad nutricional, dinámica fermentativa y producción de metano de arreglos silvopastoriles." Agronomía Mesoamericana 28, no. 2 (2017): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v28i2.22750.
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The aim of this work was evaluate the bromatological quality, the degradability of dry matter and the mitigation potential of the forage from the different silvopastoral arrangements in three shade levels (0, 30 y 60%). This study was carried out between October 2012 and September 2013, in the La Candelaria farm from the Antioquia University, Colombia. The arrangements contained within Brachiaria grasses (Brachiaria brizantha cv toledo, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria hibrido cv mulato II) alone or associated with Tithonia diversifolia and Cratilya argentea in silvopastoral arrangements. Evaluation was made in forage of forty days, the chemical composition, content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, degradation of dry matter and in vitro methane production were determined. The arrangement used (grass alone or associated with shrubs affected signi cantly the concentration of protein and linoleic acid (p<0.05). Not effect was observed in the arrangement, level of shade and interaction arrangement x shade in the degradability of dry mater after 48 h (p>0.05). However, pre-planned comparisons indicated that the association of Brachiaria brizantha cv toledo with shrubs improved the degradability of dry matter (MS) at 48 h, and was observed that the interaction shade x arrangement affected the dynamic degradation of MS. The factors evaluated (arrangement and shade) did not affect the in vitro methane emission.
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Pariz, Cristiano Magalhães, Marcelo Andreotti, Mariana Vieira Azenha, Antonio Fernando Bergamaschine, Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello, and Ronaldo Cintra Lima. "Produtividade de grãos de milho e massa seca de braquiárias em consórcio no sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária." Ciência Rural 41, no. 5 (2011): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011000500023.
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Objetivou-se avaliar as produtividades de grãos de milho e massa seca de braquiárias em duas modalidades de consórcio em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária no período de inverno-primavera em região do Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2006, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE), pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia (FE/UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira), localizada no município de Selvíria, MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x2, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de quatro espécies de braquiárias (Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Marandu', Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria ruziziensis e Brachiaria híbrido cv. 'Mulato II') consorciadas na linha e a lanço no momento da semeadura do milho. Avaliaram-se os componentes da produção, a produtividade do milho, bem como a massa seca das braquiárias após a colheita do milho. As forrageiras consorciadas a lanço, com destaque para a Brachiaria ruziziensis proporcionaram menor desenvolvimento das plantas de milho e menores valores dos componentes da produção, bem como da produtividade de grãos. Apesar de satisfatórias produtividades de massa seca (acima de 2.500kg ha-1), com exceção da Brachiaria brizantha, as demais espécies consorciadas a lanço foram superiores, com destaque para a Brachiaria decumbens e a Brachiaria ruziziensis que apresentaram maior adaptabilidade e produtividade de forragem no consórcio com milho em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária.
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Poloni, Nadia Maria, Lina Maria Ramos Molina, Edisson Chavarro Mesa, Izabela Lopes Garcia, and Paulo Cezar Ceresini. "Evidência de que o fungo Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA adaptado à Urochloa na Colômbia mantém ampla gama de hospedeiros incluindo o milho." Summa Phytopathologica 42, no. 3 (2016): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2176.
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RESUMO O fungo Rhizoctonia solani grupo de anastomose AG-1 IA emergiu como patógeno importante associado à queima foliar, podridão do coleto e morte de pastagens do gênero Urochloa (braquiária) na América do Sul. Neste estudo objetivou-se determinar se a adaptação de R. solani AG-1 IA à Urochloa spp. na Colômbia promoveu diferenças fenotípicas de agressividade a hospedeiros distintos. Testou-se a hipótese de que as populações do patógeno adaptadas à Urochloa não são hospedeiro-especializadas e, desta forma, não estão geneticamente isoladas, mantendo assim ampla gama de hospedeiros, incluindo as fabáceas feijão caupi e soja. Determinou-se, também, se dois grupos de isolados obtidos de populações de R. solani AG-1 IA amostradas de Urochloa na Colômbia tinham potencial adaptativo para emergir como patógeno do milho. Além do nível de agressividade da doença em diferentes hospedeiros, determinou-se os componentes de evolutibilidade como o coeficiente de variância genotípica (IG), de variância ambiental (IE) e a herdabilidade (h2). Concluiu-se que: i) A adaptação de R. solani AG-1 IA à Urochloa spp. não promoveu diferenças fenotípicas de agressividade em hospedeiros distintos e, desta forma, o patógeno mantêm ampla gama de hospedeiros; ii) A população de R. solani AG-1 IA de Urochloa híbrido Mulato da Colômbia tem potencial adaptativo para emergir como patógeno do milho.
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Guera, Ouorou Ganni Mariel, Federico Castrejón-Ayala, Norma Robledo, Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez, and Georgina Sánchez-Rivera. "Plant Selection for the Establishment of Push–Pull Strategies for Zea mays–Spodoptera frugiperda Pathosystem in Morelos, Mexico." Insects 11, no. 6 (2020): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060349.
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Regulations imposed on the use of chemical insecticides call for the development of environmental-friendly pest management strategies. One of the most effective strategies is the push–pull system, which takes advantage of the behavioral response of the insect to the integration of repellent stimuli; it expels the pest out of the main crop (push), while attracting stimuli (attractants) pull the pest to an alternative crop or trap (pull). The objective of this study was to design a push–pull system to control Spodoptera frugiperda in maize crops (Zea mays) in Morelos, Mexico. Data on reproductive potential, larvae development, food consumption and olfactometry were used to obtain a Trap Plant Selection Index (TRAPS) based on Principal Component Analysis. This TRAPS was used to select the most suitable plants. The degree of repellency of potential plants to be used as the trap crop was studied with four-way olfactometers. S. frugiperda females oviposited more eggs on Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato II, Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania than on Z. mays, regardless of the fact that these plants delayed the development of their offspring. Dysphania ambrosioides, Tagetes erecta and Crotalaria juncea were less attractive to S. frugiperda females. Therefore, the former plants could be used as crop traps, and the latter as intercropped repellent plants in a push–pull system.
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Lima, S. F., P. C. Timossi, D. P. Almeida, and U. R. Silva. "Weed suppression in the formation of brachiarias under three sowing methods." Planta Daninha 32, no. 4 (2014): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582014000400004.
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The success of conservation systems such as no-till depends on adequate soil cover throughout the year, which is possible through the use of cover crops. For this purpose the species belonging to the genus Urochloa has stood out by virtue of its hardiness and tolerance to drought. Aiming ground cover for the no-till system, the objective was to evaluate the establishment of two species of the genus Urochloa, in three sowing methods, in the weed suppression and the sensitivity of these forages to glyphosate. The study design was a randomized block with a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, in which factor A was composed of Urochloa ruziziensis and Urochloa hybrid CIAT 36087 cv. Mulato II, factor B was formed by sowing methods: sown without embedding, sown with light embedding and sown in rows, and factor C was composed of three doses of glyphosate (0.975, 1.625 and 2.275 kg ha-1 of acid equivalent). For determination of weed suppression, assessment of biomass yield and soil cover was performed, by brachiaria and weeds, at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 258 days after sowing. Visual assessment of the desiccation efficiency at 7 and 14 days after herbicide application was performed. It is concluded that embedding Urochloa seeds stands out in relation to sowing in the soil surface. Urochloa ruziziensis is more efficient in the dry weight yield, weed suppression, in addition to being more sensitive to glyphosate herbicide.
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Santana Rodriguez, Martha, Joaquin García Peña, Ivan Darío Bustamante Barrera, Julio Benavides Benavides, and Hilda Adriana David Hinestroza. "Biomasa radical de pastos bajo labranza y fertilización en un inceptisol del valle del Sinú." Temas Agrarios 17, no. 2 (2012): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rta.v17i2.702.
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La biomasa radical de los pastos predominantes en el Valle del río Sinú está limitada por la compactación del suelo, caracterizada por la alta densidad y resistencia a la penetración. Con el propósito de determinar el efecto de la labranza vertical y fertilización sobre la biomasa radical, densidad del suelo y resistencia a la penetración, se establecieron los pastos Mulato II, Toledo, Ángleton y Estrella en un inceptisol del Centro de Investigación Turipaná, ubicado en Cereté, Córdoba, Colombia; bajo un diseño de parcelas subdivididas con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron cuatro sistemas de labranza vertical (dos con cincel rígido a 30 y 60 cm y dos con renovador de praderas a 30 y 60 cm de distancia horizontal, ambas a 30 cm de profundidad) y dos niveles de fertilización (F1= 300 kg ha-1 de DAP (18% N - 46% P2O5), 200 kg ha-1 de KCl (60% K2O) y 150 kg ha-1 de úrea (46% N) y F2 = 50% de las dosis anteriores. Los resultados a los 18 meses después de aplicado los tratamientos no mostraron efecto de la labranza ni de la fertilización en los pastos; mas sí hubo interacciones significativas entre labranza y pastos, fertilización y pastos, labranza - fertilización y pastos. Se concluye que las diferencias en las variables densidad del suelo, resistencia a la penetración y biomasa radical se encontraron por efecto de los pastos y por la interacción labranza - fertilización - pasto.
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Pen, Miranda, Darryl B. Savage, John V. Nolan, and Mom Seng. "Effect of Stylosanthes guianensis supplementation on intake and nitrogen metabolism of Bos indicus cattle offered a basal diet of mixed rice straw and tropical grass." Animal Production Science 53, no. 5 (2013): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11307.
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The effect of supplementing a mixed rice straw and tropical grass diet with legume as a nitrogen (N) source on intake, digestibility, rumen ammonia and microbial protein production was evaluated in Bos indicus cattle. Four rumen-cannulated steers were used in a crossover design with two diets and two periods. The diets were T1 = 40% rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw + 60% grass (Brachiaria spp. cv. Mulato II hybrid) and T2 = 40% rice straw + 30% grass + 30% legume (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. CIAT 184) on DM basis. Supplementation with legume doubled (P < 0.01) rice straw and total N intake, and increased total DM intake by 32%. It did not affect the DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility (P > 0.05) but did increase (P < 0.05) N digestibility. Faecal N and total N outputs from T2 cattle were higher (P < 0.05) than T1 cattle, but urinary N output did not differ between diets (P > 0.05). N retention in T2 cattle was improved by 83% (P < 0.05) compared with T1 cattle. Rumen ammonia concentration, microbial protein production and efficiency of microbial protein production were improved (P < 0.05) when the legume forage was included in the straw–grass diet. We conclude that when a mixed rice straw and fresh grass diet is supplemented with ~30% legume (DM basis), significant improvements in DM and N intake can be achieved.
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Suárez P., Emiro, Sony Reza G., Eliecer Díaz A., et al. "Efectos de las condiciones ambientales sobre el comportamiento ingestivo en bovinos de carne en un sistema intensivo en el Valle del Sinú." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 13, no. 2 (2013): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol13_num2_art:257.
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<p>Incrementos en la temperatura ambiental y la humedad relativa, unidas al efecto de la radiación solar, ocasionan pérdidas en el bienestar animal, afectando la conducta ingestiva y la productividad animal. Por ello el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre las variables atmosféricas, como temperatura del aire, humedad relativa, velocidad del viento y radiación solar, con los tiempos de pastoreo y de rumia de bovinos cebú comercial. La investigación se llevó a cabo durante 96 días, entre julio-octubre de 2010, en el C.I. Turipaná de Corpoica (Cereté, Colombia). Bovinos machos enteros (27), con peso promedio 314 ± 29 kg, pastorearon en un área de 18 hectáreas, establecidas en <em>Panicum maximum </em>cv. Mombasa, <em>Cynodonnlem fluensis </em>y <em>Brachiaria </em>híbrido cv. Mulato II, sin disponibilidad de sombra. Se realizaron ocho evaluaciones durante 8 días dentro del periodo experimental de las variables atmosféricas e ingestivas y las anotaciones se hicieron en un lapso de 12 horas continuas (6:00 AM a 6:00 PM). Los resultados resaltan que al aumentar la temperatura del aire, humedad relativa y la radiación solar, disminuyó el tiempo de pastoreo y aumentó el tiempo de rumia, mientras que al aumentar la velocidad del viento se incrementó el tiempo de pastoreo y disminuyó el tiempo de rumia. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la temperatura del aire, humedad relativa, radiación solar y velocidad del viento, presentaron una influencia directa sobre el comportamiento ingestivo de los bovinos de carne manejados en sistemas intensivos (sin sombra) en el Valle del Sinú. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Effects of environmental conditions on feeding behavior in beef cattle in an intensive system in the Sinú Valley </strong></p><p>Increases in temperature and relative humidity together with the solar radiation effect are detrimental to animal welfare, affecting their behavior when it comes to feeding and digestive behavior, which affects their productivity. Therefore, the goal of this research was to analyze the link between atmospheric variables, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation to the time of grazing and rumination of commercial Zebu cattle. The research took place from July to October 2010, at the Turipaná Center, Corpoica (Cereté, Colombia). Male intact bovines (27), with an average weight of 314 ± 29 kg, grazed in an area of 18 hectares, established with <em>Panicum maximum </em>cv. Mombasa, <em>Cynodonnlem fluensis </em>and <em>Brachiaria </em>hybrid cv. Mulato II, without shade availability. Eight evaluations were conducted for 8 days in the experimental period for atmospheric variables and ingestion. Notes were taken in 12 hour time frames (6:00 AM a 6:00 PM). The outcome showed that as the air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation increased, the grazing time decreased and rumination time lasted longer. However, when wind speed increased, grazing time increased as well and rumination took less time. The results showed that the air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed had a direct influence on the ingestive behavior of beef cattle managed in intensive systems (shadeless) in Valle del Sinú. </p>
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LIMA, S. F., P. C. TIMOSSI, and H. F. ASSUNÇÃO. "ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE TÉCNICAS DE ESTIMATIVA DE FRAÇÃO DE COBERTURA VEGETAL POR Urochloa ruziziensis E Urochloa spp." Planta Daninha 33, no. 3 (2015): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582015000300010.
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RESUMOO potencial de cobertura vegetal do solo por plantas cultivadas é um parâmetro importante para a seleção de espécies forrageiras adaptadas a uma determinada região. Contudo, uma das restrições de uso dessa variável está associada à adoção da técnica de estimativa, uma vez que existem diferentes formas de cálculo. Diante disso, objetivou-se comparar as frações de cobertura do solo cultivado com Urochloa ruziziensis e Urochloa spp., utilizando-se três técnicas de medida: avaliação visual, avaliação por intercepto ou transecto e avaliação por imagens fotográficas. Para isso, foram conduzidos seis ensaios em campo, em delineamento de blocos casualizados. Os ensaios 1, 2 e 3 foram formados pela espécie Urochloa ruziziensis e compostos por três tratamentos, representados pelas três técnicas de medida (visual, por intercepto ou transecto e por imagens fotográficas), com oito repetições. Os ensaios 4, 5 e 6 tiveram arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, sendo o fator A formado por duas espécies de capim-braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis e Urochloa spp. cv. Mulato II) e o fator B pelas três técnicas de medida (visual, por transecto e por imagens fotográficas), com quatro repetições. As medidas das frações de cobertura do solo foram tomadas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a semeadura. Constatou-se que, quanto maior a uniformidade da cobertura do solo pelas plantas forrageiras, mais próximos são os valores das frações de cobertura vegetal obtidas pelas três técnicas de estimativa. As técnicas de estimativa visual e por transecto da fração de cobertura do solo foram consideradas semelhantes, já a eficiência da medida pela técnica com imagens fotográficas depende da calibração individual de cada imagem.
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Krinchev, André Felipe Borges, Valter Harry Bumbieris Junior, José Renato Silva Gonçalves, Laísse Garcia Lima, Ana Maria Bridi, and Edson Luis de Azambuja Ribeiro. "Productive performance of Nellore steers on rotational grazing on Marandu grass and Convert HD 364 grass." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 4 (2018): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1627.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brachiaria spp. Cv. Mulato II (Convert) on performance, meat quality and carcass characteristics of castrated Nellore steers in the growing and finishing phases, in rotational grazing system, compared to Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, under the same conditions. The experimental area was divided into two treatments: Marandu and Convert with 20 hectares each, splited in four replications per treatment, composed of five paddocks of one hectare each. Animals were managed based on the availability of leaf blade dry matter (6.19% body weight) in rotational grazing with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. Ten animals were used in each replicate (testers), as well as regulatory animals whenever necessary. Animals were managed based on the availability of leaf blade dry matter (6.19% body weight) in rotational grazing with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. Ten animals were used in each replicate (testers), as well as regulatory animals whenever necessary. For performance analysis, 10 animals of each replicate were used, while for carcass and meat analyses, only six of each replicate. Production and chemial characteristics of the two grasses were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and four replicates; data were tested by analysis of variance using the R software. Animals fed on Convert grass were superior than those fed on Marandu grass, with higher average daily gain (0.682 kg vs. 0.605 kg), slaughter weight (470.45 kg vs. 451.43 kg), hot carcass weight (239.93 kg vs. 232.36 kg). The study also showed the possibility of finishing castrated young steers (up to 30 months) and with subcutaneous fat thickness required by industry (3 mm) in both pastures.
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Dias, Everton Mesquita, Roose Mary Nunes Pereira, Herlândia Soares Cavalcante, Natasha Silva Ramalheiro, Noelle Freire da Silva, and Moisés Ribeiro de Carvalho Júnior. "Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com hipertensão arterial sistêmica cadastrados na Casa Saúde da Família Águas Lindas II, Belém, PA." Revista de Medicina 88, no. 3-4 (2009): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v88i3/4p191-198.
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OBJETIVO: Identificar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) inscritos no Programa Nacional de Atenção à Hipertensão Arterial e Diabetes Mellitus (HIPERDIA) da Casa Saúde da Família Águas Lindas II, Belém – PA, no ano de 2007. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, realizado em um corte de 33 pacientes hipertensos, de 40 a 80 anos, de ambos os sexos, cadastrados no HIPERDIA da referida unidade de saúde e selecionados aleatoriamente, por meio de sorteio baseado nos números de matrícula. Aplicou-se um questionário acerca de características biossociais e hábitos de vida. Avaliou-se a pressão arterial (esfigmomanômetro aneróide Diasyst® e estetoscópio Littmann-Cardiology II®), o índice de massa corpórea (balança antropométrica com estadiômetro Fillizola®) e a circunferência da cintura (fita métrica inelástica), por meio de uma ficha de avaliação própria. Procedeu-se com análise estatística descritiva através dos programas Bioestat® 4.0 e Microsoft® Excel 2007. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a maioria (40%) dos pacientes estava na faixa etária de 61 a 70 anos, sendo 82% do sexo feminino; predominaram a raça mulata (46%), renda salarial de 1 a 2 salários mínimos (61%), nível fundamental incompleto (52%), ocupação “do lar” (55%); a maioria era não tabagista (94%), não etilista (85%), sedentária (64%), sem antecedente familiar (52%) nem co-morbidades (61%); todos usavam medicação hipotensora; os níveis pressóricos estavam controlados na maioria (PAS-55%; PAD-67%); elevado percentual de obesidade generalizada e/ou sobrepeso (82%) e central (homens-50%; mulheres-93%). CONCLUSÃO: Houve predominância do sexo feminino; mulatos; baixo nível de escolaridade e de renda salarial; baixa ocorrência de etilismo, tabagismo e prática de exercício físico; baixo índice de co-morbidades e antecedentes familiares; alta ocorrência de sobrepeso e obesidade; além de níveis pressóricos controlados, embora um número significativo tenha apresentado PA descontrolada.
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Yousufi, Musab. "A Critical Analysis of Terrorism and Military Operations in Malakand Division (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) after 9/11." Global Social Sciences Review II, no. II (2017): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(ii-ii).06.
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The 9/11 was a paradigm shifting event in the international and global politics. On September 11, 2001, two jet planes hit the twin's tower in United States of America (USA). US official authorities said that it is done by alQaeda. This event also changes Pakistan's internal and foreign policies. The government of United States compel Afghan Taliban government to handover the master mind of 9/11 attack and their leader Osama bin Laden but the talks failed between the both governments. Therefore US government compel the government of Pakistan to give us Military bases and assistance against Afghan Taliban. Pakistan agreed with US as frontline ally of US in war on terror. The majority of Pakistani people were not happy with the decision, therefore, some non-state actors appeared in different part of the country especially in Malakand Division and FATA to support Taliban regime in Afghanistan. In Malakand Division Mulana Sufi Muhammad head of Tehrik Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi started a proper armed campaign for Afghan Taliban Support and sent thousands of people to Afghanistan support Taliban against US and their allied forces. It was a basic reason behind the emergence of terrorism in Malakand division KP but it did not played it role alone to cause terrorism in the region. Many other important factors i.e. weak political administration, unemployment, economic deprivation, socio-political instability constituted the main reason that opened room for non-state actors to consolidate their grip on the region.